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Valder S, Staltner R, Bizjak DA, Esatbeyoglu T, Herdegen V, Köpsel M, Kostov T, Bergheim I, Diel P. Effect of Sugar- and Polyphenol-Rich, Diluted Cloudy Apple Juice on the Intestinal Barrier after Moderate Endurance Exercise and in Ultra-Marathon Runners. Nutrients 2024; 16:1353. [PMID: 38732600 PMCID: PMC11085185 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise and the consumption of sugars result in a dysfunction of the intestinal barrier (IB). Here, we determined the effect of sugar in a natural matrix on the intestinal barrier after moderate (A) and intensive endurance exercise (B). METHOD The IB function was determined before (pre) and after running (post), and 120 and 180 min after consuming the drink by measuring serum endotoxin concentrations (lipopolysaccharides-LPS), IL-6, CD14, and i-FABP. In study A, nonspecifically trained participants (n = 24, males and females, age 26 ± 4) ran for one hour at 80% of their individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). After finishing, the runners consumed, in a crossover setup, either 500 mL of water, diluted cloudy apple juice (test drink), or an identical drink (placebo) without the fruit juice matrix (FJM). In study B, the participants (n = 30, males and females, age 50 ± 9) completed an ultra-marathon run, were divided into groups, and consumed one of the above-mentioned drinks. RESULTS Study A: Exercise resulted in a significant increase in serum LPS, i-FABP, and IL-6, which decreased fast after finishing. No impact of the different drinks on LPS i-FABP, or IL-6 could be observed, but there was an impact on CD14. Study B: The ultra-marathon resulted in a strong increase in serum LPS, which decreased fast after finishing in the water and test drink groups, but not in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS The consumed drinks did not affect the kinetics of IB regeneration after moderate exercise, but impacted CD14 serum concentrations, indicating possible beneficial effects of the FJM on the immune system. After an ultra-marathon, IB function regenerates very fast. The intake of sugar (placebo) seems to have had a negative impact on IB regeneration, which was diminished by the presence of the FJM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Valder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (S.V.); (T.K.)
| | - Raphaela Staltner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Daniel Alexander Bizjak
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Department of Molecular Food Chemistry and Food Development, Institute of Food and One Health, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (T.E.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Magdalena Köpsel
- Department of Molecular Food Chemistry and Food Development, Institute of Food and One Health, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (T.E.); (M.K.)
| | - Tihomir Kostov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (S.V.); (T.K.)
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (S.V.); (T.K.)
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Belinchón-deMiguel P, Navarro-Jiménez E, Laborde-Cárdenas CC, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Evolutionary Echoes: A Four-Day Fasting and Low-Caloric Intake Study on Autonomic Modulation and Physiological Adaptations in Humans. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:456. [PMID: 38672727 PMCID: PMC11051148 DOI: 10.3390/life14040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the psychophysiological response to a simulated hunter-gatherer endurance task with restricted caloric intake over four days. It assesses changes in body composition, autonomic modulation, and physical and cognitive performance. Participants underwent daily 8 h fasted walks followed by a 150 kcal meal to replicate hunter-gatherer activity and dietary patterns. Measurements of metabolic, respiratory, and subjective well-being, along with heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring, were conducted pre- and post-activity to evaluate the impact of endurance activity under caloric restriction. We found weight loss, decreased body and visceral fat, and reduced skeletal muscle mass and water percentage. High sympathetic activation and stable urinary markers, except for increased proteinuria, indicated stress responses and muscular degradation. Elevated perceived exertion post-exercise with good adaptation to prolonged effort underlines the body's adaptability to ancestral lifestyle conditions, highlighting the connection among endurance, nutrition, and psychophysiological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Belinchón-deMiguel
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Navarro-Jiménez
- Grupo de Investigacion en Microbiología y Biotecnología (IMB), Universidad Libre, Barranquilla 080003, Colombia;
| | | | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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3
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Ušaj A, Lihteneger Vidmajer J, Lojen S. Recovery after Running an "Everesting" Mountain Ultramarathon. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1946. [PMID: 37895328 PMCID: PMC10607996 DOI: 10.3390/life13101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood markers of muscle microdamage and systemic inflammation do not adequately explain the reduced performance observed over a prolonged recovery after running a mountain ultramarathon. This case study aimed to determine whether the reduced performance after the Everesting mountain ultramarathon can be further assessed by considering cardiorespiratory and metabolic alterations determined via repeated incremental and continuous running tests. A single runner (age: 24 years, BM: 70 kg, BMI: 22, Vo2peak: 74 mL∙min-1∙kg-1) was observed over a preparatory period of two months with a one-month recovery period. The Everesting consisted of nine ascents and descents of 9349 vertical metres completed in 18:22 (h:min). During the first phase of the recovery, enhanced peak creatine kinase (800%) and C-reactive protein (44%) levels explained the decreased performance. In contrast, decreased performance during the second, longer phase was associated with a decreased lactate threshold and Vo2 (21% and 17%, respectively), as well as an increased energetic cost of running (15%) and higher endogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates (87%), lactate concentrations (170%) and respiratory muscle fatigue sensations that remained elevated for up to one month. These alterations may represent characteristics that can explain the second phase of the recovery process after Everesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ušaj
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jon Lihteneger Vidmajer
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Sonja Lojen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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4
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Lecina M, Castellar-Otín C, López-Laval I, Carrasco Páez L, Pradas F. Acute Kidney Injury and Hyponatremia in Ultra-Trail Racing: A Systematic Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58050569. [PMID: 35629986 PMCID: PMC9146822 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Ultra-trail races can cause episodes of acute kidney injury (AKI) and exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) in healthy subjects without previous renal pathology. This systematic review aims to review the incidence of these two syndromes together and separately taking into account the length and elevation of the ultra-trail race examined. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted through electronic search in four electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science and Alcorze). Results: A total of 1127 articles published between January 2006 and December 31, 2021 were included, 28 of which met the inclusion criteria. The studies were categorized according to the length and stages of the race in four categories: medium (42 to 69 km), long (70 to 99 km), extra (>100 km) and multi-stage if they included various stages. A total of 2950 runners (666 females and 2284 males) were extracted from 28 publications. The AKI incidence found was 42.04% (468 cases of 1113), and 195 of 2065 were diagnosed with EAH, accounting for 9.11%. The concurrence of both pathologies together reached 11.84% (27 individuals) from a total of 228 runners with AKI and EAH simultaneously analyzed. Sorted by race category, the AKI+EAH cases were distributed as follows: 18 of 27 in the extra (13.63% and n = 132), 4 in the large (5.79% and n = 69) and 5 in the medium category (18.15% and n = 27). Conclusions: According to these results, extra and medium races showed a similar incidence of AKI+EAH. These findings underline the importance of the duration and intensity of the race and may make them responsible for the etiology of these medical conditions. Due to their variable incidence, EAH and AKI are often underdiagnosed, leading to poorer prognosis, increased condition seriousness and hindered treatment. The results of this review urge participants, coaches and race organizers to take measures to improve the early diagnosis and urgent treatment of possible EAH and AKI cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lecina
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Carlos Castellar-Otín
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Luis Carrasco Páez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Francisco Pradas
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
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Lecina M, Castellar C, Pradas F, López-Laval I. 768-km Multi-Stage Ultra-Trail Case Study-Muscle Damage, Biochemical Alterations and Strength Loss on Lower Limbs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020876. [PMID: 35055697 PMCID: PMC8776162 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of case studies aimed to evaluate muscular fatigue in running a 768-km ultra-trail race in 11 days. Four non-professional athletes (four males) were enrolled. Muscle damage blood biomarkers (creatine kinase (CK), lactodeshydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lower limb strength were evaluated by using Bosco jumps test; squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and Abalakov jump (ABA) were assessed before (pre), after the race (post) and for two and nine days during the recovery period (rec2 and rec9), respectively. Results showed: pre-post SJ = −28%, CMJ = −36% and ABA = −21%. Values returned to basal during rec9: SJ = −1%, CMJ = −2% or even exceeded pre-values ABA = +3%. On the contrary, muscle damage blood biomarkers values increased at post; CK = +888%, LDH = +172%, AST = +167% and ALT = +159% and the values returned gradually to baseline at rec9 except for AST = +226% and ALT = +103% which remained higher. Nonparametric bivariate Spearman’s test showed strong correlations (Rs ≥ 0.8) between some jumps and muscle damage biomarkers at post (SJ-LDH Rs = 0.80, SJ-AST Rs = 0.8, ABA-LD H Rs = 0.80 and ABA-AST Rs = 0.80), at rec2 (SJ-CK Rs = 0.80 and SJ-ALT Rs = 0.80) and even during rec9 (ABA-CK). Similarly, some parameters such as accumulated elevation and training volume showed a strong correlation with LDH values after finishing the ultra-trail race. The alteration induced by completing an ultra-trail event in the muscle affects lower limb strength and may in some circumstances result in serious medical conditions including post- exertional rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lecina
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Carlos Castellar
- ENFYRED Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (C.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Francisco Pradas
- ENFYRED Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (C.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain;
- Movimiento Humano Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Martinez-Navarro I, Collado E, Hernando B, Hernando C. Pulmonary and Inspiratory Muscle Function Response to a Mountain Ultramarathon. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:706-713. [PMID: 35321133 PMCID: PMC8488829 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to provide within-race data on the time course of pulmonary function during a mountain ultramarathon (MUM). Additionally, we wanted to assess possible sex differences regarding pre- to post-race change in pulmonary and inspiratory muscle function. Lastly, we were interested in evaluating whether changes in respiratory function were associated with relative running speed and due to general or specific fatigue. 47 athletes (29 males and 18 females; 41 ± 5 years) were submitted to a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) before a 107-km MUM. Spirometric variables: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC and peak expiratory flow (PEF); maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP); squat jump (SJ) and handgrip strength (HG) were assessed before and after the race. Additionally PEF was measured at three aid stations (33rd, 66th and 84th km) during the race. PEF declined from the 33rd to the 66th km (p = 0.004; d = 0.72) and from the 84th km to the finish line (p = 0.003; d = 0.90), while relative running speed dropped from the first (0-33 km) to the second (33-66 km) race section (p < 0.001; d = 1.81) and from the third (66-84 km) to the last race section (p < 0.001; d = 1.61). Post-race, a moderate reduction was noted in FVC (-13%; p < 0.001; d = 0.52), FEV1 (-19.5%; p < 0.001; d = 0.65), FEV1/FVC (-8.4%; p = 0.030; d = 0.59), PEF (-20.3%; p < 0.001; d = 0.58), MIP (-25.3%; p < 0.001; d = 0.79) and SJ (-31.6%; p < 0.001; d = 1.42). Conversely, HG did not change from pre- to post-race (-1.4%; p = 0.56; d = 0.05). PEF declined during the race in parallel with running speed drop. No sex differences were noted regarding post-race respiratory function, except that FEV1/FVC decay was significantly greater among women. The magnitude of pre- to post-race respiratory function decline was uncorrelated with relative running speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martinez-Navarro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas 9 de Octubre Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eladio Collado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Hernando
- Sport Service, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
- Department of Education and Specific Didactics, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
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7
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Lecina M, López I, Castellar C, Pradas F. Extreme Ultra-Trail Race Induces Muscular Damage, Risk for Acute Kidney Injury and Hyponatremia: A Case Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111323. [PMID: 34769840 PMCID: PMC8582916 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A case study involving a healthy trained male athlete who completed a 786 km multi-stage ultra-trail race. Several markers were analyzed in blood and urine samples: creatinine (SCR) for kidney damage, sodium ([Na+]) for hyponatremia, creatine kinase (CK) for exertional rhabdomyolysis, as well as other hematological values. Samples were taken before and after the race and during the recovery period (days 2 and 9 after the race). Results showed: SCR = 1.13 mg/dl, [Na+] =139 mmol/l and CK = 1.099 UI/l. Criteria for the determination of acute kidney damage were not met, and [Na+] concentration was above 135 mEq/L, indicating the absence of hyponatremia. Exertional rhabdomyolysis was suffered by the athlete (baseline CK increased fivefold), though this situation was reverted after 9 days of recovery. Ultra-trail races cause biochemical changes in athletes, which should be known about by healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lecina
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (M.L.); (I.L.)
| | - Isaac López
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (M.L.); (I.L.)
| | - Carlos Castellar
- ENFYRED Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francisco Pradas
- ENFYRED Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain;
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8
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Influence of Female Sex Hormones on Ultra-Running Performance and Post-Race Recovery: Role of Testosterone. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910403. [PMID: 34639701 PMCID: PMC8508191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, increasing numbers of women have participated in extremely long races. In adult males, there is a clear association between physiological levels of endogenous sex hormones and physical performance. However, the influence of plasmatic sex hormones and the effects of different types of hormonal contraception (HC) on the modulation of physical performance in adult females remain to be fully clarified. Eighteen female ultra-endurance athletes were recruited to participate in the study. Different variables were studied, including hematological parameters, body mass index, and body composition. Strength measurements were obtained using the squat-jump and hand-grip test. A repeated-measures analysis demonstrated significant differences in hematological values of CK and LDH pre-race as compared to immediately post-race and after 24/48 h. Furthermore, statistical differences were found in squat-jump and hand-grip test results after the ultramarathon. Testosterone, estradiol, and the testosterone/estrogen ratio were significantly correlated with muscle fatigue and were found to be indirect markers of muscle damage. A multivariate analysis demonstrated the protective role of testosterone against muscle damage and severe fatigue. Fluctuations in endogenous testosterone levels were correlated with greater fatigability and muscle damage after the competition. Adjusting the menstrual cycle with HC would not provide any further benefit to the athlete's competitive capacity.
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9
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Michnik A, Sadowska-Krępa E, Kiełboń A, Duch K, Bańkowski S. Blood serum denaturation profile examined by differential scanning calorimetry reflects the effort put into ultramarathon by amateur long-distance runners. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:103013. [PMID: 34420643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The impact of participation in the ultramarathon on the health and mental and physical condition is very complex. Undoubtedly, exercise brings many benefits but also involves health risks. Especially such an extreme effort as the one associated with finishing the ultramarathon run, can be dangerous to the health of the runner. With the variety of possible biomarkers of excessive fatigue that threaten health and life, a question arises which of them are the best and which should be considered in amateur long-distance runners showing particularly high individual variability. In this study differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been applied to show the overall effect of the 12-h run on blood sera of participants. Serum samples were obtained from the blood of ten male amateur long-distance runners, collected before and immediately after the run. Distinct changes in the shape of DSC curves have been observed for serum after finishing the run relative to pre-race serum. Statistically significant differences between stages "before" and "after" ultramarathon running have been found for parameters of the endothermic transition associated with denaturation of serum proteins. An increase in the temperature (from 70.9 ± 0.9 to 75.8 ± 2.9 °C) and excess heat capacity (from 0.859 ± 0.201 to 1.102 ± 0.226 Jg-1 °C-1) at peak maximum, the enthalpy of serum denaturation (from 18.55 ± 6.52 to 22.08 ± 5.61 Jg-1) and the first moment of the thermal transition with respect to the temperature (from the value of 67.0 ± 2.1 to 72.6 ± 2.1 °C) has been observed. These results show a clear impact of running an ultramarathon on the participant's blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michnik
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Institute of Sport Sciences, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kiełboń
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Duch
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Bańkowski
- The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Institute of Sport Sciences, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
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10
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Temesi J, Besson T, Parent A, Singh B, Martin V, Brownstein CG, Espeit L, Royer N, Rimaud D, Lapole T, Féasson L, Millet GY. Effect of race distance on performance fatigability in male trail and ultra-trail runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1809-1821. [PMID: 34170574 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of changes in lower-limb neuromuscular function, especially to the central nervous system, may be affected by exercise duration. Direct evidence is lacking as few studies have directly compared different race distances. This study aimed to investigate the etiology of deficits in neuromuscular function following short versus long trail-running races. Thirty-two male trail runners completed one of five trail-running races as LONG (>100 km) or SHORT (<60 km). Pre- and post-race, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque and evoked responses to electrical nerve stimulation during MVCs and at rest were used to assess voluntary activation and muscle contractile properties of knee-extensor (KE) and plantar-flexor (PF) muscles. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess evoked responses and corticospinal excitability in maximal and submaximal KE contractions. Race distance correlated with KE MVC (ρ = -0.556) and twitch (ρ = -0.521) torque decreases (p ≤ .003). KE twitch torque decreased more in LONG (-28 ± 14%) than SHORT (-14 ± 10%, p = .005); however, KE MVC time × distance interaction was not significant (p = .073). No differences between LONG and SHORT for PF MVC or twitch torque were observed. Maximal voluntary activation decreased similarly in LONG and SHORT in both muscle groups (p ≥ .637). TMS-elicited silent period decreased in LONG (p = .021) but not SHORT (p = .912). Greater muscle contractile property impairment in longer races, not central perturbations, contributed to the correlation between KE MVC loss and race distance. Conversely, PF fatigability was unaffected by race distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Temesi
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thibault Besson
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Audrey Parent
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQÀM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,CHU Sainte-Justine (CRME), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin Singh
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Callum G Brownstein
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Loïc Espeit
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nicolas Royer
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Diana Rimaud
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thomas Lapole
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Léonard Féasson
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Myology Unit, Referent Center of Rare Neuromuscular Diseases, Euro-NmD, Universitiy Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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Wang W, Tsai T, Tian F, Li J, Zhao Y, Zhu R, Li J, Liu Y, Wang S. High-speed fluoroscopic imaging for investigation of three-dimensional knee kinematics before and after marathon running. Gait Posture 2021; 88:231-237. [PMID: 34119778 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee injuries often occur during or shortly after marathon running, and are linked to altered knee kinematics. RESEARCH QUESTION The kinematics of healthy knees during pre- and post-marathon running have not been examined with high-speed fluoroscopy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of marathon running on knee kinematics during walking and running by using a combined high-speed fluoroscopy and MRI technique. METHODS Ten healthy runners underwent knee MRI within 24 h before marathon running to construct three-dimensional (3D) knee models. Knee kinematics during treadmill walking and running were evaluated using high-speed fluoroscopy (200hz) within 24 h before and as soon as possible (within 5 h) after marathon running. All pre- and post-marathon measurements were compared. RESULTS (1) For post-marathon walking, posterior femoral translation increased 1.4 mm at initial contact (p = 0.015); proximal-distal distance of tibia and femur decreased 0.7 mm and 0.8 mm at initial contact and after contact, respectively (p = 0.039, p = 0.046); and valgus femur rotation increased 1.2° after contact (p = 0.027). (2) For post-marathon running, proximal-distal distance decreased 0.7 mm and 1.0 mm at initial contact and after contact (p = 0.011, p = 0.003) respectively; knee flexion decreased 4.3° before contact (p = 0.007); knee flexion increased 1.8° and 2.6° at initial contact and after contact, respectively (p = 0.038, p = 0.011); external femoral rotation increased 1.2° and 1.8° at initial contact and after contact, respectively (p = 0.012, p = 0.037). Valgus femoral rotation after contact increased 2.3° (p = 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE Post-marathon changes in valgus and external femoral rotation, knee flexion, posterior femoral translation, and proximal-distal distance may increase the risk of knee injury. This study provides information to better understand the response of the knee to marathon running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - TsungYuan Tsai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Jixin Li
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Renkun Zhu
- China Basketball College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaobai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
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Pradas F, Falcón D, Peñarrubia-Lozano C, Toro-Román V, Carrasco L, Castellar C. Effects of Ultratrail Running on Neuromuscular Function, Muscle Damage and Hydration Status. Differences According to Training Level. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5119. [PMID: 34065969 PMCID: PMC8150532 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The status of trail running races has exponentially grown in recent years. The present study aimed to: (a) evaluate the acute response of ultratrail racing in terms of neuromuscular function, muscle damage and hydration status; (b) analyze if responses could differ according to training levels. Twenty runners participated in the present study. The participants were divided into amateur training level (n = 10; 43.30 ± 4.52 years) or high level competitors (n = 10; 41.40 ± 6.18). Neuromuscular response (squat jump, countermovement jump and Abalakov jump), muscle damage (alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, creatine kinase and leukocytes) and hydration status (sodium and creatinine) were evaluated before and after the Guara Somontano Ultratrail Race (108 km distance, with an accumulated slope of 5800 m). The height and power achieved by vertical jumps were lower after the race (p < 0.001). The post-race muscle damage and creatinine parameters increased in both groups (p < 0.001). The high-level group obtained lower percentages of change in squat jump and countermovement jump than the amateur-level group (p < 0.05). However, the increase in creatinine was greater for the high-level group (p < 0.05). Ultratrail racing reduces neuromuscular function and increases muscle damage. High-level runners showed less neuromuscular fatigue compared to amateur ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pradas
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (F.P.); (D.F.); (C.P.-L.); (C.C.)
- Department of Corporal Expression, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
| | - David Falcón
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (F.P.); (D.F.); (C.P.-L.); (C.C.)
- Department of Corporal Expression, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
| | - Carlos Peñarrubia-Lozano
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (F.P.); (D.F.); (C.P.-L.); (C.C.)
- Department of Corporal Expression, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
| | - Víctor Toro-Román
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- BIOFANEX Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain;
| | - Carlos Castellar
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (F.P.); (D.F.); (C.P.-L.); (C.C.)
- Department of Corporal Expression, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
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Impact of Plasma Oxidative Stress Markers on Post-race Recovery in Ultramarathon Runners: A Sex and Age Perspective Overview. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030355. [PMID: 33673404 PMCID: PMC7996940 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been widely studied in association to ultra-endurance sports. Although it is clearly demonstrated the increase in reactive oxygen species and free radicals after these extreme endurance exercises, the effects on the antioxidant defenses and the oxidative damage to macromolecules, remain to be fully clarified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of an ultramarathon race on the plasma markers of oxidative stress of 32 runners and their post-race recovery, with especial focused on sex and age effect. For this purpose, the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, as well as the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) and the carbonyl groups (CG) content were measured before the race, in the finish line and 24 and 48 h after the race. We have reported an increase of the oxidative damage to lipids and proteins (MDA and CG) after the race and 48 h later. Moreover, there was an increase of the GR activity after the race. No changes were observed in runners' plasma GPx activity throughout the study. Finally, we have observed sex and age differences regarding damage to macromolecules, but no differences were found regarding the antioxidant enzymes measured. Our results suggest that several basal plasma markers of oxidative stress might be related to the extent of muscle damage after an ultraendurance race and also might affect the muscle strength evolution.
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Martinez-Navarro I, Montoya-Vieco A, Collado E, Hernando B, Hernando C. Inspiratory and Lower-Limb Strength Importance in Mountain Ultramarathon Running. Sex Differences and Relationship with Performance. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8100134. [PMID: 33066606 PMCID: PMC7602444 DOI: 10.3390/sports8100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed at comparing lower-limb strength and respiratory parameters between male and female athletes and their interaction with performance in a 107 km mountain ultramarathon. Forty seven runners (29 males and 18 females; mean ± SD age: 41 ± 5 years) were enrolled. Lower-limb strength assessment comprised a squat jump test, an ankle rebound test, and an isometric strength test. Respiratory assessment included pulmonary function testing and the measurement of maximal inspiratory pressure. Male athletes performed largely better in the squat jump (26 ± 4 vs. 21 ± 3 cm; p < 0.001; d = 1.48), while no sex differences were found in the other two lower-limb tests. Concerning the respiratory parameters, male athletes showed largely greater values in pulmonary expiratory variables: forced vital capacity (5.19 ± 0.68 vs. 3.65 ± 0.52 L; p < 0.001; d = 2.53), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (4.24 ± 0.54 vs. 2.97 ± 0.39 L; p < 0.001; d = 2.69), peak expiratory flow (9.9 ± 1.56 vs. 5.89 ± 1.39 L/min; p < 0.001; d = 2.77) and maximum voluntary ventilation in 12 s (171 ± 39 vs. 108 ± 23 L/min; p < 0.001; d = 1.93); while no sex differences were identified in maximal inspiratory pressure. Race time was associated with ankle rebound test performance (r = −0.390; p = 0.027), isometric strength test performance (r = −0.349; p = 0.049) and maximal inspiratory pressure (r = −0.544; p < 0.001). Consequently, it seems that athletes competing in mountain ultramarathons may benefit from improving lower-limb isometric strength, ankle reactive strength and inspiratory muscle strength. Nevertheless, further interventional studies are required to confirm these exploratory results. In addition, the fact that the magnitude of the sex difference for isometric strength was minor, as compared with the other strength tests, could represent one of the factors explaining why the performance gap between males and females is reduced in ultramarathons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martinez-Navarro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas 9 de Octubre Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Montoya-Vieco
- Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas 9 de Octubre Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eladio Collado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon, Spain;
| | - Bárbara Hernando
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon, Spain;
| | - Carlos Hernando
- Sport Service, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon, Spain;
- Department of Education and Specific Didactics, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon, Spain
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