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Li P, Faraone JN, Hsu CC, Chamblee M, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Bednash JS, Horowitz JC, Mallampalli RK, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Jones D, Li J, Gumina RJ, Xu K, Liu SL. Neutralization escape, infectivity, and membrane fusion of JN.1-derived SARS-CoV-2 SLip, FLiRT, and KP.2 variants. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114520. [PMID: 39024099 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate JN.1-derived subvariants SLip, FLiRT, and KP.2 for neutralization by antibodies in vaccinated individuals, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients, or class III monoclonal antibody S309. Compared to JN.1, SLip, KP.2, and especially FLiRT exhibit increased resistance to bivalent-vaccinated and BA.2.86/JN.1-wave convalescent human sera. XBB.1.5 monovalent-vaccinated hamster sera robustly neutralize FLiRT and KP.2 but have reduced efficiency for SLip. All subvariants are resistant to S309 and show decreased infectivity, cell-cell fusion, and spike processing relative to JN.1. Modeling reveals that L455S and F456L in SLip reduce spike binding for ACE2, while R346T in FLiRT and KP.2 strengthens it. These three mutations, alongside D339H, alter key epitopes in spike, likely explaining the reduced sensitivity of these subvariants to neutralization. Our findings highlight the increased neutralization resistance of JN.1 subvariants and suggest that future vaccine formulations should consider the JN.1 spike as an immunogen, although the current XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccine could still offer adequate protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julia N Faraone
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cheng Chih Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michelle Chamblee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph S Bednash
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Jones
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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2
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Nakamura-Hoshi M, Ishii H, Nomura T, Nishizawa M, Hau TTT, Kuse N, Okazaki M, Ainai A, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H, Yoshida T, Yonemitsu K, Suzaki Y, Ami Y, Yamamoto H, Matano T. Prophylactic vaccination inducing anti-Env antibodies can result in protection against HTLV-1 challenge in macaques. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2328-2339. [PMID: 38734900 PMCID: PMC11286815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia/T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection occurs by cell-to-cell transmission and can induce fatal adult T cell leukemia. Vaccine development is critical for the control of HTLV-1 transmission. However, determining whether vaccine-induced anti-Env antibodies can prevent cell-to-cell HTLV-1 transmission is challenging. Here, we examined the protective efficacy of a vaccine inducing anti-Env antibodies against HTLV-1 challenge in cynomolgus macaques. Eight of 10 vaccinated macaques produced anti-HTLV-1 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and were protected from an intravenous challenge with 108 HTLV-1-producing cells. In contrast, the 2 vaccinated macaques without NAb induction and 10 unvaccinated controls showed HTLV-1 infection with detectable proviral load after challenge. Five of the eight protected macaques were administered with an anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody, but proviruses remained undetectable and no increase in anti-HTLV-1 antibodies was observed even after CD8+ cell depletion in three of them. Analysis of Env-specific T cell responses did not suggest involvement of vaccine-induced Env-specific T cell responses in the protection. These results indicate that anti-Env antibody induction by vaccination can result in functionally sterile HTLV-1 protection, implying the rationale for strategies aimed at anti-Env antibody induction in prophylactic HTLV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Nakamura-Hoshi
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takushi Nomura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masako Nishizawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Trang Thi Thu Hau
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kuse
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Midori Okazaki
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yonemitsu
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuriko Suzaki
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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3
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Li P, Faraone JN, Hsu CC, Chamblee M, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Bednash JS, Horowitz JC, Mallampalli RK, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Jones D, Li J, Gumina RJ, Xu K, Liu SL. Characteristics of JN.1-derived SARS-CoV-2 subvariants SLip, FLiRT, and KP.2 in neutralization escape, infectivity and membrane fusion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.20.595020. [PMID: 38826376 PMCID: PMC11142104 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.595020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants derived from the immune evasive JN.1 are on the rise worldwide. Here, we investigated JN.1-derived subvariants SLip, FLiRT, and KP.2 for their ability to be neutralized by antibodies in bivalent-vaccinated human sera, XBB.1.5 monovalent-vaccinated hamster sera, sera from people infected during the BA.2.86/JN.1 wave, and class III monoclonal antibody (Mab) S309. We found that compared to parental JN.1, SLip and KP.2, and especially FLiRT, exhibit increased resistance to COVID-19 bivalent-vaccinated human sera and BA.2.86/JN.1-wave convalescent sera. Interestingly, antibodies in XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccinated hamster sera robustly neutralized FLiRT and KP.2 but had reduced efficiency for SLip. These JN.1 subvariants were resistant to neutralization by Mab S309. In addition, we investigated aspects of spike protein biology including infectivity, cell-cell fusion and processing, and found that these subvariants, especially SLip, had a decreased infectivity and membrane fusion relative to JN.1, correlating with decreased spike processing. Homology modeling revealed that L455S and F456L mutations in SLip reduced local hydrophobicity in the spike and hence its binding to ACE2. In contrast, the additional R346T mutation in FLiRT and KP.2 strengthened conformational support of the receptor-binding motif, thus counteracting the effects of L455S and F456L. These three mutations, alongside D339H, which is present in all JN.1 sublineages, alter the epitopes targeted by therapeutic Mabs, including class I and class III S309, explaining their reduced sensitivity to neutralization by sera and S309. Together, our findings provide insight into neutralization resistance of newly emerged JN.1 subvariants and suggest that future vaccine formulations should consider JN.1 spike as immunogen, although the current XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccine could still offer adequate protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julia N. Faraone
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cheng Chih Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michelle Chamblee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph S. Bednash
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Horowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M. Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center Arthur G James Cancer Hospital and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Jones
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J. Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Lead contact
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Haghtalab A, Hejazi M, Goharnia N, Yekanlou A, Hazhir K, Barghi A, Bazzaz Z, Allahverdizadeh I, GhalibafSabbaghi A. Investigating the correlation between prominent viruses and hematological malignancies: a literature review. Med Oncol 2024; 41:102. [PMID: 38546893 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted on the correlation between viral infections and hematological cancers ever since the identification of the Rous Sarcoma Virus as a cancer-causing agent. Numerous viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human T-lymphotropic virus 1, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2, have been identified as potential contributors to the development and progression of cancer by disrupting normal cellular processes. Different viruses are associated with distinct forms of blood cancers, each exhibiting unique infection mechanisms, pathogenesis, and clinical symptoms. Understanding these connections is crucial for the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. Healthcare professionals who possess a solid understanding of these associations can offer precise treatments and closely monitor potential complications in individuals with blood cancers and viral infections. By leveraging this information, healthcare providers can optimize patient care and improve outcomes for those affected by both viral infections and hematological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Haghtalab
- Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Milad Hejazi
- Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Naeem Goharnia
- Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Yekanlou
- Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Kousha Hazhir
- Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Asma Barghi
- Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Bazzaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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5
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Kikhai TF, Agapkina YY, Prikazchikova TA, Vdovina MV, Shekhtman SP, Fomicheva SV, Korolev SP, Gottikh MB. Role of I182, R187, and K188 Amino Acid Residues in the Catalytic Domain of HIV-1 Integrase in the Processes of Reverse Transcription and Integration. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:462-473. [PMID: 38648766 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Structural organization of HIV-1 integrase is based on a tetramer formed by two protein dimers. Within this tetramer, the catalytic domain of one subunit of the first dimer interacts with the N-terminal domain of the second dimer subunit. It is the tetrameric structure that allows both ends of the viral DNA to be correctly positioned relative to the cellular DNA and to realize catalytic functions of integrase, namely 3'-processing and strand transfer. However, during the HIV-1 replicative cycle, integrase is responsible not only for the integration stage, it is also involved in reverse transcription and is necessary at the stage of capsid formation of the newly formed virions. It has been suggested that HIV-1 integrase is a structurally dynamic protein and its biological functions depend on its structure. Accordingly, studying interactions between the domains of integrase that provide its tetrameric structure is important for understanding its multiple functions. In this work, we investigated the role of three amino acids of the catalytic domain, I182, R187, and K188, located in the contact region of two integrase dimers in the tetramer structure, in reverse transcription and integration. It has been shown that the R187 residue is extremely important for formation of the correct integrase structure, which is necessary at all stages of its functional activity. The I182 residue is necessary for successful integration and is not important for reverse transcription, while the K188 residue, on the contrary, is involved in formation of the integrase structure, which is important for the effective reverse transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana F Kikhai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Yulia Yu Agapkina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | | | - Maria V Vdovina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sofia P Shekhtman
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sofia V Fomicheva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey P Korolev
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Marina B Gottikh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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6
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Tu JJ, King E, Maksimova V, Smith S, Macias R, Cheng X, Vegesna T, Yu L, Ratner L, Green PL, Niewiesk S, Richner JM, Panfil AR. An HTLV-1 envelope mRNA vaccine is immunogenic and protective in New Zealand rabbits. J Virol 2024; 98:e0162323. [PMID: 38193692 PMCID: PMC10883802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01623-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus responsible for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, a severe and fatal CD4+ T-cell malignancy. Additionally, HTLV-1 can lead to a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Unfortunately, the prognosis for HTLV-1-related diseases is generally poor, and effective treatment options are limited. In this study, we designed and synthesized a codon optimized HTLV-1 envelope (Env) mRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) and evaluated its efficacy as a vaccine candidate in an established rabbit model of HTLV-1 infection and persistence. Immunization regimens included a prime/boost protocol using Env mRNA-LNP or control green fluorescent protein (GFP) mRNA-LNP. After immunization, rabbits were challenged by intravenous injection with irradiated HTLV-1 producing cells. Three rabbits were partially protected and three rabbits were completely protected against HTLV-1 challenge. These rabbits were then rechallenged 15 weeks later, and two rabbits maintained sterilizing immunity. In Env mRNA-LNP immunized rabbits, proviral load and viral gene expression were significantly lower. After viral challenge in the Env mRNA-LNP vaccinated rabbits, an increase in both CD4+/IFN-γ+ and CD8+/IFN-γ+ T-cells was detected when stimulating with overlapping Env peptides. Env mRNA-LNP elicited a detectable anti-Env antibody response after prime/boost vaccination in all animals and significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibody activity. Neutralizing antibody activity was correlated with a reduction in proviral load. These findings hold promise for the development of preventive strategies and therapeutic interventions against HTLV-1 infection and its associated diseases.IMPORTANCEmRNA vaccine technology has proven to be a viable approach for effectively triggering immune responses that protect against or limit viral infections and disease. In our study, we synthesized a codon optimized human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) envelope (Env) mRNA that can be delivered in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccine approach. The HTLV-1 Env mRNA-LNP produced protective immune responses against viral challenge in a preclinical rabbit model. HTLV-1 is primarily transmitted through direct cell-to-cell contact, and the protection offered by mRNA vaccines in our rabbit model could have significant implications for optimizing the development of other viral vaccine candidates. This is particularly important in addressing the challenge of enhancing protection against infections that rely on cell-to-cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Tu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily King
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Victoria Maksimova
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Susan Smith
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ramon Macias
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tanmayee Vegesna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Patrick L. Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Justin M. Richner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amanda R. Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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7
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Qu P, Xu K, Faraone JN, Goodarzi N, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Bednash JS, Horowitz JC, Mallampalli RK, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Jones D, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Immune evasion, infectivity, and fusogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 and FLip variants. Cell 2024; 187:585-595.e6. [PMID: 38194968 PMCID: PMC10872432 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 requires the reassessment of current vaccine measures. Here, we characterized BA.2.86 and XBB-derived variant FLip by investigating their neutralization alongside D614G, BA.1, BA.2, BA.4/5, XBB.1.5, and EG.5.1 by sera from 3-dose-vaccinated and bivalent-vaccinated healthcare workers, XBB.1.5-wave-infected first responders, and monoclonal antibody (mAb) S309. We assessed the biology of the variant spikes by measuring viral infectivity and membrane fusogenicity. BA.2.86 is less immune evasive compared to FLip and other XBB variants, consistent with antigenic distances. Importantly, distinct from XBB variants, mAb S309 was unable to neutralize BA.2.86, likely due to a D339H mutation based on modeling. BA.2.86 had relatively high fusogenicity and infectivity in CaLu-3 cells but low fusion and infectivity in 293T-ACE2 cells compared to some XBB variants, suggesting a potentially different conformational stability of BA.2.86 spike. Overall, our study underscores the importance of SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance and the need for updated COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panke Qu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julia N Faraone
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Negin Goodarzi
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph S Bednash
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Jones
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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8
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Mazurov D, Herschhorn A. Ultrasensitive quantification of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission in primary human CD4 + T cells measures viral sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies. mBio 2024; 15:e0242823. [PMID: 38063394 PMCID: PMC10790777 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02428-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE HIV-1 can efficiently transmit from one cell to another but accurate quantification of this mode of transmission is still challenging. Here, we developed an ultrasensitive assay to measure HIV-1 transmission between cells and to evaluate HIV-1 escape from broadly neutralizing antibodies in primary human T cells. This assay will contribute to understanding the fundamental mechanisms of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission, allow evaluation of pre-existing or acquired HIV-1 resistance in clinical trials, and can be adapted to study the biology of other retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Mazurov
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- The College of Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Anisenko A, Galkin S, Mikhaylov AA, Khrenova MG, Agapkina Y, Korolev S, Garkul L, Shirokova V, Ikonnikova VA, Korlyukov A, Dorovatovskii P, Baranov M, Gottikh M. KuINins as a New Class of HIV-1 Inhibitors That Block Post-Integration DNA Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17354. [PMID: 38139188 PMCID: PMC10744174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of HIV-1 genomic cDNA results in the formation of single-strand breaks in cellular DNA, which must be repaired for efficient viral replication. Post-integration DNA repair mainly depends on the formation of the HIV-1 integrase complex with the Ku70 protein, which promotes DNA-PK assembly at sites of integration and its activation. Here, we have developed a first-class inhibitor of the integrase-Ku70 complex formation that inhibits HIV-1 replication in cell culture by acting at the stage of post-integration DNA repair. This inhibitor, named s17, does not affect the main cellular function of Ku70, namely its participation in the repair of double-strand DNA breaks through the non-homologous end-joining pathway. Using a molecular dynamics approach, we have constructed a model for the interaction of s17 with Ku70. According to this model, the interaction of two phenyl radicals of s17 with the L76 residue of Ku70 is important for this interaction. The requirement of two phenyl radicals in the structure of s17 for its inhibitory properties was confirmed using a set of s17 derivatives. We propose to stimulate compounds that inhibit post-integration repair by disrupting the integrase binding to Ku70 KuINins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Anisenko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.K.); (Y.A.); (S.K.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.); (L.G.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Simon Galkin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Andrey A. Mikhaylov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia (V.S.); (V.A.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Maria G. Khrenova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.K.); (Y.A.); (S.K.)
- Federal Research Centre of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Agapkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.K.); (Y.A.); (S.K.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Korolev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.K.); (Y.A.); (S.K.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidia Garkul
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Vasilissa Shirokova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia (V.S.); (V.A.I.); (M.B.)
- Higher Chemical College, D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoria A. Ikonnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia (V.S.); (V.A.I.); (M.B.)
- Higher Chemical College, D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Korlyukov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Institute of Pharmacy and Medicinal Chemistry, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Mikhail Baranov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia (V.S.); (V.A.I.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Institute of Pharmacy and Medicinal Chemistry, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Gottikh
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.); (L.G.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Kruglova NA, Komkov DS, Mazurov DV, Shepelev MV. The RRE-Rev Module Has No Effect on the Packaging Efficiency of Cas9 and Gag Proteins into NanoMEDIC Virus-like Particles. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2023; 513:S45-S50. [PMID: 38472686 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496623700886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Delivery of ribonucleoprotein complexes of Cas9 nuclease and guide RNA into target cells with virus-like particles (VLP) is one of the novel methods of genome editing and is suitable for gene therapy of human diseases in the future. The efficiency of genome editing with VLPs depends on the Cas9 packaging into VLPs, the process mediated by the viral Gag protein. To improve the packaging of Cas9 into NanoMEDIC VLPs, plasmid constructs for Cas9 and Gag expression were modified by adding the HIV Rev response element (RRE), which was expected to increase the nuclear export of RRE-containing transcripts into the cytosol via the Rev accessory protein, as described for a Vpr-Cas9-based VLP system. The Cas9 and Gag protein levels in cell lysates were found to increase upon cotransfection with either the Rev-expressing plasmid or the empty control plasmid. The effect was independent of the presence of RRE in the transcript. Moreover, AP21967-induced dimerization of FRB and FKBP12, but not plasmid modification with RRE and/or cotransfection with the Rev-expressing plasmid, was shown to play the major role in Cas9 packaging into NanoMEDIC VLPs. The data indicated that it is impractical to use the RRE-Rev module to enhance the packaging of Cas9 nuclease into VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Kruglova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - D S Komkov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Current address: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'erSheva, Israel
| | - D V Mazurov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Current address: Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - M V Shepelev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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11
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Maeda Y, Monde K, Terasawa H, Tanaka Y, Sawa T. Interaction of TSG101 with the PTAP Motif in Distinct Locations of Gag Determines the Incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into the Retroviral Virion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16520. [PMID: 38003710 PMCID: PMC10671467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell tropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is known to be mainly transmitted by cell-to-cell contact due to the lower infectivity of the cell-free virion. However, the reasons why cell-free HTLV-1 infection is poor remain unknown. In this study, we found that the retrovirus pseudotyped with HTLV-1 viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) was infectious when human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was used to produce the virus. We found that the incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into virus-like particles (VLPs) was low when HTLV-1 Gag was used to produce VLPs, whereas VLPs produced using HIV-1 Gag efficiently incorporated HTLV-1 Env. The production of VLPs using Gag chimeras between HTLV-1 and HIV-1 Gag and deletion mutants of HIV-1 Gag showed that the p6 domain of HIV-1 Gag was responsible for the efficient incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into the VLPs. Further mutagenic analyses of the p6 domain of HIV-1 Gag revealed that the PTAP motif in the p6 domain of HIV-1 Gag facilitates the incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into VLPs. Since the PTAP motif is known to interact with tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) during the budding process, we evaluated the effect of TSG101 knockdown on the incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into VLPs. We found that TSG101 knockdown suppressed the incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into VLPs and decreased the infectivity of cell-free HIV-1 pseudotyped with HTLV-1 Env. Our results suggest that the interaction of TSG101 with the PTAP motif of the retroviral L domain is involved not only in the budding process but also in the efficient incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into the cell-free virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Maeda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (K.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Kazuaki Monde
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (K.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Hiromi Terasawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (K.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan;
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (K.M.); (T.S.)
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12
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Faraone JN, Qu P, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Jones D, Panchal AR, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Continued evasion of neutralizing antibody response by Omicron XBB.1.16. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113193. [PMID: 37777967 PMCID: PMC10872815 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to challenge the efficacy of vaccination efforts against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The Omicron XBB lineage of SARS-CoV-2 has presented dramatic evasion of neutralizing antibodies stimulated by mRNA vaccination and COVID-19 convalescence. XBB.1.16, characterized by two mutations relative to the dominating variant XBB.1.5, i.e., E180V and K478R, has been on the rise globally. In this study, we compare the immune escape of XBB.1.16 with XBB.1.5, alongside ancestral variants D614G, BA.2, and BA.4/5. We demonstrate that XBB.1.16 is strongly immune evasive, with extent comparable to XBB.1.5 in bivalent-vaccinated healthcare worker sera, 3-dose-vaccinated healthcare worker sera, and BA.4/5-wave convalescent sera. Interestingly, the XBB.1.16 spike is less fusogenic than that of XBB.1.5, and this phenotype requires both E180V and K478R mutations to manifest. Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of the continued surveillance of variants and the need for updated mRNA vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N Faraone
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Panke Qu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Jones
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashish R Panchal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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13
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Chowdhary S, Deka R, Panda K, Kumar R, Solomon AD, Das J, Kanoujiya S, Gupta AK, Sinha S, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK, Gupta PK. Recent Updates on Viral Oncogenesis: Available Preventive and Therapeutic Entities. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3698-3740. [PMID: 37486263 PMCID: PMC10410670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Human viral oncogenesis is a complex phenomenon and a major contributor to the global cancer burden. Several recent findings revealed cellular and molecular pathways that promote the development and initiation of malignancy when viruses cause an infection. Even, antiviral treatment has become an approach to eliminate the viral infections and prevent the activation of oncogenesis. Therefore, for a better understanding, the molecular pathogenesis of various oncogenic viruses like, hepatitis virus, human immunodeficiency viral (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), could be explored, especially, to expand many potent antivirals that may escalate the apoptosis of infected malignant cells while sparing normal and healthy ones. Moreover, contemporary therapies, such as engineered antibodies antiviral agents targeting signaling pathways and cell biomarkers, could inhibit viral oncogenesis. This review elaborates the recent advancements in both natural and synthetic antivirals to control viral oncogenesis. The study also highlights the challenges and future perspectives of using antivirals in viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Chowdhary
- Department
of Industrial Microbiology, Sam Higginbottom
University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Rahul Deka
- Department
of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla
Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kingshuk Panda
- Department
of Applied Microbiology, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department
of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishikt David Solomon
- Department
of Molecular & Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jimli Das
- Centre
for
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh
University, Assam 786004, India
| | - Supriya Kanoujiya
- School
of
Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Gupta
- Department
of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Somya Sinha
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to
Be University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Division
of Research and Development, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department
of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to
Be University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
- Faculty
of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International
University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
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14
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Maksimova V, Wilkie T, Smith S, Phelps C, Melvin C, Yu L, Niewiesk S, Green PL, Panfil AR. HTLV-1 Hbz protein, but not hbz mRNA secondary structure, is critical for viral persistence and disease development. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011459. [PMID: 37327244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic cause of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and encodes a viral oncoprotein (Hbz) that is consistently expressed in asymptomatic carriers and ATL patients, suggesting its importance in the development and maintenance of HTLV-1 leukemic cells. Our previous work found Hbz protein is dispensable for virus-mediated T-cell immortalization but enhances viral persistence. We and others have also shown that hbz mRNA promotes T-cell proliferation. In our current studies, we evaluated the role of hbz mRNA on HTLV-1-mediated immortalization in vitro as well as in vivo persistence and disease development. We generated mutant proviral clones to examine the individual contributions of hbz mRNA, hbz mRNA secondary structure (stem-loop), and Hbz protein. Wild-type (WT) and all mutant viruses produced virions and immortalized T-cells in vitro. Viral persistence and disease development were also evaluated in vivo by infection of a rabbit model and humanized immune system (HIS) mice, respectively. Proviral load and sense and antisense viral gene expression were significantly lower in rabbits infected with mutant viruses lacking Hbz protein compared to WT or virus with an altered hbz mRNA stem-loop (M3 mutant). HIS mice infected with Hbz protein-deficient viruses showed significantly increased survival times compared to animals infected with WT or M3 mutant virus. Altered hbz mRNA secondary structure, or loss of hbz mRNA or protein, has no significant effect on T-cell immortalization induced by HTLV-1 in vitro; however, the Hbz protein plays a critical role in establishing viral persistence and leukemogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Maksimova
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Tasha Wilkie
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Susan Smith
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Cameron Phelps
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Corrine Melvin
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Patrick L Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Amanda R Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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15
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Kendle W, Hoang K, Korleski E, Panfil AR, Polakowski N, Lemasson I. Upregulation of Neuropilin-1 Inhibits HTLV-1 Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:831. [PMID: 37375521 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can produce a spectrum of pathological effects ranging from inflammatory disorders to leukemia. In vivo, HTLV-1 predominantly infects CD4+ T-cells. Infectious spread within this population involves the transfer of HTLV-1 virus particles from infected cells to target cells only upon cell-to-cell contact. The viral protein, HBZ, was found to enhance HTLV-1 infection through transcriptional activation of ICAM1 and MYOF, two genes that facilitate viral infection. In this study, we found that HBZ upregulates the transcription of COL4A1, GEM, and NRP1. COL4A1 and GEM are genes involved in viral infection, while NRP1, which encodes neuropilin 1 (Nrp1), serves as an HTLV-1 receptor on target cells but has no reported function on HTLV-1-infected cells. With a focus on Nrp1, cumulative results from chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and analyses of HBZ mutants support a model in which HBZ upregulates NRP1 transcription by augmenting recruitment of Jun proteins to an enhancer downstream of the gene. Results from in vitro infection assays demonstrate that Nrp1 expressed on HTLV-1-infected cells inhibits viral infection. Nrp1 was found to be incorporated into HTLV-1 virions, and deletion of its ectodomain removed the inhibitory effect. These results suggest that inhibition of HTLV-1 infection by Nrp1 is caused by the ectodomain of Nrp1 extended from virus particles, which may inhibit the binding of virus particles to target cells. While HBZ has been found to enhance HTLV-1 infection using cell-based models, there may be certain circumstances in which activation of Nrp1 expression negatively impacts viral infection, which is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Kendle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Kimson Hoang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Erica Korleski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Amanda R Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nicholas Polakowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Isabelle Lemasson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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16
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Faraone JN, Qu P, Evans JP, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Anghelina M, Stevens P, Fernandez S, Jones D, Lozanski G, Panchal A, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Neutralization escape of Omicron XBB, BR.2, and BA.2.3.20 subvariants. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101049. [PMID: 37148877 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
New Omicron subvariants continue to emerge throughout the world. In particular, the XBB subvariant, which is a recombinant virus between BA.2.10.1.1 and BA.2.75.3.1.1.1, as well as the BA.2.3.20 and BR.2 subvariants that contain mutations distinct from BA.2 and BA.2.75, are currently increasing in proportion of variants sequenced. Here we show that antibodies induced by 3-dose mRNA booster vaccination as well as BA.1- and BA.4/5-wave infection effectively neutralize BA.2, BR.2, and BA.2.3.20 but have significantly reduced efficiency against XBB. In addition, the BA.2.3.20 subvariant exhibits enhanced infectivity in the lung-derived CaLu-3 cells and in 293T-ACE2 cells. Overall, our results demonstrate that the XBB subvariant is highly neutralization resistant, which highlights the need for continued monitoring of the immune escape and tissue tropism of emerging Omicron subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N Faraone
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Panke Qu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John P Evans
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mirela Anghelina
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Patrick Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Soledad Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Jones
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashish Panchal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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17
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Qu P, Faraone JN, Evans JP, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Anghelina M, Stevens P, Fernandez S, Jones D, Panchal AR, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Zhang B, Zhou T, Xu K, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Enhanced evasion of neutralizing antibody response by Omicron XBB.1.5, CH.1.1, and CA.3.1 variants. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112443. [PMID: 37104089 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Omicron subvariants continuingly challenge current vaccination strategies. Here, we demonstrate nearly complete escape of the XBB.1.5, CH.1.1, and CA.3.1 variants from neutralizing antibodies stimulated by three doses of mRNA vaccine or by BA.4/5 wave infection, but neutralization is rescued by a BA.5-containing bivalent booster. CH.1.1 and CA.3.1 show strong immune escape from monoclonal antibody S309. Additionally, XBB.1.5, CH.1.1, and CA.3.1 spike proteins exhibit increased fusogenicity and enhanced processing compared with BA.2. Homology modeling reveals the key roles of G252V and F486P in the neutralization resistance of XBB.1.5, with F486P also enhancing receptor binding. Further, K444T/M and L452R in CH.1.1 and CA.3.1 likely drive escape from class II neutralizing antibodies, whereas R346T and G339H mutations could confer the strong neutralization resistance of these two subvariants to S309-like antibodies. Overall, our results support the need for administration of the bivalent mRNA vaccine and continued surveillance of Omicron subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panke Qu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julia N Faraone
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John P Evans
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mirela Anghelina
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Patrick Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Soledad Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Jones
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashish R Panchal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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18
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Mazurov D, Ramadan L, Kruglova N. Packaging and Uncoating of CRISPR/Cas Ribonucleoproteins for Efficient Gene Editing with Viral and Non-Viral Extracellular Nanoparticles. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030690. [PMID: 36992399 PMCID: PMC10056905 DOI: 10.3390/v15030690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid progress in gene editing based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) has revolutionized functional genomic studies and genetic disease correction. While numerous gene editing applications have been easily adapted by experimental science, the clinical utility of CRISPR/Cas remains very limited due to difficulty in delivery to primary cells and possible off-target effects. The use of CRISPR in the form of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex substantially reduces the time of DNA exposure to the effector nuclease and minimizes its off-target activity. The traditional electroporation and lipofection methods lack the cell-type specificity of RNP delivery, can be toxic for cells, and are less efficient when compared to nanoparticle transporters. This review focuses on CRISPR/Cas RNP packaging and delivery using retro/lentiviral particles and exosomes. First, we briefly describe the natural stages of viral and exosomal particle formation, release and entry into the target cells. This helps us understand the mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas RNP packaging and uncoating utilized by the current delivery systems, which we discuss afterward. Much attention is given to the exosomes released during viral particle production that can be passively loaded with RNPs as well as the mechanisms necessary for particle fusion, RNP release, and transportation inside the target cells. Collectively, together with specific packaging mechanisms, all these factors can substantially influence the editing efficiency of the system. Finally, we discuss ways to improve CRISPR/Cas RNP delivery using extracellular nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Mazurov
- Cell and Gene Technology Group, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Lama Ramadan
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Kruglova
- Cell and Gene Technology Group, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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19
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Anisenko A, Nefedova A, Agapkina Y, Gottikh M. Both ATM and DNA-PK Are the Main Regulators of HIV-1 Post-Integrational DNA Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032797. [PMID: 36769109 PMCID: PMC9917498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of a DNA copy of an HIV-1 RNA genome into the host genome, carried out by the viral enzyme integrase, results in the formation of single-stranded gaps in cellular DNA that must be repaired. Here, we have analyzed the involvement of the PI3K kinases, ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs, which are important players in the DNA damage response (DDR) in HIV-1 post-integrational DNA repair (PIR). The participation of the DNA-PK complex in HIV-1 PIR has been previously shown, and the formation of a complex between the viral integrase and the DNA-PK subunit, Ku70, has been found to be crucial for efficient PIR. Now, we have shown that the inhibition of both DNA-PKcs and ATM, but not ATR, significantly reduces PIR efficiency. The activation of both kinases is a sequential process, where one kinase, being activated, activates the other, and it occurs simultaneously with the integration of viral DNA. This fact suggests that the activation of both kinases triggers PIR. Most interestingly, the activation of not only DNA-PKcs, but also ATM depends on the complex formation between integrase and Ku70. The elucidation of the interactions between viruses and DDR is important both for understanding the modulation of host cell functions by these pathogens and for developing new approaches to combat viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Anisenko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Nefedova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Agapkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Gottikh
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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20
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Qu P, Evans JP, Faraone JN, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Anghelina M, Stevens P, Fernandez S, Jones D, Lozanski G, Panchal A, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Xu K, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Enhanced neutralization resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BA.4.6, BF.7, and BA.2.75.2. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:9-17.e3. [PMID: 36476380 PMCID: PMC9678813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The continued evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the emergence of several new Omicron subvariants, including BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BA.4.6, BF.7, and BA.2.75.2. Here, we examine the neutralization resistance of these subvariants against sera from 3-dose vaccinated healthcare workers, hospitalized BA.1-wave patients, and BA.4/5-wave patients. We found enhanced neutralization resistance in all new subvariants, especially in the BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 subvariants driven by N460K and K444T mutations, as well as the BA.2.75.2 subvariant driven largely by its F486S mutation. All Omicron subvariants maintained their weakened infectivity in Calu-3 cells, with the F486S mutation driving further diminished titer for the BA.2.75.2 subvariant. Molecular modeling revealed the mechanisms of antibody-mediated immune evasion by R346T, K444T, F486S, and D1199N mutations. Altogether, these findings shed light on the evolution of newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panke Qu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John P. Evans
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julia N. Faraone
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mirela Anghelina
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Patrick Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Soledad Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Jones
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashish Panchal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA,Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M. Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J. Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Corresponding author
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21
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Zuo X, Zhou R, Yang S, Ma G. HTLV-1 persistent infection and ATLL oncogenesis. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28424. [PMID: 36546414 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus; whereas HTLV-1 mainly persists in the infected host cell as a provirus, it also causes a malignancy called adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in about 5% of infection. HTLV-1 replication is in most cases silent in vivo and viral de novo infection rarely occurs; HTLV-1 rather relies on clonal proliferation of infected T cells for viral propagation as it multiplies the number of the provirus copies. It is mechanistically elusive how leukemic clones emerge during the course of HTLV-1 infection in vivo and eventually cause the onset of ATLL. This review summarizes our current understanding of HTLV-1 persistence and oncogenesis, with the incorporation of recent cutting-edge discoveries obtained by high-throughput sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Zuo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoning Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sikai Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangyong Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Qu P, Evans JP, Faraone JN, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Anghelina M, Stevens P, Fernandez S, Jones D, Lozanski G, Panchal A, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Xu K, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Enhanced neutralization resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BA.4.6, BF.7, and BA.2.75.2. Cell Host Microbe 2022. [PMID: 36476380 DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.19.512891v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The continued evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the emergence of several new Omicron subvariants, including BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BA.4.6, BF.7, and BA.2.75.2. Here, we examine the neutralization resistance of these subvariants against sera from 3-dose vaccinated healthcare workers, hospitalized BA.1-wave patients, and BA.4/5-wave patients. We found enhanced neutralization resistance in all new subvariants, especially in the BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 subvariants driven by N460K and K444T mutations, as well as the BA.2.75.2 subvariant driven largely by its F486S mutation. All Omicron subvariants maintained their weakened infectivity in Calu-3 cells, with the F486S mutation driving further diminished titer for the BA.2.75.2 subvariant. Molecular modeling revealed the mechanisms of antibody-mediated immune evasion by R346T, K444T, F486S, and D1199N mutations. Altogether, these findings shed light on the evolution of newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panke Qu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John P Evans
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julia N Faraone
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mirela Anghelina
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Patrick Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Soledad Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Jones
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashish Panchal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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23
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Qu P, Evans JP, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Xu K, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Evasion of neutralizing antibody responses by the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.75 variant. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1518-1526.e4. [PMID: 36240764 PMCID: PMC9515334 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The newly emerged BA.2.75 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant contains 9 additional mutations in its spike (S) protein compared to the ancestral BA.2 variant. Here, we examine the neutralizing antibody escape of BA.2.75 in mRNA-vaccinated and BA.1-infected individuals, as well as the molecular basis underlying functional changes in S. Notably, BA.2.75 exhibits enhanced neutralization resistance over BA.2 but less than the BA.4/5 variant. The G446S and N460K mutations of BA.2.75 are primarily responsible for its enhanced resistance to neutralizing antibodies. The R493Q mutation, a reversion to the prototype sequence, reduces BA.2.75 neutralization resistance. The impact of these mutations is consistent with their locations in common neutralizing antibody epitopes. Further, BA.2.75 shows enhanced cell-cell fusion over BA.2, driven largely by the N460K mutation, which enhances S processing. Structural modeling reveals enhanced receptor contacts introduced by N460K, suggesting a mechanism of potentiated receptor utilization and syncytia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panke Qu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John P Evans
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Schnell AP, Kohrt S, Aristodemou A, Taylor GP, Bangham CRM, Thoma-Kress AK. HDAC inhibitors Panobinostat and Romidepsin enhance tax transcription in HTLV-1-infected cell lines and freshly isolated patients’ T-cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978800. [PMID: 36052071 PMCID: PMC9424546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral transactivator Tax plays a key role in HTLV-1 reactivation and de novo infection. Previous approaches focused on the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) Valproate as a latency-reversing agent to boost Tax expression and expose infected cells to the host’s immune response. However, following treatment with Valproate proviral load decreases in patients with HAM/TSP were only transient. Here, we hypothesize that other compounds, including more potent and selective HDACi, might prove superior to Valproate in manipulating Tax expression. Thus, a panel of HDACi (Vorinostat/SAHA/Zolinza, Panobinostat/LBH589/Farydak, Belinostat/PXD101/Beleodaq, Valproate, Entinostat/MS-275, Romidepsin/FK228/Istodax, and MC1568) was selected and tested for toxicity and potency in enhancing Tax expression. The impact of the compounds was evaluated in different model systems, including transiently transfected T-cells, chronically HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines, and freshly isolated PBMCs from HTLV-1 carriers ex vivo. We identified the pan-HDACi Panobinostat and class I HDACi Romidepsin as particularly potent agents at raising Tax expression. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that these inhibitors considerably boost tax and Tax-target gene transcription. However, despite this significant increase in tax transcription and histone acetylation, protein levels of Tax were only moderately enhanced. In conclusion, these data demonstrate the ability of Panobinostat and Romidepsin to manipulate Tax expression and provide a foundation for further research into eliminating latently infected cells. These findings also contribute to a better understanding of conditions limiting transcription and translation of viral gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika P. Schnell
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Kohrt
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aris Aristodemou
- Section of Immunology of Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. M. Bangham
- Section of Immunology of Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea K. Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andrea K. Thoma-Kress,
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25
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Evans JP, Zeng C, Qu P, Faraone J, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Bednash JS, Zhou T, Lozanski G, Mallampalli R, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Mohler PJ, Xu K, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-lineages BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1093-1102.e3. [PMID: 35526534 PMCID: PMC9035359 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant sub-lineages, BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2, have reignited concern over potential escape from vaccine- and infection-induced immunity. We examine the sensitivity of these sub-lineages and other major variants to neutralizing antibodies from mRNA-vaccinated and boosted individuals, as well as recovered COVID-19 patients, including those infected with Omicron. We find that all Omicron sub-lineages, especially BA.1 and BA.1.1, exhibit substantial immune escape that is largely overcome by mRNA vaccine booster doses. While Omicron BA.1.1 escapes almost completely from neutralization by early-pandemic COVID-19 patient sera and to a lesser extent from sera of Delta-infected patients, BA.1.1 is sensitive to Omicron-infected patient sera. Critically, all Omicron sub-lineages, including BA.2, are comparably neutralized by Omicron patient sera. These results highlight the importance of booster vaccine doses for protection against all Omicron variants and provide insight into the immunity from natural infection against Omicron sub-lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Evans
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cong Zeng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Panke Qu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julia Faraone
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph S Bednash
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rama Mallampalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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26
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Qu P, Faraone JN, Evans JP, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Lozanski G, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Durability of the Neutralizing Antibody Response to mRNA Booster Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 Variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.07.21.501010. [PMID: 35898337 PMCID: PMC9327628 DOI: 10.1101/2022.07.21.501010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.4/5 and BA.2.12.1 variants has led to rising COVID-19 case numbers and concerns over the continued efficacy of mRNA booster vaccination. Here we examine the durability of neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses against these SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants in a cohort of health care workers 1-40 weeks after mRNA booster dose administration. Neutralizing antibody titers fell by ~1.5-fold 4-6 months and by ~2.5-fold 7-9 months after booster dose, with average nAb titers falling by 11-15% every 30 days, far more stable than two dose induced immunity. Notably, nAb titers from booster recipients against SARS-CoV-2 BA.1, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/5 variants were ~4.7-, 7.6-, and 13.4-fold lower than against the ancestral D614G spike. However, the rate of waning of booster dose immunity was comparable across variants. Importantly, individuals reporting prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited significantly higher nAb titers compared to those without breakthrough infection. Collectively, these results highlight the broad and stable neutralizing antibody response induced by mRNA booster dose administration, implicating a significant role of virus evolution to evade nAb specificity, versus waning humoral immunity, in increasing rates of breakthrough infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panke Qu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julia N. Faraone
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John P. Evans
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M. Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J. Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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27
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Ssenyange G, Kerfoot M, Zhao M, Farhadian S, Chen S, Peng L, Ren P, Dela Cruz CS, Gupta S, Sutton RE. Development of an efficient reproducible cell-cell transmission assay for rapid quantification of SARS-CoV-2 spike interaction with hACE2. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100252. [PMID: 35757815 PMCID: PMC9213030 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient quantitative assays for measurement of viral replication and infectivity are indispensable for future endeavors to develop prophylactic or therapeutic antiviral drugs or vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. We developed a SARS-CoV-2 cell-cell transmission assay that provides a rapid and quantitative readout to assess SARS-CoV-2 spike hACE2 interaction in the absence of pseudotyped particles or live virus. We established two well-behaved stable cell lines, which demonstrated a remarkable correlation with standard cell-free viral pseudotyping for inhibition by convalescent sera, small-molecule drugs, and murine anti-spike monoclonal antibodies. The assay is rapid, reliable, and highly reproducible, without a requirement for any specialized research reagents or laboratory equipment and should be easy to adapt for use in most investigative and clinical settings. It can be effectively used or modified for high-throughput screening for compounds and biologics that interfere with virus-cell binding and entry to complement other neutralization assays currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Ssenyange
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Maya Kerfoot
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shelli Farhadian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Charles S. Dela Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shaili Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare Systems of Connecticut, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Richard E. Sutton
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare Systems of Connecticut, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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28
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Bernard NF, Alsulami K, Pavey E, Dupuy FP. NK Cells in Protection from HIV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061143. [PMID: 35746615 PMCID: PMC9231282 DOI: 10.3390/v14061143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Some people, known as HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals, remain uninfected despite high levels of exposure to HIV. Understanding the mechanisms underlying their apparent resistance to HIV infection may inform strategies designed to protect against HIV infection. Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells whose activation state depends on the integration of activating and inhibitory signals arising from cell surface receptors interacting with their ligands on neighboring cells. Inhibitory NK cell receptors use a subset of major histocompatibility (MHC) class I antigens as ligands. This interaction educates NK cells, priming them to respond to cells with reduced MHC class I antigen expression levels as occurs on HIV-infected cells. NK cells can interact with both autologous HIV-infected cells and allogeneic cells bearing MHC antigens seen as non self by educated NK cells. NK cells are rapidly activated upon interacting with HIV-infected or allogenic cells to elicit anti-viral activity that blocks HIV spread to new target cells, suppresses HIV replication, and kills HIV-infected cells before HIV reservoirs can be seeded and infection can be established. In this manuscript, we will review the epidemiological and functional evidence for a role for NK cells in protection from HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F. Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada; (K.A.); (E.P.); (F.P.D.)
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(514)-934-1934 (ext. 44584)
| | - Khlood Alsulami
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada; (K.A.); (E.P.); (F.P.D.)
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Erik Pavey
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada; (K.A.); (E.P.); (F.P.D.)
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Franck P. Dupuy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada; (K.A.); (E.P.); (F.P.D.)
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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29
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Tu JJ, Maksimova V, Ratner L, Panfil AR. The Past, Present, and Future of a Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Vaccine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:897346. [PMID: 35602078 PMCID: PMC9114509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.897346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic human retrovirus which causes a lifelong infection. An estimated 5-10 million persons are infected with HTLV-1 worldwide - a number which is likely higher due to lack of reliable epidemiological data. Most infected individuals remain asymptomatic; however, a portion of HTLV-1-positive individuals will develop an aggressive CD4+ T-cell malignancy called adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), or a progressive neurodegenerative disease known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Few treatment options exist for HAM/TSP outside of palliative care and ATL carries an especially poor prognosis given the heterogeneity of the disease and lack of effective long-term treatments. In addition, the risk of HTLV-1 disease development increases substantially if the virus is acquired early in life. Currently, there is no realistic cure for HTLV-1 infection nor any reliable measure to prevent HTLV-1-mediated disease development. The severity of HTLV-1-associated diseases (ATL, HAM/TSP) and limited treatment options highlights the need for development of a preventative vaccine or new therapeutic interventions. This review will highlight past HTLV-1 vaccine development efforts, the current molecular tools and animal models which might be useful in vaccine development, and the future possibilities of an effective HTLV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Tu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Victoria Maksimova
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Amanda R. Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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30
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Tossavainen H, Uğurlu H, Karjalainen M, Hellman M, Antenucci L, Fagerlund R, Saksela K, Permi P. Structure of SNX9 SH3 in complex with a viral ligand reveals the molecular basis of its unique specificity for alanine-containing class I SH3 motifs. Structure 2022; 30:828-839.e6. [PMID: 35390274 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Class I SH3 domain-binding motifs generally comply with the consensus sequence [R/K]xØPxxP, the hydrophobic residue Ø being proline or leucine. We have studied the unusual Ø = Ala-specificity of SNX9 SH3 by determining its complex structure with a peptide present in eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) nsP3. The structure revealed the length and composition of the n-Src loop as important factors determining specificity. We also compared the affinities of EEEV nsP3 peptide, its mutants, and cellular ligands to SNX9 SH3. These data suggest that nsP3 has evolved to minimize reduction of conformational entropy upon binding, hence acquiring stronger affinity, enabling takeover of SNX9. The RxAPxxP motif was also found in human T cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) Gag polyprotein. We found that this motif was required for efficient HTLV-1 infection, and that the specificity of SNX9 SH3 for the RxAPxxP core binding motif was importantly involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Tossavainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla FI-40014, Finland
| | - Hasan Uğurlu
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
| | - Mikael Karjalainen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla FI-40014, Finland
| | - Maarit Hellman
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla FI-40014, Finland
| | - Lina Antenucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla FI-40014, Finland; Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla FI-40014, Finland
| | - Riku Fagerlund
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
| | - Perttu Permi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla FI-40014, Finland; Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla FI-40014, Finland.
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31
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Evans JP, Zeng C, Carlin C, Lozanski G, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Neutralizing antibody responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination wane over time and are boosted by breakthrough infection. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn8057. [PMID: 35166573 PMCID: PMC8939766 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn8057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The waning efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, combined with the continued emergence of variants resistant to vaccine-induced immunity, has reignited debate over the need for booster vaccine doses. To address this, we examined the neutralizing antibody response against the spike protein of five major SARS-CoV-2 variants, D614G, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529), in health care workers (HCWs) vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. Serum samples were collected before vaccination, 3 weeks after first vaccination, 1 month after second vaccination, and 6 months after second vaccination. Minimal neutralizing antibody titers were detected against Omicron pseudovirus at all four time points, including for most patients who had SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections. Neutralizing antibody titers against all other variant spike protein-bearing pseudoviruses declined markedly from 1 to 6 months after the second mRNA vaccine dose, although SARS-CoV-2 infection boosted vaccine responses. In addition, mRNA-1273-vaccinated HCWs exhibited about twofold higher neutralizing antibody titers than BNT162b2-vaccinated HCWs. Together, these results demonstrate possible waning of antibody-mediated protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants that is dependent on prior infection status and the mRNA vaccine received. They also show that the Omicron variant spike protein can almost completely escape from neutralizing antibodies elicited in recipients of only two mRNA vaccine doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Evans
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cong Zeng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M. Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J. Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Engineering T-Cell Resistance to HIV-1 Infection via Knock-In of Peptides from the Heptad Repeat 2 Domain of gp41. mBio 2022; 13:e0358921. [PMID: 35073736 PMCID: PMC8787484 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03589-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that short peptides from the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) domain of gp41 expressed on the cell surface are more potent inhibitors of HIV-1 entry than soluble analogs. However, their therapeutic potential has only been examined using lentiviral vectors. Here, we aimed to develop CRISPR/Cas9-based fusion inhibitory peptide knock-in (KI) technology for the generation and selection of HIV-1-resistant T cells. First, we embedded a series of HIV-1 fusion inhibitory peptides in CD52, the shortest glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein, which efficiently delivers epitope tags to the cell surface and maintains a sufficient level of KI. Among the seven peptides tested, MT-C34, HP-23L, and 2P23 exhibited significant activity against both cell-free and cell-to-cell HIV-1 infection. The shed variant of MT-C34 provided insufficient protection against HIV-1 due to its low concentration in the culture medium. Using Cas9 plasmids or ribonucleoprotein electroporation and peptide-specific antibodies, we sorted CEM/R5 cells with biallelic KI of MT-C34 and 2P23 peptides at the CXCR4 locus. In combination, these peptides provided a higher level of protection than individual KI. By extending homology arms and cloning donor DNA into a plasmid containing signals for nuclear localization, we achieved KI of MT-C34 into the CXCR4 locus and HIV-1 proviral DNA at levels of up to 35% in the T-cell line and up to 4 to 5% in primary CD4 lymphocytes. Compared to lentiviral delivery, KI resulted in the higher MT-C34 surface expression and stronger protection of lymphocytes from HIV-1. Thus, we demonstrate that KI is a viable strategy for peptide-based therapy of HIV infection. IMPORTANCE HIV is a human lentivirus that infects CD4-positive immune cells and, when left untreated, manifests in the fatal disease known as AIDS. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) does not lead to viral clearance, and HIV persists in the organism as a latent provirus. One way to control infection is to increase the population of HIV-resistant CD4 lymphocytes via entry molecule knockout or expression of different antiviral genes. Peptides from the heptad repeat (HR) domain of gp41 are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 fusion, especially when designed to express on the cell surface. Individual gp41 peptides encoded by therapeutic lentiviral vectors have been evaluated and some have entered clinical trials. However, a CRISPR/Cas9-based gp41 peptide delivery platform that operates through concomitant target gene modification has not yet been developed due to low knock-in (KI) rates in primary cells. Here, we systematically evaluated the antiviral activity of different HR2 peptides cloned into the shortest carrier molecule, CD52. The resulting small-size transgene constructs encoding selected peptides, in combination with improvements to enhance donor vector nuclear import, helped to overcome precise editing restrictions in CD4 lymphocytes. Using KI into CXCR4, we demonstrated different options for target gene modification, effectively protecting edited cells against HIV-1.
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Zayas JP, Mamede JI. HIV Infection and Spread between Th17 Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020404. [PMID: 35215997 PMCID: PMC8874668 DOI: 10.3390/v14020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV mainly targets CD4+ T cells, from which Th17 cells represent a major cell type, permissive, and are capable of supporting intracellular replication at mucosal sites. Th17 cells possess well-described dual roles, while being central to maintaining gut integrity, these may induce inflammation and contribute to autoimmune disorders; however, Th17 cells’ antiviral function in HIV infection is not completely understood. Th17 cells are star players to HIV-1 pathogenesis and a potential target to prevent or decrease HIV transmission. HIV-1 can be spread among permissive cells via direct cell-to-cell and/or cell-free infection. The debate on which mode of transmission is more efficient is still ongoing without a concrete conclusion yet. Most assessments of virus transmission analyzing either cell-to-cell or cell-free modes use in vitro systems; however, the actual interactions and conditions in vivo are not fully understood. The fact that infected breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions contain a mix of both cell-free viral particles and infected cells presents an argument for the probability of HIV taking advantage of both modes of transmission to spread. Here, we review important insights and recent findings about the role of Th17 cells during HIV pathogenesis in mucosal surfaces, and the mechanisms of HIV-1 infection spread among T cells in tissues.
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HIV-1 and HTLV-1 Transmission Modes: Mechanisms and Importance for Virus Spread. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010152. [PMID: 35062355 PMCID: PMC8779814 DOI: 10.3390/v14010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, only two retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (type 1 and 2) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), have been recognized as pathogenic for humans. Both viruses mainly infect CD4+ T lymphocytes. HIV replication induces the apoptosis of CD4 lymphocytes, leading to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). After a long clinical latency period, HTLV-1 can transform lymphocytes, with subsequent uncontrolled proliferation and the manifestation of a disease called adult T-cell leukemia (ATLL). Certain infected patients develop neurological autoimmune disorder called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, also known as tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Both viruses are transmitted between individuals via blood transfusion, tissue/organ transplantation, breastfeeding, and sexual intercourse. Within the host, these viruses can spread utilizing either cell-free or cell-to-cell modes of transmission. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and importance of each mode of transmission for the biology of HIV-1 and HTLV-1.
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Maksimova V, Panfil AR. Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Envelope Protein: Post-Entry Roles in Viral Pathogenesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010138. [PMID: 35062342 PMCID: PMC8778545 DOI: 10.3390/v14010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus that is the causative infectious agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), an aggressive and fatal CD4+ T-cell malignancy, and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a chronic neurological disease. Disease progression in infected individuals is the result of HTLV-1-driven clonal expansion of CD4+ T-cells and is generally associated with the activities of the viral oncoproteins Tax and Hbz. A closely related virus, HTLV-2, exhibits similar genomic features and the capacity to transform T-cells, but is non-pathogenic. In vitro, HTLV-1 primarily immortalizes or transforms CD4+ T-cells, while HTLV-2 displays a transformation tropism for CD8+ T-cells. This distinct tropism is recapitulated in infected people. Through comparative studies, the genetic determinant for this divergent tropism of HTLV-1/2 has been mapped to the viral envelope (Env). In this review, we explore the emerging roles for Env beyond initial viral entry and examine current perspectives on its contributions to HTLV-1-mediated disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Maksimova
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Amanda R. Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
It is currently unknown if SARS-CoV-2 can spread through cell–cell contacts, and if so, the underlying mechanisms and implications. In this work, we show, by using lentiviral pseudotyped virus, that the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 mediates the viral cell-to-cell transmission, with an efficiency higher than that of SARS-CoV. We also find that cell–cell fusion contributes to cell-to-cell transmission, yet ACE2 is not absolutely required. While the authentic variants of concern (VOCs) B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.351 (beta) differ in cell-free infectivity from wild type and from each other, these VOCs have similar cell-to-cell transmission capability and exhibit differential sensitivity to neutralization by vaccinee sera. Results from our study will contribute to a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 spread and pathogenesis. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible coronavirus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell–cell contact in cultures, mediated by the spike glycoprotein. SARS-CoV-2 spike is more efficient in facilitating cell-to-cell transmission than is SARS-CoV spike, which reflects, in part, their differential cell–cell fusion activity. Interestingly, treatment of cocultured cells with endosomal entry inhibitors impairs cell-to-cell transmission, implicating endosomal membrane fusion as an underlying mechanism. Compared with cell-free infection, cell-to-cell transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is refractory to inhibition by neutralizing antibody or convalescent sera of COVID-19 patients. While angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 enhances cell-to-cell transmission, we find that it is not absolutely required. Notably, despite differences in cell-free infectivity, the authentic variants of concern (VOCs) B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.351 (beta) have similar cell-to-cell transmission capability. Moreover, B.1.351 is more resistant to neutralization by vaccinee sera in cell-free infection, whereas B.1.1.7 is more resistant to inhibition by vaccinee sera in cell-to-cell transmission. Overall, our study reveals critical features of SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated cell-to-cell transmission, with important implications for a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 spread and pathogenesis.
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Maksimova V, Smith S, Seth J, Phelps C, Niewiesk S, Satou Y, Green P, Panfil AR. HTLV-1 intragenic viral enhancer influences immortalization phenotype in vitro, but is dispensable for persistence and disease development in animal models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954077. [PMID: 35958554 PMCID: PMC9359075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative infectious agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and chronic neurological disease. The disparity between silenced sense transcription versus constitutively active antisense (Hbz) transcription from the integrated provirus is not fully understood. The presence of an internal viral enhancer has recently been discovered in the Tax gene near the 3' long terminal repeat (LTR) of HTLV-1. In vitro, this enhancer has been shown to bind SRF and ELK-1 host transcription factors, maintain chromatin openness and viral gene transcription, and induce aberrant host gene transcription near viral integration sites. However, the function of the viral enhancer in the context of early HTLV-1 infection events remains unknown. In this study, we generated a mutant Enhancer virus (mEnhancer) and evaluated its effects on HTLV-1-mediated in vitro immortalization, establishment of persistent infection with an in vivo rabbit model, and disease development in a humanized immune system (HIS) mouse model. The mEnhancer virus was able to establish persistent infection in rabbits, and there were no significant differences in proviral load or HTLV-1-specific antibody responses over a 25-week study. However, rabbits infected with the mEnhancer virus had significantly decreased sense and antisense viral gene expression at 12-weeks post-infection. HIS mice infected with wt or mEnhancer virus showed similar disease progression, proviral load, and viral gene expression. While mEnhancer virus was able to sufficiently immortalize primary T-lymphocytes in cell culture, the immortalized cells had an altered phenotype (CD8+ T-cells), decreased proviral load, decreased sense and anti-sense gene expression, and altered cell cycle progression compared to HTLV-1.wt immortalized cells (CD4+ T-cells). These results suggest that the HTLV-1 enhancer element alone does not determine persistence or disease development but plays a pivotal role in regulating viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Maksimova
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Susan Smith
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jaideep Seth
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Cameron Phelps
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Patrick L. Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amanda R. Panfil
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Amanda R. Panfil,
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Ip S, Ms S, Av K, Aa N, Ed B, Vi K, Li V, Vn T, Kv Y, Mm K, Ve B, I S, A M, DA K, O P, M R K. The mixture of siRNAs targeted to IL-4 and IL-13 genes effectively reduces the airway hyperreactivity and allergic inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 103:108432. [PMID: 34923422 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma (BA) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory disease of airways. There are huge experimental data indicating that Th2-cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 play a key role in BA pathogenesis. They are implicated in the IgE synthesis, eosinophil infiltration to the lungs and in the development of airway hyperreactivity (AHR), that makes these cytokines the promising targets. Neutralization of IL-4 and IL-13 or its common receptor chain (IL-4Rα) by monoclonal antibodies substantially reduce asthma symptoms. RNA interference provides a novel method for regulation of gene expression by siRNA molecules. In this study we evaluated whether the siRNA targeted to IL-4 and IL-13 reduce BA symptoms in mice model. Experimental BA was induced in BALB/c mice by sensitization to ovalbumin allergen followed by intranasal challenge. The intranasal delivery of siRNAs targeted to IL-4 and IL-13 inhibited the lung expression of these cytokines by more than 50% that led to the attenuation of AHR and pulmonary inflammation; the quantity of eosinophils in lungs which are one of the major inflammatory cells involved in allergic asthma pathogenesis decreased by more than 50% after siRNA treatment. These data support the possibility of a dual IL-4 and IL-13 inhibition by locally delivered siRNAs which in turn leads to the suppression of allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation and AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilovskiy Ip
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Sundukova Ms
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Korneev Av
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolskii Aa
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Barvinskaya Ed
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kovchina Vi
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vishniakova Li
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Turenko Vn
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yumashev Kv
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kaganova Mm
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Brylina Ve
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Moscow state Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - MVA by K.I. Skryabin» of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, 109472, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergeev I
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maerle A
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kudlay DA
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Petukhova O
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Khaitov M R
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency. 115478, 24, Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Evans JP, Zeng C, Carlin C, Lozanski G, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Loss of Neutralizing Antibody Response to mRNA Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Differing Kinetics and Strong Boosting by Breakthrough Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.06.471455. [PMID: 34909777 PMCID: PMC8669844 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.06.471455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The waning efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines combined with the continued emergence of variants resistant to vaccine-induced immunity has reignited debate over the need for booster vaccines. To address this, we examined the neutralizing antibody (nAb) response against four major SARS-CoV-2 variants-D614G, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2)-in health care workers (HCWs) at pre-vaccination, post-first and post-second mRNA vaccine dose, and six months post-second mRNA vaccine dose. Neutralizing antibody titers against all variants, especially the Delta variant, declined dramatically from four weeks to six months post-second mRNA vaccine dose. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 infection enhanced vaccine durability, and mRNA-1273 vaccinated HCWs also exhibited ~2-fold higher nAb titers than BNT162b2 vaccinated HCWs. Together these results demonstrate possible waning of protection from infection against SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant based on decreased nAb titers, dependent on COVID-19 status and the mRNA vaccine received.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Evans
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cong Zeng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M. Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J. Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Cano-Ortiz L, Gu Q, de Sousa-Pereira P, Zhang Z, Chiapella C, Penda Twizerimana A, Lin C, Cláudia Franco A, VandeWoude S, Luedde T, Baldauf HM, Münk C. Feline Leukemia Virus-B Envelope together with its GlycoGag and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Nef Mediate Resistance to Feline SERINC5. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zeng C, Evans JP, Reisinger S, Woyach J, Liscynesky C, Boghdadly ZE, Rubinstein MP, Chakravarthy K, Saif L, Oltz EM, Gumina RJ, Shields PG, Li Z, Liu SL. Impaired Neutralizing Antibody Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Cancer Patients. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 34704093 PMCID: PMC8547525 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.20.21265273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is currently a critical need to determine the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for immunocompromised patients. In this study, we determined the neutralizing antibody response in 160 cancer patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lung cancer, breast cancer, and various non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL), after they received two doses of mRNA vaccines. Serum from 46 mRNA vaccinated health care workers (HCWs) served as healthy controls. We discovered that (1) cancer patients exhibited reduced neutralizing antibody titer (NT
50
) compared to HCWs; (2) CLL and NHL patients exhibited the lowest NT
50
levels, with 50-60% of them below the detection limit; (3) mean NT
50
levels in patients with CLL and NHL was ∼2.6 fold lower than those with solid tumors; and (4) cancer patients who received anti-B cell therapy exhibited significantly reduced NT
50
levels. Our results demonstrate an urgent need for novel immunization strategies for cancer patients against SARS-CoV-2, particularly those with hematological cancers and those on anti-B cell therapies.
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Sobia P, Archary D. Preventive HIV Vaccines-Leveraging on Lessons from the Past to Pave the Way Forward. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091001. [PMID: 34579238 PMCID: PMC8472969 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost four decades on, since the 1980’s, with hundreds of HIV vaccine candidates tested in both non-human primates and humans, and several HIV vaccines trials later, an efficacious HIV vaccine continues to evade us. The enormous worldwide genetic diversity of HIV, combined with HIV’s inherent recombination and high mutation rates, has hampered the development of an effective vaccine. Despite the advent of antiretrovirals as pre-exposure prophylaxis and preventative treatment, which have shown to be effective, HIV infections continue to proliferate, highlighting the great need for a vaccine. Here, we provide a brief history for the HIV vaccine field, with the most recent disappointments and advancements. We also provide an update on current passive immunity trials, testing proof of the concept of the most clinically advanced broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for HIV prevention. Finally, we include mucosal immunity, the importance of vaccine-elicited immune responses and the challenges thereof in the most vulnerable environment–the female genital tract and the rectal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract for heterosexual and men who have sex with men transmissions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Sobia
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
| | - Derseree Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-(0)-31-655-0540
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Bystander CD4 T-cell death is inhibited by broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies only at levels blocking cell-to-cell viral transmission. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101098. [PMID: 34418431 PMCID: PMC8446805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of CD4+ T cells during HIV infection of lymphoid tissues involves both the apoptotic death of activated and productively infected CD4 T cells and the pyroptotic death of large numbers of resting and abortively infected bystander CD4 T cells. HIV spreads both through cellular release of virions and cell-to-cell transmission involving the formation of virological synapses. Cell-to-cell transmission results in high-level transfer of large quantities of virions to the target cell exceeding that achieved with cell-free virions. Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies (bNAbs) binding to HIV envelope protein capably block cell-free virus spread, and when added at higher concentrations can also interdict cell-to-cell transmission. Exploiting these distinct dose–response differences, we now show that four different bNAbs block the pyroptotic death of bystander cells, but only when added at concentrations sufficient to block cell-to-cell transmission. These findings further support the conclusion that HIV killing of abortively infected bystander CD4 T cells requires cell-to-cell transfer of virions. As bNAbs attract more interest as potential therapeutics, it will be important to consider the higher concentrations of these antibodies required to block the inflammatory death of bystander CD4 T cells.
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Kruglova N, Siniavin A, Gushchin V, Mazurov D. Different Neutralization Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Cell-to-Cell and Cell-Free Modes of Infection to Convalescent Sera. Viruses 2021; 13:1133. [PMID: 34204732 PMCID: PMC8231521 DOI: 10.3390/v13061133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has posed a global threat to human lives and economics. One of the best ways to determine protection against the infection is to quantify the neutralizing activity of serum antibodies. Multiple assays have been developed to validate SARS-CoV-2 neutralization; most of them utilized lentiviral or vesicular stomatitis virus-based particles pseudotyped with the spike (S) protein, making them safe and acceptable to work with in many labs. However, these systems are only capable of measuring infection with purified particles. This study has developed a pseudoviral assay with replication-dependent reporter vectors that can accurately quantify the level of infection directly from the virus producing cell to the permissive target cell. Comparative analysis of cell-free and cell-to-cell infection revealed that the neutralizing activity of convalescent sera was more than tenfold lower in cell cocultures than in the cell-free mode of infection. As the pseudoviral system could not properly model the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, similar experiments were performed with replication-competent coronavirus, which detected nearly complete SARS-CoV-2 cell-to-cell infection resistance to neutralization by convalescent sera. These findings suggest that the cell-to-cell mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, for which the mechanisms are largely unknown, could be of great importance for treatment and prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kruglova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrei Siniavin
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (V.G.)
- Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signalling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Gushchin
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (V.G.)
| | - Dmitriy Mazurov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
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Zhao M, Su PY, Castro DA, Tripler TN, Hu Y, Cook M, Ko AI, Farhadian SF, Israelow B, Dela Cruz CS, Xiong Y, Sutton RE. Rapid, reliable, and reproducible cell fusion assay to quantify SARS-Cov-2 spike interaction with hACE2. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009683. [PMID: 34166473 PMCID: PMC8263067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a global crisis of unimagined dimensions. Currently, Remedesivir is only fully licensed FDA therapeutic. A major target of the vaccine effort is the SARS-CoV-2 spike-hACE2 interaction, and assessment of efficacy relies on time consuming neutralization assay. Here, we developed a cell fusion assay based upon spike-hACE2 interaction. The system was tested by transient co-transfection of 293T cells, which demonstrated good correlation with standard spike pseudotyping for inhibition by sera and biologics. Then established stable cell lines were very well behaved and gave even better correlation with pseudotyping results, after a short, overnight co-incubation. Results with the stable cell fusion assay also correlated well with those of a live virus assay. In summary we have established a rapid, reliable, and reproducible cell fusion assay that will serve to complement the other neutralization assays currently in use, is easy to implement in most laboratories, and may serve as the basis for high throughput screens to identify inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 virus-cell binding and entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yi Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Danielle A. Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Therese N. Tripler
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yingxia Hu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Matthew Cook
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shelli F. Farhadian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Charles S. Dela Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Sutton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Zeng C, Evans JP, King T, Zheng YM, Oltz EM, Whelan SPJ, Saif L, Peeples ME, Liu SL. SARS-CoV-2 Spreads through Cell-to-Cell Transmission. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34100011 PMCID: PMC8183005 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.01.446579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible coronavirus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic. Herein we provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell-cell contact in cultures, mediated by the spike glycoprotein. SARS-CoV-2 spike is more efficient in facilitating cell-to-cell transmission than SARS-CoV spike, which reflects, in part, their differential cell-cell fusion activity. Interestingly, treatment of cocultured cells with endosomal entry inhibitors impairs cell-to-cell transmission, implicating endosomal membrane fusion as an underlying mechanism. Compared with cell-free infection, cell-to-cell transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is refractory to inhibition by neutralizing antibody or convalescent sera of COVID-19 patients. While ACE2 enhances cell-to-cell transmission, we find that it is not absolutely required. Notably, despite differences in cell-free infectivity, the variants of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 have similar cell-to-cell transmission capability. Moreover, B.1.351 is more resistant to neutralization by vaccinee sera in cell-free infection, whereas B.1.1.7 is more resistant to inhibition by vaccine sera in cell-to-cell transmission. Overall, our study reveals critical features of SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated cell-to-cell transmission, with important implications for a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 spread and pathogenesis.
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Sealy RE, Dayton B, Finkelstein D, Hurwitz JL. Harnessing Natural Mosaics: Antibody-Instructed, Multi-Envelope HIV-1 Vaccine Design. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050884. [PMID: 34064894 PMCID: PMC8151930 DOI: 10.3390/v13050884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The year 2021 marks the 40th anniversary since physicians recognized symptoms of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease that has since caused more than 30 million deaths worldwide. Despite the passing of four decades, there remains no licensed vaccine for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the etiologic agent of AIDS. Despite the development of outstanding anti-retroviral drugs, there are currently more than one-half million deaths each year due to AIDS. Here, we revisit a conventional vaccine strategy used for protection against variable pathogens like HIV-1, which combines an array of diverse surface antigens. The strategy uses antibody recognition patterns to categorize viruses and their surface antigens into groups. Then a leader is assigned for each group and group leaders are formulated into vaccine cocktails. The group leaders are ‘natural mosaics’, because they share one or more epitope(s) with each of the other group members. We encourage the application of this conventional approach to HIV-1 vaccine design. We suggest that the partnering of an antibody-instructed envelope cocktail with new vaccine vectors will yield a successful vaccine in the HIV-1 field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Barry Dayton
- Department of Mathematics, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. St Louis Ave, Chicago, IL 60625, USA;
| | - David Finkelstein
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-901-595-2464
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Guo T, Qiu Z, Shen M, Rong L. Dynamics of a new HIV model with the activation status of infected cells. J Math Biol 2021; 82:51. [PMID: 33860365 PMCID: PMC8049625 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-021-01604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The activation status can dictate the fate of an HIV-infected CD4+ T cell. Infected cells with a low level of activation remain latent and do not produce virus, while cells with a higher level of activation are more productive and thus likely to transfer more virions to uninfected cells during cell-to-cell transmission. How the activation status of infected cells affects HIV dynamics under antiretroviral therapy remains unclear. We develop a new mathematical model that structures the population of infected cells continuously according to their activation status. The effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs in blocking cell-to-cell viral transmission decreases as the level of activation of infected cells increases because the more virions are transferred from infected to uninfected cells during cell-to-cell transmission, the less effectively the treatment is able to inhibit the transmission. The basic reproduction number \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R_{0}$$\end{document}R0 of the model is shown to determine the existence and stability of the equilibria. Using the principal spectral theory and comparison principle, we show that the infection-free equilibrium is locally and globally asymptotically stable when \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R_{0}$$\end{document}R0 is less than one. By constructing Lyapunov functional, we prove that the infected equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R_{0}$$\end{document}R0 is greater than one. Numerical investigation shows that even when treatment can completely block cell-free virus infection, virus can still persist due to cell-to-cell transmission. The random switch between infected cells with different activation levels can also contribute to the replenishment of the latent reservoir, which is considered as a major barrier to viral eradication. This study provides a new modeling framework to study the observations, such as the low viral load persistence, extremely slow decay of latently infected cells and transient viral load measurements above the detection limit, in HIV-infected patients during suppressive antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.,Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Zhipeng Qiu
- Center for Basic Teaching and Experiment, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Jiangyin Campus, Jiangyin, 214443, China
| | - Mingwang Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was discovered in 1980 as the first, and to date, the only retrovirus that causes human cancer. While HTLV-1 infection is generally asymptomatic, 3-5% of infected individuals develop a T cell neoplasm known as adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) decades after infection. Since its discovery, HTLV-1 has served as a model for understanding retroviral oncogenesis, transcriptional regulation, cellular signal transduction, and cell-associated viral infection and spread. Much of the initial research was focused on the viral trans-activator/oncoprotein, Tax. Over the past decade, the study of HTLV-1 has entered the genomic era. With the development of new systems for studying HTLV-1 infection and pathogenesis, the completion of the whole genome, exome and transcriptome sequencing analyses of ATL, and the discovery of HBZ as another HTLV-1 oncogene, many established concepts about how HTLV-1 infects, persists and causes disease have undergone substantial revision. This chapter seeks to integrate our current understanding of the mechanisms of action of Tax and HBZ with the comprehensive genomic information of ATL to provide an overview of how HTLV-1 infects, replicates and causes leukemia.
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50
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Leroy H, Han M, Woottum M, Bracq L, Bouchet J, Xie M, Benichou S. Virus-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9644. [PMID: 33348900 PMCID: PMC7767094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion between eukaryotic cells is a general process involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, including infections by bacteria, parasites, and viruses. As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses use intracellular machineries and pathways for efficient replication in their host target cells. Interestingly, certain viruses, and, more especially, enveloped viruses belonging to different viral families and including human pathogens, can mediate cell-cell fusion between infected cells and neighboring non-infected cells. Depending of the cellular environment and tissue organization, this virus-mediated cell-cell fusion leads to the merge of membrane and cytoplasm contents and formation of multinucleated cells, also called syncytia, that can express high amount of viral antigens in tissues and organs of infected hosts. This ability of some viruses to trigger cell-cell fusion between infected cells as virus-donor cells and surrounding non-infected target cells is mainly related to virus-encoded fusion proteins, known as viral fusogens displaying high fusogenic properties, and expressed at the cell surface of the virus-donor cells. Virus-induced cell-cell fusion is then mediated by interactions of these viral fusion proteins with surface molecules or receptors involved in virus entry and expressed on neighboring non-infected cells. Thus, the goal of this review is to give an overview of the different animal virus families, with a more special focus on human pathogens, that can trigger cell-cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Leroy
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France; (H.L.); (M.H.); (M.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, University of Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Mingyu Han
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France; (H.L.); (M.H.); (M.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, University of Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France; (H.L.); (M.H.); (M.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, University of Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Bracq
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Jérôme Bouchet
- Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies UR2496, University of Paris, 92120 Montrouge, France;
| | - Maorong Xie
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France; (H.L.); (M.H.); (M.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, University of Paris, 75014 Paris, France
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