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Yang JO, Kim D, Lee YS, Hong KJ, Lee BH, Park MG. Ethyl Formate Fumigation for Controlling Two Major Aphid Pests, Aphis spiraecola and Aphis gossypii, on Passion Fruit, from Cultivation to Post-Harvest Storage. INSECTS 2024; 15:386. [PMID: 38921101 PMCID: PMC11203910 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Tropical and subtropical crops are being increasingly cultivated in South Korea, leading to an increase in damage by exotic insect pests. Consequently, ethyl formate (EF) is currently being considered for quarantine and pre-shipment fumigation. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of EF fumigation for controlling Aphis spiraecola Patch and Aphis gossypii Glover, two representative quarantine pests on passion fruit ("Pink Bourbon") during greenhouse cultivation and post-harvest storage. The efficacy of EF against both aphids in terms of the lethal concentration causing 50% mortality (LCt50%) and LCt99% was 1.36-2.61 g h/m3 and 3.73-7.55 g h/m3 under greenhouse conditions (23 °C), and 1.37-2.02 g h/m3 and 3.80-14.59 g h/m3 post-harvest (5 °C), respectively. EF at 4 g/m3 for 4 h resulted in 100% mortality of A. spiraecola, which was more resistant to EF, without causing phytotoxic damage to the trees in a 340 m3 greenhouse. Post-harvest fruit fumigation at 10 g/m3 for 4 h in a mid-size (0.8 m3) fumigation chamber resulted in complete disinfection. Moreover, the EF level decreased below the EF threshold within 10 min after natural ventilation in the greenhouse. Therefore, our results suggest EF fumigation as an effective method for controlling A. spiraecola and A. gossypii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Oh Yang
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongbin Kim
- Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Product, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (B.-H.L.)
| | - Young Su Lee
- Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong 18388, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ki-Jeong Hong
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Product, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (B.-H.L.)
| | - Min-Goo Park
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Kim SY, Choi NR, Park MG. Sulfuryl Fluoride Fumigation as a Quarantine Treatment for the Control of Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Wood. INSECTS 2024; 15:379. [PMID: 38921093 PMCID: PMC11204071 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
High-risk termites in wood imported to the Republic of Korea are currently treated with methyl bromide (MB), which has ozone-depleting properties and is highly toxic. This study evaluated the effectiveness of sulfuryl fluoride (SF) as a quarantine treatment against Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in wood, along with its wood sorption and penetration capacity. The LCt50 and LCt99 values for SF were 30.87 and 42.53 mg h/L at 23 °C and 151.62 and 401.9 mg h/L at 5 °C, respectively. The SF Ct values did not significantly differ between dry and wet wood at loading ratios of 10%, 30%, and 50% at both 5 °C and 23 °C (p > 0.05). In a closed wooden cube, the LCt50 and LCt99 for SF for R. speratus were 31.59 and 53.34 mg h/L, respectively, indicating an excellent wood penetration ability. SF caused 100% termite mortality with a 90% loading ratio in the scale-up trials (500 L). The SF concentration during ventilation decreased below the threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 ppm within 30 min, confirming that the working conditions were safe. This study provides a basis for the use of SF as an alternative to MB for the treatment of termites in wood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min-Goo Park
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (N.-R.C.)
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Kwon TH, Kim DB, Kim B, Bloese J, Lee BH, Cha DH. Ethyl Formate Fumigation against Pineapple Mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes, a Quarantine Insect Pest of Pineapples. INSECTS 2024; 15:25. [PMID: 38249030 PMCID: PMC10816642 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Pineapple mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a significant pest in pineapple production and a key trade barrier. We explored the potential use of ethyl formate (EF) as a methyl bromide alternative for the postharvest fumigation of D. brevipes in imported pineapples. When treated at 8 °C for 4 h, EF fumigation was effective against D. brevipes with LCt99, the lethal concentration × time product of EF necessary to achieve 99% mortality of D. brevipes nymphs and adults at 64.2 and 134.8 g h/m3, respectively. Sorption trials conducted with 70 g/m3 EF for 4 h at 8 °C using 7.5, 15 and 30% pineapple loading ratios (w/v) indicated that loading ratio lower than 30% is necessary to achieve the LCt99 values required to control D. brevipes. In a scaled up trial using 1 m3 chamber, EF fumigation with 70 g/m3 for 4 h at 8 °C with 20% pineapple loading ratio (w/v) resulted in a complete control of D. brevipes treated. There were no significant differences in hue values, sugar contents, firmness, and weight loss between EF-treated and untreated pineapples. Our results suggest that EF is a promising alternative to methyl bromide fumigation for the postharvest phytosanitary disinfection of D. brevipes in pineapples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyung Kwon
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Dong-Bin Kim
- Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (B.-H.L.)
| | - Bongsu Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna Bloese
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (B.-H.L.)
| | - Dong H. Cha
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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Choi J, Cha W, Park MG. Evaluation of the effect of photoplethysmograms on workers' exposure to methyl bromide using second derivative. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1224143. [PMID: 37818301 PMCID: PMC10560719 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1224143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl bromide (MB) is worldwide the only effective fumigant heavily used for quarantine pre-shipment treatment and has a critical use exemption for soil fumigations due to its excellent permeability and insecticidal effect. However, MB should be replaced as it is an an ozone-depleting substance and also highly toxic to humans. Recently, MB has been shown to be hazardous even for asymptomatic workers, affecting their central and autonomic nervous systems. However, the effects of MB exposure on vascular health have not been explored. This study aimed to determine whether MB affects the arterial system of asymptomatic workers. We measured the second derivative of the photoplethysmogram (SDPTG) indices, which are indicators of vascular load and aging, and urinary bromide ion (Br-) concentrations in 44 fumigators (study group) and 20 inspectors (control group) before and after fumigation. In fumigators, the mean values of post-work SDPTG indices (b/a, c/a, d/a, e/a, and SDPTG aging index) and Br- levels were significantly changed compared to their pre-work values (p < 0.05), indicating a negative effect on their cardiovascular health. In contrast, SDPTG indices and Br- levels in inspectors did not show any differences before and after work. All SDPTG indices except c/a showed significant correlations with Br- levels in all individuals (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the Br- levels and SDPTG indices of fumigators varied after MB work, and they experienced negative effects on their health despite being asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmi Choi
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Cha
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Goo Park
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Kim J, Park S, Kim KN, Ha Y, Shin SJ, Cha W, Lee KY, Choi J, Koo BN. Resting-state prefrontal EEG biomarker in correlation with postoperative delirium in elderly patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1224264. [PMID: 37818480 PMCID: PMC10561289 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1224264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative delirium (POD) is associated with adverse outcomes in elderly patients after surgery. Electroencephalography (EEG) can be used to develop a potential biomarker for degenerative cerebral dysfunctions, including mild cognitive impairment and dementia. This study aimed to explore the relationship between preoperative EEG and POD. We included 257 patients aged >70 years who underwent spinal surgery. We measured the median dominant frequency (MDF), which is a resting-state EEG biomarker involving intrinsic alpha oscillations that reflect an idle cortical state, from the prefrontal regions. Additionally, the mini-mental state examination and Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) were performed before surgery as well as 5 days after surgery. For long-term cognitive function follow up, the telephone interview for cognitive status™ (TICS) was performed 1 month and 1 year after surgery. Fifty-two (20.2%) patients were diagnosed with POD. A multivariable logistic regression analysis that included age, MoCA score, Charlson comorbidity index score, Mini Nutritional Assessment, and the MDF as variables revealed that the MDF had a significant odds ratio of 0.48 (95% confidence interval 0.27-0.85). Among the patients with POD, the postoperative neurocognitive disorders could last up to 1 year. Low MDF on preoperative EEG was associated with POD in elderly patients undergoing surgery. EEG could be a novel potential tool for identifying patients at a high risk of POD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujung Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keung-Nyun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Shin
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Cha
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-young Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmi Choi
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Nyeo Koo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lovas S, Varga O, Loney T, Ádám B. Chemical pollutants in closed environments of transportation and storage of non-dangerous goods - Insufficient legislation, low awareness, and poor practice in Hungary. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:473-490. [PMID: 35128979 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2035325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several chemical pollutants can accumulate within the closed environments of transportation and storage. Pollutants are mainly residues of pesticides, volatile organic compounds and components of diesel exhaust. The study objectives were to (i) review the regulations relevant to occupational chemical exposures in closed environments of inland transportation and storage; and (ii) explore the practice of preventing these exposures. A systematic search and content analysis of international and Hungarian nation legal documents were carried out. In addition, semi-structured interviews with occupational health and safety (OHS) professionals and warehouse managers were conducted. Analysis of legal documents highlighted the lack of explicit regulations on the investigated problem. The 21 interviews revealed that the participants had limited knowledge about the pollutants; they deemed chemical exposure rare and related health effects negligible. The revealed limitations indicate that this field should be more specifically regulated and OHS professionals should be better informed about these workplace hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Lovas
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Varga
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tom Loney
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Balázs Ádám
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Kwon TH, Cho JH, Kim DB, Kwon GM, Hong KJ, Ren Y, Lee BH, Park MG. Ethyl Formate Fumigation for Control of the Scale Insect Asiacornococcus kaki, a Quarantine Pest on Sweet Persimmon, Diospyros kaki: Efficacy, Phytotoxicity and Safety. INSECTS 2023; 14:341. [PMID: 37103156 PMCID: PMC10144637 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sweet persimmons are a valuable export commodity. However, the presence of live insects such as Asiacornococcus kaki limits their access to many export markets. Methyl bromide, traditionally used for pest control, is damaging to human health and the environment. Ethyl formate (EF) is a viable alternative; however, its effectiveness against A. kaki on sweet persimmon fruit is unknown. We evaluated the effectiveness of EF fumigation in controlling A. kaki present under the calyx of persimmon fruit. The hatching rate of eggs and the survival rates of nymphs and adults of A. kaki at low temperatures, its LCt50 and LCt99 after EF exposure, and phytotoxic damage caused by EF were evaluated in laboratory-scale and commercial-scale tests. The dose-response tests showed that the EF LCt99 at 5 °C was 9.69, 42.13, and 126.13 g h m-3 for adults, nymphs, and eggs, respectively. Commercial-scale tests demonstrated EF efficacy against all A. kaki stages without causing phytotoxic effects on persimmons, though the eggs of A. kaki were not completely controlled in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)-packaged fruit. This study demonstrated that EF is a potential fumigant for quarantine pretreatment, especially before persimmon fruit is packed with LLDPE film, to control A. kaki infesting sweet persimmon fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Kwon
- Institute of Quality and Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Komohana Research Center, University of Hawaii, Manoa 875, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Jin-Hun Cho
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Bin Kim
- Institute of Quality and Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Myon Kwon
- Bio Utilization Institute, Sesamkeingil 83-10, Andong 36614, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Hong
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonglin Ren
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute of Quality and Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Goo Park
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Singh KD, Koijam AS, Bharali R, Rajashekar Y. Insecticidal and biochemical effects of Dillenia indica L. leaves against three major stored grain insect pests. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1135946. [PMID: 36890902 PMCID: PMC9986431 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1135946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Last four decades have witnessed the banning of several synthetic insecticides mainly due to the development of resistance to the target pests and due to hazardous effects on humans and the environment. Hence, the development of a potent insecticide with biodegradable and eco-friendly nature is the need of the hour. In the present study, the fumigant property, and biochemical effects of Dillenia indica L. (Dilleniaceae) were studied against three coleopterans stored-products insects. The bioactive enriched fraction (sub-fraction-III) was isolated from ethyl acetate extracts of D. indica leaves and found toxic to rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera); lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (L.) (Coleoptera) and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (Coleoptera) with the LC50 values of 101.887, 189.908 and 115.1 µg/L respectively after 24 h exposure. The enriched fraction was found to inhibit the function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme when tested against S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica with LC50 value of 88.57 µg/ml, 97.07 µg/ml, and 66.31 µg/ml respectively, in in-vitro condition. It was also found that the enriched fraction caused a significant oxidative imbalance in the antioxidative enzyme system such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). GCMS analysis of the enriched fraction indicates three major compounds namely, 6-Hydroxy-4,4,7a-trimethyl-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydrobenzofuran-2(4H)-one, 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, and Benzothiazole, 2-(2-hydroxyethylthio)-. Finally, we concluded that the enriched fraction of D. indica has insecticidal properties and the toxicity may be due to the inhibition of the AChE enzyme in association with oxidative imbalance created on the insect's antioxidant enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabrambam D. Singh
- Insect Bioresource Laboratory, Animal Bioresources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, Manipur, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Arunkumar S. Koijam
- Insect Bioresource Laboratory, Animal Bioresources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Rupjyoti Bharali
- Insect Bioresource Laboratory, Animal Bioresources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Yallappa Rajashekar
- Insect Bioresource Laboratory, Animal Bioresources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, Manipur, India
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Kwon TH, Kim DB, Lee BH, Cha DH, Park MG. Comparison of Methyl Bromide and Ethyl Formate for Fumigation of Snail and Fly Pests of Imported Orchids. INSECTS 2023; 14:66. [PMID: 36661994 PMCID: PMC9866921 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Invasive snails and flies are major pests of imported orchids, controlled by methyl bromide (MB) fumigation in Korea. We compared the efficacy and phytotoxicity of ethyl formate (EF) and MB on four species of imported orchids using juvenile stages of Achatina fulica and third and fourth instars of Lycoriella mali. EF was as effective as MB. The LCt99 values of EF were 68.1 and 73.1 g h/m3 at 15 °C; and those of MB were 95.9 and 78.4 g h/m3 at 15 °C for A. fulica and L. mali, respectively. In the scale-up trials, EF treatment at 35 g/m3 for 4 h at 15 °C resulted in complete control of both pests. MB treatment based on the current treatment guidelines for imported orchids (48 g/m3, 2 h, at >15 °C) resulted in complete control of L. mali but not of A. fulica. Chlorophyll content and hue values of treated orchids were not affected by EF treatment but significantly changed by MB (p-value < 0.05). All four treated species of orchids died within 30 d of MB treatment, while only one species died from EF treatment. Our results suggest that EF is a potential alternative to MB in phytosanitary treatment of imported orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Kwon
- Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Komohana Research Center, University of Hawaii, Manoa 875, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Dong-Bin Kim
- Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong H. Cha
- Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Min-Goo Park
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Choi J, Ku B, Doan DNT, Park J, Cha W, Kim JU, Lee KH. Prefrontal EEG slowing, synchronization, and ERP peak latency in association with predementia stages of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1131857. [PMID: 37032818 PMCID: PMC10076640 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1131857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early screening of elderly individuals who are at risk of dementia allows timely medical interventions to prevent disease progression. The portable and low-cost electroencephalography (EEG) technique has the potential to serve it. Objective We examined prefrontal EEG and event-related potential (ERP) variables in association with the predementia stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods One hundred elderly individuals were recruited from the GARD cohort. The participants were classified into four groups according to their amyloid beta deposition (A+ or A-) and neurodegeneration status (N+ or N-): cognitively normal (CN; A-N-, n = 27), asymptomatic AD (aAD; A + N-, n = 15), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with AD pathology (pAD; A+N+, n = 16), and MCI with non-AD pathology (MCI(-); A-N+, n = 42). Prefrontal resting-state eyes-closed EEG measurements were recorded for five minutes and auditory ERP measurements were recorded for 8 min. Three variables of median frequency (MDF), spectrum triangular index (STI), and positive-peak latency (PPL) were employed to reflect EEG slowing, temporal synchrony, and ERP latency, respectively. Results Decreasing prefrontal MDF and increasing PPL were observed in the MCI with AD pathology. Interestingly, after controlling for age, sex, and education, we found a significant negative association between MDF and the aAD and pAD stages with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.58. Similarly, PPL exhibited a significant positive association with these AD stages with an OR of 2.36. Additionally, compared with the MCI(-) group, significant negative associations were demonstrated by the aAD group with STI and those in the pAD group with MDF with ORs of 0.30 and 0.42, respectively. Conclusion Slow intrinsic EEG oscillation is associated with MCI due to AD, and a delayed ERP peak latency is likely associated with general cognitive impairment. MCI individuals without AD pathology exhibited better cortical temporal synchronization and faster EEG oscillations than those with aAD or pAD. Significance The EEG/ERP variables obtained from prefrontal EEG techniques are associated with early cognitive impairment due to AD and non-AD pathology. This result suggests that prefrontal EEG/ERP metrics may serve as useful indicators to screen elderly individuals' early stages on the AD continuum as well as overall cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmi Choi
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Boncho Ku
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dieu Ni Thi Doan
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- School of Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwoo Park
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Cha
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeuk U. Kim
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- School of Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jaeuk U. Kim,
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Kun Ho Lee,
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Rocchi R, Rosato R, Bellocci M, Migliorati G, Scarpone R. Ion Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Bromide Ions in Cereals and Legumes: New Scenario for Global Food Security. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162385. [PMID: 36010386 PMCID: PMC9407437 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The new scenario for global food production and supply is decidedly complex given the current forecast of an increase in food fragility due to international tensions. In this period, exports from other parts of the world require different routes and treatments to preserve the food quality and integrity. Fumigation is a procedure used for the killing, removal, or rendering infertile of pests, with serious dangers to human health. The most-used fumigants are methyl bromide and ethylene dibromide. It is important to bear in mind that the soil may contain bromide ions naturally or from anthropogenic source (fertilizers and pesticides that contain bromide or previous fumigations). Different methods (titrimetric, spectrophotometric, and fluorometric approaches) are available to rapidly determine the amount of bromide ion on site in the containers, but these are non-specific and with high limits of quantification. The increasing interest in healthy food, without xenobiotic residues, requires the use of more sensitive, specific, and accurate analytical methods. In order to help give an overview of the bromide ion scenario, a new, fast method was developed and validated according to SANTE 11312/2021. It involves the determination of bromide ion in cereals and legumes through ion chromatography–Q-Orbitrap. The extraction was performed by the QuPPe method, but some modifications were applied based on the matrix. The method described here was validated at four different levels. Recoveries were satisfactory and the mean values ranged between 99 and 106%, with a relative standard deviation lower than 3%. The linearity in the matrix was evaluated to be between 0.010 and 2.5 mg kg−1, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9962. Finally, the proposed method was applied to different cereals and legumes (rice, wheat, beans, lentils pearled barley, and spelt) and tested with satisfactory results in EUPT-SMR16 organized by EURL.
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12
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Diyapoglu A, Oner M, Meng M. Application Potential of Bacterial Volatile Organic Compounds in the Control of Root-Knot Nematodes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144355. [PMID: 35889228 PMCID: PMC9318376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) constitute the most damaging group of plant pathogens. Plant infections by root-knot nematodes (RKNs) alone could cause approximately 5% of global crop loss. Conventionally, chemical-based methods are used to control PPNs at the expense of the environment and human health. Accordingly, the development of eco-friendly and safer methods has been urged to supplement or replace chemical-based methods for the control of RKNs. Using microorganisms or their metabolites as biological control agents (BCAs) is a promising approach to controlling RKNs. Among the metabolites, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have gained increasing attention because of their potential in the control of not only RKNs but also other plant pathogens, such as insects, fungi, and bacteria. This review discusses the biology of RKNs as well as the status of various control strategies. The discovery of VOCs emitted by bacteria from various environmental sources and their application potential as BCAs in controlling RKNs are specifically addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Diyapoglu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Muhammet Oner
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Menghsiao Meng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Ebadollahi A, Naseri B, Abedi Z, Setzer WN, Changbunjong T. Promising Insecticidal Efficiency of Essential Oils Isolated from Four Cultivated Eucalyptus Species in Iran against the Lesser Grain Borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060517. [PMID: 35735854 PMCID: PMC9224839 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Eucalyptus essential oils have shown promising insecticidal effects on several insect pests. The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), causes economically significant damage to stored grains as an internal primary insect pest. In this study, the chemical compositions of essential oils isolated from four Eucalyptus species. E. microtheca, E. procera, E. spatulata, and E. torquata were detected and identified using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, and their lethal and sublethal insecticidal effects were evaluated against the adults of R. dominica. Although all essential oils have significant fumigant toxicity, due to the high relative potency, R. dominica was more susceptible to the E. procera essential oil than the others. The total protein, glycogen, and lipid contents and digestive amylase and protease enzyme activities of the treated insects were reduced. The nutritional indices consumption index, relative consumption rate, and relative growth rate were also reduced in the treated adults. The findings of this study reveal that E. microtheca, E. procera, E. spatulata, and E. torquata essential oils can be potentially used for the development of eco-friendly natural agents for the management of R. dominica. Abstract The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), causes damage to stored grains resulting in both quantitative and qualitative losses. The use of synthetic fumigants in the management of stored-product pests resulted in undesirable side effects such as environmental contamination and threat to human and animal health. In this study, the lethal and sublethal effects of essential oils from four Eucalyptus species, E. microtheca, E. procera, E. spatulata, and E. torquata were studied against R. dominica adults. Gas chromatographic–mass spectral analysis of the essential oils was carried out, in which terpenes such as 1,8-cineole and globulol were abundant in essential oils. The pest was susceptible to the fumigation of the essential oils and, considering concentrations and exposure times (24, 48, and 72 h), had significant effects on the pest mortality. The total protein, glycogen, and lipid contents and digestive amylolytic and proteolytic activities of the adults treated with tested essential oils were reduced. The consumption index, relative consumption rate, and relative growth rate were also reduced in the treated adults. According to the insecticidal effects on the adults of R. dominica, the essential oils of E. microtheca, E. procera, E. spatulata, and E. torquata can be candidates for further investigations as grain protectant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asgar Ebadollahi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5697194781, Iran
- Correspondence: (A.E.); (T.C.)
| | - Bahram Naseri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5697194781, Iran; (B.N.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zahra Abedi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5697194781, Iran; (B.N.); (Z.A.)
| | - William N. Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA;
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.E.); (T.C.)
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14
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Rezende-Teixeira P, Dusi RG, Jimenez PC, Espindola LS, Costa-Lotufo LV. What can we learn from commercial insecticides? Efficacy, toxicity, environmental impacts, and future developments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118983. [PMID: 35151812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide pesticide usage was estimated in up to 3.5 million tons in 2020. The number of approved products varies among different countries, however, in Brazil, there are nearly 5000 of such products available. Among them, insecticides correspond to a group of mounting importance for controlling crop pests and disease-associated vectors in public health. Unfortunately, resistance to commercially approved insecticides is commonly observed, limiting the use of these products. Thus, the search for more effective and environmentally friendly products is both a challenge and a necessity since several insecticides are no longer allowed in many countries. In this review, we discuss the historical strategies used in the development of modern insecticides, including chemical structure alterations, mechanism of action and their impact on insecticidal activity. The environmental impact of each pesticide class is also discussed, with persistence data and activity on non-target organisms, along with the human toxicological effect. By tracing the historical route of discovery and development of blockbuster pesticides like DDT, pyrethroids and organophosphates, we also aim to categorize and relate the successful chemical alterations and novel pesticide development strategies that resulted in safer alternatives. A brief discussion on the Brazilian registration procedure and a perspective of insecticides currently approved in the country was also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rezende-Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Marinha, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata G Dusi
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Paula C Jimenez
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção de Organismos Marinhos, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Laila S Espindola
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia V Costa-Lotufo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Marinha, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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15
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IoT-Based Fumigation for Insect Repellent in Food Storages: Breaking the Trade-Off between Efficiency and Safety. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Insect infestation in food can cause various health risks when ingested by humans, as well as damage to food itself. To tackle this, food safety can be secured by fumigating the food storage, using specific materials containing pesticides. However, because most fumigation is toxic to human health, there is a trade-off relationship between insect repellency and safety assurance. In this paper, to overcome this problem, first, organic fumigation is proposed, in which a relatively low-risk pyrethrin oil is developed. Second, a novel system which can remotely monitor and control fumigation using IoT is proposed for mitigating the fact that pyrethrin can also be dangerous when inhaled directly. Third, an insect repellent LED lamp system, which can replace insecticide through direct fumigation and ensure safety, has been proposed. Fourth, a camera-based human access detection system is developed for more efficient and safe controls during the fumigation. The performance of the proposed system has been verified through implemented test-bed, and it is revealed that the trade-off relationship between efficiency and safety can be overcome.
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16
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Narayanankutty A, Kunnath K, Jose B, Ramesh V, Rajagopal R, Alfarhan A, Al-Ansari A. Analysis of the chemical composition of root essential oil from Indian sarsaparilla ( Hemidesmus indicus) and its application as an ecofriendly insecticide and pharmacological agent. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:7248-7252. [PMID: 34867028 PMCID: PMC8626244 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indian sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus) is a commonly used plant in Indian traditional medicine of Ayurveda for the preparation of various non-alcoholic beverages. However, limited studies are available on the essential oil of H. indicus roots (HRO); therefore, the study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities of H. indicus root essential oil as well as insecticide potential against the common pests of stored food materials (Sitophilus oryzae, Callosobruchus maculatus and Tribolium castaneum). The repellant efficacy of HRO was found to be high against S. oryzae (8.21 ± 0.55 μg/mL). Likewise, the fumigant potential was also observed for HRO against these pests; the higher activities were observed against S. oryzae and C. maculatus (32.46 ± 1.42 and 35.18 ± 1.62 μg/L). Besides, the essential oil was also found to be active as a contact poison, however, against all the three pests, the toxicity was above 100 μg/mm3, being the highest against C. maculatus (122.8 ± 3.57 μg/mm3). To analyze the possible effect of the essential oil on grains, the different grains were allowed to germinate and compared to that of normal; thus, the non-toxic nature of HRO against the stored products is also confirmed. The essential oil shown to have DPPH hydrogen peroxide and ABTS radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging potential, and inhibition of lipoxgenase, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Overall, the present study concludes that the H. indicus may be a suitable repellant and fumigant agent against different pests of stored products and a possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Kerala, India
| | | | - Boby Jose
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Kerala, India
| | - Varsha Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Abdullah Al-Ansari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Park MG, Lee BH, Yang JO, Kim BS, Roh GH, Kendra PE, Cha DH. Ethyl Formate as a Methyl Bromide Alternative for Fumigation of Citrus: Efficacy, Fruit Quality, and Workplace Safety. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2290-2296. [PMID: 34622933 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl formate (EF) was evaluated as a potential alternative to methyl bromide (MB) for phytosanitary treatment of imported citrus fruit in the Republic of Korea. Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a mealybug with known tolerance against EF and MB, was used as a representative pest to test efficacy of the two fumigants against eggs. In nine commercial-scale refrigerated container (67.5 m3) trials using imported orange, lemon and grapefruit, EF applied at the currently approved dose for citrus (70 g·m-3 at 5°C for 4 h, developed for Aspidiotus excisus Green (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a species less EF tolerant than P. citri) resulted in 76.9-98.3% mortality of P. citri eggs. The EF treatment did not affect the sugar content or the color of peel and pulp of the treated fruit. When oranges were treated according to the current MB (64 g·m-3 at >5°C for 2 h) or EF treatment guidelines, the concentration of fumigant around the fruit fluctuated between 9.4 and 185.1 ppm for EF and 9.5-203.0 ppm for MB during the 72-h post-fumigation processes (venting [0-2 h], transportation to storage [2-24 h], and storage periods [24-72 h]) with both EF and MB maintained between 10 and 100 ppm during the storage period. Considering the efficacy of EF, its apparent lack of phytotoxicity, and its more manageable threshold limit value for humans (100 ppm EF compared to 1 ppm MB for an 8-h time weighted average exposure), our results suggest that EF may be a promising alternative to MB for the phytosanitary treatment of imported citrus in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Goo Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oh Yang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hyun Roh
- USDA-ARS, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Paul E Kendra
- USDA-ARS, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dong H Cha
- USDA-ARS, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA
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18
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Park MG, Ren Y, Lee BH. Preliminary study to evaluate ethanedinitrile (C 2 N 2 ) for quarantine treatment of four wood destroying pests. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5213-5219. [PMID: 34270154 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methyl bromide is an ozone depleting substance and is still being used for quarantine treatment of wood products and logs. Ethanedinitrile (C2 N2 ) is a new potential alternative fumigant and has been investigated as a timber fumigant because it has shown better penetration through timber and responds fast to insects and nematodes. This article reports on laboratory and commercial-scale trials with C2 N2 for important wood destroying pests namely Tomicus piniperda (Pine bark beetle) adults, Hyphantria cunea (Fall webworm) lavae, Reticulitermes speratus (Japanese Termite) adults and Cryphalus fulvus (Scolytidae) (Yellow minute bark beetle) which naturally infests pine logs. RESULTS Tomicus pi:niperda adults were more tolerance than H. cunea lavae and R. speratus adults with lethal concentration × time affecting 99% mortality (LCt99 ) values of 27.84, 7.49 and 3.30 g h m-3 , respectively. Ethanedinitrile shows exceptionally high toxicity to adult R. speratus which was almost 26 times more toxic than methyl bromide. The complete control of larvae and adults stages of C. fulvus was achieved at concentration × time (Ct) products from 89.6 g h m-3 in a 6-8 L fumigation chamber. Temperature-depending trials on C. fulvus were conducted with C2 N2 doses of 30 at 21 ± 6 and 40 g m-3 at 9 ± 3 and 2 ± 2 °C for 24 h. The Ct products of 182.2, 227.8 and 268.6 g h m-3 were obtained and C. fulvus was completely controlled at all tested temperatures. CONCLUSION Ethanedinitrile could offer quarantine treatment for wood products and logs for the control of wood destroying insect pests and termites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Goo Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonglin Ren
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongmam, Republic of Korea
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Narayanankutty A, Kunnath K, Alfarhan A, Rajagopal R, Ramesh V. Chemical Composition of Cinnamomum verum Leaf and Flower Essential Oils and Analysis of Their Antibacterial, Insecticidal, and Larvicidal Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:6303. [PMID: 34684884 PMCID: PMC8537797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum verum is widely used in traditional medicines, and the different parts of the plant, such as bark, leaves, and flowers, are used for essential oil production. The present study compared the chemical composition of the essential oil of C. verum extracted from the leaves and flowers. In addition, efficacy of these essential oils against the two common pests Sitophilus oryzae and Callosobruchus maculatus was also evaluated. The results indicated the presence of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, caryophyllene, and linalool in these essential oils, however, at different concentrations. The leaf essential oil was found to be 10-20% more effective as a fumigant against both the pests. Likewise, the leaf essential oil found to repel these pests even at lower concentrations than that of flower essential oil of C. verum. Besides, these essential oils were also effective in controlling the growth of various gram positive and gram negative microbial pathogens and possibly a safeguard for human health. On contrary, both the essential oils were found to be safe for the application on grains, as indicated by their germination potentials. It was also observed that these essential oils do not cause any significant toxicity to guppy fishes, thus confirming their ecological safety for use as a biopesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut 673008, India
| | - Krishnaprasad Kunnath
- Department of Pharmacology, Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy, Chelembra, Malapuram 673634, India;
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Varsha Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia;
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20
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Abstract
To determine whether methyl bromide (MB) fumigation work for plants imported in Korea affects workers’ health by assessing heart rate variability (HRV).
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21
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Presumed Exposure to Chemical Pollutants and Experienced Health Impacts among Warehouse Workers at Logistics Companies: A Cross-Sectional Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137052. [PMID: 34280987 PMCID: PMC8296867 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During intercontinental shipping, freight containers and other closed transport devices are applied. These closed spaces can be polluted with various harmful chemicals that may accumulate in poorly ventilated environments. The major pollutants are residues of pesticides used for fumigation as well as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from the goods. While handling cargos at logistics companies, workers can be exposed to these pollutants, frequently without adequate occupational health and safety precautions. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among potentially exposed warehouse workers and office workers as controls at Hungarian logistics companies (1) to investigate the health effects of chemical pollutants occurring in closed spaces of transportation and storage and (2) to collect information about the knowledge of and attitude toward workplace chemical exposures as well as the occupational health and safety precautions applied. Pre-existing medical conditions did not show any significant difference between the working groups. Numbness or heaviness in the arms and legs (AOR = 3.99; 95% CI = 1.72–9.26) and dry cough (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI = 1.09–4.93) were significantly associated with working in closed environments of transportation and storage, while forgetfulness (AOR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.18–0.87), sleep disturbances (AOR = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.17–0.78), and tiredness after waking up (AOR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.20–0.79) were significantly associated with employment in office. Warehouse workers who completed specific workplace health and safety training had more detailed knowledge related to this workplace chemical issue (AOR = 8.18; 95% CI = 3.47–19.27), and they were significantly more likely to use certain preventive measures. Warehouse workers involved in handling cargos at logistics companies may be exposed to different chemical pollutants, and the related health risks remain unknown if the presence of these chemicals is not recognized. Applied occupational health and safety measures at logistics companies are not adequate enough to manage this chemical safety issue, which warrants awareness raising and the introduction of effective preventive strategies to protect workers’ health at logistics companies.
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Park MG, Hong YS, Park CG, Gu DC, Mo HH. Variations in methyl bromide concentration with distance and time during quarantine fumigation. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:397. [PMID: 34105044 PMCID: PMC8263420 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Methyl bromide (MB) is a highly toxic and ozone-depleting substance and should be replaced. Worker exposure to high MB concentrations during fumigation has been previously reported. However, variations in MB concentration as a function of distance from fumigated objects or of time after degassing have not been reported so far. In this study, air samples were collected at various distances from fumigated objects (oranges, wood in containers, and wood in tarpaulin) during injection and degassing and analyzed via gas chromatography according to the Occupational Safety and Health Agency method. In addition, MB concentrations were directly measured over time using a gas detector during degassing. Non-linear regression analysis of the logarithmically transformed data indicated a clear decrease in MB concentration with distance as well as time. Non-linear regression models were constructed to describe the decrease in MB concentration with distance from the objects and with time during degassing (P < 0.05 for all models). The results of this study could aid in establishing appropriate safety guidelines, and hence, in preventing risks related to MB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Goo Park
- Department of Plant Quarantine, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (BK21+ Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seoub Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Gyoo Park
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (BK21+ Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chul Gu
- Department of Public Health, Medical Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Gugil Environment and Industrial Hygiene. Co. Ltd, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ho Mo
- Department of Plant Quarantine, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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