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Lucca V, Borges KA, Furian TQ, Chitolina GZ, Streck AF, da Rocha DT, de Souza Moraes HL, Nascimento VP. Phenotypic and molecular characterisation of Salmonella spp. isolates in healthy poultry. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:415-423. [PMID: 38717314 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2337180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
1. Epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella spp. serves as a primary tool for maintaining the health of poultry flocks. Characterising circulating serotypes is crucial for implementing control and prevention measures. This study conducted phenotypic and molecular characterisation of S. enterica Pullorum, S. enterica Heidelberg, and S. enterica Corvalis isolated from broiler chickens during slaughtering.2. All strains were susceptible to gentamicin, neomycin and norfloxacin. However, resistance rates exceeded 50% for ciprofloxacin and tiamulin, irrespective of the serotype. Approximately 64% of strains were classified as multidrug-resistant, with S. enterica Heidelberg strains exhibiting significantly higher overall resistance. The isolates demonstrated the ability to adhere and produce biofilm at a minimum of three temperatures, with S. enterica Pullorum capable of biofilm production at all temperatures encountered during poultry rearing.3. Each strain possessed between two and seven different virulence-associated genes. Genetic similarity, as indicated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, exceeded 90% for all three serotypes and strains were classified in the R5 ribotype by PCR, regardless of serotype. Sequencing revealed high similarity among all strains, with homology ranging from 99.61 to 100% and all were classified to a single cluster.4. The results suggested a clonal relationship among the strains, indicating the possible circulation of a unique clonal group of S. enterica Pullorum in the southern region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lucca
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - K A Borges
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - T Q Furian
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G Z Chitolina
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A F Streck
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D T da Rocha
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - H L de Souza Moraes
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - V P Nascimento
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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2
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Farhat M, Khayi S, Berrada J, Mouahid M, Ameur N, El-Adawy H, Fellahi S. Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 13:23. [PMID: 38247582 PMCID: PMC10812584 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum (SG) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic birds, causing severe systemic diseases known as fowl typhoid (FT) and Pullorum disease (PD), respectively. The virulence mechanisms of biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum are multifactorial, involving a variety of genes and pathways that contribute to their pathogenicity. In addition, these serovars have developed resistance to various antimicrobial agents, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Due to their economic and public health significance, rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective control and prevention of these diseases. Conventional methods, such as bacterial culture and serological tests, have been used for screening and diagnosis. However, molecular-based methods are becoming increasingly important due to their rapidity, high sensitivity, and specificity, opening new horizons for the development of innovative approaches to control FT and PD. The aim of this review is to highlight the current state of knowledge on biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, emphasizing the importance of continued research into their pathogenesis, drug resistance and diagnosis to better understand and control these pathogens in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouad Farhat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
| | - Slimane Khayi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, Rabat Principale, BP 415, Rabat 10090, Morocco;
| | - Jaouad Berrada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
| | | | - Najia Ameur
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, National Institute of Hygiene. Av. Ibn Batouta, 27, BP 769, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 35516, Egypt
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
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3
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Li J, Bai J, Song Z, Ji Y, Chen Z, Yang Y, Wu Z. Dietary pectin attenuates Salmonella typhimurium-induced colitis by modulating the TLR2-NF-κB pathway and intestinal microbiota in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114100. [PMID: 37838214 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of dietary pectin on microbial-induced colitis, oxidative status, barrier function, and microbial composition, as well as the underlying mechanisms, is scarce. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether dietary pectin alleviates Salmonella typhimurium-induced colitis in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice fed an isocaloric and isofibrous diet with 7% pectin or cellulose were administered sterile water or Salmonella typhimurium to induce colitis, which is equal to a human food dose of 0.57% (5.68 g/kg). Dietary pectin alleviated Salmonella typhimurium-induced colitis and oxidative stress as shown by the reduced disease activity index score, decreased colon shortening and histological damage score, colonic hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde concentrations, and relative mRNA expressions of coenzyme Q-binding protein COQ10 homologue B (Coq10b), Ccl-2, Ccl-3, Ccl-8, Tnf-α, Il-1β, Ifn-γ, Ifn-β, and serum TNF-α protein level. Moreover, pectin administration ameliorated the downregulated colonic abundances of occludin, zonula occludens-1, zonula occludens-2, and the upregulated abundances of TLR2 and p-NF-κB in Salmonella-infected mice. Additionally, 16S rRNA analysis demonstrated that pectin altered the microbial beta-diversity and reduced Salmonella levels. Collectively, pectin ameliorated Salmonella typhimurium-induced colitis, oxidative stress, and tight junction, which may be related to the inactivation of TLR2-NF-κB signalling and reduced abundance of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Merkushova AV, Shikov AE, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. For Someone, You Are the Whole World: Host-Specificity of Salmonella enterica. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13670. [PMID: 37761974 PMCID: PMC10530738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a bacterial pathogen known to cause gastrointestinal infections in diverse hosts, including humans and animals. Despite extensive knowledge of virulence mechanisms, understanding the factors driving host specificity remains limited. In this study, we performed a comprehensive pangenome-wide analysis of S. enterica to identify potential loci determining preference towards certain hosts. We used a dataset of high-quality genome assemblies grouped into 300 reference clusters with a special focus on four host groups: humans, pigs, cattle, and birds. The reconstructed pangenome was shown to be open and enriched with the accessory component implying high genetic diversity. Notably, phylogenetic inferences did not correspond to the distribution of affected hosts, as large compact phylogenetic groups were absent. By performing a pangenome-wide association study, we identified potential host specificity determinants. These included multiple genes encoding proteins involved in distinct infection stages, e.g., secretion systems, surface structures, transporters, transcription regulators, etc. We also identified antibiotic resistance loci in host-adapted strains. Functional annotation corroborated the results obtained with significant enrichments related to stress response, antibiotic resistance, ion transport, and surface or extracellular localization. We suggested categorizing the revealed specificity factors into three main groups: pathogenesis, resistance to antibiotics, and propagation of mobile genetic elements (MGEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya V. Merkushova
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
| | - Anton E. Shikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University (SPbSU), 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University (SPbSU), 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University (SPbSU), 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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5
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Sayed Y, Hassan M, Salem HM, Al-Amry K, Eid GE. Prophylactic influences of prebiotics on gut microbiome and immune response of heat-stressed broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13991. [PMID: 37634024 PMCID: PMC10460421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Climatic changes and elevated ambient temperature are significant environmental stressors with a negative impact on birds' physiological, immunological, and behavioral status, increasing their susceptibility to stressors and immunosuppression and consequently increasing intestinal permeability (leaky gut). Prebiotics have been utilized to stop or diminish the harmful effects of stress in chickens. We aimed to evaluate the role of mannan-oligosaccharides, and beta-D-glucan prebiotics supplements in drinking water against experimentally induced heat stress (HS) on broiler chickens and study their impact on birds' performance, gut microbiome, and immune response. A total of 120 1-day-old Ross broiler chicks were allocated into four groups (30 birds/group), and each group was subdivided into triplicates (10 birds each). The experimental groups were classified as follows; the 1st (G1) control birds, the 2nd (G2) birds exposed experimentally to HS, the 3rd (G3) birds administered prebiotics in drinking water without exposure to HS, and the 4th (G4) birds exposed to HS and administered prebiotics in drinking water. After each vaccination, blood samples and serum samples were collected to evaluate the birds' immune status. Fecal samples were also collected for the molecular evaluation of the gut microbiome based on the genetic analyses and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that HS has reduced the birds' performance and badly affected the birds' immune response and gut microbiome. However, the addition of prebiotics to drinking water, with or without stress, enhanced the growth rate, maintained a normal gut microbiome, and improved immune parameters. Moreover, the usage of prebiotics improved the chicken gut microbiome and alleviated the negative effect of heat stress. Administering prebiotics significantly (p < 0.05) increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and eradicated pathogenic ones in the birds' gut microbiome. Prebiotics showed a positive effect on the gut microbiome and the immune status of chickens under HS in addition to their efficacy as a growth promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Sayed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Mariam Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, Egypt.
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Khaled Al-Amry
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Gamal E Eid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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6
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Mikolajczyk-Martinez A, Ugorski M. Unraveling the role of type 1 fimbriae in Salmonella pathogenesis: insights from a comparative analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102833. [PMID: 37356296 PMCID: PMC10404763 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant differences in pathogenicity between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum exist despite the fact that S. Gallinarum is a direct descendant of S. Enteritidis. It was hypothesized that such various properties may be in part the result of differences in structure and functions of type 1 fimbriae (T1Fs). In S. Enteritidis, T1Fs bind to oligomannosidic structures carried by host cell glycoproteins and are called mannose-sensitive T1Fs (MST1F). In S. Gallinarum, T1Fs lost ability to bind such carbohydrate chains, and were named mannose-resistant MRT1Fs (MRT1F). Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of MST1Fs and MRT1Fs in the adhesion, invasion, intracellular survival and cytotoxicity of S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum toward chicken intestinal CHIC8-E11cells and macrophage-like HD11 cells. Using mutant strains: S. Enteritidis fimH::kan and S. Gallinarum fimH::kan devoid of T1Fs and in vitro assays the following observations were made. MST1Fs have a significant impact on the chicken cell invasion by S. Enteritidis as MST1F-mediated adhesion facilitates direct and stable contact of bacteria with host cells, in contrast to MRT1Fs expressed by S. Gallinarum. MST1Fs as well as MRT1Fs did not affected intracellular viability of S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum. However, absolute numbers of intracellular viable wild-type S. Enteritidis were significantly higher than S. Enteritidis fimH::kan mutant and wild-type S. Gallinarum and S. Gallinarum fimH::kan mutant. These differences, reflecting the numbers of adherent and invading bacteria, underline the importance of MST1Fs in the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis infections. The cytotoxicity of wild-type S. Enteritidis and its mutant devoid of MST1Fs to HD11 cells was essentially the same, despite the fact that the number of viable intracellular bacteria was significantly lower in the mutated strain. Using HD11 cells with similar number of intracellular wild-type S. Enteritidis and S. Enteritidis fimH::kan mutant, it was found that the lack of MST1Fs did not affect directly the cytotoxicity, suggesting that the increase in cytotoxicity of S. Enteritidis devoid of MST1Fs may be associated with crosstalk between T1Fs and other virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Mikolajczyk-Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Chacón RD, Ramírez M, Rodríguez-Cueva CL, Sánchez C, Quispe-Rojas WU, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Genomic Characterization and Genetic Profiles of Salmonella Gallinarum Strains Isolated from Layers with Fowl Typhoid in Colombia. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040823. [PMID: 37107581 PMCID: PMC10138188 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) is the causative agent of fowl typhoid (FT), a disease that is harmful to the poultry industry. Despite sanitation and prophylactic measures, this pathogen is associated with frequent disease outbreaks in developing countries, causing high morbidity and mortality. We characterized the complete genome sequence of Colombian SG strains and then performed a comparative genome analysis with other SG strains found in different regions worldwide. Eight field strains of SG plus a 9R-derived vaccine were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analysis, and the results were used for subsequent molecular typing; virulome, resistome, and mobilome characterization; and a comparative genome study. We identified 26 chromosome-located resistance genes that mostly encode efflux pumps, and point mutations were found in gyrase genes (gyrA and gyrB), with the gyrB mutation S464T frequently found in the Colombian strains. Moreover, we detected 135 virulence genes, mainly in 15 different Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). We generated an SPI profile for SG, including C63PI, CS54, ssaD, SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-3, SPI-4, SPI-5, SPI-6, SPI-9, SPI-10, SPI-11, SPI-12, SPI-13, and SPI-14. Regarding mobile genetic elements, we found the plasmids Col(pHAD28) and IncFII(S) in most of the strains and 13 different prophage sequences, indicating a frequently obtained profile that included the complete phage Gifsy_2 and incomplete phage sequences resembling Escher_500465_2, Shigel_SfIV, Entero_mEp237, and Salmon_SJ46. This study presents, for the first time, the genomic content of Colombian SG strains and a profile of the genetic elements frequently found in SG, which can be further studied to clarify the pathogenicity and evolutionary characteristics of this serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy D Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
- Inter-Units Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Bellavista 07006, Peru
| | - Carmen L Rodríguez-Cueva
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Christian Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wilma Ursula Quispe-Rojas
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru
| | - Claudete S Astolfi-Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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Shen X, Yin L, Zhang A, Zhao R, Yin D, Wang J, Dai Y, Hou H, Pan X, Hu X, Zhang D, Liu Y. Prevalence and Characterization of Salmonella Isolated from Chickens in Anhui, China. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030465. [PMID: 36986387 PMCID: PMC10054756 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens that can cause both acute and chronic illnesses in poultry flocks, and can also be transmitted to humans from infected poultry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characteristics of Salmonella isolated from diseased and clinically healthy chickens in Anhui, China. In total, 108 Salmonella isolates (5.66%) were successfully recovered from chicken samples (n = 1908), including pathological tissue (57/408, 13.97%) and cloacal swabs (51/1500, 3.40%), and S. Enteritidis (43.52%), S. Typhimurium (23.15%), and S. Pullorum (10.19%) were the three most prevalent isolates. Salmonella isolates showed high rates of resistance to penicillin (61.11%), tetracyclines (47.22% to tetracycline and 45.37% to doxycycline), and sulfonamides (48.89%), and all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and polymyxin B. In total, 43.52% isolates were multidrug-resistant and had complex antimicrobial resistance patterns. The majority of isolates harbored cat1 (77.78%), blaTEM (61.11%), and blaCMY-2 (63.89%) genes, and the antimicrobial resistance genes in the isolates were significantly positively correlated with their corresponding resistance phenotype. Salmonella isolates carry high rates of virulence genes, with some of these reaching 100% (invA, mgtC, and stn). Fifty-seven isolates (52.78%) were biofilm-producing. The 108 isolates were classified into 12 sequence types (STs), whereby ST11 (43.51%) was the most prevalent, followed by ST19 (20.37%) and ST92 (13.89%). In conclusion, Salmonella infection in chicken flocks is still serious in Anhui Province, and not only causes disease in chickens but might also pose a threat to public health security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehuai Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Anyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Ruihong Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Dongdong Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Jieru Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Yin Dai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Xiaocheng Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230001, China
- Correspondence: (X.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaomiao Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Danjun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (X.P.); (Y.L.)
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Hybrid Genomic Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis SE3 Isolated from Polluted Soil in Brazil. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010111. [PMID: 36677403 PMCID: PMC9861973 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a significant health threat. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis SE3 was isolated from soil at the Subaé River in Santo Amaro, Brazil, a region contaminated with heavy metals and organic waste. Illumina HiSeq and Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencing were used for de novo hybrid assembly of the Salmonella SE3 genome. This approach yielded 10 contigs with 99.98% identity with S. enterica serovar Enteritidis OLF-SE2-98984-6. Twelve Salmonella pathogenic islands, multiple virulence genes, multiple antimicrobial gene resistance genes, seven phage defense systems, seven prophages and a heavy metal resistance gene were encoded in the genome. Pangenome analysis of the S. enterica clade, including Salmonella SE3, revealed an open pangenome, with a core genome of 2137 genes. Our study showed the effectiveness of a hybrid sequence assembly approach for environmental Salmonella genome analysis using HiSeq and MinION data. This approach enabled the identification of key resistance and virulence genes, and these data are important to inform the control of Salmonella and heavy metal pollution in the Santo Amaro region of Brazil.
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Kipper D, Mascitti AK, De Carli S, Carneiro AM, Streck AF, Fonseca ASK, Ikuta N, Lunge VR. Emergence, Dissemination and Antimicrobial Resistance of the Main Poultry-Associated Salmonella Serovars in Brazil. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080405. [PMID: 36006320 PMCID: PMC9415136 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salmonellosis is a human and animal disease caused by Salmonella, a bacterial genus classified into different species, subspecies, and serological variants (serovars) according to adaptation to one or more different hosts (animals and humans), pathogenicity profiles, and antigenic properties. Some specific Salmonella serovars can spread more easily in the enteric microbiota of avian species, often causing disease in birds and/or being transmitted to humans through food (such as chicken and eggs). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has also been reported in poultry-associated Salmonella isolates due to the widespread use of antimicrobials on farms. The availability of comprehensive data on the emergence and spread of Salmonella serovars, as well as their AMR profiles in farms and food products in Brazil (a major producer of poultry in the World), is necessary to understand their relevance in all avian production chains and also occurrence in poultry-derived foods. This article aims to provide an overview of the genus Salmonella and the main serovars that emerged in Brazilian poultry over time (Gallinarum, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Minnesota), reviewing the scientific literature and suggesting more effective prevention and control for the future. Abstract Salmonella infects poultry, and it is also a human foodborne pathogen. This bacterial genus is classified into several serovars/lineages, some of them showing high antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The ease of Salmonella transmission in farms, slaughterhouses, and eggs industries has made controlling it a real challenge in the poultry-production chains. This review describes the emergence, dissemination, and AMR of the main Salmonella serovars and lineages detected in Brazilian poultry. It is reported that few serovars emerged and have been more widely disseminated in breeders, broilers, and layers in the last 70 years. Salmonella Gallinarum was the first to spread on the farms, remaining as a concerning poultry pathogen. Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis were also largely detected in poultry and foods (eggs, chicken, turkey), being associated with several human foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella Heidelberg and Minnesota have been more widely spread in recent years, resulting in frequent chicken/turkey meat contamination. A few more serovars (Infantis, Newport, Hadar, Senftenberg, Schwarzengrund, and Mbandaka, among others) were also detected, but less frequently and usually in specific poultry-production regions. AMR has been identified in most isolates, highlighting multi-drug resistance in specific poultry lineages from the serovars Typhimurium, Heidelberg, and Minnesota. Epidemiological studies are necessary to trace and control this pathogen in Brazilian commercial poultry production chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diéssy Kipper
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Andréa Karoline Mascitti
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Silvia De Carli
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas 92425-350, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
| | - Andressa Matos Carneiro
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - André Felipe Streck
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | | | - Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (A.S.K.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas 92425-350, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (A.S.K.F.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence: or or
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Guard J. Through the Looking Glass: Genome, Phenome, and Interactome of Salmonella enterica. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050581. [PMID: 35631102 PMCID: PMC9144603 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review revisits previous concepts on biological phenomenon contributing to the success of the Salmonella enterica subspecies I as a pathogen and expands upon them to include progress in epidemiology based on whole genome sequencing (WGS). Discussion goes beyond epidemiological uses of WGS to consider how phenotype, which is the biological character of an organism, can be correlated with its genotype to develop a knowledge of the interactome. Deciphering genome interactions with proteins, the impact of metabolic flux, epigenetic modifications, and other complex biochemical processes will lead to new therapeutics, control measures, environmental remediations, and improved design of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Guard
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Ruvalcaba-Gómez JM, Villagrán Z, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Martínez-Núñez M, Gomez-Godínez LJ, Ruesga-Gutiérrez E, Anaya-Esparza LM, Arteaga-Garibay RI, Villarruel-López A. Non-Antibiotics Strategies to Control Salmonella Infection in Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:102. [PMID: 35011208 PMCID: PMC8749512 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is a facultative intracellular pathogen causing localized or systemic infections, involving economic and public health significance, and remains the leading pathogen of food safety concern worldwide, with poultry being the primary transmission vector. Antibiotics have been the main strategy for Salmonella control for many years, which has allowed producers to improve the growth and health of food-producing animals. However, the utilization of antibiotics has been reconsidered since bacterial pathogens have established and shared a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms that can quickly increase within microbial communities. The use of alternatives to antibiotics has been recommended and successfully applied in many countries, leading to the core aim of this review, focused on (1) describing the importance of Salmonella infection in poultry and the effects associated with the use of antibiotics for disease control; (2) discussing the use of feeding-based (prebiotics, probiotics, bacterial subproducts, phytobiotics) and non-feeding-based (bacteriophages, in ovo injection, vaccines) strategies in poultry production for Salmonella control; and (3) exploring the use of complementary strategies, highlighting those based on -omics tools, to assess the effects of using the available antibiotic-free alternatives and their role in lowering dependency on the existing antimicrobial substances to manage bacterial infections in poultry effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martín Ruvalcaba-Gómez
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Zuamí Villagrán
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Juan José Valdez-Alarcón
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Studies, Centenary and Meritorious University of Michoacán of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán 58893, Mexico;
| | | | - Lorena Jacqueline Gomez-Godínez
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Edmundo Ruesga-Gutiérrez
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Ramón Ignacio Arteaga-Garibay
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- University Center for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Jalisco 44430, Mexico
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