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Roodnat AW, Callaghan B, Doyle C, Vallabh NA, Atkinson SD, Willoughby CE. Genome-wide RNA sequencing of ocular fibroblasts from glaucomatous and normal eyes: Implications for glaucoma management. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307227. [PMID: 38990974 PMCID: PMC11239048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness which is commonly treated with drugs or laser but may require surgery. Tenon's ocular fibroblasts are involved in wound-healing after glaucoma filtration surgery and may compromise a favourable outcome of glaucoma surgery by contributing to fibrosis. To investigate changes in gene expression and key pathways contributing to the glaucomatous state we performed genome-wide RNA sequencing. Human Tenon's ocular fibroblasts were cultured from normal and glaucomatous human donors undergoing eye surgery (n = 12). mRNA was extracted and RNA-Seq performed on the Illumina platform. Differentially expressed genes were identified using a bioinformatics pipeline consisting of FastQC, STAR, FeatureCounts and edgeR. Changes in biological functions and pathways were determined using Enrichr and clustered using Cytoscape. A total of 5817 genes were differentially expressed between Tenon's ocular fibroblasts from normal versus glaucomatous eyes. Enrichment analysis showed 787 significantly different biological functions and pathways which were clustered into 176 clusters. Tenon's ocular fibroblasts from glaucomatous eyes showed signs of fibrosis with fibroblast to myofibroblast transdifferentiation and associated changes in mitochondrial fission, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, proliferation, unfolded protein response, inflammation and apoptosis which may relate to the pathogenesis of glaucoma or the detrimental effects of topical glaucoma therapies. Altered gene expression in glaucomatous Tenon's ocular fibroblasts may contribute to an unfavourable outcome of glaucoma filtration surgery. This work presents a genome-wide transcriptome of glaucomatous versus normal Tenon's ocular fibroblasts which may identify genes or pathways of therapeutic value to improve surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton W. Roodnat
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Breedge Callaghan
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Chelsey Doyle
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Neeru A. Vallabh
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Insitute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- St. Paul’s Eye Unit, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D. Atkinson
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Colin E. Willoughby
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Schwebler J, Fey C, Kampik D, Lotz C. Full thickness 3D in vitro conjunctiva model enables goblet cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12261. [PMID: 37507439 PMCID: PMC10382544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro culture and generation of highly specialized goblet cells is still a major challenge in conjunctival 3D in vitro equivalents. A model comprising all physiological factors, including mucus-secreting goblet cells has the potential to act as a new platform for studies on conjunctival diseases. We isolated primary conjunctival epithelial cells and fibroblasts from human biopsies. 3D models were generated from either epithelial layers or a combination of those with a connective tissue equivalent. Epithelial models were investigated for marker expression and barrier function. Full-thickness models were analyzed for goblet cell morphology and marker expression via immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time PCR. Simple epithelial models cultured at the air-liquid interface showed stratified multi-layer epithelia with pathologic keratinization and without goblet cell formation. The combination with a connective tissue equivalent to generate a full-thickness model led to the formation of a non-keratinized stratified multi-layer epithelium and induced goblet cell differentiation. In our model, a high resemblance to natural conjunctiva was achieved by the combination of conjunctival epithelial cells with fibroblasts embedded in a collagen-hydrogel as connective tissue equivalent. In the future, our conjunctival in vitro equivalent enables the investigation of goblet cell differentiation, conjunctival pathologies as well as drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schwebler
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Fey
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kampik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lotz
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany.
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Amatu JB, Baudouin C, Trinh L, Labbé A, Buffault J. [Corneal epithelial biomechanics: Resistance to stress and role in healing and remodeling]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:287-299. [PMID: 36759249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The corneal epithelium is one of the first tissue barriers of the eye against the environment. In recent years, many studies provided better knowledge of its healing, its behavior and its essential role in the optical system of the eye. At the crossroads of basic science and clinical medicine, the study of the mechanical stresses applied to the cornea makes it possible to learn the behavior of epithelial cells and better understand ocular surface disease. We describe herein the current knowledge about the adhesion systems of the corneal epithelium and their resistance to mechanical stress. We will also describe the involvement of these mechanisms in corneal healing and their role in epithelial dynamics. Adhesion molecules of the epithelial cells, especially hemidesmosomes, allow the tissue cohesion required to maintain the integrity of the corneal epithelium against the shearing forces of the eyelids as well as external forces. Their regeneration after a corneal injury is mandatory for the restoration of a healthy epithelium. Mechanotransduction plays a significant role in regulating epithelial cell behavior, and the study of the epithelium's response to mechanical forces helps to better understand the evolution of epithelial profiles after refractive surgery. A better understanding of corneal epithelial biomechanics could also help improve future therapies, particularly in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-B Amatu
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - C Baudouin
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Institut de La Vision, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - L Trinh
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
| | - A Labbé
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Institut de La Vision, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - J Buffault
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Institut de La Vision, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Petroff A, Pena Diaz A, Armstrong JJ, Gonga-Cavé BC, Hutnik C, O'Gorman DB. Understanding Inflammation-associated Ophthalmic Pathologies: A Novel 3D Co-culture Model of Monocyte-myofibroblast Immunomodulation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:65-76. [PMID: 34648419 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1980816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammation is associated with, and may be causal of, a variety of ophthalmic pathologies. These pathologies are currently difficult to model in vitro because they involve complex interactions between the innate immune system, stromal cells, and other cells that normally maintain ocular tissue homeostasis. Using transscleral drainage channel fibrosis after glaucoma surgery as an example of inflammation-associated ocular fibrosis, we have assessed a simple but novel 3D cell culture system designed to reveal the immunomodulatory impacts of ocular connective tissue cells on monocytes, a major cellular component of the circulating immune system. METHODS Primary human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts derived from five unrelated patients were activated into myofibroblasts in 3D collagen matrices under isometric tension, with and without exposure to an inflammatory cytokine-enhanced milieu, and co-cultured with an immortalized human monocyte cell line (THP-1 cells). Quantitative PCR analyses were performed on 8 candidate genes to assess the impacts of inflammatory cytokines on the myofibroblasts and the monocytes in mono-cultures and compared to cells in co-culture to clearly distinguish any co-culture-induced impacts on gene expression. RESULTS Our data indicate that both Tenon's capsule myofibroblasts in 3D mono-culture and THP-1 monocytes in suspension mono-culture were responsive to inflammatory cytokine stimuli. Co-culture with Tenon's capsule myofibroblasts significantly modulated the gene expression responses of THP-1 monocytes to inflammatory cytokine stimulation, indicative of an immunomodulatory "feedback" system between these cell types. CONCLUSION Our findings provide proof of principle for the use of simple 3D co-culture systems as a means to enhance our understanding of ocular stromal cell interactions with cells of the innate immune system and to provide more informative in vitro models of inflammation-associated ophthalmic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Petroff
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Canada
| | - Ana Pena Diaz
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Canada
| | - James J Armstrong
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Ophthalmology, London, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London, Canada
| | | | - Cindy Hutnik
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Ophthalmology, London, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London, Canada
| | - David B O'Gorman
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Canada
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Kate A, Vyas S, Bafna RK, Sharma N, Basu S. Tenons Patch Graft: A Review of Indications, Surgical Technique, Outcomes and Complications. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 37:462-470. [PMID: 34932431 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.2017470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal perforations are common corneal emergencies faced by ophthalmologists across the globe. There are multiple modalities of management, most of which require an eye bank support or availability of tissue adhesives. Tenons patch graft (TPG) is a technique that does not depend on these factors as the graft is harvested from the same eye of the patient. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the indications, technique, normal postoperative course, and management of complications. METHODS After carrying out a literature search on "tenons capsule", "corneal patch graft", "tenons patch graft", "multilayered amniotic membrane" and "corneal perforations", 28 articles were included for this review. RESULTS TPG graft can be performed in cases of small to moderate perforations without active suppuration. The procedure can also be combined with amniotic membrane grafting or tissue adhesives to provide additional tectonic support. Postoperatively, the epithelium heals over a course 2-3 weeks and restoration of a stable ocular surface with a corneal scar is completed by the third postoperative month. Complications following the surgical procedure are rare but can include graft displacement, melt and pseudoectasia. Subsequent visual rehabilitation with contact lenses or keratoplasties can be planned in these eyes that yields good visual outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Tenons patch graft is a simple yet viable option in management of small to moderate corneal perforations. The procedure does not necessitate the prior availability of specialized products and can be performed with routine equipment of an ophthalmic theatre, making it an attractive option in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Kate
- The Cornea Institute, KVC Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Vijayawada, India
| | - Sonal Vyas
- The Cornea Institute, KAR Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Bafna
- Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Namrata Sharma
- Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sayan Basu
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre (BHERC), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Ibarz Barberá M, Hernández-Verdejo JL, Bragard J, Burguete J, Fernández LM, Rivero PT, de Liaño RG, Teus MA. Evaluation of the Ultrastructural and In Vitro Flow Properties of the PRESERFLO MicroShunt. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:26. [PMID: 34792556 PMCID: PMC8606849 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.13.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To measure the in vitro flow properties of the PRESERFLO implant for comparison with the theoretical resistance to flow. Methods The PRESERFLO was designed to control the flow of aqueous humor according to the Hagen-Poiseuille (HP) equation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to analyze the ultrastructure, and flow measurements were carried out using a gravity-flow setup. Results SEM images of the PRESERFLO showed luminal diameters of 67.73 × 65.95 µm and 63.66 × 70.54 µm. The total diameter was 337.2 µm, and the wall was 154 µm wide. The theoretical calculation of the resistance to flow (R) for an aqueous humor (AH) viscosity of 0.7185 centipoises (cP) was 1.3 mm Hg/(µL/min). Hence, assuming a constant AH flow of 2 µL/min, the pressure differential across the device (ΔP) was estimated to be 2.6 mm Hg. The gravity-flow experiment allowed us to measure the experimental resistance to flow, which was RE = 1.301 mm Hg/(µL/min), in agreement with the theoretical resistance to flow R given by the HP equation. Conclusions The experimental and theoretical flow testing showed that the pressure drop across this device would not be large enough to avoid hypotony unless the resistance to outflow of the sub-Tenon space was sufficient to control the intraocular pressure in the early postoperative period. Translational Relevance The fluid properties of glaucoma subconjunctival drainage devices determine their specific bleb-forming capacity and ability to avoid hypotony and therefore their safety and efficacy profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ibarz Barberá
- Grupo Oftalvist, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Moncloa, HLA Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jean Bragard
- Universidad de Navarra, Dept. of Physics and Applied Math
| | | | | | | | | | - Miguel A Teus
- Clínica Novovisión, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital universitario "Príncipe de Asturias," Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Immune responses to injury and their links to eye disease. Transl Res 2021; 236:52-71. [PMID: 34051364 PMCID: PMC8380715 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The eye is regarded as an immune privileged site. Since the presence of a vasculature would impair vision, the vasculature of the eye is located outside of the central light path. As a result, many regions of the eye evolved mechanisms to deliver immune cells to sites of dysgenesis, injury, or in response to the many age-related pathologies. While the purpose of these immune responses is reparative or protective, cytokines released by immune cells compromise visual acuity by inducing inflammation and fibrosis. The response to traumatic or pathological injury is distinct in different regions of the eye. Age-related diseases impact both the anterior and posterior segment and lead to reduced quality of life and blindness. Here we focus attention on the role that inflammation and fibrosis play in the progression of age-related pathologies of the cornea and the lens as well as in glaucoma, the formation of epiretinal membranes, and in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
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Key Words
- 2ryERM
- A T-helper cell that expresses high levels of IL-17 which can suppress T-regulatory cell function
- A cytokine expressed early during inflammation that attracts neutrophils
- A cytokine expressed early during inflammation that attracts neutrophils, sometimes referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1))
- A mouse model that lacks functional T and B cells and used to study the immune response
- A pigmented mouse strain used for research and known to mount a primarily Th1 response to infection
- A protein encoded by the ADGRE1 gene that, in mice, is expressed primarily on macrophages
- A strain of pigmented mice used in glaucoma research
- ACAID
- APCs
- ASC
- An albino mouse strain used for research and known to mount a primarily Th2 response to infection
- Antigen Presenting Cells, this class includes dendritic cells and monocytes
- BALB/c
- BM
- C57BL6
- CCL2
- CD45
- CNS
- CXCL1
- Central Nervous System
- Cluster of differentiation 45 antigen
- DAMPs
- DBA/2J
- EBM
- ECM
- EMT
- ERM
- Epithelial Basement Membrane
- F4/80
- FGF2
- HA =hyaluronic acid
- HSK
- HSP
- HSPGs
- HSV
- ICN
- IL-20
- IL6
- ILM
- IOP
- Inner (or internal) limiting membrane
- Interleukin 6
- Interleukin-20
- MAGP1
- MHC-II
- Major histocompatibility complex type II, a class of MHC proteins typically found only on APCs
- Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 1
- N-cad
- N-cadherin
- NEI
- NK
- National Eye Institute
- Natural killer T cells
- PCO
- PDGF
- PDR
- PVD
- PVR
- Platelet derived growth factor
- Posterior capsular opacification
- RGC
- RPE
- RRD
- Rag1-/-
- Retinal ganglion cells
- Retinal pigment epithelial cells
- SMAD
- Sons of Mothers Against Decapentaplegic, SMADs are a class of molecules that mediate TGF and bone morphogenetic protein signaling
- T-helper cell 1 response, proinflammatory adaptive response involving interferon gamma and associated with autoimmunity
- T-helper cell 2 response involving IgE and interleukins 4,5, and 13, also induces the anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 family cytokines
- T-regulatory cell
- TG
- TGF1
- TM
- TNF
- Th1
- Th17
- Th2
- Transforming growth factor 1
- Treg
- Tumor necrosis factor a cytokine produced during inflammation
- VEGF
- Vascular endothelial growth factor
- WHO
- World Health Organization
- anterior chamber immune deviation
- anterior subcapsular cataracts
- basement membrane
- damage-associated molecular patterns
- epiretinal membrane
- epiretinal membrane secondary to disease pathology
- epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- extracellular matrix
- fibroblast growth factor 2, also referred to as basic FGF
- heat shock protein
- heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- herpes simplex virus
- herpes stromal keratitis
- iERM
- idiopathic epiretinal membrane
- intraepithelial corneal nerves
- intraocular pressure
- mTOR
- mechanistic target of rapamycin, a protein kinase encoded by the MTOR genes that regulates a variety of signal transduction events including cell growth, autophagy and actin cytoskeleton
- posterior vitreous detachment
- proliferative diabetic retinopathy
- proliferative vitreoretinopathy
- rhegmatogenous (rupture, tear) retinal detachment
- trabecular meshwork
- trigeminal ganglion
- αSMA
- α−Smooth muscle actin, a class of actin expressed in mesenchymal cells
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