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Nagarajan T, Vilosamy K, Raju G, Shanmugan S, Walvekar R, Rustagi S, Khalid M. Investigating the adsorption potential of char derived from waste latex for methylene blue removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:141936. [PMID: 38614393 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
This study presents the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye using latex char derived from pyrolysis of latex gloves. The adsorption process was investigated systematically using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design (CCD). The effects of four key variables, namely pH, time, temperature, and adsorbent dosage, were studied using a factorial design enriched with center points and axial points. Experimental data were analyzed using a second-order polynomial regression model to construct a response surface model, which elucidated the relationship between the variables and MB removal efficiency. The study found that the char obtained at 800 °C exhibited the highest adsorption capacity due to its increased carbonization, expanded surface area, and diverse pore structure. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed the significance of the quadratic model, with remarkable agreement between predicted and experimental outcomes. Diagnostic plots validated the model's reliability, while 3D contour graphs illustrated the combined effects of variables on MB removal efficiency. Optimization using DoE software identified optimal conditions resulting in a 99% removal efficiency, which closely matched experimental results. Additionally, adsorption isotherms revealed that the Freundlich model best described the adsorption behavior, indicating heterogeneous surface adsorption with multilayer adsorption. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the adsorption process of MB dye using latex char, with implications for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thachnatharen Nagarajan
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khirthiga Vilosamy
- School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Gunasunderi Raju
- School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Subramani Shanmugan
- Nano Optoelectronics Research Laboratory, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Faculty of Innovation and Technology, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Programme, No.1 Jalan Taylor's, Taylor's University Malaysia, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India.
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Chai S, Kang BS, Valizadeh B, Valizadeh S, Hong J, Jae J, Andrew Lin KY, Khan MA, Jeon BH, Park YK, Seo MW. Fractional condensation of bio-oil vapors from pyrolysis of various sawdust wastes in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141121. [PMID: 38185423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The use of lignocellulosic waste as an energy source for substituting fossil fuels has attracted lots of attention, and pyrolysis has been established as an effective technology for this purpose. However, the utilization of bio-oil derived from non-catalytic pyrolysis faces certain constraints, making it impractical for direct application in advanced sectors. This study has focused on overcoming these challenges by employing fractional condensation of pyrolytic vapors at distinct temperatures. The potential of five types of sawdust for producing high-quality bio-oil through pyrolysis conducted with a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor was investigated for the first time. The highest yield of bio-oil (61.94 wt%) was produced using sample 3 (damaged timber). Remarkably, phenolic compounds were majorly gathered in the 1st and 2nd condensers at temperatures of 200 °C and 150 °C, respectively, attributing to their higher boiling points. Whereas, carboxylic acid, ketones, and furans were mainly collected in the 3rd (-5 °C) and 4th (-20 °C) condensers, having high water content in the range of 35.33%-65.09%. The separation of acidic nature compounds such as acetic acid in the 3rd and 4th was evidenced by its low pH in the range of 4-5, while the pH of liquid collected in the 1st and 2nd condensers exhibited higher pH (6-7). The well-separated bio-oil derived from biomass pyrolysis facilitates its wide usage in various applications, proposing a unique approach toward carbon neutrality. In particular, achieving efficient separation of phenolic compounds in bio-oil is important, as these compounds can undergo further upgrading to generate hydrocarbons and diesel fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyeong Chai
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Sung Kang
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Behzad Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Soheil Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Hong
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Jae
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Won Seo
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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Tammekivi E, Geantet C, Lorentz C, Faure K. Two-dimensional chromatography for the analysis of valorisable biowaste: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1283:341855. [PMID: 37977769 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Various everyday areas such as agriculture, wood industry, and wastewater treatment yield residual biowastes in large amounts that can be utilised for the purpose of sustainability and circular economy. Depending on the type of biowaste, they can be used to extract valuable chemicals or converted into alternative fuels. However, for efficient valorisation, these processes need to be monitored, for which thorough chemical characterisation can be highly beneficial. For this aim, two-dimensional (2D) chromatography can be favourable, as it has a higher peak capacity and sensitivity than one-dimensional (1D) chromatography. Therefore, here we review the studies published since 2010 involving gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) as one of the dimensions. For the first time, we present the 2D chromatographic characterisation of various biowastes valorised for different purposes (chemical, fuels), together with future prospects and challenges. The aspects related to the 2D chromatographic analysis of polar, poorly volatile, and thermally unstable compounds are highlighted. In addition, it is demonstrated how different 2D setups can be applied for monitoring the biowaste conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliise Tammekivi
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 Rue de La Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Christophe Geantet
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256, CNRS, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256, CNRS, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Karine Faure
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 Rue de La Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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Allende S, Brodie G, Jacob MV. Breakdown of biomass for energy applications using microwave pyrolysis: A technological review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 226:115619. [PMID: 36906271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural industry faces a permanent increase in waste generation, which is associated with the fast-growing population. Due to the environmental hazards, there is a paramount demand for generating electricity and value-added products from renewable sources. The selection of the conversion method is crucial to develop an eco-friendly, efficient and economically viable energy application. This manuscript investigates the influencing factors that affect the quality and yield of the biochar, bio-oil and biogas during the microwave pyrolysis process, evaluating the biomass nature and diverse combinations of operating conditions. The by-product yield depends on the intrinsic physicochemical properties of biomass. Feedstock with high lignin content is favourable for biochar production, and the breakdown of cellulose and hemicellulose leads to higher syngas formation. Biomass with high volatile matter concentration promotes the generation of bio-oil and biogas. The pyrolysis system's conditions of input power, microwave heating suspector, vacuum, reaction temperature, and the processing chamber geometry were influence factors for optimising the energy recovery. Increased input power and microwave susceptor addition lead to high heating rates, which were beneficial for biogas production, but the excess pyrolysis temperature induce a reduction of bio-oil yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett Allende
- Electronics Material Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Graham Brodie
- Electronics Material Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Mohan V Jacob
- Electronics Material Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
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Modak S, Katiyar P, Yadav S, Jain S, Gole B, Talukdar D. Generation and characterization of bio-oil obtained from the slow pyrolysis of cooked food waste at various temperatures. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 158:23-36. [PMID: 36628813 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bio-oil was generated from slow pyrolysis of cooked food waste (CFW) at various temperatures (300-500 °C). Then NMR analysis was used as a qualitative means to characterize the bio-oil for its nature (aliphatic or aromatic), and then the compounds were confirmed and quantified using the GC-MS. This analysis indicated that the pyrolysis at low temperature (300 °C) mainly generated carbonyl compounds (Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, and Oxo groups), Levoglucosans, and Furans (17%, 24%, and 38%, respectively) considered as typical pyrolysis chemicals. Similarly, the pyrolysis at medium temperature (400 °C) generated other compounds that were present in significant quantity, including sugars, aliphatic compounds, nitrogen compounds, acids, phenolic compounds, and alcohols. However, their fraction decreased with an increase in pyrolysis temperature to 500 °C and the fraction of aromatics increased significantly (>60%). This aromatics fraction was much more than that in a bio-oil from typical biomass which can be attributed to distinctively different chemical characteristics of CFW due to presence of additional compounds such as starch, proteins, waxes and oils in CFW. Moreover, the composition of aromatic fraction was better because a very high percentage of aromatic ethers (>58%) e.g. Benzene, 1,3-bis (3-phenoxyphenoxy), was found at 500 °C which can be converted into aliphatic alkanes, aliphatic alcohols, aromatic derivatives and platform chemicals by means of catalyst addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourodipto Modak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (Deemed to be University), Gr. Noida 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Katiyar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (Deemed to be University), Gr. Noida 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sanjeev Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (Deemed to be University), Gr. Noida 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Siddharth Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (Deemed to be University), Gr. Noida 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bappaditya Gole
- Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (Deemed to be University), Gr. Noida 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (Deemed to be University), Gr. Noida 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
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High-Grade Chemicals and Biofuels Produced from Marginal Lands Using an Integrated Approach of Alcoholic Fermentation and Pyrolysis of Sweet Sorghum Biomass Residues. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
New global directions align agricultural land resources towards food production; therefore, marginal lands could provide opportunities for second-generation energy crops, assuming that in the difficult conditions of plant development, productivity can be maintained at relatively high levels. Sustainable bioenergy production on marginal lands represents an ambitious objective, offering high-quality biofuels without competing with the agri-food industry, since it allows successful feedstock production to be performed on unmanaged areas. However, marginal land feedstock production generally shows several agronomic, techno-economic, and methodological challenges, leading to decreases in the obtained quantities of biomass and profitability. Sweet Sorghum is a technical plant that has the needed qualities to produce large amounts of biofuels on marginal lands. It is a high biomass- and sugar-yielding crop, characterized by a high photosynthetic efficiency and low fertilizer requirement, is resistant to drought, and adapts well to different climate areas. Marginal lands and contaminated soils provide a favorable development environment for plants such as sweet sorghum; however, in-depth research studies on biomass productivity must be carried out, as well as advanced quality evaluation of the products, in order to develop combined technologies that use resources efficiently. The present study starts with a comparative evaluation of two sweet sorghum crops established on both marginal and regular lands, assessing plant development characteristics and juice production, and an evaluation of bioethanol generation potential. The vegetal wastes resulting from the processing were treated by pyrolysis, with the aim of maximizing the productivity of high-quality liquid biofuels and chemicals. The charcoal obtained in the thermal processes was considered as an amendment of the soil so that marginal land quality could be improved over time.
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Güleç F, Şimşek EH, Tanıker Sarı H. Prediction of Biomass Pyrolysis Mechanisms and Kinetics: Application of the Kalman Filter. Chem Eng Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Güleç
- University of Nottingham Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Emir Hüseyin Şimşek
- Ankara University Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering 06100 Ankara Turkey
| | - Hilal Tanıker Sarı
- Ankara University Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering 06100 Ankara Turkey
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Saengsuriwong R, Onsree T, Phromphithak S, Tippayawong N. Biocrude oil production via hydrothermal liquefaction of food waste in a simplified high-throughput reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125750. [PMID: 34416661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the hydrothermal liquefaction of food waste was investigated for generating bio-oils or biocrudes using a simplified high-throughput reactor. Different operating conditions were parametrically tested for obtaining maximum yield of biocrudes at temperatures from 280 to 340 °C and sample-to-water mixture ratios from 1:3 to 1:7, with 30 min residence time. The biocrude yields were found to increase significantly with increasing temperature and mixture ratio. A maximum biocrude yield of approximately 40% w/w dry basis (from a total liquid product yield of over 56% w/w) and energy recovery of over 70% were obtained at 340 °C and a mixture ratio of 1:7. High heating values of the resulting biocrude and solid residue were remarkably better than those of the raw material. Fatty acids, amides, N-containing compounds, and cyclic ketones were identified to be the main components of the biocrudes using advanced GCxGC/TOF-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruetai Saengsuriwong
- Graduate Program in Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thossaporn Onsree
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sanphawat Phromphithak
- Graduate Program in Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nakorn Tippayawong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Phromphithak S, Onsree T, Saengsuriwong R, Tippayawong N. Compositional analysis of bio-oils from hydrothermal liquefaction of tobacco residues using two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211064486. [PMID: 34935550 PMCID: PMC10358540 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211064486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable energy from biomass is one of the most promising alternative energy sources and is expected to partially replace fossil fuels. Tobacco industries have normally rid their processing residues by landfilling or incineration, affecting the environment negatively. These residues can be used to either extract high-value chemicals or generate bio-energy via hydrothermal liquefaction. The main liquid product or bio-oil consists of highly complicated chemicals. In this work, the bio-oil from hydrothermal liquefaction of tobacco processing residues was generated in a batch reactor at biomass-to-deionized water ratio of 1:3, temperature of 310°C, and 15 min residence time, yielding the maximum liquid products for more than 50% w/w. The liquid products were analyzed, using two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/TOF MS). This technique allowed for a highly efficient detection of numerous compounds. From the results, it was found that hydrothermal liquefaction can cleave biopolymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) in tobacco residues successfully. The hydrothermal liquefaction liquid products can be separated into heavy organic, light organic, and aqueous phase fractions. By GC × GC/TOF MS, the biopolymers disintegrated into low molecular weight compounds and classified by their chemical derivatives and functional groups could be detected. The major chemical derivative/functional groups found were cyclic ketones and phenols for heavy organic and light organic, and carboxylic acids and N-containing compounds for the aqueous phase. Additionally, by the major compounds found in this work, simple pathway reactions occurring in the hydrothermal liquefaction reaction were proposed, leading to a better understanding of the hydrothermal liquefaction process for tobacco residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanphawat Phromphithak
- Graduate Program in Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Thossaporn Onsree
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Ruetai Saengsuriwong
- Graduate Program in Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Nakorn Tippayawong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
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