1
|
Rixson L, Wenbiao D, Aliyanta B, Godbold D, Lubis AA, Nugraha ED. Assessment of soil erosion in the Upper Citarum watershed for sustainability of the Saguling reservoir: unmixing model approach. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:615. [PMID: 38871834 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The Citarum watershed and the Saguling reservoir are vital natural resources in Indonesia, affecting the livelihood of West Java and the DKI Jakarta population. This study aimed to assess the soil erosion in the Upper Citarum watershed and identify its source. The study used the fallout radionuclide technique, geochemical tracers, and an unmixing model to measure soil erosion and the contribution of suspended sediment sources due to erosion. Soil bulk transects and surface soil were sampled using a coring tool on the Ciwidey and Cisangkuy sub-watersheds. Riverbank and suspended sediment samples were collected from tributaries and rivers. With 137Cs, 40% of the samples had values below the minimum detectable activity, and vice versa for 210Pbex, all samples are detectable. For mitigation, bare land needs to be recovered due to its erosion (25.6 t ha-1 year-1) exceeding the tolerance erosion value (17 t ha-1 year-1). Statistically, Mg and Na were the most appropriate composite tracers for suspended sediment contribution. The unmixing model predicted the sediment contributors from bare land (58%), the riverbank (32.7%), and plantation land (9.3%). Proper land conservation could reduce sediment supply by almost 14.7% and extend the reservoir's life. This is the first study to report the feasibility of the unmixing model in Indonesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leons Rixson
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
- Research Center for Radiation Process Technology, Research Organization of Nuclear Energy (ORTN), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia.
| | - Duan Wenbiao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Barokah Aliyanta
- Research Center for Radiation Process Technology, Research Organization of Nuclear Energy (ORTN), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Douglas Godbold
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ali Arman Lubis
- Research Center for Radiation Process Technology, Research Organization of Nuclear Energy (ORTN), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Eka Djatnika Nugraha
- Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Technology, Research Organization of Nuclear Energy (ORTN), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Basir MS, Khan R, Akhi SZ, Ullah AKMA, Islam MA, Naher K, Idris AM, Khan MHR, Aldawood S, Saha N. Source specific sedimentary response towards the differential anthropogenic impacts in terms of potentially toxic elements in an urban river. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116425. [PMID: 38705004 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the interplay between varying anthropogenic activities and sediment dynamics in an urban river (Turag, Bangladesh), this study involved 37-sediment samples from 11 different sections of the river. Neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry were utilized to quantify the concentrations of 14 metal(oid)s (Al, Ti, Co, Fe, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn). This study revealed significant toxic metal trends, with Principal coordinate analysis explaining 62.91 % of the variance from upstream to downstream. The largest RSDs for Zn(287 %), Mn(120 %), and Cd(323 %) implies an irregular regional distribution throughout the river. The UNMIX-model and PMF-model were utilized to identify potential sources of metal(oid)s in sediments. ∼63.65-66.7 % of metal(oid)s in sediments originated from anthropogenic sources, while remaining attributed to natural sources in both models. Strikingly, all measured metal(oid)s' concentrations surpassed the threshold effect level, with Zn and Ni exceeding probable effect levels when compared to SQGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Samium Basir
- Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh; Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Mirpur-12, Cantonment, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Rahat Khan
- Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh.
| | - Sayma Zahan Akhi
- Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh; Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Mirpur-12, Cantonment, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - A K M Atique Ullah
- Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Ramna, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Amirul Islam
- Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrun Naher
- Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Abubakr M Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saad Aldawood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, P.O. BOX 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Narottam Saha
- Center for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Faramarzi S, Kiani B, Faramarzi S, Firouraghi N. Cancer patterns in Iran: a gender-specific spatial modelling of cancer incidence during 2014-2017. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:191. [PMID: 38342916 PMCID: PMC10860283 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a significant public health concern and the second leading cause of death. This study aims to visualize spatial patterns of top common cancer types and identify high-risk and low-risk counties for these cancers in Iran from 2014 to 2017. METHODS In this study, we analyzed 482,229 newly diagnosed cancer cases recorded by the Iranian National Population-Based Cancer Registry from 2014 to 2017. We employed a purely spatial scanning model and local Moran I analysis to explore spatial patterns across Iran. RESULTS Approximately 53% of all cases were male. The average age of cancer diagnosis was 62.58 ± 17.42 years for males and 56.11 ± 17.33years for females. Stomach cancer was the most common cancer in men. The northern and northwestern regions of Iran were identified as high-risk areas for stomach cancer in both genders, with a relative risk (RR) ranging from 1.26 to 2.64 in males and 1.19 to 3.32 in females. These areas recognized as high-risk areas for trachea, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer specifically in males (RR:1.15-2.02). Central regions of Iran were identified as high-risk areas for non-melanoma skin cancers in both genders, ranking as the second most common cancer (RR:1.18-5.93 in males and 1.24-5.38 in females). Furthermore, bladder cancer in males (RR:1.32-2.77) and thyroid cancer in females (RR:1.88-3.10) showed concentration in the central part of Iran. Breast cancer, being the most common cancer among women (RR:1.23-5.54), exhibited concentration in the northern regions of the country. Also, northern regions of Iran were identified as high-risk clusters for colon cancer (RR:1.31-3.31 in males and 1.33-4.13 in females), and prostate cancer in males (RR:1.22-2.31). Brain, nervous system cancer, ranked sixth among women (RR:1.26-5.25) in central areas. CONCLUSIONS The study's revelations on the spatial patterns of common cancer incidence in Iran provide crucial insights into the distribution and trends of these diseases. The identification of high-risk areas equips policymakers with valuable information to tailor targeted screening programs, facilitating early diagnosis and effective disease control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Faramarzi
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behzad Kiani
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shahla Faramarzi
- Department of Health Information Management School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Firouraghi
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cadondon J, Vallar E, Roque FJ, Rempillo O, Mandia P, Orbecido A, Beltran A, Deocaris C, Morris V, Belo L, Galvez MC. Elemental distribution and source analysis of atmospheric aerosols from Meycauayan, Bulacan, Philippines. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19459. [PMID: 37809711 PMCID: PMC10558599 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the industrialized cities in the Philippines is Meycauayan, Bulacan. This study reports the elemental distribution and source apportionment in eight varying land cover-land use type sampling points located along the Marilao-Meycauayan- Obando Rivers System. Elemental analysis was conducted using a scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive x-ray. Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, As, Cd, Co, Fe, Ni, Ti, and V concentrations were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, and Hg concentrations by Mercury analyzer. Principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and Pearson's r correlation were used to analyze different sources of heavy metals and its corresponding land use-land cover type. The aerosol samples showed the presence of heavy metals Pb and Hg, elements that were also detected in trace amounts in the water measurements. Concentrations of heavy metals such as Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, V, Ni, and As found in the atmospheric aerosols and urban dusts were attributed to anthropogenic sources such as residential, commercial and industrial wastes. Other source of aerosols in the area were traffic and crustal emissions in Meycauayan. Using HCA, there are 3 clusters observed based on the similar sets of heavy metals: (1) AQS1 (Caingin), AQS2 (Banga), and AQS8 (Malhacan); (2) AQS3(Calvario), AQS4 (Camalig), and AQS5(Langka); (3) AQS1(Sto Nino-Perez), and (AQS7) (Sterling). These groups are related based on different land use setting such as residential/commercial, agricultural, and commercial/industrial areas. Our study recommends the need to address heavy metal pollution in Meycauayan in support to the ongoing implementation of laws and regulations by the local and private sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jumar Cadondon
- Environment And RemoTe sensing researcH (EARTH) Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
- Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao 5023, Philippines
- Applied Research for Community, Health, and Environment Resilience and Sustainability (ARCHERS), Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Edgar Vallar
- Environment And RemoTe sensing researcH (EARTH) Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
- Applied Research for Community, Health, and Environment Resilience and Sustainability (ARCHERS), Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Floro Junior Roque
- Environment And RemoTe sensing researcH (EARTH) Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
- Applied Research for Community, Health, and Environment Resilience and Sustainability (ARCHERS), Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Ofelia Rempillo
- Environment And RemoTe sensing researcH (EARTH) Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
- Applied Research for Community, Health, and Environment Resilience and Sustainability (ARCHERS), Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Paulito Mandia
- Environment And RemoTe sensing researcH (EARTH) Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
- Applied Research for Community, Health, and Environment Resilience and Sustainability (ARCHERS), Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Aileen Orbecido
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Arnel Beltran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Custer Deocaris
- Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Vernon Morris
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College for Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University PO Box 37100, MC 1251, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lawrence Belo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Maria Cecilia Galvez
- Environment And RemoTe sensing researcH (EARTH) Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
- Applied Research for Community, Health, and Environment Resilience and Sustainability (ARCHERS), Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ebrahimi-Khusfi Z, Zandifar S, Ebrahimi-Khusfi M, Tavakoli V. Heavy metal mapping, source identification, and ecological risk assessment in the International Hamoun wetland, Sistan region, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:29321-29335. [PMID: 36414894 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at assessing the ecological risk of heavy metals (HMs) in the International Hamoun wetland, southeastern Iran. Twenty sediment samples were collected from the wetland surface for geochemical analysis of 23 HMs. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) technique was used to map the HMs. The single and multi-element pollution indicators and PER index (PERI) were respectively used to determine the contamination intensity and PER level. The principal components analysis (PCA) was performed to identify the HM source. The mean concentration of cesium (Cs: 5.2 µg/g), selenium (Se: 0.9 µg/g), and tellurium (Te: 0.2 µg/g) was higher than their mean values in the Earth's crust. The enrichment factor (EF) showed the Hamoun was high to extremely enriched by Te, As, and Se. The geo-accumulation index (GeoI) revealed the highest level of contamination caused by As, barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cuprum (Cu), ferrum (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), rubidium(Rb), titanium (Ti), vanadium(V), yttrium (Y), and zinc (Zn) in most study sites. The sediment contamination factor in more than 55% of the sediment samples was between 8 and 16, indicating very high contamination intensity in the studied wetland. The PER values were between 80 and 160 in more than 60% of the sediment samples, suggesting a considerable risk in the wetland. The PCA showed both anthropogenic and crustal activities were effective in increasing the concentration of HMs in the wetland. The largest ecological risk was due to arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd). It is recommended to pay more attention to these HMs, which could cause more environmental pollution in the International Hamoun wetland, southeastern Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Ebrahimi-Khusfi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Samira Zandifar
- Desert Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangeland, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Vahid Tavakoli
- School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Setia R, Dhaliwal SS, Singh R, Singh B, Kukal SS, Pateriya B. Ecological and human health risk assessment of metals in soils and wheat along Sutlej river (India). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137331. [PMID: 36414035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HMs) entry into soil affects the food chain, which is of great worry for human well-being hazards. In order to study the association of HMs in soil-plant system, surface (0-0.15 m) soil and wheat grain samples were collected within five km buffer zone of Sutlej river in Punjab (India). These samples were analysed for total arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickle (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). Among all the HMs in soil and grain samples, the concentration of total Fe was maximum and As was minimum. The HM contamination of soils was assessed using contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), potential ecological risk (Er) and modified potential ecological risk (mEr). The CF, EF, Er and mEr were highest for Cd in soils. The bioaccumulation metal factor was highest for Zn and lowest for Ni in wheat grain. There was a significant (p < 0.05) positive relationship between HM concentration in soils and wheat grains indicating the health risk due to consumption of wheat cultivated around the five km buffer of the Sutlej river. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk due to ingestion of wheat grain were higher from Cd and Pb, respectively. These results are helpful for devising the remediation approaches to decrease the multi-metal contamination in soils and plants, and the epidemiological ways to preclude the human health risk from HM contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Setia
- Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana, India.
| | - S S Dhaliwal
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | | | | | - S S Kukal
- Punjab Water Regulation & Development Authority, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan M, Kamran M, Kadi RH, Hassan MM, Elhakem A, Sakit ALHaithloul HA, Soliman MH, Mumtaz MZ, Ashraf M, Shamim S. Harnessing the Potential of Bacillus altitudinis MT422188 for Copper Bioremediation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:878000. [PMID: 35663894 PMCID: PMC9161743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.878000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of heavy metals is a cause of environmental concern across the globe, as their increasing levels can pose a significant risk to our natural ecosystems and public health. The present study was aimed to evaluate the ability of a copper (Cu)-resistant bacterium, characterized as Bacillus altitudinis MT422188, to remove Cu from contaminated industrial wastewater. Optimum growth was observed at 37°C, pH 7, and 1 mm phosphate, respectively. Effective concentration 50 (EC50), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and cross-heavy metal resistance pattern were observed at 5.56 mm, 20 mm, and Ni > Zn > Cr > Pb > Ag > Hg, respectively. Biosorption of Cu by live and dead bacterial cells in its presence and inhibitors 1 and 2 (DNP and DCCD) was suggestive of an ATP-independent efflux system. B. altitudinis MT422188 was also able to remove 73 mg/l and 82 mg/l of Cu at 4th and 8th day intervals from wastewater, respectively. The presence of Cu resulted in increased GR (0.004 ± 0.002 Ug−1FW), SOD (0.160 ± 0.005 Ug−1FW), and POX (0.061 ± 0.004 Ug−1FW) activity. Positive motility (swimming, swarming, twitching) and chemotactic behavior demonstrated Cu as a chemoattractant for the cells. Metallothionein (MT) expression in the presence of Cu was also observed by SDS-PAGE. Adsorption isotherm and pseudo-kinetic-order studies suggested Cu biosorption to follow Freundlich isotherm as well as second-order kinetic model, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy (∆G°), change in enthalpy (∆H° = 10.431 kJ/mol), and entropy (∆S° = 0.0006 kJ/mol/K) depicted the biosorption process to a feasible, endothermic reaction. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analyses revealed the physiochemical and morphological changes in the bacterial cell after biosorption, indicating interaction of Cu ions with its functional groups. Therefore, these features suggest the potentially effective role of B. altitudinis MT422188 in Cu bioremediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Roqayah H. Kadi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Mohamed M. Hassan,
| | - Abeer Elhakem
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mona H. Soliman
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Sharm, Yanbu El-Bahr, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zahid Mumtaz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saba Shamim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- Saba Shamim,
| |
Collapse
|