1
|
Caruso L, Fields M, Rimondi E, Zauli G, Longo G, Marcuzzi A, Previati M, Gonelli A, Zauli E, Milani D. Classical and Innovative Evidence for Therapeutic Strategies in Retinal Dysfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2124. [PMID: 38396799 PMCID: PMC10889839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The human retina is a complex anatomical structure that has no regenerative capacity. The pathogenesis of most retinopathies can be attributed to inflammation, with the activation of the inflammasome protein platform, and to the impact of oxidative stress on the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy/mitophagy in retinal cells. In recent years, new therapeutic approaches to treat retinopathies have been investigated. Experimental data suggest that the secretome of mesenchymal cells could reduce oxidative stress, autophagy, and the apoptosis of retinal cells, and in turn, the secretome of the latter could induce changes in mesenchymal cells. Other studies have evidenced that noncoding (nc)RNAs might be new targets for retinopathy treatment and novel disease biomarkers since a correlation has been found between ncRNA levels and retinopathies. A new field to explore is the interaction observed between the ocular and intestinal microbiota; indeed, recent findings have shown that the alteration of gut microbiota seems to be linked to ocular diseases, suggesting a gut-eye axis. To explore new therapeutical strategies for retinopathies, it is important to use proper models that can mimic the complexity of the retina. In this context, retinal organoids represent a good model for the study of the pathophysiology of the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Matteo Fields
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Maurizio Previati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniela Milani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zarembska E, Ślusarczyk K, Wrzosek M. The Implication of a Polymorphism in the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene in Homocysteine Metabolism and Related Civilisation Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:193. [PMID: 38203363 PMCID: PMC10779094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key regulatory enzyme in the one-carbon cycle. This enzyme is essential for the metabolism of methionine, folate, and RNA, as well as for the production of proteins, DNA, and RNA. MTHFR catalyses the irreversible conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to its active form, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, a co-substrate for homocysteine remethylation to methionine. Numerous variants of the MTHFR gene have been recognised, among which the C677T variant is the most extensively studied. The C677T polymorphism, which results in the conversion of valine to alanine at codon 222, is associated with reduced activity and an increased thermolability of the enzyme. Impaired MTHFR efficiency is associated with increased levels of homocysteine, which can contribute to increased production of reactive oxygen species and the development of oxidative stress. Homocysteine is acknowledged as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, while chronic inflammation serves as the common underlying factor among these issues. Many studies have been conducted to determine whether there is an association between the C677T polymorphism and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and overweight/obesity. There is substantial evidence supporting this association, although several studies have concluded that the polymorphism cannot be reliably used for prediction. This review examines the latest research on MTHFR polymorphisms and their correlation with cardiovascular disease, obesity, and epigenetic regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Zarembska
- Student Scientific Association “Farmakon”, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Ślusarczyk
- Student Scientific Association “Farmakon”, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, 17a Kasprzaka St., 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu C, Duan X, Wang X, Wang L. Advances in the role of epigenetics in homocysteine-related diseases. Epigenomics 2023; 15:769-795. [PMID: 37718931 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine has a wide range of biological effects. However, the specific molecular mechanism of its pathogenicity is still unclear. The diseases induced by hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) are called homocysteine-related diseases. Clinical treatment of HHcy is mainly through folic acid and B-complex vitamins, which are not effective in reducing the associated end point events. Epigenetics is the alteration of heritable genes caused by DNA methylation, histone modification, noncoding RNAs and chromatin remodeling without altering the DNA sequence. In recent years the role of epigenetics in homocysteine-associated diseases has been gradually discovered. This article summarizes the latest evidence on the role of epigenetics in HHcy, providing new directions for its prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyan Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xulei Duan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xuehui Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Libo Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lenin RR, Koh YH, Zhang Z, Yeo YZ, Parikh BH, Seah I, Wong W, Su X. Dysfunctional Autophagy, Proteostasis, and Mitochondria as a Prelude to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108763. [PMID: 37240109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell dysfunction is a key driving force of AMD. RPE cells form a metabolic interface between photoreceptors and choriocapillaris, performing essential functions for retinal homeostasis. Through their multiple functions, RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress, which leads to the accumulation of damaged proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and cellular organelles, including mitochondria. As miniature chemical engines of the cell, self-replicating mitochondria are heavily implicated in the aging process through a variety of mechanisms. In the eye, mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly associated with several diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in millions of people globally. Aged mitochondria exhibit decreased rates of oxidative phosphorylation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and increased numbers of mitochondrial DNA mutations. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and autophagy decline during aging because of insufficient free radical scavenger systems, the impairment of DNA repair mechanisms, and reductions in mitochondrial turnover. Recent research has uncovered a much more complex role of mitochondrial function and cytosolic protein translation and proteostasis in AMD pathogenesis. The coupling of autophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis modulates the proteostasis and aging processes. This review aims to summarise and provide a perspective on (i) the current evidence of autophagy, proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in dry AMD; (ii) current in vitro and in vivo disease models relevant to assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in AMD, and their utility in drug screening; and (iii) ongoing clinical trials targeting mitochondrial dysfunction for AMD therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raji Rajesh Lenin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Medical Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yi Hui Koh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Zheting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 11 Mandalay Road, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Yan Zhuang Yeo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Bhav Harshad Parikh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Ivan Seah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Wendy Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital (NUH), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital (NUH), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), The Academia, 20 College Road, Level 6 Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Z, Han Y, Ji Y, Sun K, Chen Y, Hu K. The effect of a-Lipoic acid (ALA) on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in high glucose-induced human corneal epithelial cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:735-748. [PMID: 36058948 PMCID: PMC9988813 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative stress and inflammation had been proved to play important role in the progression of diabetic keratopathy (DK). The excessive accumulation of AGEs and their bond to AGE receptor (RAGE) in corneas that cause the formation of oxygen radicals and the release of inflammatory cytokines, induce cell apoptosis. Our current study was aimed to evaluate the effect of ALA on AGEs accumulation as well as to study the molecular mechanism of ALA against AGE-RAGE axis mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in HG-induced HCECs, so as to provide cytological basis for the treatment of DK. METHODS HCECs were cultured in a variety concentration of glucose medium (5.5, 10, 25, 30, 40, and 50 mM) for 48 h. The cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Apoptosis was investigated with the Annexin V- fluorescein isothiocyanate (V-FITC)/PI kit, while, the apoptotic cells were determined by flow cytometer and TUNEL cells apoptosis Kit. According to the results of cell proliferation and cell apoptosis, 25 mM glucose medium was used in the following HG experiment. The effect of ALA on HG-induced HCECs was evaluated. The HCECs were treated with 5.5 mM glucose (normal glucose group, NG group), 5.5 mM glucose + 22.5 mM mannitol (osmotic pressure control group, OP group), 25 mM glucose (high glucose group, HG group) and 25 mM glucose + ALA (HG + ALA group) for 24 and 48 h. The accumulation of intracellular AGEs was detected by ELISA kit. The RAGE, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), cleaved cysteine-aspartic acid protease-3 (Cleaved caspase-3), Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 ß), and interleukin 18 (IL-18) were quantified by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and Immunofluorescence, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated by fluorescence microscope and fluorescence microplate reader. RESULTS When the glucose medium was higher than 25 mM, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited and apoptosis ratio was increased (P < 0.001). In HG environment, ALA treatment alleviated the inhibition of HCECs in a dose-dependent manner, 25 μM ALA was the minimum effective dose. ALA could significantly reduce the intracellular accumulation of AGEs (P < 0.001), activate protein and genes expression of CAT and SOD2 (P < 0.001), and therefore inhibited ROS-induced oxidative stress and cells apoptosis. Besides, ALA could effectively down-regulate the protein and gene level of RAGE, TLR4, NLRP3, IL-1B, IL-18 (P < 0.05), and therefore alleviated AGEs-RAGE-TLR4-NLRP3 pathway-induced inflammation in HG-induced HCECs. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that ALA could be a desired treatment for DK due to its potential capacity of reducing accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and down-regulating AGE-RAGE axis-mediated oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and inflammation in high glucose (HG)-induced human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs), which may provide cytological basis for therapeutic targets that are ultimately of clinical benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People’s Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, Sichuan Province China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People’s Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, Sichuan Province China
| | - Yan Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Kexin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanyi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng HL, Li MT, Zhou T, Wang YY, Shang EX, Hua YQ, Duan JA, Zhu Y. Protective effects of Lycium barbarum L. berry extracts against oxidative stress-induced damage of the retina of aging mouse and ARPE-19 cells. Food Funct 2023; 14:399-412. [PMID: 36512065 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02788g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the preventive effect of Lycium barbarum L. berry extract on age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the main components responsible for its antioxidant activity. An AMD mouse model was developed by feeding 18-month-old mice with a 1% hydroquinone diet. Meanwhile, the model mice were treated with water extract (LBW) and alcohol extract (LBE) of L. barbarum berries respectively for 3 months. It was found that the retinal structural abnormalities were improved and the oxidation stress and inflammatory imbalance were both attenuated in model mice treated with the extracts of L. barbarum berries. According to the metabolomics analysis of the serum of model mice, LBW regulated the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids and sphingolipids, while LBE extracts tended to regulate taurine metabolism. On sodium iodate induced oxidative injury of ARPE-19 cells, water extracts of L. barbarum berries eluted with 95% ethanol (LBW-95E) on AB-8 macroporous resin significantly improved the cell viability and attenuated oxidative stress by increasing the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content, decreasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, promoting the entry of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) into the nucleus and up-regulating the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Scopoletin, N-trans-feruloyltyramine and perlolyrine were identified as the main components of LBW-95E. These results demonstrated that L. barbarum berry extracts protected the retina of aging AMD model mice from degeneration and LBW-95E was the vital antioxidant activity fraction of LBW. These findings suggest that L. barbarum berry extracts might be an excellent natural source for the development of retinal protection-related drugs or dietary supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Zheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Meng-Ting Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Tong Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ying-Yi Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Er-Xin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yong-Qing Hua
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yue Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Duan C, Hou L, Deng X, Wu J, Qian W, Han C, Hou X. Fucose ameliorates the proinflammatory property of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colitis via altering its metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1190602. [PMID: 37197204 PMCID: PMC10183584 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1190602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies reported that fucose plays a protective role in inhibiting pathogens. Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) was recently found to promote the progression of colitis. However, the effects of fucose on Fn are poorly understood. This study aimed to explore whether fucose could ameliorate the proinflammatory property of Fn in colitis and the underlying mechanisms. Methods To validate our hypothesis, mice were administrated with Fn and fucose-treated Fn (Fnf) before dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment to establish Fn related colitis model. The metabolism variation of Fn was detected by metabolomic analysis. To verify the effects of bacterial metabolites on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), Caco-2 cells were treated with bacterial supernatant. Results More severe inflammation, intestinal barrier damage, autophagy block, and apoptosis in the colon were noted in DSS mice that were administrated with Fn or Fnf. However, the severity degree in Fnf+DSS group was less compared to Fn+DSS group. Metabolic pathways of Fn were altered after fucose treatment and proinflammatory metabolites were decreased. The supernatant of Fnf induced a lower level of inflammation than Fn in Caco-2 cells. One of the decreased metabolites, homocysteine thiolactone (HT), was proven to induce inflammatory effects in Caco-2 cells. Discussion In conclusion, fucose ameliorates the proinflammatory property of Fn via altering its metabolism and these findings provide evidence for the application of fucose as functional food or prebiotic in the treatment of Fn related colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caihan Duan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingzhi Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Deng
- Hubei Center of Industrial Culture Collection and Research, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhao Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoqun Han
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chaoqun Han, ; Xiaohua Hou,
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chaoqun Han, ; Xiaohua Hou,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liang KH, Chen CH, Tsai HR, Chang CY, Chen TL, Hsu WC. Association Between Oral Metformin Use and the Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:10. [PMID: 36484633 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.13.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Metformin is a biguanide derivative that is commonly used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). It demonstrates antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic activity within the ocular tissue and thus may be implicated in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, epidemiological studies have shown conflicting results. Methods The Ovid MEDLINE/Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched from inception through August 3, 2022. Studies reporting the association between metformin use and odds of AMD were enrolled. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of AMD were extracted and pooled with random-effects model meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses based on AMD subtypes, ethnicity, study design, sex, and confirmation of AMD diagnosis were conducted. Results A total of 9 observational studies with 1,446,284 participants were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis showed that metformin use was associated with a significant reduction in the odds of AMD (pooled ORs = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70-0.93). Subgroup analyses revealed that metformin use was not significantly associated with dry or wet AMD. Black (pooled ORs = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.58-0.64) and Hispanic populations (pooled ORs = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.81-0.89) demonstrated significantly lower odds of AMD. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis found that patients with DM with metformin usage were at lower odds of developing AMD. Future prospective clinical trials are needed to confirm this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsiang Liang
- Department of Medical Education, Medical Administration Office, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Ren Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Li Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cherng Hsu
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zou J, Tan W, Liu K, Chen B, Duan T, Xu H. Wnt inhibitory factor 1 ameliorated diabetic retinopathy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway-mediated mitochondrial function. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22531. [PMID: 36063130 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200366rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and will lead to visual impairment. We aim to explore the effects and mechanisms of wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) in the progression of DR. To establish DR in vitro and in vivo, human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell line ARPE-19 was treated with high-glucose (HG) and diabetic mice models were induced by streptozotocin (STZ), respectively. Different dose of recombinant WIF1 protein was used to treat DR. qRT-PCR and western blotting results demonstrated that WIF1 was downregulated, while VEGFA was upregulated in HG-induced ARPE-19 cells. WIF1 overexpression promoted cell migration. The ARPE-19 cells culture medium treated with WIF1 inhibited retinal endothelial cell tube formation and downregulated VEGFA expression. Moreover, WIF1 decreased the levels of ROS and MDA, while increasing the activity of SOD and GPX. WIF1 increased the ΔΨm in the mitochondria and downregulated the expression of mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins including Parkin, Pink1, LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, cleaved caspase 3, and cyt-c, which ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction. The in vivo studies further demonstrated the consistent effects of WIF1 in STZ-induced mice. Taken together, WIF1 ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction in DR by downregulating the AMPK/mTOR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Wei Tan
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Kangcheng Liu
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Bolin Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - TianQi Duan
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Huizhuo Xu
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Impact of Primary RPE Cells in a Porcine Organotypic Co-Cultivation Model. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070990. [PMID: 35883547 PMCID: PMC9313304 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological events of age-related macular degeneration are characterized by degenerative processes involving the photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the Bruch's membrane as well as choroidal alterations. To mimic in vivo interactions between photoreceptor cells and RPE cells ex vivo, complex models are required. Hence, the aim of this study was to establish a porcine organotypic co-cultivation model and enlighten the interactions of photoreceptor and RPE cells, with a special emphasis on potential neuroprotective effects. Porcine neuroretina explants were cultured with primary porcine RPE cells (ppRPE) or medium derived from these cells (=conditioned medium). Neuroretina explants cultured alone served as controls. After eight days, RT-qPCR and immunohistology were performed to analyze photoreceptors, synapses, macroglia, microglia, complement factors, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL1B, IL6, TNF) in the neuroretina samples. The presence of ppRPE cells preserved photoreceptors, whereas synaptical density was unaltered. Interestingly, on an immunohistological as well as on an mRNA level, microglia and complement factors were comparable in all groups. Increased IL6 levels were noted in ppRPE and conditioned medium samples, while TNF was only upregulated in the ppRPE group. IL1B was elevated in conditioned medium samples. In conclusion, a co-cultivation of ppRPE cells and neuroretina seem to have beneficial effects on the neuroretina, preserving photoreceptors and maintaining synaptic vesicles in vitro. This organotypic co-cultivation model can be used to investigate the complex interactions between the retina and RPE cells, gain further insight into neurodegenerative pathomechanisms occurring in retinal diseases, and evaluate potential therapeutics.
Collapse
|
11
|
Li B, Ning B, Yang F, Guo C. Nerve Growth Factor Promotes Retinal Neurovascular Unit Repair: A Review. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1095-1105. [PMID: 35499266 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2055084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the imbalance of neurogenic factor (NGF) and its precursor (pro-NGF) mediates structural and functional impairment of retinal neurovascular unit (RNVU) that plays a role in retinal degenerative diseases.Methods: A literature search of electronic databases was performed.Results: The pro-apoptotic effect of pro-NGF and the pro-growth effect of NGF are essential for the pathological and physiological activities of RNVU. Studies show that NGF-based treatment of retinal degenerative diseases, including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy, has achieved remarkable efficacy.Conclusions: RNVU plays a complex and multifaceted role in retinal degenerative diseases. The exploration of the differential signaling expression of proNGF-NGF homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions, and the corresponding pathological processes induced by its regulation, has prompted us to focus on earlier retinal neuroprotective therapeutic strategies to prevent retinal degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Bobiao Ning
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Chengwei Guo
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu L, Zhou W, Fan Y, Zhang L, Liu S, Song S, Li H. Effect of interleukin 6 on scleral fibroblast proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis involved in myopic scleral remodeling. Ophthalmic Res 2022; 65:529-539. [DOI: 10.1159/000524502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Scleral hypoxia (HO) is present in myopic eyes, and interleukin (IL)-6 is increased in the aqueous humor of patients with high myopia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of IL-6 on scleral fibroblast proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis under conditions of HO and the possible role of IL-6 in myopic scleral remodeling. Methods: Primary human scleral fibroblasts (HSFs) were cultured using a tissue mass adherent method. First, cells were cultured under conditions of HO (2% O2) or normoxia (NO, 20% O2) for different times. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of IL-6 in HSFs. Next, cells were divided into five groups: NO, HO, HO plus IL-6, HO plus interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor (IL6RI), and HO plus IL-6 and IL6RI. The groups were treated separately for 72 h. A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry were used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of various genes in the transforming growth factor-β1/Smad2/matrix metalloproteinase-2 pathway; these methods and immunofluorescence were also used to detect transdifferentiation of HSFs. Results: HO resulted in upregulation of IL-6 expression in HSFs. Compared with NO, HO resulted in diminished cell proliferation and increased apoptosis and differentiation in HSFs; the above trend was further enhanced by the addition of IL6RI. Compared with the HO group, the addition of IL-6 led to a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis and differentiation of HSFs; the above trends showed opposite changes after the addition of both IL-6 and IL6RI. Additionally, IL-6 and IL6RI exerted opposite regulatory effects on the transforming growth factor-β1/Smad2/matrix metalloproteinase-2 pathway under conditions of HO. Conclusion: HO caused HSFs to overexpress IL-6. IL-6 has a role in scleral remodeling in myopic eyes through affecting the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of HSFs.
Collapse
|
13
|
Martínez-Alberquilla I, Gasull X, Pérez-Luna P, Seco-Mera R, Ruiz-Alcocer J, Crooke A. Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular trap components: Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic targets for age-related eye diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101553. [PMID: 34971794 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Age-related eye diseases, including dry eye, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, represent a major global health issue based on their increasing prevalence and disabling action. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases will provide novel opportunities to reduce the burden of age-related eye diseases and improve eye health, contributing to sustainable development goals achievement. The impairment of neutrophil extracellular traps formation/degradation processes seems to be one of these mechanisms. These traps formed by a meshwork of DNA and neutrophil cytosolic granule proteins may exacerbate the inflammatory response promoting chronic inflammation, a pivotal cause of age-related diseases. In this review, we describe current findings that suggest the role of neutrophils and their traps in the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned age-related eye diseases. Furthermore, we discuss why these cells and their constituents could be biomarkers and therapeutic targets for dry eye, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. We also examine the therapeutic potential of some neutrophil function modulators and provide several recommendations for future research in age-related eye diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martínez-Alberquilla
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Clinical and Experimental Eye Research Group, UCM 971009, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Gasull
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-Luna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Seco-Mera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Alcocer
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Clinical and Experimental Eye Research Group, UCM 971009, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Crooke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Clinical and Experimental Eye Research Group, UCM 971009, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sato T, Takeuchi M, Karasawa Y, Ito M. Profiles of Cytokines Secreted by ARPE-19 Cells Exposed to Light and Incubated with Anti-VEGF Antibody. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101333. [PMID: 34680450 PMCID: PMC8533158 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the major source of cytokines in the retina regulating the intraocular immune environment, and a primary target of photodamage. Here, we examined 27 types of cytokines secreted by ARPE-19 cells exposed to visible light and incubated with aflibercept or ranibizumab, which are two anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies. The cells were cultured for 24 h in the dark or under 2000 lux irradiation from a daylight-colored fluorescent lamp, and cytokine levels in the culture supernatant were measured. In the light-irradiated culture, the levels of IL-9, IL-17A and bFGF were higher, and the levels of IL-6, IL-7, IL-8 and MCP-1 were lower than those in the dark culture, while there was no significant difference with the VEGF-A level. In subgroup analyses of the light-irradiated culture, the bFGF level under 250 to 2000 lux irradiation was elevated in a light intensity-dependent manner. In culture exposed to blue, green or red light, the bFGF level was elevated by blue light and was high compared to that by green or red light. In culture with aflibercept or ranibizumab in the dark, the levels of IL-6, IL-8, bFGF and MCP-1 were increased, and the IL-12 level decreased synchronously with a reduction in the VEGF-A level. Our findings indicate that continuous irradiation of visible light and VEGF suppression may be an influential factor in expression patterns of inflammatory cytokines secreted by human RPE cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.K.)
| | - Masaru Takeuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-4-2995-1683; Fax: +81-4-2993-5332
| | - Yoko Karasawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.K.)
| | - Masataka Ito
- Department of Developmental Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ravi R, Kumaraswamy A, Chauhan P, Subramaniam Rajesh B. Exogenous administration of hydrogen sulfide alleviates homocysteine induced inflammation in ARPE-19 cells. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108759. [PMID: 34499917 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasma homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor for Age related macular degeneration (AMD) and an inducer of inflammation. Homocysteine catabolism releases hydrogen sulfide (H2S). H2S has controversial effects on inflammation. In this study we have analysed the endogenous and exogenous H2S in modulating inflammation using adult retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells as an in vitro model for AMD. ARPE-19 cells were treated with various concentrations of Hcy (15, 30 and 50 μM) for 3 h. Expression of Hcy transulfuration genes (CBS, CSE) by qPCR and western blot. H2S levels were measured using Free Radical Analyzer System (WPI, USA). The inflammatory markers (IL-6 and IL-8) were evaluated using real-time PCR and ELISA. Hcy exposure increased CBS protein expression, hydrogen sulfide levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulating CBS by silencing did not alter H2S levels, but inhibition of CSE with PAG inhibited H2S production and decreased cytokine (IL-6 and IL-8) levels. On the contrary exogenous supply of hydrogen sulfide with NaHS and by compound 1c showed anti-inflammatory effects even in the presence of Hcy. This study shows that exogenous delivery of H2S decreases inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells on exposure to Hcy in ARPE-19 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ravi
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Anand Kumaraswamy
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India
| | - Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Entry and Egress of Monocytes in Atherosclerosis: A Biochemical and Biomechanical Driven Process. Cardiovasc Ther 2021; 2021:6642927. [PMID: 34345249 PMCID: PMC8282391 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6642927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In accordance with “the response to injury” theory, the entry of monocytes into the intima guided by inflammation signals, taking up cholesterol and transforming into foam cells, and egress from plaques determines the progression of atherosclerosis. Multiple cytokines and receptors have been reported to be involved in monocyte recruitment such as CCL2/CCR2, CCL5/CCR5, and CX3CL1/CX3CR1, and the egress of macrophages from the plaque like CCR7/CCL19/CCL21. Interestingly, some neural guidance molecules such as Netrin-1 and Semaphorin 3E have been demonstrated to show an inhibitory effect on monocyte migration. During the processes of monocytes recruitment and migration, factors affecting the biomechanical properties (e.g., the membrane fluidity, the deformability, and stiffness) of the monocytes, like cholesterol, amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as well as the biomechanical environment that the monocytes are exposed, like the extracellular matrix stiffness, mechanical stretch, blood flow, and hypertension, were discussed in the latter section. Till now, several small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), monoclonal antibodies, and antagonists for CCR2 have been designed and shown promising efficiency on atherosclerosis therapy. Seeking more possible biochemical factors that are chemotactic or can affect the biomechanical properties of monocytes, and uncovering the underlying mechanism, will be helpful in future studies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Tawfik A, Elsherbiny NM, Zaidi Y, Rajpurohit P. Homocysteine and Age-Related Central Nervous System Diseases: Role of Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126259. [PMID: 34200792 PMCID: PMC8230490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is remarkably common among the aging population. The relation between HHcy and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and eye diseases, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in elderly people, has been established. Disruption of the blood barrier function of the brain and retina is one of the most important underlying mechanisms associated with HHcy-induced neurodegenerative and retinal disorders. Impairment of the barrier function triggers inflammatory events that worsen disease pathology. Studies have shown that AD patients also suffer from visual impairments. As an extension of the central nervous system, the retina has been suggested as a prominent site of AD pathology. This review highlights inflammation as a possible underlying mechanism of HHcy-induced barrier dysfunction and neurovascular injury in aging diseases accompanied by HHcy, focusing on AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amany Tawfik
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.M.E.); (Y.Z.); (P.R.)
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Eye Research Institue, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-2582; Fax: +1-706-721-9415
| | - Nehal M. Elsherbiny
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.M.E.); (Y.Z.); (P.R.)
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yusra Zaidi
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.M.E.); (Y.Z.); (P.R.)
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Pragya Rajpurohit
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.M.E.); (Y.Z.); (P.R.)
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, O'Neil A, Maes M, Puri BK. The lipid paradox in neuroprogressive disorders: Causes and consequences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:35-57. [PMID: 34118292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic systemic inflammation is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in an environment of low low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and low total cholesterol and with the pathophysiology of neuroprogressive disorders. The causes and consequences of this lipid paradox are explored. Circulating activated neutrophils can release inflammatory molecules such as myeloperoxidase and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Since activated neutrophils are associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease and with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, it seems reasonable to hypothesise that the inflammatory molecules released by them may act as mediators of the link between systemic inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis in neuroprogressive disorders. This hypothesis is tested by considering the association at a molecular level of systemic inflammation with increased LDL oxidation; increased small dense LDL levels; increased lipoprotein (a) concentration; secretory phospholipase A2 activation; cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation; increased platelet activation; decreased apolipoprotein A1 levels and function; decreased paroxonase-1 activity; hyperhomocysteinaemia; and metabolic endotoxaemia. These molecular mechanisms suggest potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adrienne O'Neil
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Almarhoun M, Biswas L, Alhasani RH, Wong A, Tchivelekete GM, Zhou X, Patterson S, Bartholomew C, Shu X. Overexpression of STARD3 attenuates oxidized LDL-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158927. [PMID: 33771709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual disorder in aged people and may lead to complete blindness with ageing. The major clinical feature of AMD is the presence of cholesterol enriched deposits underneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The deposits can induce oxidative stress and inflammation. It has been suggested that abnormal cholesterol homeostasis contributes to the pathogenesis of AMD. However, the functional role of defective cholesterol homeostasis in AMD remains elusive. STARD proteins are a family of proteins that contain a steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer domain. There are fifteen STARD proteins in mammals and some, such as STARD3, are responsible for cholesterol trafficking. Previously there was no study of STARD proteins in retinal cholesterol metabolism and trafficking. Here we examined expression of the Stard3 gene in mouse retinal and RPE cells at ages of 2 and 20 months. We found that expression of Stard 3 gene transcripts in both mouse RPE and retina was significantly decreased at age of 20 months when compared to that of age 2 months old. We created a stable ARPE-19 cell line overexpressing STARD3 and found this resulted in increased cholesterol efflux, reduced accumulation of intracellular oxidized LDL, increased antioxidant capacity and lower levels of inflammatory cytokines. The data suggested that STARD3 is a potential target for AMD through promoting the removal of intracellular cholesterol and slowing the disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Almarhoun
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Lincoln Biswas
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Reem Hasaballah Alhasani
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aileen Wong
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Mbuta Tchivelekete
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Xinzhi Zhou
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Patterson
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bartholomew
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Xinhua Shu
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom; Department of Vision Science, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan 422000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang S, Cai J, Tian Y. The Prognostic Value of Homocysteine in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 14:600582. [PMID: 33643003 PMCID: PMC7907516 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.600582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This comprehensive meta-analysis aimed to assess whether an increased homocysteine (Hcy) level is an independent predictor of unfavorable outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to August 1, 2020 to collect studies reporting Hcy levels in AIS patients. We analyzed all the data using Review Manager 5.3 software. Results: Seventeen studies with 15,636 AIS patients were selected for evaluation. A higher Hcy level was associated with a poorer survival outcome (OR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.25–1.63). Compared with the AIS group, Hcy levels were significantly lower in the healthy control patients, with an SMD of 5.11 and 95% CI (1.87–8.35). Analysis of the different subgroups of AIS demonstrated significant associations between high Hcy levels and survival outcomes only in Caucasian and Asian patients. Moreover, whereas high Hcy levels were closely associated with gender, B12 deficiency, smoking, and patients who received tissue plasminogen activator treatment, no significant difference was found between increased Hcy levels and age, drinking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. In addition, the cut-off value (20.0 μmol/L) might be an optimum cut-off index for AIS patients in clinical practice. Conclusion: This meta-analysis reveals that the Hcy level may serve as an independent predictor for unfavorable survival outcomes in AIS patients, particularly in Caucasian and Asian AIS patients. Further studies can be conducted to clarify this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Huang
- Department of Neurology, Luohe Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Luohe Medical College, Luohe, China
| | - Jirui Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Luohe Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Luohe Medical College, Luohe, China
| | - Yuejun Tian
- Department of Neurology, Luohe Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Luohe Medical College, Luohe, China.,Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shen CY, Lu CH, Wu CH, Li KJ, Kuo YM, Hsieh SC, Yu CL. The Development of Maillard Reaction, and Advanced Glycation End Product (AGE)-Receptor for AGE (RAGE) Signaling Inhibitors as Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Patients with AGE-Related Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235591. [PMID: 33261212 PMCID: PMC7729569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are generated by nonenzymatic modifications of macromolecules (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) by saccharides (glucose, fructose, and pentose) via Maillard reaction. The formed AGE molecules can be catabolized and cleared by glyoxalase I and II in renal proximal tubular cells. AGE-related diseases include physiological aging, neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications, autoimmune/rheumatic inflammatory diseases, bone-degenerative diseases, and chronic renal diseases. AGEs, by binding to receptors for AGE (RAGEs), alter innate and adaptive immune responses to induce inflammation and immunosuppression via the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI). These pathological molecules cause vascular endothelial/smooth muscular/connective tissue-cell and renal mesangial/endothelial/podocytic-cell damage in AGE-related diseases. In the present review, we first focus on the cellular and molecular bases of AGE–RAGE axis signaling pathways in AGE-related diseases. Then, we discuss in detail the modes of action of newly discovered novel biomolecules and phytochemical compounds, such as Maillard reaction and AGE–RAGE signaling inhibitors. These molecules are expected to become the new therapeutic strategies for patients with AGE-related diseases in addition to the traditional hypoglycemic and anti-hypertensive agents. We particularly emphasize the importance of “metabolic memory”, the “French paradox”, and the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic dosing of the effective natural compounds associated with pharmacogenetics in the treatment of AGE-related diseases. Lastly, we propose prospective investigations for solving the enigmas in AGE-mediated pathological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yu Shen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Hsun Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Han Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
| | - Ko-Jen Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
| | - Song-Chou Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (S.-C.H.); (C.-L.Y.)
| | - Chia-Li Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-C.H.); (C.-L.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ahmad A, Corban MT, Toya T, Sara JD, Lerman B, Park JY, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Coronary Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Angina and Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease Is Associated With Elevated Serum Homocysteine Levels. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017746. [PMID: 32993421 PMCID: PMC7792413 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Elevated levels of serum homocysteine, via impaired nitric oxide production, and coronary microvascular dysfunction are associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. However, whether serum homocysteine levels and coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction (CMED) are linked remains unknown. Methods and Results This study included 1418 patients with chest pain or an abnormal functional stress test and with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (<40% angiographic stenosis), who underwent CMED evaluation with functional angiography and had serum homocysteine levels measured. Patients were classified as having normal microvascular function versus CMED. Patients in the CMED group (n=743; 52%) had higher mean age (52.1±12.2 versus 50.0±12.4 years; P<0.0001), higher body mass index (29.1 [25.0–32.8] versus 27.5 [24.2–32.4]; P=0.001), diabetes mellitus (12.5% versus 9.4%; P=0.03), and fewer women (63.5% versus 68.7%; P=0.04) compared with patients in the normal microvascular function group. However, they had lower rates of smoking history, and mildly lower low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Serum homocysteine levels were significantly higher in patients with CMED, and the highest quartile of serum homocysteine level (>9 µmol/L) was an independent predictor of CMED (odds ratio, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.03–1.75]; P=0.03) after adjustment for age; sex; body mass index; chronic kidney disease (CKD); diabetes mellitus; smoking exposure; low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides; and aspirin, statin, and B vitamin use. Conclusions Patients with CMED have significantly higher levels of serum homocysteine. Elevated serum homocysteine levels were associated with a significantly increased odds of an invasive diagnosis of CMED. The current study supports a potential role for homocysteine for diagnosis and target treatment in the patients with early coronary atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmad
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN
| | - Michel T Corban
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN
| | - Takumi Toya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN.,Division of Cardiology National Defense Medical College Tokorozawa Saitama Japan
| | | | - Ben Lerman
- School of Medicine St. George's University West Indies Grenada
| | - Ji Young Park
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN.,Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Nowon Eulji Medical Center Eulji University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Mayo Clinic Rochester MN
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Parada-Turska J, Wójcicka G, Beltowski J. Paraoxonase 1 Phenotype and Protein N-Homocysteinylation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090899. [PMID: 32967340 PMCID: PMC7555791 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is the high density lipoprotein-associated esterase which inhibits the development of atherosclerosis by metabolizing lipid peroxidation products as well as hydrolyzing proatherogenic metabolite of homocysteine (Hcy), Hcy thiolactone, which otherwise reacts with lysine groups of proteins, thus forming N-Hcy-protein in a process referred to as protein N-homocysteinylation. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease associated with increased risk of cardiovascular complications, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We examined PON1 status and N-homocysteinylation of serum proteins in patients with RA. Blood was collected from 74 RA patients and 70 control subjects. PON1 activity was measured toward synthetic (paraoxon, phenyl acetate) and natural (Hcy thiolactone) substrates. PON1 protein concentration was measured by ELISA. Total Hcy as well as N-Hcy-protein were measured in serum as well. PON1 activity toward Hcy thiolactone was lower in RA patients than in control subjects which was accompanied by increased concentration of N-Hcy-protein despite normal total Hcy concentration. PON1 protein concentration was unchanged in the RA group, but the specific enzyme activity was reduced. When RA patients were categorized according to the DAS28-ESR score, PON1 concentration and enzymatic activity were lower whereas N-Hcy-protein was higher in those with high disease activity. PON1 activity and Hcy thiolactone were correlated with DAS28-ESR score and myeloperoxidase concentration. In conclusion, RA is associated with deficiency of PON1 activity and increased protein N-homocyseinylation which may contribute to accelerated development of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Parada-Turska
- Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Wójcicka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Beltowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-4486500
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Comas F, Latorre J, Ortega F, Oliveras-Cañellas N, Lluch A, Ricart W, Fernández-Real JM, Moreno-Navarrete JM. Permanent cystathionine-β-Synthase gene knockdown promotes inflammation and oxidative stress in immortalized human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, enhancing their adipogenic capacity. Redox Biol 2020; 42:101668. [PMID: 32800520 PMCID: PMC8113015 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to investigate the impact of permanent cystathionine-β-Synthase (CBS) gene knockdown in human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) immortalized human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC52telo) and in their capacity to differentiate into adipocytes. CBS gene KD in ASC52telo cells led to increased cellular inflammation (IL6, CXCL8, TNF) and oxidative stress markers (increased intracellular reactive oxygen species and decreased reduced glutathione levels) in parallel to decreased H2S production and rejuvenation (LC3 and SIRT1)-related gene expression. In addition, CBS gene KD in ASC52telo cells resulted in altered mitochondrial respiratory function, characterised by decreased basal respiration (specifically proton leak) and spare respiratory capacity, without significant effects on cell viability and proliferation. In this context, shCBS-ASC52telo cells displayed enhanced adipogenic (FABP4, ADIPOQ, SLC2A4, CEBPA, PPARG)-, lipogenic (FASN, DGAT1)- and adipocyte (LEP, LBP)-related gene expression markers, decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and increased intracellular lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation compared to control ASC52telo cells. Otherwise, the increased adipogenic potential of shCBS-ASC52telo cells was detrimental to the ability to differentiate into osteogenic linage. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that permanent CBS gene KD in ASC52telo cells promotes a cellular senescence phenotype with a very increased adipogenic potential, promoting a non-physiological enhanced adipocyte differentiation with excessive lipid storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Comas
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Jèssica Latorre
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Núria Oliveras-Cañellas
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Aina Lluch
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mérida S, Villar VM, Navea A, Desco C, Sancho-Tello M, Peris C, Bosch-Morell F. Imbalance Between Oxidative Stress and Growth Factors in Human High Myopia. Front Physiol 2020; 11:463. [PMID: 32477165 PMCID: PMC7240122 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is one of the commonest eye pathologies that could affect 2.56 billion people by 2020. Today high myopia is a leading cause of blindness worldwide due to associated ocular illness. Nevertheless, the cellular bases for these diseases to develop are unclear in many areas. We conducted a prospective study of oxidative stress and growth factors in human myopic and non myopic eyes in an attempt to increase our understanding of the underlying physiopathological conditions to adequately early diagnose, prevent and treat the retina problem that derives from myopia. Aqueous humor samples were obtained from 41 patients being operated for cataracts in our hospital. Axial length, refractive status and complete ophthalmologic examination were recorded. The VEGF and HGF levels were determined by an ELISA kit. Total antioxidant capacity and total nitrites/nitrate levels were established with a lab kit. We show for the first time an increase in the total nitrite levels in high myopia. We also propose for the first time the concurrence of three factors: myopia, oxidative stress, and oxidative stress together with growth factors in the same group of patients. In this way, it would not be accurate to envision high myopia as a type of normal myopia, but one with more diopters or longer axial length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Mérida
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vincent M Villar
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Navea
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Desco
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medical Ophtalmology, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica (FISABIO) de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Peris
- Department of Medical Ophtalmology, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica (FISABIO) de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Bosch-Morell
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medical Ophtalmology, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica (FISABIO) de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|