1
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Rosinke K, Starai VJ, Hoover TR. Helicobacter pylori HP0018 Has a Potential Role in the Maintenance of the Cell Envelope. Cells 2024; 13:1438. [PMID: 39273010 PMCID: PMC11394524 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial pathogen that colonizes the human stomach, where it can cause a variety of diseases. H. pylori uses a cluster of sheathed flagella for motility, which is required for host colonization in animal models. The flagellar sheath is continuous with the outer membrane and is found in most Helicobacter species identified to date. HP0018 is a predicted lipoprotein of unknown function that is conserved in Helicobacter species that have flagellar sheaths but is absent in Helicobacter species that have sheath-less flagella. Deletion of hp0018 in H. pylori B128 resulted in the formation of long chains of outer membrane vesicles, which were most evident in an aflagellated variant of the Δhp0018 mutant that had a frameshift mutation in fliP. Flagellated cells of the Δhp0018 mutant possessed what appeared to be a normal flagellar sheath, suggesting that HP0018 is not required for sheath formation. Cells of the Δhp0018 mutant were also less helical in shape compared to wild-type cells. A HP0018-superfolder green fluorescent fusion protein expressed in the H. pylori Δhp0018 mutant formed fluorescent foci at the cell poles and lateral sites. Co-immunoprecipitation assays with HP0018 identified two enzymes involved in the modification of the cell wall peptidoglycan, AmiA and MltD, as potential HP0018 interaction partners. HP0018 may modulate the activity of AmiA or MltD, and in the absence of HP0018, the unregulated activity of these enzymes may alter the peptidoglycan layer in a manner that results in an altered cell shape and hypervesiculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Rosinke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vincent J Starai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Timothy R Hoover
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Shore SFH, Leinberger FH, Fozo EM, Berghoff BA. Type I toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria: from regulation to biological functions. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00252022. [PMID: 38767346 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0025-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin systems are ubiquitous in the prokaryotic world and widely distributed among chromosomes and mobile genetic elements. Several different toxin-antitoxin system types exist, but what they all have in common is that toxin activity is prevented by the cognate antitoxin. In type I toxin-antitoxin systems, toxin production is controlled by an RNA antitoxin and by structural features inherent to the toxin messenger RNA. Most type I toxins are small membrane proteins that display a variety of cellular effects. While originally discovered as modules that stabilize plasmids, chromosomal type I toxin-antitoxin systems may also stabilize prophages, or serve important functions upon certain stress conditions and contribute to population-wide survival strategies. Here, we will describe the intricate RNA-based regulation of type I toxin-antitoxin systems and discuss their potential biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene F H Shore
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Florian H Leinberger
- Institute for Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elizabeth M Fozo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bork A Berghoff
- Institute for Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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3
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Shadvar N, Akrami S, Mousavi Sagharchi SMA, Askandar RH, Merati A, Aghayari M, Kaviani N, Afkhami H, Kashfi M. A review for non-antibiotic treatment of Helicobacter pylori: new insight. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1379209. [PMID: 38774508 PMCID: PMC11106852 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1379209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric ulcers and gastric cancer are brought on by the Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which colonizes under the stomach mucous membrane. Different medication regimens are used to remove it, but the illness returns and becomes more resistant, which lowers the treatment rates. Additionally, this bacterium now exhibits a skyrocketing level of multi-drug resistance, necessitating recurrent therapeutic treatments. The negative effects of synthetic medications in comparison to conventional therapies are another significant factor in favor of non-pharmacological therapy. The most significant side effects of popular anti-gastric ulcer medications include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Stomach ulcers have previously been treated with herbal remedies and complementary treatments like probiotics. When probiotics are ingested, the host experiences several advantages that may be brought about by altering the bacterial flora in the digestive system. Additionally, stronger-acting chemical compounds and plant extracts can be employed to treat patients. In this article, we look at the substances and medications that are utilized in place of synthetic stomach ulcer-curing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Shadvar
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sousan Akrami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Alireza Merati
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Aghayari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nikki Kaviani
- School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kashfi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Fellowship in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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Cheng T, Boneca IG. The shapeshifting Helicobacter pylori: From a corkscrew to a ball. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:260-274. [PMID: 38173305 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that bacterial morphology is closely related to their lifestyle. The helical Helicobacter pylori relies on its unique shape for survival and efficient colonization of the human stomach. Yet, they have been observed to transform into another distinctive morphology, the spherical coccoid. Despite being hypothesized to be involved in the persistence and transmission of this species, years of effort in deciphering the roles of the coccoid form remain fruitless since contrasting observations regarding its lifestyle were reported. Here, we discuss the two forms of H. pylori with a focus on the coccoid form, the molecular mechanism behind its morphological transformation, and experimental approaches to further develop our understanding of this phenomenon. We also propose a putative mechanism of the coccoid formation in H. pylori through induction of a type-I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system recently shown to influence the morphology of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimoro Cheng
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité Biologie et génétique de la paroi bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité Biologie et génétique de la paroi bactérienne, Paris, France
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5
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Sun Z, Heacock-Kang Y, McMillan IA, Cabanas D, Zarzycki-Siek J, Hoang TT. A virulence activator of a surface attachment protein in Burkholderia pseudomallei acts as a global regulator of other membrane-associated virulence factors. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1063287. [PMID: 36726566 PMCID: PMC9884982 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1063287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), causing a highly fatal disease called melioidosis, is a facultative intracellular pathogen that attaches and invades a variety of cell types. We previously identified BP1026B_I0091 as a surface attachment protein (Sap1) and an essential virulence factor, contributing to Bp pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The expression of sap1 is regulated at different stages of Bp intracellular lifecycle by unidentified regulator(s). Here, we identified SapR (BP1026B_II1046) as a transcriptional regulator that activates sap1, using a high-throughput transposon mutagenesis screen in combination with Tn-Seq. Consistent with phenotypes of the Δsap1 mutant, the ΔsapR activator mutant exhibited a significant reduction in Bp attachment to the host cell, leading to subsequent decreased intracellular replication. RNA-Seq analysis further revealed that SapR regulates sap1. The regulation of sap1 by SapR was confirmed quantitatively by qRT-PCR, which also validated the RNA-Seq data. SapR globally regulates genes associated with the bacterial membrane in response to diverse environments, and some of the genes regulated by SapR are virulence factors that are required for Bp intracellular infection (e.g., type III and type VI secretion systems). This study has identified the complex SapR regulatory network and its importance as an activator of an essential Sap1 attachment factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxin Sun
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Yun Heacock-Kang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Ian A McMillan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Darlene Cabanas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Jan Zarzycki-Siek
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Tung T Hoang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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6
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Kienes I, Johnston EL, Bitto NJ, Kaparakis-Liaskos M, Kufer TA. Bacterial subversion of NLR-mediated immune responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930882. [PMID: 35967403 PMCID: PMC9367220 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the mammalian Nod-like receptor (NLR) protein family are important intracellular sensors for bacteria. Bacteria have evolved under the pressure of detection by host immune sensing systems, leading to adaptive subversion strategies to dampen immune responses for their benefits. These include modification of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), interception of innate immune pathways by secreted effector proteins and sophisticated instruction of anti-inflammatory adaptive immune responses. Here, we summarise our current understanding of subversion strategies used by bacterial pathogens to manipulate NLR-mediated responses, focusing on the well-studied members NOD1/2, and the inflammasome forming NLRs NLRC4, and NLRP3. We discuss how bacterial pathogens and their products activate these NLRs to promote inflammation and disease and the range of mechanisms used by bacterial pathogens to evade detection by NLRs and to block or dampen NLR activation to ultimately interfere with the generation of host immunity. Moreover, we discuss how bacteria utilise NLRs to facilitate immunotolerance and persistence in the host and outline how various mechanisms used to attenuate innate immune responses towards bacterial pathogens can also aid the host by reducing immunopathologies. Finally, we describe the therapeutic potential of harnessing immune subversion strategies used by bacteria to treat chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kienes
- Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ella L. Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie J. Bitto
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas A. Kufer,
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7
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Heydari S, Malekzadeh R, Jazayeri MH, Sarrafnejad A, Siavoshi F. Detection of peptidoglycan in yeast as a marker for the presence or abundance of intracellular Helicobacter pylori and Staphylococcus. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:407. [PMID: 35726098 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) was targeted as the marker for bacterial occurrence inside yeast. Detection of only few bacteria in old and new generations of yeast raised the question of how yeast controls the abundance of its intracellular bacteria. One gastric C. tropicalis that showed concurrence of H. pylori and Staphylococcus 16S rDNA was stained for assessing the viability of intracellular bacteria. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled anti-PG monoclonal antibody (APGMAb) was used for detection of PG inside yeast by direct immunofluorescence. APGMAb-coated magnetic beads were used for separation of bacteria from disrupted yeasts. Bead-bound bacteria were separated, fixed, stained, and examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Bead-bound bacteria were cultured and identified by amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated occurrence of few live bacteria inside yeast cells. FITC- APGMAb interacted with PG of intracellular bacteria, appearing as few green spots in mother and daughter yeast cells. Interestingly, PG fragments were also detected in the exterior of yeast cells. SEM observations showed separated bead-bound bacilli and cocci. Culture of Staphylococcus was positive. Sequencing results confirmed identity of separated bacteria as H. pylori and Staphylococcus. PG detected inside yeast may have belonged to H. pylori, Staphylococcus or any other intracellular bacteria that coexisted in yeast as its microbiome. Detection of only few intracellular bacteria in old and new generations of yeast as well as PG fragments in their exterior suggested that yeast controls the abundance of its intracellular bacteria at low rate by hydrolysis and exporting of PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Heydari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Hadi Jazayeri
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfattah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Lemos Rocha LF, Peters K, Biboy J, Depelteau JS, Briegel A, Vollmer W, Blokesch M. The VarA-CsrA regulatory pathway influences cell shape in Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010143. [PMID: 35344548 PMCID: PMC8989286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive studies on the curve-shaped bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, its virulence-associated regulatory two-component signal transduction system VarS/VarA is not well understood. This pathway, which mainly signals through the downstream protein CsrA, is highly conserved among gamma-proteobacteria, indicating there is likely a broader function of this system beyond virulence regulation. In this study, we investigated the VarA-CsrA signaling pathway and discovered a previously unrecognized link to the shape of the bacterium. We observed that varA-deficient V. cholerae cells showed an abnormal spherical morphology during late-stage growth. Through peptidoglycan (PG) composition analyses, we discovered that these mutant bacteria contained an increased content of disaccharide dipeptides and reduced peptide crosslinks, consistent with the atypical cellular shape. The spherical shape correlated with the CsrA-dependent overproduction of aspartate ammonia lyase (AspA) in varA mutant cells, which likely depleted the cellular aspartate pool; therefore, the synthesis of the PG precursor amino acid meso-diaminopimelic acid was impaired. Importantly, this phenotype, and the overall cell rounding, could be prevented by means of cell wall recycling. Collectively, our data provide new insights into how V. cholerae use the VarA-CsrA signaling system to adjust its morphology upon unidentified external cues in its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F. Lemos Rocha
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Peters
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Biboy
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie S. Depelteau
- Microbial Sciences, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ariane Briegel
- Microbial Sciences, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Blokesch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Auty JM, Jenkins CH, Hincks J, Straatman-Iwanowska AA, Allcock N, Turapov O, Galyov EE, Harding SV, Mukamolova GV. Generation of Distinct Differentially Culturable Forms of Burkholderia following Starvation at Low Temperature. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0211021. [PMID: 34985335 PMCID: PMC8729786 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02110-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have developed unique mechanisms to adapt to environmental stresses and challenges of the immune system. Here, we report that Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, and its laboratory surrogate, Burkholderia thailandensis, utilize distinct mechanisms for surviving starvation at different incubation temperatures. At 21°C, Burkholderia are present as short rods which can rapidly reactivate and form colonies on solid media. At 4°C, Burkholderia convert into coccoid forms that cannot be cultured on solid agar but can be resuscitated in liquid media supplemented with supernatant obtained from logarithmic phase cultures of B. thailandensis, or catalase and Tween 80, thus displaying characteristics of differentially culturable bacteria (DCB). These DCB have low intensity fluorescence when stained with SYTO 9, have an intact cell membrane (propidium iodide negative), and contain 16S rRNA at levels comparable with growing cells. We also present evidence that lytic transglycosylases, a family of peptidoglycan-remodeling enzymes, are involved in the generation of coccoid forms and their resuscitation to actively growing cells. A B. pseudomallei ΔltgGCFD mutant with four ltg genes deleted did not produce coccoid forms at 4°C and could not be resuscitated in the liquid media evaluated. Our findings provide insights into the adaptation of Burkholderia to nutrient limitation and the generation of differentially culturable bacteria. IMPORTANCE Bacterial pathogens exhibit physiologically distinct forms that enable their survival in an infected host, the environment and following exposure to antimicrobial agents. B. pseudomallei causes the disease melioidosis, which has a high mortality rate and is difficult to treat with antibiotics. The bacterium is endemic to several countries and detected in high abundance in the environment. Here, we report that during starvation at low temperature, B. pseudomallei produces coccoid forms that cannot grow in standard media and which, therefore, can be challenging to detect using common tools. We provide evidence that the formation of these cocci is mediated by cell wall-specialized enzymes and lytic transglycosylases, and that resuscitation of these forms occurs following the addition of catalase and Tween 80. Our findings have important implications for the disease control and detection of B. pseudomallei, an agent of both public health and defense interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joss M. Auty
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H. Jenkins
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hincks
- FACS Facility Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Anna A. Straatman-Iwanowska
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Allcock
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Obolbek Turapov
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Edouard E. Galyov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah V. Harding
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Galina V. Mukamolova
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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10
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Antibiotics as a Stressing Factor Triggering the Harboring of Helicobacter pylori J99 within Candida albicans ATCC10231. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030382. [PMID: 33806815 PMCID: PMC8004595 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
First-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori includes amoxicillin and clarithromycin or metronidazole plus a proton pump inhibitor. Treatment failure is associated with antibiotic resistance and possibly also with internalization of H. pylori into eukaryotic cells, such as yeasts. Factors triggering the entry of H. pylori into yeast are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether clarithromycin or amoxicillin trigger the entry of H. pylori into C. albicans cells. METHODS H. pylori J99 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 were co-cultured in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin and clarithromycin as stressors. Bacterial-bearing yeasts were observed by fresh examination. The viability of bacteria within yeasts was evaluated, confirming the entry of bacteria into Candida, amplifying, by PCR, the H. pylori16S rRNA gene in total yeast DNA. RESULTS Amoxicillin significantly increased the entry of H. pylori into C. albicans compared to the control. CONCLUSION the internalization of H. pylori into C. albicans in the presence of antibiotics is dependent on the type of antibiotic used, and it suggests that a therapy including amoxicillin may stimulate the entry of the bacterium into Candida, thus negatively affecting the success of the treatment.
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11
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Krzyżek P, Migdał P, Paluch E, Karwańska M, Wieliczko A, Gościniak G. Myricetin as an Antivirulence Compound Interfering with a Morphological Transformation into Coccoid Forms and Potentiating Activity of Antibiotics against Helicobacter pylori. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052695. [PMID: 33800082 PMCID: PMC7962197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, a gastric pathogen associated with a broad range of stomach diseases, has a high tendency to become resistant to antibiotics. One of the most important factors related to therapeutic failures is its ability to change from a spiral to a coccoid form. Therefore, the main aim of our original article was to determine the influence of myricetin, a natural compound with an antivirulence action, on the morphological transformation of H. pylori and check the potential of myricetin to increase the activity of antibiotics against this pathogen. We observed that sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of this compound have the ability to slow down the process of transformation into coccoid forms and reduce biofilm formation of this bacterium. Using checkerboard assays, we noticed that the exposure of H. pylori to sub-MICs of myricetin enabled a 4–16-fold reduction in MICs of all classically used antibiotics (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, tetracycline, metronidazole, and levofloxacin). Additionally, RT-qPCR studies of genes related to the H. pylori morphogenesis showed a decrease in their expression during exposure to myricetin. This inhibitory effect was more strongly seen for genes involved in the muropeptide monomers shortening (csd3, csd6, csd4, and amiA), suggesting their significant participation in the spiral-to-coccoid transition. To our knowledge, this is the first research showing the ability of any compound to synergistically interact with all five antibiotics against H. pylori and the first one showing the capacity of a natural substance to interfere with the morphological transition of H. pylori from spiral to coccoid forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krzyżek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.P.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paweł Migdał
- Department of Environment, Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Emil Paluch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Magdalena Karwańska
- Department of Epizootiology and Veterinary Administration with Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Alina Wieliczko
- Department of Epizootiology and Veterinary Administration with Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Grażyna Gościniak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.P.); (G.G.)
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12
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Stable inheritance of Sinorhizobium meliloti cell growth polarity requires an FtsN-like protein and an amidase. Nat Commun 2021; 12:545. [PMID: 33483499 PMCID: PMC7822825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Rhizobiales bacteria, such as Sinorhizobium meliloti, cell elongation takes place only at new cell poles, generated by cell division. Here, we show that the role of the FtsN-like protein RgsS in S. meliloti extends beyond cell division. RgsS contains a conserved SPOR domain known to bind amidase-processed peptidoglycan. This part of RgsS and peptidoglycan amidase AmiC are crucial for reliable selection of the new cell pole as cell elongation zone. Absence of these components increases mobility of RgsS molecules, as well as abnormal RgsS accumulation and positioning of the growth zone at the old cell pole in about one third of the cells. These cells with inverted growth polarity are able to complete the cell cycle but show partially impaired chromosome segregation. We propose that amidase-processed peptidoglycan provides a landmark for RgsS to generate cell polarity in unipolarly growing Rhizobiales. In Sinorhizobium bacteria, cell elongation takes place only at new cell poles, generated by cell division. Here, Krol et al. show that an FtsN-like protein and a peptidoglycan amidase are crucial for reliable selection of the new cell pole as cell elongation zone.
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Clinical and laboratory importance of detecting Helicobacter pylori coccoid forms for the selection of treatment. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2020; 15:294-300. [PMID: 33777268 PMCID: PMC7988834 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2020.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori grows and multiplies in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in about half of the world’s population. The prevalence of diseases associated with this bacterium is steadily increasing, which makes it necessary to search for optimal therapy aimed at eradication of this bacterium. Such diseases, for example, include gastric ulcer (GU) and chronic gastritis (CG). Unfortunately, modern possibilities for eradication therapy do not always make it possible to cure patients, and relapses often occur if it is cured. Nowadays, a particular topical issue has arisen, which concerns the resistance of Helicobacter pylori to therapies, because the effectiveness of medication used in clinics decreases every year. One of the mechanisms favouring tolerance to antibiotics is the transformation into a different morphological form – coccoid. This form of the bacterium was discovered quite a long time ago. Nevertheless, the question of its importance in clinical practice remains open to this day. Modern studies are aimed at understanding the role of coccoid forms of H. pylori in the survival of the population of these bacteria and at clarifying their role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases. It is not known whether it is necessary to evaluate the contamination of a given morphological form of a bacterium of the gastric mucosa in clinical practice and its influence on the development of diseases etc. This article presents an overview and analysis of modern ideas about H. pylori coccoid forms and answers to the main questions posed in the last 10 years regarding the study of coccoid forms. Additionally, our results present a comparison of expression of virulence factors in coccoid and spiral forms of H. pylori.
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A peptide of a type I toxin-antitoxin system induces Helicobacter pylori morphological transformation from spiral shape to coccoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31398-31409. [PMID: 33229580 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016195117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin systems are found in many bacterial chromosomes and plasmids with roles ranging from plasmid stabilization to biofilm formation and persistence. In these systems, the expression/activity of the toxin is counteracted by an antitoxin, which, in type I systems, is an antisense RNA. While the regulatory mechanisms of these systems are mostly well defined, the toxins' biological activity and expression conditions are less understood. Here, these questions were investigated for a type I toxin-antitoxin system (AapA1-IsoA1) expressed from the chromosome of the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori We show that expression of the AapA1 toxin in H. pylori causes growth arrest associated with rapid morphological transformation from spiral-shaped bacteria to round coccoid cells. Coccoids are observed in patients and during in vitro growth as a response to different stress conditions. The AapA1 toxin, first molecular effector of coccoids to be identified, targets H. pylori inner membrane without disrupting it, as visualized by cryoelectron microscopy. The peptidoglycan composition of coccoids is modified with respect to spiral bacteria. No major changes in membrane potential or adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) concentration result from AapA1 expression, suggesting coccoid viability. Single-cell live microscopy tracking the shape conversion suggests a possible association of this process with cell elongation/division interference. Oxidative stress induces coccoid formation and is associated with repression of the antitoxin promoter and enhanced processing of its transcript, leading to an imbalance in favor of AapA1 toxin expression. Our data support the hypothesis of viable coccoids with characteristics of dormant bacteria that might be important in H. pylori infections refractory to treatment.
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15
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García-Del Portillo F. Building peptidoglycan inside eukaryotic cells: A view from symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. Mol Microbiol 2020; 113:613-626. [PMID: 32185832 PMCID: PMC7154730 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The peptidoglycan (PG), as the exoskeleton of most prokaryotes, maintains a defined shape and ensures cell integrity against the high internal turgor pressure. These important roles have attracted researchers to target PG metabolism in order to control bacterial infections. Most studies, however, have been performed in bacteria grown under laboratory conditions, leading to only a partial view on how the PG is synthetized in natural environments. As a case in point, PG metabolism and its regulation remain poorly understood in symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria living inside eukaryotic cells. This review focuses on the PG metabolism of intracellular bacteria, emphasizing the necessity of more in vivo studies involving the analysis of enzymes produced in the intracellular niche and the isolation of PG from bacteria residing within eukaryotic cells. The review also points to persistent infections caused by some intracellular bacterial pathogens and the extent at which the PG could contribute to establish such physiological state. Based on recent evidences, I speculate on the idea that certain structural features of the PG may facilitate attenuation of intracellular growth. Lastly, I discuss recent findings in endosymbionts supporting a cooperation between host and bacterial enzymes to assemble a mature PG.
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16
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Mohamed AK, Elhassan NM, Awhag ZA, Ali FS, Ali ET, Mhmoud NA, Siddig EE, Hassan R, Ahmed ES, Fattahi A, Ahmed A, Muneer MS, Osman HA, Mohamed NS, Edris AMM. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among Sudanese patients diagnosed with colon polyps and colon cancer using immunohistochemistry technique. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:322. [PMID: 32631443 PMCID: PMC7339555 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Infection with the bacteria Helicobacter pylori has been classified as class one carcinogen associated with increasing susceptibility of gastritis and gastric carcinoma. This study is aiming at investigating the prevalence of H. pylori among colon polyps and colon cancer patients. A descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted between February and June 2017. Sixty-nine formalin-fixed paraffin blocks collected from colon polyps and colon cancer patients to detect H. pylori using immunohistochemistry technique. Results Of the 69 patients included in the study, 39 (56.5%) males and 30 (43.5%) were females, their age ranged from 21 to 80 years with a mean age of 47.1 ± 19.7. Of the 69 colon polyps and colon cancer patients, 44 (63.8%) were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, 10 (14.5%) colitis, 15 (21.7%) juvenile polyposis syndrome. The results of immunohistochemistry technique showed the presence of 16 (23.2%) positive patients for H. pylori infection. Of these 16, 13 (81.3%) patients were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma and 3 (18.7%) patients were diagnosed with juvenile polyps. The results of H. pylori detection among the different colon polyps and colon cancer patients were showing a statistically significant association for H. pylori infection and adenocarcinoma, P value 0.028.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza K Mohamed
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nazik M Elhassan
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Zahra A Awhag
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Fadwa S Ali
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Eman T Ali
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, National University, Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Najwa A Mhmoud
- Mycetoma Research Center, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Emmanuel E Siddig
- Mycetoma Research Center, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,School of Medicine, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Alfarrabi College for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rowa Hassan
- Mycetoma Research Center, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Eiman S Ahmed
- Mycetoma Research Center, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Azam Fattahi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Disease and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayman Ahmed
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed S Muneer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hussam A Osman
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Nouh S Mohamed
- Molecular Biology Department, Alfarrabi College for sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan. .,Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Sinnar University, Sinnar, Sudan. .,Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ali M M Edris
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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17
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Krzyżek P, Grande R. Transformation of Helicobacter pylori into Coccoid Forms as a Challenge for Research Determining Activity of Antimicrobial Substances. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030184. [PMID: 32143312 PMCID: PMC7157236 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological variability is one of the phenotypic features related to adaptation of microorganisms to stressful environmental conditions and increased tolerance to antimicrobial substances. Helicobacter pylori, a gastric mucosal pathogen, is characterized by a high heterogeneity and an ability to transform from a spiral to a coccoid form. The presence of the coccoid form is associated with the capacity to avoid immune system detection and to promote therapeutic failures. For this reason, it seems that the investigation for new, alternative methods combating H. pylori should include research of coccoid forms of this pathogen. The current review aimed at collecting information about the activity of antibacterial substances against H. pylori in the context of the morphological variability of this bacterium. The collected data was discussed in terms of the type of substances used, applied research techniques, and interpretation of results. The review was extended by a polemic on the limitations in determining the viability of coccoid H. pylori forms. Finally, recommendations which can help in future research aiming to find new compounds with a potential to eradicate H. pylori have been formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krzyżek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Rossella Grande
- Center for Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Via Luigi Polacchi, 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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18
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A robust fractionation method for protein subcellular localization studies in Escherichia coli. Biotechniques 2020; 66:171-178. [PMID: 30987443 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractionation in Gram-negative bacteria is used to identify the subcellular localization of proteins, in particular the localization of exported recombinant proteins. The process of cell fractionation can be fraught with cross-contamination issues and often lacks supporting data for fraction purity. Here, we compare three periplasm extraction and two cell disruption techniques in different combinations to investigate which process gives uncontaminated compartments from Escherichia coli. From these data, a robust method named PureFrac was compiled that gives pure periplasmic fractions and a superior recovery of soluble cytoplasmic proteins. The process extracts periplasm using cold osmotic shock with magnesium, prior to sonication and ultracentrifugation to separate the cytoplasm from insoluble material. This method handles cells cultivated in various conditions and allows preparation of active proteins in their respective compartments.
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19
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Clyne M, Rowland M. The Role of Host Genetic Polymorphisms in Helicobacter pylori Mediated Disease Outcome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1149:151-172. [PMID: 31016623 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical outcome of infection with the chronic gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori is not the same for all individuals and also differs in different ethnic groups. Infection occurs in early life (<3 years of age), and while all infected persons mount an immune response and develop gastritis, the majority of individuals are asymptomatic. However, up to 10-15% develop duodenal ulceration, up to 1% develop gastric cancer (GC) and up to 0.1% can develop gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The initial immune response fails to clear infection and H. pylori can persist for decades. H. pylori has been classified as a group one carcinogen by the WHO. Interestingly, development of duodenal ulceration protects against GC. Factors that determine the outcome of infection include the genotype of the infecting strains and the environment. Host genetic polymorphisms have also been identified as factors that play a role in mediating the clinical outcome of infection. Several studies present compelling evidence that polymorphisms in genes involved in the immune response such as pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) play a role in modulating disease outcome. However, as the number of studies grows emerging confounding factors are small sample size and lack of appropriate controls, lack of consideration of environmental and bacterial factors and ethnicity of the population. This chapter is a review of current evidence that host genetic polymorphisms play a role in mediating persistent H. pylori infection and the consequences of the subsequent inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Clyne
- School of Medicine and The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Marion Rowland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Torrens G, Escobar-Salom M, Pol-Pol E, Camps-Munar C, Cabot G, López-Causapé C, Rojo-Molinero E, Oliver A, Juan C. Comparative Analysis of Peptidoglycans From Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Recovered From Chronic and Acute Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1868. [PMID: 31507543 PMCID: PMC6719521 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the first causes of acute nosocomial and chronic infections in patients with underlying respiratory pathologies such as cystic fibrosis (CF). It has been proposed that P. aeruginosa accumulates mutations driving to peptidoglycan modifications throughout the development of the CF-associated infection, as a strategy to lower the immune detection hence ameliorating the chronic persistence. As well, some studies dealing with peptidoglycan modifications driving to a better survival within the host have been published in other gram-negatives. According to these facts, the gram-negative peptidoglycan could be considered as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern with very important implications regarding the host’s detection-response, worthy to dissect in detail. For this reason, in this work we characterized for the first time the peptidoglycans of three large collections [early CF, late CF and acute infection (bloodstream) P. aeruginosa strains] from qualitative (HPLC), quantitative and inflammatory capacity-related perspectives. The final goal was to identify composition trends potentially supporting the cited strategy of evasion/resistance to the immune system and providing information regarding the differential intrinsic adaptation depending on the type of infection. Although we found several punctual strain-specific particularities, our results indicated a high degree of inter-collection uniformity in the peptidoglycan-related features and the absence of trends amongst the strains studied here. These results suggest that the peptidoglycan of P. aeruginosa is a notably conserved structure in natural isolates regardless of transitory changes that some external conditions could force. Finally, the inverse correlation between the relative amount of stem pentapeptides within the murein sacculus and the resistance to immune lytic attacks against the peptidoglycan was also suggested by our results. Altogether, this work is a major step ahead to understand the biology of peptidoglycan from P. aeruginosa natural strains, hopefully useful in future for therapeutic alternatives design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Torrens
- Servicio de Microbiología-Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - María Escobar-Salom
- Servicio de Microbiología-Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Elisabet Pol-Pol
- Servicio de Microbiología-Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Cristina Camps-Munar
- Servicio de Microbiología-Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel Cabot
- Servicio de Microbiología-Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Carla López-Causapé
- Servicio de Microbiología-Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Estrella Rojo-Molinero
- Servicio de Microbiología-Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Servicio de Microbiología-Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Carlos Juan
- Servicio de Microbiología-Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
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21
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Ramesh A, Ikeda N, Rubinchik S, Karlyshev AV. Expression of Escherichia coli araE and modified lacY genes in Campylobacter jejuni is not sufficient for arabinose transport. Access Microbiol 2019; 1:e000042. [PMID: 32974528 PMCID: PMC7470287 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Unlike Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni is unable to import a range of sugars, including arabinose, which makes common expression vectors, such as pBAD33, non-functional in these bacteria. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate whether the E. coli transporters AraE and modified LacY (LacYA177C) would enable C. jejuni to uptake arabinose. Methodology and Results The respective genes of E. coli were constitutively expressed in C. jejuni strain 11168H after integration into the chromosome via homologous recombination. Vectors carrying these genes also contained a reporter gene, gfp, under the control of the arabinose-inducible promoter, pBAD. These constructs were verified in E. coli by demonstrating the induction of gfp in the presence of arabinose. Integration of the genes into one of the rRNA gene clusters was verified by PCR and genome sequencing. The latter also confirmed that the inserted gene clusters contained no mutations. Expression of the gfp gene in the presence of arabinose inducer was monitored using fluorescence microscopy of colonies and fluorimetry using both whole cells and lysates. Conclusion The results demonstrated the inability of C. jejuni to use arabinose transporters, which are fully functional in E. coli, suggesting a remarkable difference in the physiology of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Ramesh
- SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Penrhyn Road, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Naomi Ikeda
- SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Penrhyn Road, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Sona Rubinchik
- SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Penrhyn Road, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Andrey V Karlyshev
- SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Penrhyn Road, KT1 2EE, UK
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22
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Frirdich E, Biboy J, Pryjma M, Lee J, Huynh S, Parker CT, Girardin SE, Vollmer W, Gaynor EC. The Campylobacter jejuni helical to coccoid transition involves changes to peptidoglycan and the ability to elicit an immune response. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:280-301. [PMID: 31070821 PMCID: PMC6767375 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent enteric pathogen that changes morphology from helical to coccoid under unfavorable conditions. Bacterial peptidoglycan maintains cell shape. As C. jejuni transformed from helical to coccoid, peptidoglycan dipeptides increased and tri- and tetrapeptides decreased. The DL-carboxypeptidase Pgp1 important for C. jejuni helical morphology and putative N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl amidase AmiA were both involved in the coccoid transition. Mutants in pgp1 and amiA showed reduced coccoid formation, with ∆pgp1∆amiA producing minimal coccoids. Both ∆amiA and ∆amiA∆pgp1 lacked flagella and formed unseparated chains of cells consistent with a role for AmiA in cell separation. All strains accumulated peptidoglycan dipeptides over time, but only strains capable of becoming coccoid displayed tripeptide changes. C. jejuni helical shape and corresponding peptidoglycan structure are important for pathogenesis-related attributes. Concomitantly, changing to a coccoid morphology resulted in differences in pathogenic properties; coccoid C. jejuni were non-motile and non-infectious, with minimal adherence and invasion of epithelial cells and an inability to stimulate IL-8. Coccoid peptidoglycan exhibited reduced activation of innate immune receptors Nod1 and Nod2 versus helical peptidoglycan. C. jejuni also transitioned to coccoid within epithelial cells, so the inability of the immune system to detect coccoid C. jejuni may be significant in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilisa Frirdich
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Jacob Biboy
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular BiosciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Pryjma
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Jooeun Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Unit, Western Region Research CenterUSDAAgricultural Research ServiceAlbanyCAUSA
| | - Craig T. Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Unit, Western Region Research CenterUSDAAgricultural Research ServiceAlbanyCAUSA
| | - Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular BiosciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Erin C. Gaynor
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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A Genome-Wide Helicobacter pylori Morphology Screen Uncovers a Membrane-Spanning Helical Cell Shape Complex. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00724-18. [PMID: 31036730 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00724-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Evident in its name, the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori has a helical cell morphology which facilitates efficient colonization of the human stomach. An improved light-focusing strategy allowed us to robustly distinguish even subtle perturbations of H. pylori cell morphology by deviations in light-scattering properties measured by flow cytometry. Profiling of an arrayed genome-wide deletion library identified 28 genes that influence different aspects of cell shape, including properties of the helix, cell length or width, cell filament formation, cell shape heterogeneity, and cell branching. Included in this mutant collection were two that failed to form any helical cells, a soluble lytic transglycosylase and a previously uncharacterized putative multipass inner membrane protein HPG27_0728, renamed Csd7. A combination of cell fractionation, mutational, and immunoprecipitation experiments show that Csd7 and Csd2 collaborate to stabilize the Csd1 peptidoglycan (PG) endopeptidase. Thus, both csd2 and csd7 mutants show the same enhancement of PG tetra-pentapeptide cross-linking as csd1 mutants. Csd7 also links Csd1 with the bactofilin CcmA via protein-protein interactions. Although Csd1 is stable in ccmA mutants, these mutants show altered PG tetra-pentapeptide cross-linking, suggesting that Csd7 may directly or indirectly activate as well as stabilize Csd1. These data begin to illuminate a highly orchestrated program to regulate PG modifications that promote helical shape, which includes nine nonessential nonredundant genes required for helical shape and 26 additional genes that further modify H. pylori's cell morphology.IMPORTANCE The stomach ulcer and cancer-causing pathogen Helicobacter pylori has a helical cell shape which facilitates stomach infection. Using light scattering to measure perturbations of cell morphology, we identified 28 genes that influence different aspects of cell shape. A mutant in a previously uncharacterized protein renamed Csd7 failed to form any helical cells. Biochemical analyses showed that Csd7 collaborates with other proteins to stabilize the cell wall-degrading enzyme Csd1. Csd7 also links Csd1 with a putative filament-forming protein via protein-protein interactions. These data suggest that helical cell shape arises from a highly orchestrated program to regulate cell wall modifications. Targeting of this helical cell shape-promoting program could offer new ways to block infectivity of this important human pathogen.
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Mallick S, Das J, Verma J, Mathew S, Maiti TK, Ghosh AS. Role of Escherichia coli endopeptidases and dd-carboxypeptidases in infection and regulation of innate immune response. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:464-474. [PMID: 31085336 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The low-molecular-mass penicillin-binding proteins, involved in peptidoglycan recycling can also produce peptidoglycan fragments capable of activating an innate immune response in host. To investigate how these proteins in Enterobacteriaceae play a role to elicit/evade innate immune responses during infections, we deleted certain endopeptidases and dd-carboxypeptidases from Escherichia coli CS109 and studied the viability of these mutants in macrophages. The ability of infected macrophages to exert oxidative killing, express surface activation markers TLR2, MHC class II and release TNFα, were assessed. Immune responses were elevated in macrophages infected with dd-carboxypeptidase mutants but reduced for endopeptidase mutants. However, the NFκB, iNOS, and TLR2 transcripts remained elevated in macrophages infected with both mutant types. Overall, we have shown, under normal conditions endopeptidases have a tendency to elicit the immune response but their effect is suppressed by the presence of dd-carboxypeptidases. Conversely, DD-carboxypeptidases, normally, tend to reduce immune responses, as their deletions enhanced the same in macrophages. Therefore, we conclude that the roles of endopeptidases and dd-carboxypeptidases are possibly counter-active in wild-type cells where either class of enzymes suppresses each other's immunogenic properties rendering overall maintenance of low immunogenicity that helps E. coli in evading the host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathi Mallick
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Joyjyoti Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Jyoti Verma
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Samatha Mathew
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Tapas K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Anindya S Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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25
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Rizzato C, Torres J, Kasamatsu E, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Bravo MM, Canzian F, Kato I. Potential Role of Biofilm Formation in the Development of Digestive Tract Cancer With Special Reference to Helicobacter pylori Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:846. [PMID: 31110496 PMCID: PMC6501431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are highly social organisms that communicate via signaling molecules and can assume a multicellular lifestyle to build biofilm communities. Until recently, complications from biofilm-associated infection have been primarily ascribed to increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics and host immune evasion, leading to persistent infection. In this theory and hypothesis article we present a relatively new argument that biofilm formation has potential etiological role in the development of digestive tract cancer. First, we summarize recent new findings suggesting the potential link between bacterial biofilm and various types of cancer to build the foundation of our hypothesis. To date, evidence has been particularly convincing for colorectal cancer and its precursor, i.e., polyps, pointing to several key individual bacterial species, such as Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. Gallolyticus. Then, we further extend this hypothesis to one of the most common bacterial infection in humans, Helicobacter pylori (Hp), which is considered a major cause of gastric cancer. Thus far, there has been no direct evidence linking in vivo Hp gastric biofilm formation to gastric carcinogenesis. Yet, we synthesize the information to support an argument that biofilm associated-Hp is potentially more carcinogenic, summarizing biological characteristics of biofilm-associated bacteria. We also discuss mechanistic pathways as to how Hp or other biofilm-associated bacteria control biofilm formation and highlight recent findings on Hp genes that influence biofilm formation, which may lead to strain variability in biofilm formation. This knowledge may open a possibility of developing targeted intervention. We conclude, however, that this field is still in its infancy. To test the hypothesis rigorously and to link it ultimately to gastric pathologies (e.g., premalignant lesions and cancer), studies are needed to learn more about Hp biofilms, such as compositions and biological properties of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), presence of non-Hp microbiome and geographical distribution of biofilms in relation to gastric gland types and structures. Identification of specific Hp strains with enhanced biofilm formation would be helpful not only for screening patients at high risk for sequelae from Hp infection, but also for development of new antibiotics to avoid resistance, regardless of its association with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmeri Rizzato
- Department of Translation Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Unidades Médicas de Alta Especialidad Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elena Kasamatsu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, National University of Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Margarita Camorlinga-Ponce
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Unidades Médicas de Alta Especialidad Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Mercedes Bravo
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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26
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Ultee E, Ramijan K, Dame RT, Briegel A, Claessen D. Stress-induced adaptive morphogenesis in bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 2019; 74:97-141. [PMID: 31126537 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria thrive in virtually all environments. Like all other living organisms, bacteria may encounter various types of stresses, to which cells need to adapt. In this chapter, we describe how cells cope with stressful conditions and how this may lead to dramatic morphological changes. These changes may not only allow harmless cells to withstand environmental insults but can also benefit pathogenic bacteria by enabling them to escape from the immune system and the activity of antibiotics. A better understanding of stress-induced morphogenesis will help us to develop new approaches to combat such harmful pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Ultee
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karina Ramijan
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Remus T Dame
- Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Macromolecular Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ariane Briegel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Claessen
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Krzyżek P, Biernat MM, Gościniak G. Intensive formation of coccoid forms as a feature strongly associated with highly pathogenic Helicobacter pylori strains. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 64:273-281. [PMID: 30449016 PMCID: PMC6529389 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The variability of Helicobacter pylori morphology and the heterogeneity of virulence factors expressed by these bacteria play a key role as a driving force for adaptation to the hostile stomach environment. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the presence of certain genes encoding virulence factors and H. pylori morphology. One reference and 13 clinical H. pylori strains with a known virulence profile (vacA, cagA, babA2, dupA, and iceA) were used in this study. Bacteria were cultured for 1 h and 24 h in stressogenic culture conditions, i.e., serum-free BHI broths at suboptimal conditions (room temperature and atmosphere, without shaking). H. pylori cell morphology was observed by light and scanning electron microscopy. The vacA polymorphism and the cagA and babA2 presence were positively correlated with the reduction in cell size. Exposure to short-time stressogenic conditions caused more intense transformation to coccoid forms in highly pathogenic H. pylori type I strains (35.83% and 47.5% for type I s1m2 and I s1m1, respectively) than in intermediate-pathogenic type III (8.17%) and low pathogenic type II (9.92%) strains. The inverse relationship was observed for the number of rods, which were more common in type III (46.83%) and II (48.42%) strains than in type I s1m2 (19.25%) or I s1m1 (6.58%) strains. Our results suggest that there is a close relationship between the presence of virulence genes of H. pylori strains and their adaptive morphological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krzyżek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Monika M Biernat
- Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Faculty of Postgraduate Medical Training, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Gościniak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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28
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Morphology of Helicobacter pylori as a result of peptidoglycan and cytoskeleton rearrangements. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2018; 13:182-195. [PMID: 30302161 PMCID: PMC6173076 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2018.78284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium colonising the gastric mucosa. Normally, this bacterium has a spiral shape, which is crucial for proper colonisation of the stomach and cork-screwing penetration of dense mucin covering this organ. However, H. pylori may also form curved/straight rods, filamentous forms and coccoid forms. This morphological variability affects nutrient transport and respiration processes, as well as motility, the ability to form aggregates/biofilms, and resistance to adverse environmental factors. For this reason, a more accurate understanding of the molecular determinants that control the morphology of H. pylori seems to be crucial in increasing the effectiveness of antibacterial therapies directed against this microorganism. This article focuses on the molecular factors responsible for peptidoglycan and cytoskeleton rearrangements affecting H. pylori morphology and survivability. In addition, the existence of proteins associated with modifications of H. pylori morphology as potential targets in therapies reducing the virulence of this bacterium has been suggested.
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29
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Influence of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors CagA and VacA on pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disorders. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:43-48. [PMID: 29432909 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacteria infecting numerous people all over the world. It has been established that H. pylori play an important role in pathogenesis of gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Pathogenic features of this bacterium are mainly attributes to the existence of pathogenic islands (PAI) genes. The most known genes in these islands are cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin gene (VacA). Most studies demonstrated various frequency of CagA and VacA in patient with peptic ulcer or gastritis in different countries. This variation in CagA and VacA frequency may be due to the capability of this bacterium to be genetically versatile and can alter the expression of these genes with geographic diversity. Although H. pylori infection is not usually associated with any clinical symptoms, but sometimes leads to inflammation in gastrointestinal system and resulted in peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. In this regard, this review will illustrate the importance of Helicobacter pylori in pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disorders with focusing on CagA and VacA virulence factors.
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30
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Ratet G, Santecchia I, Fanton d’Andon M, Vernel-Pauillac F, Wheeler R, Lenormand P, Fischer F, Lechat P, Haake DA, Picardeau M, Boneca IG, Werts C. LipL21 lipoprotein binding to peptidoglycan enables Leptospira interrogans to escape NOD1 and NOD2 recognition. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006725. [PMID: 29211798 PMCID: PMC5764436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis, potentially severe in humans, caused by spirochetal bacteria, Leptospira interrogans (L. interrogans). Host defense mechanisms involved in leptospirosis are poorly understood. Recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoproteins by Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)4 and TLR2 is crucial for clearance of leptospires in mice, yet the role of Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-like receptors (NOD)1 and NOD2, recognizing peptidoglycan (PG) fragments has not previously been examined. Here, we show that pathogenic leptospires escape from NOD1 and NOD2 recognition both in vitro and in vivo, in mice. We found that leptospiral PG is resistant to digestion by certain hydrolases and that a conserved outer membrane lipoprotein of unknown function, LipL21, specific for pathogenic leptospires, is tightly bound to the PG. Leptospiral PG prepared from a mutant not expressing LipL21 (lipl21-) was more readily digested than the parental or complemented strains. Muropeptides released from the PG of the lipl21- mutant, or prepared using a procedure to eliminate the LipL21 protein from the PG of the parental strain, were recognized in vitro by the human NOD1 (hNOD1) and NOD2 (hNOD2) receptors, suggesting that LipL21 protects PG from degradation into muropeptides. LipL21 expressed in E. coli also resulted in impaired PG digestion and NOD signaling. We found that murine NOD1 (mNOD1) did not recognize PG of L. interrogans. This result was confirmed by mass spectrometry showing that leptospiral PG was primarily composed of MurTriDAP, the natural agonist of hNOD1, and contained only trace amounts of the tetra muropeptide, the mNOD1 agonist. Finally, in transgenic mice expressing human NOD1 and deficient for the murine NOD1, we showed enhanced clearance of a lipl21- mutant compared to the complemented strain, or to what was observed in NOD1KO mice, suggesting that LipL21 facilitates escape from immune surveillance in humans. These novel mechanisms allowing L. interrogans to escape recognition by the NOD receptors may be important in circumventing innate host responses. Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by spirochetal bacteria, Leptospira interrogans (L. interrogans). L. interrogans are primarily extracellular pathogens although some reports suggest they may replicate within macrophages. In humans, leptospirosis can cause mild or severe disease, potentially leading to death, although rats or mice, which constitute the reservoir, are asymptomatic carriers. Host defense mechanisms involved in leptospirosis remain poorly understood. Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 are crucial for the clearance of L. interrogans, but the role of the cytosolic NOD receptors in leptospirosis is unknown. Here, we report that pathogenic leptospires escape the sensing of bacterial peptidoglycan through the NOD response. We found that an outer membrane lipoprotein of L. interrogans binds to and protects the peptidoglycan from degradation into muropeptides, thereby blocking signaling through NOD proteins. Moreover, in absence of this lipoprotein, the peptidoglycan of L. interrogans is properly sensed by human NOD1 but not by murine NOD1. This is due to the near absence of muramyl tetrapeptide, the murine NOD1 agonist, in the peptidoglycan of pathogenic leptospires. These novel mechanisms of NOD avoidance may facilitate the escape of leptospires from the innate immune system of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn Ratet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Martine Fanton d’Andon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Fischer
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de pathogenèse de Helicobacter, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lechat
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - David A. Haake
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ivo G. Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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31
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Fernandes RM, Silva H, Oliveira R, Almeida C, Azevedo NF, Vieira MJ. Morphological transition of Helicobacter pylori adapted to water. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:1167-1179. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to investigate the morphological transition of Helicobacter pylori during adaptation to water. Materials & methods: Different strains were adapted to water. Changes regarding cultivability and cellular morphology were recorded. Expression of 11 genes involved in H. pylori morphological changes was evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: H. pylori presented increased cultivability in water after adaptation. The permanent loss of the spiral shape was observed, but no transition into coccoid form has occurred. Expression levels of genes involved in peptidoglycan assembly of H. pylori 26695 have shown significant changes between adapted and nonadapted strains. Conclusion: Adaption to water favors the culturable phenotype and the morphological transition to the rod shape, into a process that implicates the peptidoglycan turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Fernandes
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Hélder Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Oliveira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- INIAV, IP – National Institute for Agrarian & Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Nuno F Azevedo
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Vieira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Abstract
Lysozyme is a cornerstone of innate immunity. The canonical mechanism for bacterial killing by lysozyme occurs through the hydrolysis of cell wall peptidoglycan (PG). Conventional type (c-type) lysozymes are also highly cationic and can kill certain bacteria independently of PG hydrolytic activity. Reflecting the ongoing arms race between host and invading microorganisms, both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have evolved mechanisms to thwart killing by lysozyme. In addition to its direct antimicrobial role, more recent evidence has shown that lysozyme modulates the host immune response to infection. The degradation and lysis of bacteria by lysozyme enhance the release of bacterial products, including PG, that activate pattern recognition receptors in host cells. Yet paradoxically, lysozyme is important for the resolution of inflammation at mucosal sites. This review will highlight recent advances in our understanding of the diverse mechanisms that bacteria use to protect themselves against lysozyme, the intriguing immunomodulatory function of lysozyme, and the relationship between these features in the context of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Ragland
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alison K. Criss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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van Teeseling MCF, de Pedro MA, Cava F. Determinants of Bacterial Morphology: From Fundamentals to Possibilities for Antimicrobial Targeting. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1264. [PMID: 28740487 PMCID: PMC5502672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial morphology is extremely diverse. Specific shapes are the consequence of adaptive pressures optimizing bacterial fitness. Shape affects critical biological functions, including nutrient acquisition, motility, dispersion, stress resistance and interactions with other organisms. Although the characteristic shape of a bacterial species remains unchanged for vast numbers of generations, periodical variations occur throughout the cell (division) and life cycles, and these variations can be influenced by environmental conditions. Bacterial morphology is ultimately dictated by the net-like peptidoglycan (PG) sacculus. The species-specific shape of the PG sacculus at any time in the cell cycle is the product of multiple determinants. Some morphological determinants act as a cytoskeleton to guide biosynthetic complexes spatiotemporally, whereas others modify the PG sacculus after biosynthesis. Accumulating evidence supports critical roles of morphogenetic processes in bacteria-host interactions, including pathogenesis. Here, we review the molecular determinants underlying morphology, discuss the evidence linking bacterial morphology to niche adaptation and pathogenesis, and examine the potential of morphological determinants as antimicrobial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel C F van Teeseling
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Miguel A de Pedro
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
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34
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Zepeda Gurrola RC, Fu Y, Rodríguez Luna IC, Benítez Cardoza CG, López López MDJ, López Vidal Y, Gutíerrez GRA, Rodríguez Pérez MA, Guo X. Novel protein interactions with an actin homolog (MreB) of Helicobacter pylori determined by bacterial two-hybrid system. Microbiol Res 2017; 201:39-45. [PMID: 28602400 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Helicobacter pylori infects more than 50% of the world population and causes several gastroduodenal diseases, including gastric cancer. Nevertheless, we still need to explore some protein interactions that may be involved in pathogenesis. MreB, an actin homolog, showed some special characteristics in previous studies, indicating that it could have different functions. Protein functions could be realized via protein-protein interactions. In the present study, the MreB protein from H. pylori 26695 fused with two tags 10×His and GST in tandem was overexpressed and purified from Escherchia coli. The purified recombinant protein was used to perform a pull-down assay with H. pylori 26695 cell lysate. The pulled-down proteins were identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), in which the known important proteins related to morphogenesis were absent but several proteins related to pathogenesis process were observed. The bacterial two-hybrid system was further used to evaluate the protein interactions and showed that new interactions of MreB respectively with VacA, UreB, HydB, HylB and AddA were confirmed but the interaction MreB-MreC was not validated. These results indicated that the protein MreB in H. pylori has a distinct interactome, does not participate in cell morphogenesis via MreB-MreC but could be related to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yajuan Fu
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Cd. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Yolanda López Vidal
- Facultad de Medicina, División de Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico
| | - Germán Rubén Aguilar Gutíerrez
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario A Rodríguez Pérez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Cd. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Xianwu Guo
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Cd. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Mexico.
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Palau M, Kulmann M, Ramírez-Lázaro MJ, Lario S, Quilez ME, Campo R, Piqué N, Calvet X, Miñana-Galbis D. Usefulness of Housekeeping Genes for the Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection, Strain Discrimination and Detection of Multiple Infection. Helicobacter 2016; 21:481-487. [PMID: 26991758 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infects human stomachs of over half the world's population, evades the immune response and establishes a chronic infection. Although most people remains asymptomatic, duodenal and gastric ulcers, MALT lymphoma and progression to gastric cancer could be developed. Several virulence factors such as flagella, lipopolysaccharide, adhesins and especially the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA and the oncoprotein CagA have been described for H. pylori. Despite the extensive published data on H. pylori, more research is needed to determine new virulence markers, the exact mode of transmission or the role of multiple infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Amplification and sequencing of six housekeeping genes (amiA, cgt, cpn60, cpn70, dnaJ, and luxS) related to H. pylori pathogenesis have been performed in order to evaluate their usefulness for the specific detection of H. pylori, the genetic discrimination at strain level and the detection of multiple infection. A total of 52 H. pylori clones, isolated from 14 gastric biopsies from 11 patients, were analyzed for this purpose. RESULTS All genes were specifically amplified for H. pylori and all clones isolated from different patients were discriminated, with gene distances ranged from 0.9 to 7.8%. Although most clones isolated from the same patient showed identical gene sequences, an event of multiple infection was detected in all the genes and microevolution events were showed for amiA and cpn60 genes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that housekeeping genes could be useful for H. pylori detection and to elucidate the mode of transmission and the relevance of the multiple infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Palau
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marcos Kulmann
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María José Ramírez-Lázaro
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Lario
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Elisa Quilez
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Campo
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Piqué
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Calvet
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Miñana-Galbis
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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36
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An DR, Im HN, Jang JY, Kim HS, Kim J, Yoon HJ, Hesek D, Lee M, Mobashery S, Kim SJ, Suh SW. Structural Basis of the Heterodimer Formation between Cell Shape-Determining Proteins Csd1 and Csd2 from Helicobacter pylori. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164243. [PMID: 27711177 PMCID: PMC5053510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the human gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori requires its high motility, which depends on the helical cell shape. In H. pylori, several genes (csd1, csd2, csd3/hdpA, ccmA, csd4, csd5, and csd6) play key roles in determining the cell shape by alteration of cross-linking or by trimming of peptidoglycan stem peptides. H. pylori Csd1, Csd2, and Csd3/HdpA are M23B metallopeptidase family members and may act as d,d-endopeptidases to cleave the d-Ala4-mDAP3 peptide bond of cross-linked dimer muropeptides. Csd3 functions also as the d,d-carboxypeptidase to cleave the d-Ala4-d-Ala5 bond of the muramyl pentapeptide. To provide a basis for understanding molecular functions of Csd1 and Csd2, we have carried out their structural characterizations. We have discovered that (i) Csd2 exists in monomer-dimer equilibrium and (ii) Csd1 and Csd2 form a heterodimer. We have determined crystal structures of the Csd2121-308 homodimer and the heterodimer between Csd1125-312 and Csd2121-308. Overall structures of Csd1125-312 and Csd2121-308 monomers are similar to each other, consisting of a helical domain and a LytM domain. The helical domains of both Csd1 and Csd2 play a key role in the formation of homodimers or heterodimers. The Csd1 LytM domain contains a catalytic site with a Zn2+ ion, which is coordinated by three conserved ligands and two water molecules, whereas the Csd2 LytM domain has incomplete metal ligands and no metal ion is bound. Structural knowledge of these proteins sheds light on the events that regulate the cell wall in H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Ri An
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Na Im
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Young Jang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoun Sook Kim
- Biomolecular Function Research Branch, Division of Precision Medicine and Cancer Informatics, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mijoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Soon-Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Chonnam, Korea
| | - Se Won Suh
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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37
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Chaput C, Ecobichon C, Pouradier N, Rousselle JC, Namane A, Boneca IG. Role of the N-Acetylmuramoyl-l-Alanyl Amidase, AmiA, of Helicobacter pylori in Peptidoglycan Metabolism, Daughter Cell Separation, and Virulence. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 22:477-86. [PMID: 27447281 PMCID: PMC5036311 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastric pathogen, Helicobacter pylori, is becoming increasingly resistant to most available antibiotics. Peptidoglycan (PG) metabolism is essential to eubacteria, hence, an excellent target for the development of new therapeutic strategies. However, our knowledge on PG metabolism in H. pylori remains poor. We have further characterized an isogenic mutant of the amiA gene encoding a N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanyl amidase. The amiA mutant displayed long chains of unseparated cells, an impaired motility despite the presence of intact flagella and a tolerance to amoxicillin. Interestingly, the amiA mutant was impaired in colonizing the mouse stomach suggesting that AmiA is a valid target in H. pylori for the development of new antibiotics. Using reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, we analyzed the PG muropeptide composition and glycan chain length distribution of strain 26695 and its amiA mutant. The analysis showed that H. pylori lacked muropeptides with a degree of cross-linking higher than dimeric muropeptides. The amiA mutant was also characterized by a decrease of muropeptides carrying 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid residues, which represent the ends of the glycan chains. This correlated with an increase of very long glycan strands in the amiA mutant. It is suggested that these longer glycan strands are trademarks of the division site. Taken together, we show that the low redundancy on genes involved in PG maturation supports H. pylori as an actractive alternative model to study PG metabolism and cell shape regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chaput
- 1 Institut Pasteur, Unite de Pathogénie Bactérienne des Muqueuses , Paris, France
| | - Chantal Ecobichon
- 1 Institut Pasteur, Unite de Pathogénie Bactérienne des Muqueuses , Paris, France .,2 Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne , Paris, France .,3 INSERM , Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Pouradier
- 1 Institut Pasteur, Unite de Pathogénie Bactérienne des Muqueuses , Paris, France
| | | | | | - Ivo G Boneca
- 1 Institut Pasteur, Unite de Pathogénie Bactérienne des Muqueuses , Paris, France .,2 Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne , Paris, France .,3 INSERM , Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
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38
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Espaillat A, Forsmo O, El Biari K, Björk R, Lemaitre B, Trygg J, Cañada FJ, de Pedro MA, Cava F. Chemometric Analysis of Bacterial Peptidoglycan Reveals Atypical Modifications That Empower the Cell Wall against Predatory Enzymes and Fly Innate Immunity. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9193-204. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Espaillat
- Laboratory
for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology,
Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Oskar Forsmo
- Laboratory
for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology,
Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Khouzaima El Biari
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Björk
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global
Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Station
19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Trygg
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Francisco Javier Cañada
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. de Pedro
- Centro
de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory
for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology,
Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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39
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Yahara K, Furuta Y, Morimoto S, Kikutake C, Komukai S, Matelska D, Dunin-Horkawicz S, Bujnicki JM, Uchiyama I, Kobayashi I. Genome-wide survey of codons under diversifying selection in a highly recombining bacterial species, Helicobacter pylori. DNA Res 2016; 23:135-43. [PMID: 26961370 PMCID: PMC4833421 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection has been a central issue in biology in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes. Inference of selection in recombining bacterial species, compared with clonal ones, has been a challenge. It is not known how codons under diversifying selection are distributed along the chromosome or among functional categories or how frequently such codons are subject to mutual homologous recombination. Here, we explored these questions by analysing genes present in >90% among 29 genomes of Helicobacter pylori, one of the bacterial species with the highest mutation and recombination rates. By a method for recombining sequences, we identified codons under diversifying selection (dN/dS> 1), which were widely distributed and accounted for ∼0.2% of all the codons of the genome. The codons were enriched in genes of host interaction/cell surface and genome maintenance (DNA replication,recombination, repair, and restriction modification system). The encoded amino acid residues were sometimes found adjacent to critical catalytic/binding residues in protein structures.Furthermore, by estimating the intensity of homologous recombination at a single nucleotide level, we found that these codons appear to be more frequently subject to recombination.We expect that the present study provides a new approach to population genomics of selection in recombining prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yahara
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furuta
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - Shinpei Morimoto
- Division of Biostatistics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Chie Kikutake
- Division of Biostatistics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Sho Komukai
- Division of Biostatistics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Dorota Matelska
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Trodena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Dunin-Horkawicz
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Trodena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz M. Bujnicki
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Trodena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ikuo Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Genome Informatics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ichizo Kobayashi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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40
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Staying in Shape: the Impact of Cell Shape on Bacterial Survival in Diverse Environments. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:187-203. [PMID: 26864431 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00031-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria display an abundance of cellular forms and can change shape during their life cycle. Many plausible models regarding the functional significance of cell morphology have emerged. A greater understanding of the genetic programs underpinning morphological variation in diverse bacterial groups, combined with assays of bacteria under conditions that mimic their varied natural environments, from flowing freshwater streams to diverse human body sites, provides new opportunities to probe the functional significance of cell shape. Here we explore shape diversity among bacteria, at the levels of cell geometry, size, and surface appendages (both placement and number), as it relates to survival in diverse environments. Cell shape in most bacteria is determined by the cell wall. A major challenge in this field has been deconvoluting the effects of differences in the chemical properties of the cell wall and the resulting cell shape perturbations on observed fitness changes. Still, such studies have begun to reveal the selective pressures that drive the diverse forms (or cell wall compositions) observed in mammalian pathogens and bacteria more generally, including efficient adherence to biotic and abiotic surfaces, survival under low-nutrient or stressful conditions, evasion of mammalian complement deposition, efficient dispersal through mucous barriers and tissues, and efficient nutrient acquisition.
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41
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Konorev MR, Andronova TM, Matveenko ME. [Use of probiotics and probiotic-based immunomodulators as adjuvant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016. [PMID: 28635890 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh20168812140-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
At present, Helicobacter pylori (Нр) infection is the most common chronic bacterial infection in humans, the pathogen of which colonizes approximately 50% of the world's population. Hp eradication is required to control complications of Hp-related diseases (gastric and duodenal ulcers). Nevertheless, a number of investigations have demonstrated widespread antibacterial therapy inefficiency due to Hp antibiotic resistance and patient non-compliance with treatment regimens. Due to the growing need to elaborate alternative eradication regimens, some researchers have drawn their attention to probiotics and immunomodulators derived from Lactobacillus in particular for eradication therapy in Нp-positive patients to enhance the effect of antibacterial drugs. The review analyzes the results of 10 meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials with a similar design, which were published in 2007 to 2015, and other clinical trials assessing the role of probiotics and probiotic-based immunomodulators as an adjuvant therapy for Hp eradication. The results of the analysis have established that Lactobacillus strain-containing probiotics, both monocomponent probiotics and those as part of multicomponent ones, when used as an adjunct to anti-Hp therapy, significantly increase the level of Нp eradication by 8.1-20.0% (p<0.05; Level of Evidence, 1A; Recommendation Grade A). The use of N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl dipeptide (Licopid, a Lactobacillus bulgaricus-based immunomodulator) 0.001 and 0.01 g/day as an adjuvant to first-line triple anti-Hp therapy was shown to increase the level of Hp eradication by 7.1-8.9%. The intake of licopid 0.001 and 0.01 g/day during 7-day triple anti-Hp therapy results in the absence of recurrent Hp infection, as compared with 7- and 14-day treatment protocols without licopid, and leads to a significantly low incidence of Hp reinfection within 2-5 years after successful bacterial eradication, as compared with the 7-day protocol without adjuvant therapy with glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide (p<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Konorev
- Vitebsk State Medical University, Vitebsk, Belarus
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42
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Koch M, Mollenkopf HJ, Meyer TF. Macrophages recognize the Helicobacter pylori type IV secretion system in the absence of toll-like receptor signalling. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:137-47. [PMID: 26243717 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori strains carrying the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) provoke an increased inflammatory response, conferring an increased risk of ulcer formation and carcinogenesis. How the immune system recognizes the presence of cagPAI positive strains is yet unclear. By comparing the transcriptional response of wild type and MyD88/Trif(-/-) bone marrow macrophages to infection with H. pylori, we found that the majority of regulated genes were dependent on toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling. To determine the role of TLR-independent responses, we analysed the transcriptome of MyD88/Trif(-/-) bone marrow macrophages at different time points after infection with cagPAI positive versus negative strains. We identified a group of genes that exhibited different kinetic behaviour depending on whether cagPAI was present. Analysis of their gene expression kinetics demonstrated that this responsiveness to cagPAI was observed only in MyD88/Trif(-/-) macrophages. This group of cagPAI-sensing genes was enriched for AU-rich element containing early response genes involved in immune regulation, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Recognition of cagPAI positive strains was found to be mediated by the type IV secretion system (cagT4SS), rather than its effector protein CagA. We hypothesize that anergic macrophages of the gastric mucosa initiate an innate immune response following detection of the T4SS of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Koch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Mollenkopf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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43
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Guimarães NM, Azevedo NF, Vieira MJ, Figueiredo C. Water-induced modulation of Helicobacter pylori virulence properties. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 109:414-9. [PMID: 25075780 PMCID: PMC4155841 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
While the influence of water in Helicobacter pylori culturability
and membrane integrity has been extensively studied, there are little data concerning
the effect of this environment on virulence properties. Therefore, we studied the
culturability of water-exposed H. pylori and determined whether
there was any relation with the bacterium’s ability to adhere, produce functional
components of pathogenicity and induce inflammation and alterations in apoptosis in
an experimental model of human gastric epithelial cells. H. pylori
partially retained the ability to adhere to epithelial cells even after
complete loss of culturability. However, the microorganism is no longer effective in
eliciting in vitro host cell inflammation and apoptosis, possibly due to the
non-functionality of the cag type IV secretion system. These H.
pylori-induced host cell responses, which are lost along with
culturability, are known to increase epithelial cell turnover and, consequently,
could have a deleterious effect on the initial H. pylori
colonisation process. The fact that adhesion is maintained by H.
pylori to the detriment of other factors involved in later infection
stages appears to point to a modulation of the physiology of the pathogen after water
exposure and might provide the microorganism with the necessary means to, at least
transiently, colonise the human stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M Guimarães
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno F Azevedo
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria J Vieira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ceu Figueiredo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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44
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Kim HS, Im HN, An DR, Yoon JY, Jang JY, Mobashery S, Hesek D, Lee M, Yoo J, Cui M, Choi S, Kim C, Lee NK, Kim SJ, Kim JY, Bang G, Han BW, Lee BI, Yoon HJ, Suh SW. The Cell Shape-determining Csd6 Protein from Helicobacter pylori Constitutes a New Family of L,D-Carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25103-17. [PMID: 26306031 PMCID: PMC4599014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.658781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes gastrointestinal diseases, including gastric cancer. Its high motility in the viscous gastric mucosa facilitates colonization of the human stomach and depends on the helical cell shape and the flagella. In H. pylori, Csd6 is one of the cell shape-determining proteins that play key roles in alteration of cross-linking or by trimming of peptidoglycan muropeptides. Csd6 is also involved in deglycosylation of the flagellar protein FlaA. To better understand its function, biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterizations were carried out. We show that Csd6 has a three-domain architecture and exists as a dimer in solution. The N-terminal domain plays a key role in dimerization. The middle catalytic domain resembles those of l,d-transpeptidases, but its pocket-shaped active site is uniquely defined by the four loops I to IV, among which loops I and III show the most distinct variations from the known l,d-transpeptidases. Mass analyses confirm that Csd6 functions only as an l,d-carboxypeptidase and not as an l,d-transpeptidase. The d-Ala-complexed structure suggests possible binding modes of both the substrate and product to the catalytic domain. The C-terminal nuclear transport factor 2-like domain possesses a deep pocket for possible binding of pseudaminic acid, and in silico docking supports its role in deglycosylation of flagellin. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that H. pylori Csd6 and its homologs constitute a new family of l,d-carboxypeptidase. This work provides insights into the function of Csd6 in regulating the helical cell shape and motility of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoun Sook Kim
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Na Im
- Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, and
| | - Doo Ri An
- Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, and
| | - Ji Young Yoon
- Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, and
| | | | - Shahriar Mobashery
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Dusan Hesek
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Mijoon Lee
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Jakyung Yoo
- the National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Minghua Cui
- the National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- the National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolhee Kim
- the Department of Physics, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Ki Lee
- the Department of Physics, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jong Kim
- the Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Chonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- the Division of Mass Spectrometry, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Geul Bang
- the Division of Mass Spectrometry, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Byung Woo Han
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Il Lee
- the Biomolecular Function Research Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Se Won Suh
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, and
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45
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Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture based proteomics reveals differences in protein abundances between spiral and coccoid forms of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. J Proteomics 2015; 126:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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46
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Evaluation of the Role of the opgGH Operon in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Its Deletion during the Emergence of Yersinia pestis. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3638-47. [PMID: 26150539 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00482-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The opgGH operon encodes glucosyltransferases that synthesize osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs) from UDP-glucose, using acyl carrier protein (ACP) as a cofactor. OPGs are required for motility, biofilm formation, and virulence in various bacteria. OpgH also sequesters FtsZ in order to regulate cell size according to nutrient availability. Yersinia pestis (the agent of flea-borne plague) lost the opgGH operon during its emergence from the enteropathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. When expressed in OPG-negative strains of Escherichia coli and Dickeya dadantii, opgGH from Y. pseudotuberculosis restored OPGs synthesis, motility, and virulence. However, Y. pseudotuberculosis did not produce OPGs (i) under various growth conditions or (ii) when overexpressing its opgGH operon, its galUF operon (governing UDP-glucose), or the opgGH operon or Acp from E. coli. A ΔopgGH Y. pseudotuberculosis strain showed normal motility, biofilm formation, resistance to polymyxin and macrophages, and virulence but was smaller. Consistently, Y. pestis was smaller than Y. pseudotuberculosis when cultured at ≥ 37°C, except when the plague bacillus expressed opgGH. Y. pestis expressing opgGH grew normally in serum and within macrophages and was fully virulent in mice, suggesting that small cell size was not advantageous in the mammalian host. Lastly, Y. pestis expressing opgGH was able to infect Xenopsylla cheopis fleas normally. Our results suggest an evolutionary scenario whereby an ancestral Yersinia strain lost a factor required for OPG biosynthesis but kept opgGH (to regulate cell size). The opgGH operon was presumably then lost because OpgH-dependent cell size control became unnecessary.
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Mazaheri Assadi M, Chamanrokh P, Whitehouse CA, Huq A. Methods for Detecting the Environmental Coccoid Form of Helicobacter pylori. Front Public Health 2015; 3:147. [PMID: 26075197 PMCID: PMC4446911 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is recognized as the most common pathogen to cause gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer. The organisms are found in two forms: (1) spiral-shaped bacillus and (2) coccoid. H. pylori coccoid form, generally found in the environment, is the transformed form of the normal spiral-shaped bacillus after exposed to water or adverse environmental conditions such as exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents. The putative infectious capability and the viability of H. pylori under environmental conditions are controversial. This disagreement is partially due to the fact of lack in detecting the coccoid form of H. pylori in the environment. Accurate and effective detection methods of H. pylori will lead to rapid treatment and disinfection, and less human health damages and reduction in health care costs. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to H. pylori environmental coccoid forms, their transmission, and detection methods. We further discuss the use of these detection methods including their accuracy and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Mazaheri Assadi
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Biotechnology Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology , Tehran , Iran
| | - Parastoo Chamanrokh
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
| | | | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
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Sellge G, Kufer TA. PRR-signaling pathways: Learning from microbial tactics. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:75-84. [PMID: 25911384 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of bacterial pathogens by the mammalian host relies on the induction of early innate immune responses initiated by the activation of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) upon sensing of their cognate microbe-associated-patterns (MAMPs). Successful pathogens have evolved to intercept PRR activation and signaling at multiple steps. The molecular dissection of the underlying mechanisms revealed many of the basic mechanisms used by the immune system. Here we provide an overview of the different strategies used by bacterial pathogens and commensals to subvert and reprogram PPR-mediated innate immune responses. A particular attention is given to recent discoveries highlighting novel molecular details of the host inflammatory response in mammalian cells and current advances in our understanding of the interaction of commensals with PRR-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Sellge
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Caruso R, Warner N, Inohara N, Núñez G. NOD1 and NOD2: signaling, host defense, and inflammatory disease. Immunity 2014; 41:898-908. [PMID: 25526305 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and NOD2, the founding members of the intracellular NOD-like receptor family, sense conserved motifs in bacterial peptidoglycan and induce proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses. Here, we discuss recent developments about the mechanisms by which NOD1 and NOD2 are activated by bacterial ligands, the regulation of their signaling pathways, and their role in host defense and inflammatory disease. Several routes for the entry of peptidoglycan ligands to the host cytosol to trigger activation of NOD1 and NOD2 have been elucidated. Furthermore, genetic screens and biochemical analyses have revealed mechanisms that regulate NOD1 and NOD2 signaling. Finally, recent studies have suggested several mechanisms to account for the link between NOD2 variants and susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Further understanding of NOD1 and NOD2 should provide new insight into the pathogenesis of disease and the development of new strategies to treat inflammatory and infectious disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Caruso
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Neil Warner
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Cell separation in Vibrio cholerae is mediated by a single amidase whose action is modulated by two nonredundant activators. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:3937-48. [PMID: 25182499 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02094-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis and hydrolysis of septal peptidoglycan (PG) are critical processes at the conclusion of cell division that enable separation of daughter cells. Cleavage of septal PG is mediated by PG amidases, hydrolytic enzymes that release peptide side chains from the glycan strand. Most gammaproteobacteria, including Escherichia coli, encode several functionally redundant periplasmic amidases. However, members of the Vibrio genus, including the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae, encode only a single PG amidase, AmiB. Here, we show that V. cholerae AmiB is crucial for cell division and growth. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicated that AmiB is regulated by two activators, EnvC and NlpD, at least one of which is required for AmiB's localization to the cell division site. Localization of the activators (and thus of AmiB) is dependent upon the cell division protein FtsN. These factors mediate septal PG cleavage in E. coli as well; however, their precise roles vary between the two organisms in a number of ways. Notably, even though V. cholerae EnvC and NlpD appear to be functionally redundant under most growth conditions tested, NlpD is specifically required for intestinal colonization in the infant mouse model of cholera and for V. cholerae resistance against bile salts, perhaps due to environmental regulation of AmiB or its activators. Collectively, our findings reveal that although the cellular components that enable cleavage of septal PG appear to be generally conserved between E. coli and V. cholerae, they can be combined into diverse functional regulatory networks.
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