Competing health risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and early response: A scoping review

HIV outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in people of Black ethnicities living with HIV in England

OBJECTIVES

To describe HIV care outcomes in people of Black ethnicities living in England during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) pandemic.

METHODS

This was an observational cohort study of people of self-reported Black ethnicities attending for HIV care at nine HIV clinics across England. The primary outcome was a composite of antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption and HIV viraemia (HIV RNA ≥200 copies/mL) ascertained via self-completed questionnaires and review of medical records. We used multivariable logistic regression to explore associations between ART interruption/HIV viraemia and demographic factors, pre-pandemic HIV immunovirological control, comorbidity status, and COVID-19 disease and vaccination status.

RESULTS

We included 2290 people (median age 49.3 years; 56% female; median CD4 cell count 555 cells/mm3; 92% pre-pandemic HIV RNA <200 copies/mL), of whom 302 (13%) reported one or more ART interruption, 312 (14%) had documented HIV viraemia ≥200 copies/mL, and 401 (18%) experienced the composite endpoint of ART interruption/HIV viraemia. In multivariable analysis, a pre-pandemic HIV RNA <200 copies/mL (odds ratio [OR] 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15-0.30) and being vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 (OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.30-0.55) were associated with reduced odds of ART interruption/HIV viraemia; pandemic-related disruptions to HIV care were common self-reported additional factors.

CONCLUSIONS

During the COVID-19 pandemic, one in six people of Black ethnicities in this HIV cohort experienced an ART interruption/HIV viraemia. Some of these episodes resulted from pandemic-related healthcare disruptions. Associations with suboptimal engagement in HIV care pre-pandemic and not being vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 suggest that wider health beliefs and/or poor healthcare access may have been contributory factors.

Measuring Socioeconomic Inequalities in HIV Testing During Antenatal Care: A Peruvian National Survey

Although several Latin American countries have 70% antenatal care coverage, the proportion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing of Peruvian pregnant women and the socioeconomic inequalities of this preventive measure are unknown. This study aimed to determine socioeconomic inequalities and quantify the contribution of contextual and compositional factors on HIV testing during prenatal care in Peru. A cross-sectional study of the 2021 Demographic and Family Health Survey data was conducted. The outcome variable was HIV testing of pregnant women during prenatal care. An analysis of inequalities was performed including the determination of concentration curves and a decomposition analysis of concentration indices. Of a total of 17521 women aged 15 to 49 years, 91.4% had been tested for HIV during prenatal care. The concentration curves showed that prenatal HIV testing was concentrated among richer women, while the decomposition analysis determined that the main contributors to inequality were having a higher education, residing in an urban area, and in the highlands, belonging to the wealthy quintile, and being exposed to television and newspapers. Strategies focused on improving access, promotion and restructuring of prevention of mother-to-child transmission measures should be prioritized.

Systems biology approaches to identify driver genes and drug combinations for treating COVID-19

Corona virus 19 (Covid-19) has caused many problems in public health, economic, and even cultural and social fields since the beginning of the epidemic. However, in order to provide therapeutic solutions, many researches have been conducted and various omics data have been published. But there is still no early diagnosis method and comprehensive treatment solution. In this manuscript, by collecting important genes related to COVID-19 and using centrality and controllability analysis in PPI networks and signaling pathways related to the disease; hub and driver genes have been identified in the formation and progression of the disease. Next, by analyzing the expression data, the obtained genes have been evaluated. The results show that in addition to the significant difference in the expression of most of these genes, their expression correlation pattern is also different in the two groups of COVID-19 and control. Finally, based on the drug-gene interaction, drugs affecting the identified genes are presented in the form of a bipartite graph, which can be used as the potential drug combinations.

Temporal patterns, spatial risks, and characteristics of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil in the first twenty years of the 21st Century

BACKGROUND

Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is a significant public health issue in Brazil. The present ecological study describes the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of TL cases reported in the country, and analyzes the spatial and temporal patterns of the incidences and risks of occurrence across the five geopolitical regions and 27 federative units.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

Data regarding new cases of TL notified between 2001 and 2020 were obtained from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Joinpoint and spatial and temporal generalized additive models were used to establish trends in the evolution of TL during the target period. The incidence rate for the entire period was 226.41 cases/100,000 inhabitants. All regions of Brazil showed trends of decreasing incidence rates, albeit with fluctuations at specific times, with the exception of the Southeast where rates have increased since 2014, most particularly in Minas Gerais state. The disease was concentrated predominantly in the North region, with Acre state leading the incidence rank in the whole country, followed by Mato Grosso (Midwest), Maranhão and Bahia (Northeast) states. The spatial distribution of the risk of TL occurrence in relation to the annual averages was relatively stable throughout the period. The cutaneous form of TL was predominant and cases most frequently occurred in rural areas and among men of working age. The ages of individuals contracting TL tended to increase during the time series. Finally, the proportion of confirmations by laboratory tests was lower in the Northeast.

CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE

TL shows a declining trend in Brazil, but its widespread occurrence and the presence of areas with increasing incidence rates demonstrate the persistent relevance of this disease and the need for constant monitoring. Our findings reinforce the importance of temporal and spatial tools in epidemiologic surveillance routines and are valuable for targeting preventive and control actions.

Compounding vulnerabilities: victimization and discrimination is associated with COVID-19 disruptions to HIV-related care among gay, bisexual, and other men and transgender and nonbinary people who have sex with men in Kazakhstan

Gay, bisexual, and other men and transgender and nonbinary people who have sex with men (MSM and TSM) are disproportionately impacted by the HIV epidemic in Kazakhstan. MSM and TSM in Kazakhstan also face high levels of discrimination and victimization, known barriers to engagement in HIV prevention and care. We examined data from surveys with 455 MSM and TSM collected May -- October 2020 to determine whether access to HIV testing and treatment was disproportionately limited among those exposed to victimization and discrimination during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Odds of reporting COVID-19 disruptions to HIV-related care access were significantly higher (OR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.25-3.06; P = .003) among those who experienced recent sexual or gender-based victimization, and recent discrimination (OR: 2.93; 95% CI: 1.65-5.23; P < .001), compared to those who did not experience victimization or discrimination, respectively. Odds of reporting disruptions among those who experienced both victimization and discrimination were significantly higher (OR: 3.59; 95% CI: 1.88-6.86; P < .001) compared to those who experienced neither . Associations remained significant after adjustment for potentially confounding factors. Findings suggest the COVID-19 pandemic is compounding vulnerability among MSM and TSM in Kazakhstan - highlighting need for intervention efforts targeting the most marginalized groups.

Estimating the global impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on people living with HIV

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The COVID-19 pandemic and public health response have directly and indirectly affected broader health outcomes, especially for those with existing chronic conditions, including HIV. We examine our current understanding of the global impact of COVID-19 on people with HIV (PWH).

RECENT FINDINGS

The interaction between COVID-19 and HIV is complex, making it challenging to estimate its true impact on PWH. Evidence to date does not suggest that HIV confers a higher risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2. However, once acquired, HIV increases the risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality, particularly in immunosuppressed viraemic individuals and in the context of traditional COVID-19 risk factors, including disparities in social determinants of health. In addition, COVID-19 vaccines may be less effective in the context of HIV infection with additional doses needed. The consequences of disruption of access to essential prevention and treatment services because of the pandemic are becoming evident and will likely adversely affect outcomes, risking decades of progress.

SUMMARY

Given the increased mortality risk and reduced vaccine effectiveness seen in PWH, specific prevention and support measures are needed, including prioritization of vaccination and boosters, funding to mitigate the impact of pandemic and enabling integrated healthcare delivery during pandemics will be critical.

The effects of COVID-19 lockdown measures on health and healthcare services in Uganda

Many countries across the world instituted lockdowns as a measure to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, these lockdowns had consequences on health systems. This study explored effects of the COVID-19 lockdown measures on health and healthcare services in Uganda. The qualitative study employed focus group discussions (FGDs), household interviews, and key informant interviews (KIIs) in both an urban (Kampala district) and rural (Wakiso district) setting in central Uganda. Fourteen FGDs were conducted among community members, local leaders, community health workers, and health practitioners. Interviews were conducted among 40 households, while 31 KIIs were held among various stakeholders including policy makers, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector. Data was analysed by thematic analysis with the support of NVivo 2020 (QSR International). Findings from the study are presented under four themes: maternal and reproductive health; child health; chronic disease services; and mental health. Maternal and reproductive health services were negatively affected by the lockdown measures which resulted in reduced utilisation of antenatal, postnatal and family planning services. These effects were mainly due to travel restrictions including curfew, and fear of contracting COVID-19. The effects on child health included reduced utilisation of services which was a result of difficulties faced in accessing health facilities because of the travel restrictions. Patients with chronic conditions could not access health facilities for their routine visits particularly due to suspension of public transport. Depression, stress and anxiety were common due to social isolation from relatives and friends, loss of jobs, and fear of law enforcement personnel. There was also increased anxiety among health workers due to fear of contracting COVID-19. The COVID-19 lockdown measures negatively affected health, and reduced access to maternal, reproductive and child health services. Future interventions in pandemic response should ensure that their effects on health and access to health services are minimised.

Interlinkages between Climate Change and Food Systems: The Impact on Child Malnutrition-Narrative Review

The pandemics of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change represent severe threats to child health. They co-occur; interact with each other to produce sequelae at biological, psychological, or social levels; and share common underlying drivers. In this paper, we review the key issues concerning child diet and nutritional status, focusing on the interactions with climate and food systems. Inadequate infant and young child feeding practices, food insecurity, poverty, and limited access to health services are the leading causes of malnutrition across generations. Food system industrialization and globalization lead to a double burden of malnutrition, whereby undernutrition (i.e., stunting, wasting, and deficiencies in micronutrients) coexists with overweight and obesity, as well as to harmful effects on climate. Climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic are worsening child malnutrition, impacting the main underlying causes (i.e., household food security, dietary diversity, nutrient quality, and access to maternal and child health), as well as the social, economic, and political factors determining food security and nutrition (livelihoods, income, infrastructure resources, and political context). Existing interventions have the potential to be further scaled-up to concurrently address undernutrition, overnutrition, and climate change by cross-cutting education, agriculture, food systems, and social safety nets. Several stakeholders must work co-operatively to improve global sustainable nutrition.

Family medicine provision of online medication abortion in three US states during COVID-19

OBJECTIVE

To examine provision of direct-to-patient medication abortion during COVID-19 by United States family physicians through a clinician-supported, asynchronous online service, Aid Access.

STUDY DESIGN

We analyzed data from United States residents in New Jersey, New York, and Washington who requested medication abortion from 3 family physicians using the online service from Aid Access between April and November 2020. This study seeks to examine individual characteristics, motivations, and geographic locations of patients receiving abortion care through the Aid Access platform.

RESULTS

Over 7 months, three family physicians using the Aid Access platform provided medication abortion care to 534 residents of New Jersey, New York, and Washington. There were no demographic differences between patients seeking care in these states. A high percentage (85%) were less than 7 weeks gestation at the time of their request for care. The reasons patients chose Aid Access for abortion services were similar regardless of state residence. The majority (71%) of Aid Access users lived in urban areas. Each family physician provided care to most counties in their respective states. Among those who received services in the three states, almost one-quarter (24%) lived in high Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) counties, with roughly one-third living in medium-high SVI counties (33%), followed by another quarter (26%) living in medium-low SVI counties.

CONCLUSIONS

Family physicians successfully provided medication abortion in three states using asynchronous online consultations and medications mailed directly to patients.

IMPLICATIONS

Primary care patients are requesting direct-to-patient first trimester abortion services online. By providing abortion care online, a single provider can serve the entire state, thus greatly increasing geographic access to medication abortion.