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Ling J, Hryckowian AJ. Re-framing the importance of Group B Streptococcus as a gut-resident pathobiont. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0047823. [PMID: 38436256 PMCID: PMC11392526 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00478-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a Gram-positive bacterial species that causes disease in humans across the lifespan. While antibiotics are used to mitigate GBS infections, it is evident that antibiotics disrupt human microbiomes (which can predispose people to other diseases later in life), and antibiotic resistance in GBS is on the rise. Taken together, these unintended negative impacts of antibiotics highlight the need for precision approaches for minimizing GBS disease. One possible approach involves selectively depleting GBS in its commensal niches before it can cause disease at other body sites or be transmitted to at-risk individuals. One understudied commensal niche of GBS is the adult gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which may predispose colonization at other body sites in individuals at risk for GBS disease. However, a better understanding of the host-, microbiome-, and GBS-determined variables that dictate GBS GI carriage is needed before precise GI decolonization approaches can be developed. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge of the diverse body sites occupied by GBS as a pathogen and as a commensal. We summarize key molecular factors GBS utilizes to colonize different host-associated niches to inform future efforts to study GBS in the GI tract. We also discuss other GI commensals that are pathogenic in other body sites to emphasize the broader utility of precise de-colonization approaches for mitigating infections by GBS and other bacterial pathogens. Finally, we highlight how GBS treatments could be improved with a more holistic understanding of GBS enabled by continued GI-focused study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joie Ling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Healthon, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew J Hryckowian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Healthon, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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2
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Bollinger KW, Müh U, Ocius KL, Apostolos AJ, Pires MM, Helm RF, Popham DL, Weiss DS, Ellermeier CD. Identification of a family of peptidoglycan transpeptidases reveals that Clostridioides difficile requires noncanonical cross-links for viability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2408540121. [PMID: 39150786 PMCID: PMC11348318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2408540121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Most bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall that contains peptidoglycan (PG), a large polymer composed of glycan strands held together by short peptide cross-links. There are two major types of cross-links, termed 4-3 and 3-3 based on the amino acids involved. 4-3 cross-links are created by penicillin-binding proteins, while 3-3 cross-links are created by L,D-transpeptidases (LDTs). In most bacteria, the predominant mode of cross-linking is 4-3, and these cross-links are essential for viability, while 3-3 cross-links comprise only a minor fraction and are not essential. However, in the opportunistic intestinal pathogen Clostridioides difficile, about 70% of the cross-links are 3-3. We show here that 3-3 cross-links and LDTs are essential for viability in C. difficile. We also show that C. difficile has five LDTs, three with a YkuD catalytic domain as in all previously known LDTs and two with a VanW catalytic domain, whose function was until now unknown. The five LDTs exhibit extensive functional redundancy. VanW domain proteins are found in many gram-positive bacteria but scarce in other lineages. We tested seven non-C. difficile VanW domain proteins and confirmed LDT activity in three cases. In summary, our findings uncover a previously unrecognized family of PG cross-linking enzymes, assign a catalytic function to VanW domains, and demonstrate that 3-3 cross-linking is essential for viability in C. difficile, the first time this has been shown in any bacterial species. The essentiality of LDTs in C. difficile makes them potential targets for antibiotics that kill C. difficile selectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Bollinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Ute Müh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Karl L. Ocius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | | | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Richard F. Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061
| | - David L. Popham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061
| | - David S. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
- Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Craig D. Ellermeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
- Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
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3
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Zaidi SMH, Haider R, Kazmi SAB, Husnain A, Khan S, Merchant S, Tayyab H, Wazeen FR, Chaudhary AJ. Beyond Antibiotics: Novel Approaches in the Treatment of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. ACG Case Rep J 2024; 11:e01333. [PMID: 39081300 PMCID: PMC11286250 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000001333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramsha Haider
- Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Ali Husnain
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saniah Khan
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Hamnah Tayyab
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fazl Rahim Wazeen
- Department of Medicine, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Towson, MD
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4
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Zhao M, Wen X, Liu R, Xu K. Microbial dysbiosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a scientometric study. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1319654. [PMID: 38863759 PMCID: PMC11166128 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1319654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease. Mounting evidence suggests microbiota dysbiosis augment autoimmune response. This study aims to provide a systematic overview of this research field in SLE through a bibliometric analysis. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search and retrieval of literature related to microbial researches in SLE from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database. The retrieved articles were subjected to bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and Bibliometricx to explore annual publication output, collaborative patterns, research hotspots, current research status, and emerging trends. Results In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 218 research articles and 118 review articles. The quantity of publications rises annually, notably surging in 2015 and 2018. The United States and China emerged as the leading contributors in microbial research of SLE. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences had the highest publication outputs among the institutions. Frontiers in Immunology published the most papers. Luo XM and Margolles A were the most prolific and highly cited contributors among individual authors. Microbial research in SLE primarily focused on changes in microbial composition, particularly gut microbiota, as well as the mechanisms and practical applications in SLE. Recent trends emphasize "metabolites," "metabolomics," "fatty acids," "T cells," "lactobacillus," and "dietary supplementation," indicating a growing emphasis on microbial metabolism and interventions in SLE. Conclusion This study provides a thorough analysis of the research landscape concerning microbiota in SLE. The microbial research in SLE mainly focused on three aspects: microbial dysbiosis, mechanism studies and translational studies (microbiota-based therapeutics). It identifies current research trends and focal points, offering valuable guidance for scholars in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhao
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoting Wen
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruiling Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Basic Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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5
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Chen H, Zhang Y, Pan Y, Wu L, Wang W, Zhang H, Lou H. Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion promotes intestinal colonization by Campylobacter jejuni in mice. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:156. [PMID: 38724913 PMCID: PMC11080253 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish a method to induce Campylobacter jejuni colonization in the intestines of C57BL/6 mice through antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion. RESULTS Fifty-four female C57BL/6 mice were divided into the normal, control, and experimental groups. The experimental group was administered intragastric cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium (50 mg/mL) for 2 days; then, the experimental and control mice were intragastrically administered 200 µL C. jejuni, which was repeated once more after 2 days. Animal feces were collected, and the HipO gene of C. jejuni was detected using TaqMan qPCR from day 1 to day 14 after modeling completion. Immunofluorescence was used to detect intestinal C. jejuni colonization on day 14, and pathological changes were observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Additionally, 16S rDNA analyses of the intestinal contents were conducted on day 14. In the experimental group, C. jejuni was detected in the feces from days 1 to 14 on TaqMan qPCR, and immunofluorescence-labeled C. jejuni were visibly discernable in the intestinal lumen. The intestinal mucosa was generally intact and showed no significant inflammatory-cell infiltration. Diversity analysis of the colonic microbiota showed significant inter-group differences. In the experimental group, the composition of the colonic microbiota differed from that in the other 2 groups at the phylum level, and was characterized by a higher proportion of Bacteroidetes and a lower proportion of Firmicutes. CONCLUSIONS Microbiome depletion induced by cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium could promote long-term colonization of C. jejuni in the intestines of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Chen
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, No. 1188 Wuzhou Street, Wucheng District, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, No. 1188 Wuzhou Street, Wucheng District, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yi Pan
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, No. 1188 Wuzhou Street, Wucheng District, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wu
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, No. 1188 Wuzhou Street, Wucheng District, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, No. 1188 Wuzhou Street, Wucheng District, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Animal Center, Jinhua Food and Drug Inspection and Testing Research Institute, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Hongqiang Lou
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, No. 1188 Wuzhou Street, Wucheng District, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
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6
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Belotserkovsky I, Stabryla LM, Hunter M, Allegretti J, Callahan BJ, Carlson PE, Daschner PJ, Goudarzi M, Guyard C, Jackson SA, Rao K, Servetas SL, Sokol H, Wargo JA, Novick S. Standards for fecal microbiota transplant: Tools and therapeutic advances. Biologicals 2024; 86:101758. [PMID: 38518435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been demonstrated to be efficacious in preventing recurrent Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infections, and is being investigated for treatment of several other diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, obesity, liver disease, and diabetes. To speed up the translation of FMT into clinical practice as a safe and standardized therapeutic intervention, additional evidence-based technical and regulatory guidance is needed. To this end in May of 2022, the International Alliance for Biological Standardization (IABS) and the BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute hosted a second webinar to discuss key issues still impeding the advancement and standardization of FMT. The goal of this two-day webinar was to provide a forum for scientific experts to share and discuss data and key challenges with one another. Discussion included a focus on the evaluation of safety, efficacy, clinical trial design, reproducibility and accuracy in obtained microbiome measurements and data reporting, and the potential for standardization across these areas. It also focused on increasing the application potential and visibility of FMT beyond treating C. difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa M Stabryla
- Complex Microbial Systems Group, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Monique Hunter
- Complex Microbial Systems Group, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Allegretti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Callahan
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606, USA; Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607, USA
| | - Paul E Carlson
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Phillip J Daschner
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Cyril Guyard
- BIOSTER Technological Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | - Scott A Jackson
- Complex Microbial Systems Group, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Krishna Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie L Servetas
- Complex Microbial Systems Group, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Harry Sokol
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Departments of Surgical Oncology and Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shawn Novick
- BioPhia Consulting, Inc., 7307 W. Green Lake Dr. N., Seattle, WA, 98103, USA.
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7
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Gonzalez X, Irazoqui JE. Distinct members of the Caenorhabditis elegans CeMbio reference microbiota exert cryptic virulence that is masked by host defense. Mol Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38623070 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Microbiotas are complex microbial communities that colonize specific niches in the host and provide essential organismal functions that are important in health and disease. Understanding the ability of each distinct community member to promote or impair host health, alone or in the context of the community, is imperative for understanding how differences in community structure affect host health and vice versa. Recently, a reference 12-member microbiota for the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, known as CeMbio, was defined. Here, we show the differential ability of each CeMbio bacterial species to activate innate immunity through the conserved PMK-1/p38 MAPK, ACh-WNT, and HLH-30/TFEB pathways. Although distinct CeMbio members differed in their ability to activate the PMK-1/p38 pathway, the ability to do so did not correlate with bacterial-induced lifespan reduction in wild-type or immunodeficient animals. In contrast, most species activated HLH-30/TFEB and showed virulence toward hlh-30-deficient animals. These results suggest that the microbiota of C. elegans is rife with bacteria that can shorten the host's lifespan if host defense is compromised and that HLH-30/TFEB is a fundamental and key host protective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Gonzalez
- Immunology and Microbiology Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Javier E Irazoqui
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Bollinger KW, Müh U, Ocius KL, Apostolos AJ, Pires MM, Helm RF, Popham DL, Weiss DS, Ellermeier CD. Identification of a new family of peptidoglycan transpeptidases reveals atypical crosslinking is essential for viability in Clostridioides difficile. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.14.584917. [PMID: 38559057 PMCID: PMC10980060 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.584917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile, the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, relies primarily on 3-3 crosslinks created by L,D-transpeptidases (LDTs) to fortify its peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall. This is unusual, as in most bacteria the vast majority of PG crosslinks are 4-3 crosslinks, which are created by penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Here we report the unprecedented observation that 3-3 crosslinking is essential for viability in C. difficile. We also report the discovery of a new family of LDTs that use a VanW domain to catalyze 3-3 crosslinking rather than a YkuD domain as in all previously known LDTs. Bioinformatic analyses indicate VanW domain LDTs are less common than YkuD domain LDTs and are largely restricted to Gram-positive bacteria. Our findings suggest that LDTs might be exploited as targets for antibiotics that kill C. difficile without disrupting the intestinal microbiota that is important for keeping C. difficile in check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Bollinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ute Müh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Karl L. Ocius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alexis J. Apostolos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Present address: Haleon, 1211 Sherwood Ave, Richmond, VA 23220
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Richard F. Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - David L. Popham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - David S. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Craig D. Ellermeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
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9
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Thomas JL, Rowland-Chandler J, Shou W. Artificial selection of microbial communities: what have we learnt and how can we improve? Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 77:102400. [PMID: 38091857 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Microbial communities are capable of performing diverse functions with important bioindustrial and medical applications. One approach to improving community function is to breed new communities by artificially selecting for those displaying high community function ('community selection'). Importantly, community selection can improve the function of interest without needing to understand how the function arises, just like in classical artificial selection of individuals. However, experimental studies of community selection have had varied and largely limited success. Here, we review a conceptual framework to help foster an understanding of community selection and its associated challenges, and provide broad insights for designing effective selection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Thomas
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamila Rowland-Chandler
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Wenying Shou
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, United Kingdom.
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10
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Fachi JL, Vinolo MAR, Colonna M. Reviewing the Clostridioides difficile Mouse Model: Insights into Infection Mechanisms. Microorganisms 2024; 12:273. [PMID: 38399676 PMCID: PMC10891951 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium associated with intestinal infection, manifesting a broad spectrum of gastrointestinal symptoms, ranging from mild diarrhea to severe colitis. A primary risk factor for the development of C. difficile infection (CDI) is antibiotic exposure. Elderly and immunocompromised individuals are particularly vulnerable to CDI. A pivotal aspect for comprehending the complexities of this infection relies on the utilization of experimental models that mimic human CDI transmission, pathogenesis, and progression. These models offer invaluable insights into host-pathogen interactions and disease dynamics, and serve as essential tools for testing potential therapeutic approaches. In this review, we examine the animal model for CDI and delineate the stages of infection, with a specific focus on mice. Our objective is to offer an updated description of experimental models employed in the study of CDI, emphasizing both their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Fachi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Marco A. R. Vinolo
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil;
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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11
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Zaib S, Hayat A, Khan I. Probiotics and their Beneficial Health Effects. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:110-125. [PMID: 37291788 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230608163823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are living microorganisms that are present in cultured milk and fermented food. Fermented foods are a rich source for the isolation of probiotics. They are known as good bacteria. They have various beneficial effects on human health including antihypertensive effects, antihypercholesterolemic effects, prevention of bowel disease, and improving the immune system. Microorganisms including bacteria, yeast, and mold are used as probiotics but the major microorganisms that are used as probiotics are bacteria from the genus Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium. Probiotics are beneficial in the prevention of harmful effects. Recently, the use of probiotics for the treatment of various oral and skin diseases has also gained significant attention. Clinical studies indicate that the usage of probiotics can alter gut microbiota composition and provoke immune modulation in a host. Due to their various health benefits, probiotics are attaining more interest as a substitute for antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs leading to the growth of the probiotic market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Hayat
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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12
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Serrano M, Martins D, Henriques AO. Clostridioides difficile Sporulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1435:273-314. [PMID: 38175480 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42108-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Some members of the Firmicutes phylum, including many members of the human gut microbiota, are able to differentiate a dormant and highly resistant cell type, the endospore (hereinafter spore for simplicity). Spore-formers can colonize virtually any habitat and, because of their resistance to a wide variety of physical and chemical insults, spores can remain viable in the environment for long periods of time. In the anaerobic enteric pathogen Clostridioides difficile the aetiologic agent is the oxygen-resistant spore, while the toxins produced by actively growing cells are the main cause of the disease symptoms. Here, we review the regulatory circuits that govern entry into sporulation. We also cover the role of spores in the infectious cycle of C. difficile in relation to spore structure and function and the main control points along spore morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Serrano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Diogo Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Adriano O Henriques
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
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13
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Oliva-Hemker M, Kahn SA, Steinbach WJ. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Information for the Pediatrician. Pediatrics 2023; 152:e2023062922. [PMID: 37981872 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-062922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) involves the delivery of an entire microbial community from a healthy donor to a recipient with the intention of ameliorating or curing a specific disease. Current evidence strongly supports a role for FMT in the treatment of Clostridiodes difficile infection, with cure rates of approximately 80% to 90%. This success has led to increasing attention for FMT as a potential therapeutic intervention for other conditions associated with disturbances of the intestinal microbiome, including inflammatory bowel diseases, autism spectrum disorder, and obesity. This clinical report endorses the joint society statement by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and is meant to provide the general pediatrician with a broad overview to enable appropriate guidance to families seeking FMT as treatment of a child's condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oliva-Hemker
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stacy A Kahn
- FMT and Microbial Therapeutics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - William J Steinbach
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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14
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Buddle JE, Fagan RP. Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridioides difficile. Virulence 2023; 14:2150452. [PMID: 36419222 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and is responsible for a spectrum of diseases characterized by high levels of recurrence, morbidity, and mortality. Treatment is complex, since antibiotics constitute both the main treatment and the major risk factor for infection. Worryingly, resistance to multiple antibiotics is becoming increasingly widespread, leading to the classification of this pathogen as an urgent threat to global health. As a consummate opportunist, C. difficile is well equipped for promoting disease, owing to its arsenal of virulence factors: transmission of this anaerobe is highly efficient due to the formation of robust endospores, and an array of adhesins promote gut colonization. C. difficile produces multiple toxins acting upon gut epithelia, resulting in manifestations typical of diarrheal disease, and severe inflammation in a subset of patients. This review focuses on such virulence factors, as well as the importance of antimicrobial resistance and genome plasticity in enabling pathogenesis and persistence of this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Buddle
- Molecular Microbiology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robert P Fagan
- Molecular Microbiology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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15
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Lässig M, Mustonen V, Nourmohammad A. Steering and controlling evolution - from bioengineering to fighting pathogens. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:851-867. [PMID: 37400577 PMCID: PMC11137064 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Control interventions steer the evolution of molecules, viruses, microorganisms or other cells towards a desired outcome. Applications range from engineering biomolecules and synthetic organisms to drug, therapy and vaccine design against pathogens and cancer. In all these instances, a control system alters the eco-evolutionary trajectory of a target system, inducing new functions or suppressing escape evolution. Here, we synthesize the objectives, mechanisms and dynamics of eco-evolutionary control in different biological systems. We discuss how the control system learns and processes information about the target system by sensing or measuring, through adaptive evolution or computational prediction of future trajectories. This information flow distinguishes pre-emptive control strategies by humans from feedback control in biotic systems. We establish a cost-benefit calculus to gauge and optimize control protocols, highlighting the fundamental link between predictability of evolution and efficacy of pre-emptive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lässig
- Institute for Biological Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ville Mustonen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Department of Computer Science, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Armita Nourmohammad
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Herbold Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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16
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Gonzalez X, Irazoqui JE. Distinct members of the C. elegans CeMbio reference microbiota exert cryptic virulence and infection protection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.02.565327. [PMID: 37961109 PMCID: PMC10635080 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbiotas are complex microbial communities that colonize specific niches in the host and provide essential organismal functions that are important in health and disease. A key aspect is the ability of each distinct community member to promote or impair host health, alone or in the context of the community, in hosts with varied levels of immune competence. Understanding such interactions is limited by the complexity and experimental accessibility of current systems and models. Recently, a reference twelve-member microbiota for the model organism C. elegans, known as CeMbio, was defined to aid the dissection of conserved host-microbiota interactions. Understanding the physiological impact of the CeMbio bacteria on C. elegans is in its infancy. Here, we show the differential ability of each CeMbio bacterial species to activate innate immunity through the conserved PMK-1/p38 MAPK, ACh/WNT, and HLH-30/TFEB pathways. Using immunodeficient animals, we uncovered several examples of bacterial 'cryptic' virulence, or virulence that was masked by the host defense response. The ability to activate the PMK-1/p38 pathway did not correlate with bacterial virulence in wild type or immunodeficient animals. In contrast, ten out of twelve species activated HLH-30/TFEB, and most showed virulence towards hlh-30-deficient animals. In addition, we identified Pseudomonas lurida as a pathogen in wild type animals, and Acinetobacter guillouiae as avirulent despite activating all three pathways. Moreover, short pre-exposure to A. guillouiae promoted host survival of infection with P. lurida, which was dependent on PMK-1/p38 MAPK and HLH-30/TFEB. These results suggest that the microbiota of C. elegans is rife with "opportunistic" pathogens, and that HLH-30/TFEB is a fundamental and key host protective factor. Furthermore, they support the idea that bacteria like A. guillouiae evolved the ability to induce host innate immunity to improve host fitness when confronted with pathogens, providing new insights into how colonization order impacts host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Gonzalez
- Immunology and Microbiology graduate program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
| | - Javier E. Irazoqui
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
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17
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Edison LK, Kudva IT, Kariyawasam S. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Bovine Rectoanal Junction Cells and Human Colonic Epithelial Cells during Initial Adherence. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2562. [PMID: 37894220 PMCID: PMC10609592 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are notorious foodborne pathogens, capable of causing severe diarrhea and life-threatening complications in humans. Cattle, acting as both primary reservoirs and asymptomatic carriers of STEC, predominantly harbor the pathogen in their rectoanal junction (RAJ), facilitating its transmission to humans through contaminated food sources. Despite the central role of cattle in STEC transmission, the molecular mechanisms governing STEC's adaptation in the RAJ of the asymptomatic reservoir host and its subsequent infection of human colonic epithelial cells, resulting in diarrhea, remain largely unexplored. This study aims to uncover these complicated dynamics by focusing on the STEC O157:H7 serotype within two distinct host environments, bovine RAJ cells and human colonic epithelial cells, during initial colonization. We employed comparative transcriptomics analysis to investigate differential gene expression profiles of STEC O157:H7 during interactions with these cell types. STEC O157:H7 was cultured either with bovine RAJ cells or the human colonic epithelial cell line CCD CoN 841 to simulate STEC-epithelial cell interactions within these two host species. High-throughput RNA sequencing revealed 829 and 1939 bacterial genes expressed in RAJ and CCD CoN 841, respectively. After gene filtering, 221 E. coli O157:H7 genes were upregulated during initial adherence to CCD CoN cells and 436 with RAJ cells. Furthermore, 22 genes were uniquely expressed with human cells and 155 genes with bovine cells. Our findings revealed distinct expression patterns of STEC O157:H7 genes involved in virulence, including adherence, metal iron homeostasis, and stress response during its initial adherence (i.e., six hours post-infection) to bovine RAJ cells, as opposed to human colonic epithelial cells. Additionally, the comparative analysis highlighted the potential role of some genes in host adaptation and tissue-specific pathogenicity. These findings shed new light on the potential mechanisms of STEC O157:H7 contributing to colonize the intestinal epithelium during the first six hours of infection, leading to survival and persistence in the bovine reservoir and causing disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi K. Edison
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Indira T. Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Subhashinie Kariyawasam
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
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18
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Moore JH, Salahi A, Honrado C, Warburton C, Tate S, Warren CA, Swami NS. Correlating Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis to Clostridioides difficile Spore Germination and Host Susceptibility to Infection Using an Ex Vivo Assay. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1878-1888. [PMID: 37756389 PMCID: PMC10581205 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-induced microbiota disruption and its persistence create conditions for dysbiosis and colonization by opportunistic pathogens, such as those causing Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI), which is the most severe hospital-acquired intestinal infection. Given the wide differences in microbiota across hosts and in their recovery after antibiotic treatments, there is a need for assays to assess the influence of dysbiosis and its recovery dynamics on the susceptibility of the host to CDI. Germination of C. difficile spores is a key virulence trait for the onset of CDI, which is influenced by the level of primary vs secondary bile acids in the intestinal milieu that is regulated by the microbiota composition. Herein, the germination of C. difficile spores in fecal supernatant from mice that are subject to varying degrees of antibiotic treatment is utilized as an ex vivo assay to predict intestinal dysbiosis in the host based on their susceptibility to CDI, as determined by in vivo CDI metrics in the same mouse model. Quantification of spore germination down to lower detection limits than the colony-forming assay is achieved by using impedance cytometry to count single vegetative bacteria that are identified based on their characteristic electrical physiology for distinction vs aggregated spores and cell debris in the media. As a result, germination can be quantified at earlier time points and with fewer spores for correlation to CDI outcomes. This sets the groundwork for a point-of-care tool to gauge the susceptibility of human microbiota to CDI after antibiotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Moore
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Armita Salahi
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Carlos Honrado
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Christopher Warburton
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Steven Tate
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Cirle A. Warren
- Infectious
Diseases, School of Medicine, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Nathan S. Swami
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Chemistry, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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19
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Faghihkhorasani A, Ahmed HH, Mashool NM, Alwan M, Assefi M, Adab AH, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O, Baghani M. The potential use of bacteria and bacterial derivatives as drug delivery systems for viral infection. Virol J 2023; 20:222. [PMID: 37789431 PMCID: PMC10548687 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections in humans are responsible for fatalities worldwide and contribute to the incidence of various human ailments. Controllable targeted medicine delivery against many illnesses, including viral infection, may be significantly aided by using bacteria and bacteria-derived products. They may accumulate in diseased tissues despite physical obstacles, where they can launch antiviral immunity. The ability to genetically and chemically modify them means that vaccinations against viral infections may be manufactured and delivered to affected tissues more safely and effectively. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the latest advancements in the field of utilizing bacteria and bacterial derivatives as carriers for administering medication to treat viral diseases such as SARS-CoV-2, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, influenza, and Ebola virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mariem Alwan
- Pharmacy College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Marjan Assefi
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, USA
| | - Aya Hussein Adab
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Gholizadeh
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Moein Baghani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Shao T, Hsu R, Hacein-Bey C, Zhang W, Gao L, Kurth MJ, Zhao H, Shuai Z, Leung PSC. The Evolving Landscape of Fecal Microbial Transplantation. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2023; 65:101-120. [PMID: 36757537 PMCID: PMC9909675 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-023-08958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract houses an enormous microbial ecosystem. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota plays significant physiological roles and maintains immune homeostasis in the human body. Dysbiosis, an imbalanced gut microbiome, can be associated with various disease states, as observed in infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Modulation of the gut microbiome has become a therapeutic target in treating these disorders. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from a healthy donor restores the normal gut microbiota homeostasis in the diseased host. Ample evidence has demonstrated the efficacy of FMT in recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI). The application of FMT in other human diseases is gaining attention. This review aims to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of FMT and its efficacies in human diseases. We discuss the application, route of administration, limitations, safety, efficacies, and suggested mechanisms of FMT in rCDI, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Finally, we address the future perspectives of FMT in human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihong Shao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ronald Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Camelia Hacein-Bey
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Weici Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zongwen Shuai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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21
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Zhai J, Wang C, Jin L, Liu F, Xiao Y, Gu H, Liu M, Chen Y. Gut Microbiota Metabolites Mediate Bax to Reduce Neuronal Apoptosis via cGAS/STING Axis in Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03545-y. [PMID: 37605097 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of gut flora on reducing nerve cell apoptosis and inflammation and improving epilepsy (EP) symptoms have been reported, but the specific mechanism of action is still unclear. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed the relationship between gut microbiota metabolites and the cGAS/STING axis and their role in EP. These results suggest that antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota exacerbated epileptic symptoms, probiotic supplements reduced epileptic symptoms in mice. Antibiotics and probiotics altered the diversity and composition of gut microbiota. The changes in gut bacteria composition, such as in the abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus, were associated with the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the gut. The concentrations of propionate, butyrate and isovalerate were changed after feeding antibiotics and probiotics, and the increase in butyrate levels reduced the expression of cGAS/STING in nerve cell further reduced Bax protein expression. The reduction of Bax protein attenuated the hippocampal neuron cell apoptosis in PTZ-induced EP and EP progression. Our findings provide new insights into the roles and mechanisms of action of the gut microbiota in attenuating EP symptoms and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Zhai
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Fangtao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yinzhu Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hongfeng Gu
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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22
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Horrocks V, King OG, Yip AYG, Marques IM, McDonald JAK. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrient competition and protection against intestinal pathogen colonization. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001377. [PMID: 37540126 PMCID: PMC10482380 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota can restrict the growth of pathogens to prevent them from colonizing the intestine ('colonization resistance'). However, antibiotic treatment can kill members of the gut microbiota ('gut commensals') and reduce competition for nutrients, making these nutrients available to support the growth of pathogens. This disturbance can lead to the growth and expansion of pathogens within the intestine (including antibiotic-resistant pathogens), where these pathogens can exploit the absence of competitors and the nutrient-enriched gut environment. In this review, we discuss nutrient competition between the gut microbiota and pathogens. We also provide an overview of how nutrient competition can be harnessed to support the design of next-generation microbiome therapeutics to restrict the growth of pathogens and prevent the development of invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Horrocks
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Olivia G. King
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexander Y. G. Yip
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Inês Melo Marques
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julie A. K. McDonald
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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23
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MacNair CR, Tsai CN, Rutherford ST, Tan MW. Returning to Nature for the Next Generation of Antimicrobial Therapeutics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1267. [PMID: 37627687 PMCID: PMC10451936 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics found in and inspired by nature are life-saving cures for bacterial infections and have enabled modern medicine. However, the rise in resistance necessitates the discovery and development of novel antibiotics and alternative treatment strategies to prevent the return to a pre-antibiotic era. Once again, nature can serve as a source for new therapies in the form of natural product antibiotics and microbiota-based therapies. Screening of soil bacteria, particularly actinomycetes, identified most of the antibiotics used in the clinic today, but the rediscovery of existing molecules prompted a shift away from natural product discovery. Next-generation sequencing technologies and bioinformatics advances have revealed the untapped metabolic potential harbored within the genomes of environmental microbes. In this review, we first highlight current strategies for mining this untapped chemical space, including approaches to activate silent biosynthetic gene clusters and in situ culturing methods. Next, we describe how using live microbes in microbiota-based therapies can simultaneously leverage many of the diverse antimicrobial mechanisms found in nature to treat disease and the impressive efficacy of fecal microbiome transplantation and bacterial consortia on infection. Nature-provided antibiotics are some of the most important drugs in human history, and new technologies and approaches show that nature will continue to offer valuable inspiration for the next generation of antibacterial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R. MacNair
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Caressa N. Tsai
- School of Law, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA;
| | - Steven T. Rutherford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
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24
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Werner M, Ishii PE, Pilla R, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Busch-Hahn K, Unterer S, Suchodolski JS. Prevalence of Clostridioides difficile in Canine Feces and Its Association with Intestinal Dysbiosis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2441. [PMID: 37570250 PMCID: PMC10417777 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Clostridioides (C.) difficile as an enteropathogen in dogs is controversial. In humans, intestinal bile acid-dysmetabolism is associated with C. difficile prevalence. The relationship between fecal qPCR-based dysbiosis index (DI) and especially the abundance of bile acid-converting Clostridium hiranonis with the presence of C. difficile in dogs was explored across the following 4 cohorts: 358 fecal samples submitted for routine diagnostic work-up, 33 dogs with chronic enteropathy, 14 dogs with acute diarrhea, and 116 healthy dogs. Dogs that tested positive for C. difficile had significantly higher DI (median, 4.4 (range from 0.4 to 8.6)) and lower C. hiranonis (median, 0.1 (range from 0.0 to 7.5) logDNA/g) than dogs that tested negative for C. difficile (median DI, -1 (range from -7.2 to 8.9); median C. hiranonis abundance, 6.2 (range from 0.1 to 7.5) logDNA/g; p < 0.0001, respectively). In 33 dogs with CE and 14 dogs with acute diarrhea, the treatment response did not differ between C. difficile-positive and -negative dogs. In the group of clinically healthy dogs, 9/116 tested positive for C. difficile, and 6/9 of these had also an abnormal DI. In conclusion, C. difficile is strongly linked to intestinal dysbiosis and lower C. hiranonis levels in dogs, but its presence does not necessitate targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Werner
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Eri Ishii
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 4474, USA
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 4474, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 4474, USA
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 4474, USA
| | - Kathrin Busch-Hahn
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 4474, USA
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25
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Qi X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Luo F, Song K, Wang G, Ling F. Vitamin B 12 produced by Cetobacterium somerae improves host resistance against pathogen infection through strengthening the interactions within gut microbiota. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:135. [PMID: 37322528 PMCID: PMC10268390 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogen infections seriously affect host health, and the use of antibiotics increases the risk of the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and also increases environmental and health safety risks. Probiotics have received much attention for their excellent ability to prevent pathogen infections. Particularly, explaining mechanism of action of probiotics against pathogen infections is important for more efficient and rational use of probiotics and the maintenance of host health. RESULTS Here, we describe the impacts of probiotic on host resistance to pathogen infections. Our findings revealed that (I) the protective effect of oral supplementation with B. velezensis against Aeromonas hydrophila infection was dependent on gut microbiota, specially the anaerobic indigenous gut microbe Cetobacterium; (II) Cetobacterium was a sensor of health, especially for fish infected with pathogenic bacteria; (III) the genome resolved the ability of Cetobacterium somerae CS2105-BJ to synthesize vitamin B12 de novo, while in vivo and in vitro metabolism assays also showed the ability of Cetobacterium somerae CS2105-BJ to produce vitamin B12; (IV) the addition of vitamin B12 significantly altered the gut redox status and the gut microbiome structure and function, and then improved the stability of the gut microbial ecological network, and enhanced the gut barrier tight junctions to prevent the pathogen infection. CONCLUSION Collectively, this study found that the effect of probiotics in enhancing host resistance to pathogen infections depended on function of B12 produced by an anaerobic indigenous gut microbe, Cetobacterium. Furthermore, as a gut microbial regulator, B12 exhibited the ability to strengthen the interactions within gut microbiota and gut barrier tight junctions, thereby improving host resistance against pathogen infection. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaige Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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26
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Yadegar A, Pakpoor S, Ibrahim FF, Nabavi-Rad A, Cook L, Walter J, Seekatz AM, Wong K, Monaghan TM, Kao D. Beneficial effects of fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:695-711. [PMID: 37167952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is highly effective in preventing recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI). However, the mechanisms underpinning its clinical efficacy are incompletely understood. Herein, we provide an overview of rCDI pathogenesis followed by a discussion of potential mechanisms of action focusing on the current understanding of trans-kingdom microbial, metabolic, immunological, and epigenetic mechanisms. We then outline the current research gaps and offer methodological recommendations for future studies to elevate the quality of research and advance knowledge translation. By combining interventional trials with multiomics technology and host and environmental factors, analyzing longitudinally collected biospecimens will generate results that can be validated with animal and other models. Collectively, this will confirm causality and improve translation, ultimately to develop targeted therapies to replace FMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Pakpoor
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Fathima F Ibrahim
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ali Nabavi-Rad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laura Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jens Walter
- School of Microbiology, Department of Medicine and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna M Seekatz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Karen Wong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tanya M Monaghan
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Dina Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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27
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Louail R, Florin F, Bernard S, Michaud JB, Breton J, Achamrah N, Tavolacci MP, Coëffier M, Ribet D. Invasion of intestinal cells by Staphylococcus warneri, a member of the human gut microbiota. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:4. [PMID: 36707889 PMCID: PMC9881306 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-022-00528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) are a heterogeneous group of bacteria that colonize different types of human epithelia. These bacteria have a highly variable pathogenic potential ranging from avirulent species to major nosocomial pathogens. Staphylococcus warneri is a CoNS species considered to be nonpathogenic. Here, we identify that S. warneri is a natural member of both human and mouse gut microbiota. In addition, we demonstrate that this bacterium is able to get internalized into human cells. We show that S. warneri efficiently invades several human cell types and, more specifically, intestinal epithelial cells, using actin-dependent mechanisms. In contrast to bona fide pathogens, S. warneri does not actively replicate within intestinal cells or resist killing by macrophages. Together, our results highlight that bacteria from the human gut microbiota that are not associated with a high pathogenic potential, can actively invade intestinal cells and may, in this way, impact intestinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Louail
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR1073, Nutrition, inflammation and microbiota-gut-brain axis, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Franklin Florin
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR1073, Nutrition, inflammation and microbiota-gut-brain axis, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Bernard
- grid.10400.350000 0001 2108 3034Univ Rouen Normandie, PRIMACEN, HeRacLeS INSERM US51 CNRS UAR2026, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michaud
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR1073, Nutrition, inflammation and microbiota-gut-brain axis, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan Breton
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR1073, Nutrition, inflammation and microbiota-gut-brain axis, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Najate Achamrah
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR1073, Nutrition, inflammation and microbiota-gut-brain axis, 76000 Rouen, France ,grid.41724.340000 0001 2296 5231CHU Rouen, Department of Nutrition, 76000 Rouen, France ,grid.41724.340000 0001 2296 5231CHU Rouen, CIC-CRB 1404, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Tavolacci
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR1073, Nutrition, inflammation and microbiota-gut-brain axis, 76000 Rouen, France ,grid.41724.340000 0001 2296 5231CHU Rouen, CIC-CRB 1404, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR1073, Nutrition, inflammation and microbiota-gut-brain axis, 76000 Rouen, France ,grid.41724.340000 0001 2296 5231CHU Rouen, Department of Nutrition, 76000 Rouen, France ,grid.41724.340000 0001 2296 5231CHU Rouen, CIC-CRB 1404, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - David Ribet
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR1073, Nutrition, inflammation and microbiota-gut-brain axis, 76000 Rouen, France ,grid.10400.350000 0001 2108 3034INSERM UMR1073 – Université de Rouen, UFR Santé, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
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Alam MZ, Maslanka JR, Abt MC. Immunological consequences of microbiome-based therapeutics. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1046472. [PMID: 36713364 PMCID: PMC9878555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1046472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex network of microscopic organisms living on and within humans, collectively referred to as the microbiome, produce wide array of biologically active molecules that shape our health. Disruption of the microbiome is associated with susceptibility to a range of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, allergy, obesity, and infection. A new series of next-generation microbiome-based therapies are being developed to treat these diseases by transplanting bacteria or bacterial-derived byproducts into a diseased individual to reset the recipient's microbiome and restore health. Microbiome transplantation therapy is still in its early stages of being a routine treatment option and, with a few notable exceptions, has had limited success in clinical trials. In this review, we highlight the successes and challenges of implementing these therapies to treat disease with a focus on interactions between the immune system and microbiome-based therapeutics. The immune activation status of the microbiome transplant recipient prior to transplantation has an important role in supporting bacterial engraftment. Following engraftment, microbiome transplant derived signals can modulate immune function to ameliorate disease. As novel microbiome-based therapeutics are developed, consideration of how the transplants will interact with the immune system will be a key factor in determining whether the microbiome-based transplant elicits its intended therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael C. Abt
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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29
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Herzog MKM, Cazzaniga M, Peters A, Shayya N, Beldi L, Hapfelmeier S, Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S, Frankel G, Gahan CG, Hardt WD. Mouse models for bacterial enteropathogen infections: insights into the role of colonization resistance. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2172667. [PMID: 36794831 PMCID: PMC9980611 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2172667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, enteropathogenic bacteria are a major cause of morbidity and mortality.1-3 Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and Listeria are among the top five most commonly reported zoonotic pathogens in the European Union.4 However, not all individuals naturally exposed to enteropathogens go on to develop disease. This protection is attributable to colonization resistance (CR) conferred by the gut microbiota, as well as an array of physical, chemical, and immunological barriers that limit infection. Despite their importance for human health, a detailed understanding of gastrointestinal barriers to infection is lacking, and further research is required to investigate the mechanisms that underpin inter-individual differences in resistance to gastrointestinal infection. Here, we discuss the current mouse models available to study infections by non-typhoidal Salmonella strains, Citrobacter rodentium (as a model for enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli), Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni. Clostridioides difficile is included as another important cause of enteric disease in which resistance is dependent upon CR. We outline which parameters of human infection are recapitulated in these mouse models, including the impact of CR, disease pathology, disease progression, and mucosal immune response. This will showcase common virulence strategies, highlight mechanistic differences, and help researchers from microbiology, infectiology, microbiome research, and mucosal immunology to select the optimal mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias K.-M. Herzog
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monica Cazzaniga
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Audrey Peters
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nizar Shayya
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Beldi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gad Frankel
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cormac G.M. Gahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Donkersley P, Rice A, Graham RI, Wilson K. Gut microbial community supplementation and reduction modulates African armyworm susceptibility to a baculovirus. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 99:6880154. [PMID: 36473704 PMCID: PMC9764207 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota stimulates the immune system and inhibits pathogens, and thus, it is critical for disease prevention. Probiotics represent an effective alternative to antibiotics used for the therapy and prevention of bacterial diseases. Probiotic bacteria are commonly used in vertebrates, although their use in invertebrates is still rare. We manipulated the gut microbiome of the African Armyworm (Spodoptera exempta Walker) using antibiotics and field-collected frass, in an attempt to understand the interactions of the gut microbiome with the nucleopolyhedrovirus, SpexNPV. We found that S. exempta individuals with supplemented gut microbiome were significantly more resistant to SpexNPV, relative to those with a typical laboratory gut microbiome. Illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed the bacterial phyla in the S. exempta gut belonged to 28 different classes. Individuals with an increased abundance of Lactobacillales had a higher probability of surviving viral infection. In contrast, there was an increased abundance of Enterobacteriales and Pseudomonadales in individuals dying from viral infection, corresponding with decreased abundance of these two Orders in surviving caterpillars, suggesting a potential role for them in modulating the interaction between the host and its pathogen. These results have important implications for laboratory studies testing biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Donkersley
- Corresponding author: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
| | - Annabel Rice
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert I Graham
- Department of Rural Land Use, SRUC, Craibstone Campus, Aberdeen AB21 9YA, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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31
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Willman J, Willman M, Reddy R, Fusco A, Sriram S, Mehkri Y, Charles J, Goeckeritz J, Lucke-Wold B. Gut microbiome and neurosurgery: Implications for treatment. CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL DISCOVERY 2022; 2:e139. [PMID: 36268259 PMCID: PMC9577538 DOI: 10.1002/ctd2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the gut-brain axis (GBA), its impact on neurosurgery, and its implications for future treatment. Background An abundance of research has established the existence of a collection of pathways between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system (CNS), commonly known as the GBA. Complicating this relationship, the gut microbiome bacterial diversity appears to change with age, antibiotic exposure and a number of external and internal factors. Methods In this paper, we present the current understanding of the key protective and deleterious roles the gut microbiome plays in the pathogenesis of several common neurosurgical concerns. Results Specifically, we examine how spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury and stroke may cause gut microbial dysbiosis. Furthermore, this link appears to be bidirectional as gut dysbiosis contributes to secondary CNS injury in each of these ailment settings. This toxic cycle may be broken, and the future secondary damage rescued by timely, therapeutic, gut microbiome modification. In addition, a robust gut microbiome appears to improve outcomes in brain tumour treatment. There are several primary routes by which microbiome dysbiosis may be ameliorated, including faecal microbiota transplant, oral probiotics, bacteriophages, genetic modification of gut microbiota and vagus nerve stimulation. Conclusion The GBA represents an important component of patient care in the field of neurosurgery. Future research may illuminate ideal methods of therapeutic microbiome modulation in distinct pathogenic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Willman
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew Willman
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ramya Reddy
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Anna Fusco
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sai Sriram
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yusuf Mehkri
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jude Charles
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joel Goeckeritz
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Johnson KVA, Watson KK, Dunbar RIM, Burnet PWJ. Sociability in a non-captive macaque population is associated with beneficial gut bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1032495. [PMID: 36439813 PMCID: PMC9691693 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1032495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between social behaviour and the microbiome is known to be reciprocal. Research in wild animal populations, particularly in primate social groups, has revealed the role that social interactions play in microbial transmission, whilst studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that the gut microbiome can affect multiple aspects of behaviour, including social behaviour. Here we explore behavioural variation in a non-captive animal population with respect to the abundance of specific bacterial genera. Social behaviour based on grooming interactions is assessed in a population of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and combined with gut microbiome data. We focus our analyses on microbiome genera previously linked to sociability and autistic behaviours in rodents and humans. We show in this macaque population that some of these genera are also related to an individual's propensity to engage in social interactions. Interestingly, we find that several of the genera positively related to sociability, such as Faecalibacterium, are well known for their beneficial effects on health and their anti-inflammatory properties. In contrast, the genus Streptococcus, which includes pathogenic species, is more abundant in less sociable macaques. Our results indicate that microorganisms whose abundance varies with individual social behaviour also have functional links to host immune status. Overall, these findings highlight the connections between social behaviour, microbiome composition, and health in an animal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina V.-A. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Katerina V.-A. Johnson,
| | - Karli K. Watson
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Robin I. M. Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Nigam M, Panwar AS, Singh RK. Orchestrating the fecal microbiota transplantation: Current technological advancements and potential biomedical application. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:961569. [PMID: 36212607 PMCID: PMC9535080 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.961569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been proved to be an effective treatment for gastrointestinal disorders caused due to microbial disbalance. Nowadays, this approach is being used to treat extragastrointestinal conditions like metabolic and neurological disorders, which are considered to have their provenance in microbial dysbiosis in the intestine. Even though case studies and clinical trials have demonstrated the potential of FMT in treating a variety of ailments, safety and ethical concerns must be answered before the technique is widely used to the community's overall benefit. From this perspective, it is not unexpected that techniques for altering gut microbiota may represent a form of medication whose potential has not yet been thoroughly addressed. This review intends to gather data on recent developments in FMT and its safety, constraints, and ethical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, India
- Correspondence: Manisha Nigam Rahul Kunwar Singh
| | - Abhaya Shikhar Panwar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, India
| | - Rahul Kunwar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, India
- Correspondence: Manisha Nigam Rahul Kunwar Singh
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Impacts of Gut Microbiota on the Immune System and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as a Re-Emerging Therapy for Autoimmune Diseases. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081093. [PMID: 36009962 PMCID: PMC9404867 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The enormous and diverse population of microorganisms residing in the digestive tracts of humans and animals influence the development, regulation, and function of the immune system. Recently, the understanding of the association between autoimmune diseases and gut microbiota has been improved due to the innovation of high-throughput sequencing technologies with high resolutions. Several studies have reported perturbation of gut microbiota as one of the factors playing a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, recurrent diarrhea due to Clostridioides difficile infections. Restoration of healthy gut microbiota by transferring fecal material from a healthy donor to a sick recipient, called fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), has resolved or improved symptoms of autoimmune diseases. This (re)emerging therapy was approved for the treatment of drug-resistant recurrent C. difficile infections in 2013 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Numerous human and animal studies have demonstrated FMT has the potential as the next generation therapy to control autoimmune and other health problems. Alas, this new therapeutic method has limitations, including the risk of transferring antibiotic-resistant pathogens or transmission of genes from donors to recipients and/or exacerbating the conditions in some patients. Therefore, continued research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and to improve the efficacy and optimize the preparation of FMT for different disease conditions, and to tailor FMT to meet the needs in both humans and animals. The prospect of FMT therapy includes shifting from the current practice of using the whole fecal materials to the more aesthetic transfer of selective microbial consortia assembled in vitro or using their metabolic products.
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Diluted Fecal Community Transplant Restores Clostridioides difficile Colonization Resistance to Antibiotic-Perturbed Murine Communities. mBio 2022; 13:e0136422. [PMID: 35913161 PMCID: PMC9426422 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01364-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal communities transplanted into individuals can eliminate recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) with high efficacy. However, this treatment is only used once CDI becomes resistant to antibiotics or has recurred multiple times. We sought to investigate whether a fecal community transplant (FCT) pretreatment could be used to prevent CDI altogether. We treated male C57BL/6 mice with either clindamycin, cefoperazone, or streptomycin and then inoculated them with the microbial community from untreated mice before challenge with C. difficile. We measured colonization and sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to understand the dynamics of the murine fecal community in response to the FCT and C. difficile challenge. Clindamycin-treated mice became colonized with C. difficile but cleared it naturally and did not benefit from the FCT. Cefoperazone-treated mice became colonized by C. difficile, but the FCT enabled clearance of C. difficile. In streptomycin-treated mice, the FCT was able to prevent C. difficile from colonizing. We then diluted the FCT and repeated the experiments. Cefoperazone-treated mice no longer cleared C. difficile. However, streptomycin-treated mice colonized with 1:102 dilutions resisted C. difficile colonization. Streptomycin-treated mice that received an FCT diluted 1:103 became colonized with C. difficile but later cleared the infection. In streptomycin-treated mice, inhibition of C. difficile was associated with increased relative abundance of a group of bacteria related to Porphyromonadaceae and Lachnospiraceae. These data demonstrate that C. difficile colonization resistance can be restored to a susceptible community with an FCT as long as it complements the missing populations.
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Jung JH, Kim SE, Suk KT, Kim DJ. Gut microbiota-modulating agents in alcoholic liver disease: Links between host metabolism and gut microbiota. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:913842. [PMID: 35935787 PMCID: PMC9354621 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.913842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) involves a wide spectrum of diseases, including asymptomatic hepatic steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which leads to morbidity and mortality and is responsible for 0.9% of global deaths. Alcohol consumption induces bacterial translocation and alteration of the gut microbiota composition. These changes in gut microbiota aggravate hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Alteration of the gut microbiota leads to a weakened gut barrier and changes host immunity and metabolic function, especially related to bile acid metabolism. Modulation and treatment for the gut microbiota in ALD has been studied using probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation with meaningful results. In this review, we focused on the interaction between alcohol and gut dysbiosis in ALD. Additionally, treatment approaches for gut dysbiosis, such as abstinence, diet, pro-, pre-, and synbiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation, are covered here under ALD. However, further research through human clinical trials is warranted to evaluate the appropriate gut microbiota-modulating agents for each condition related to ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Han Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Dong Joon Kim,
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Abstract
The severity of Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) has increased over the last few decades. Patient age, white blood cell count, and creatinine levels as well as C. difficile ribotype and toxin genes have been associated with disease severity. However, it is unclear whether specific members of the gut microbiota are associated with variations in disease severity. The gut microbiota is known to interact with C. difficile during infection. Perturbations to the gut microbiota are necessary for C. difficile to colonize the gut. The gut microbiota can inhibit C. difficile colonization through bile acid metabolism, nutrient consumption, and bacteriocin production. Here, we sought to demonstrate that members of the gut bacterial communities can also contribute to disease severity. We derived diverse gut communities by colonizing germfree mice with different human fecal communities. The mice were then infected with a single C. difficile ribotype 027 clinical isolate, which resulted in moribundity and histopathologic differences. The variation in severity was associated with the human fecal community that the mice received. Generally, bacterial populations with pathogenic potential, such as Enterococcus, Helicobacter, and Klebsiella, were associated with more-severe outcomes. Bacterial groups associated with fiber degradation and bile acid metabolism, such as Anaerotignum, Blautia, Lactonifactor, and Monoglobus, were associated with less-severe outcomes. These data indicate that, in addition to the host and C. difficile subtype, populations of gut bacteria can influence CDI disease severity.
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38
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Gulliver EL, Young RB, Chonwerawong M, D'Adamo GL, Thomason T, Widdop JT, Rutten EL, Rossetto Marcelino V, Bryant RV, Costello SP, O'Brien CL, Hold GL, Giles EM, Forster SC. Review article: the future of microbiome-based therapeutics. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 56:192-208. [PMID: 35611465 PMCID: PMC9322325 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From consumption of fermented foods and probiotics to emerging applications of faecal microbiota transplantation, the health benefit of manipulating the human microbiota has been exploited for millennia. Despite this history, recent technological advances are unlocking the capacity for targeted microbial manipulation as a novel therapeutic. AIM This review summarises the current developments in microbiome-based medicines and provides insight into the next steps required for therapeutic development. METHODS Here we review current and emerging approaches and assess the capabilities and weaknesses of these technologies to provide safe and effective clinical interventions. Key literature was identified through Pubmed searches with the following key words, 'microbiome', 'microbiome biomarkers', 'probiotics', 'prebiotics', 'synbiotics', 'faecal microbiota transplant', 'live biotherapeutics', 'microbiome mimetics' and 'postbiotics'. RESULTS Improved understanding of the human microbiome and recent technological advances provide an opportunity to develop a new generation of therapies. These therapies will range from dietary interventions, prebiotic supplementations, single probiotic bacterial strains, human donor-derived faecal microbiota transplants, rationally selected combinations of bacterial strains as live biotherapeutics, and the beneficial products or effects produced by bacterial strains, termed microbiome mimetics. CONCLUSIONS Although methods to identify and refine these therapeutics are continually advancing, the rapid emergence of these new approaches necessitates accepted technological and ethical frameworks for measurement, testing, laboratory practices and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Gulliver
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Remy B. Young
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michelle Chonwerawong
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Gemma L. D'Adamo
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tamblyn Thomason
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - James T. Widdop
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Emily L. Rutten
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Vanessa Rossetto Marcelino
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robert V. Bryant
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Queen Elizabeth HospitalWoodvilleSouth AustraliaAustralia,School of MedicineUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Samuel P. Costello
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Queen Elizabeth HospitalWoodvilleSouth AustraliaAustralia,School of MedicineUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Georgina L. Hold
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George & Sutherland Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Edward M. Giles
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Department of PaediatricsMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Samuel C. Forster
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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39
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Lee JH, Park JH. Host-microbial interactions in metabolic diseases: from diet to immunity. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY (SEOUL, KOREA) 2022; 60:561-575. [PMID: 35511325 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-2087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is an important contributor to metabolic diseases. Alterations in microbial communities are associated with changes in lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, intestinal barrier functions, and chronic inflammation, all of which can lead to metabolic disorders. Therefore, the gut microbiome may represent a novel therapeutic target for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This review discusses how gut microbes and their products affect metabolic diseases and outlines potential treatment approaches via manipulation of the gut microbiome. Increasing our understanding of the interactions between the gut microbiome and host metabolism may help restore the healthy symbiotic relationship between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hong Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Wu Z, Xu Q, Gu S, Chen Y, Lv L, Zheng B, Wang Q, Wang K, Wang S, Xia J, Yang L, Bian X, Jiang X, Zheng L, Li L. Akkermansia muciniphila Ameliorates Clostridioides difficile Infection in Mice by Modulating the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolites. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:841920. [PMID: 35663882 PMCID: PMC9159907 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.841920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a common cause of nosocomial infection. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota is a core cause of C. difficile infection (CDI). Akkermansia muciniphila plays an active role in maintaining gastrointestinal balance and might offer the protective effects on CDI as probiotics. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of A. muciniphila on CDI. C57BL/6 mice (n = 29) were administered A. muciniphila Muc T (3 × 109 CFUs, 0.2 mL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by oral gavage for 2 weeks. Mice were pretreated with an antibiotic cocktail and subsequently challenged with the C. difficile strain VPI 10463. A. muciniphila treatment prevented weight loss in mice and reduced the histological injury of the colon. And it also alleviated inflammation and improved the barrier function of the intestine. The administration effects of A. muciniphila may be associated with an increase in short-chain fatty acid production and the maintenance of bile acids' steady-state. Our results provide evidence that administration of A. muciniphila to CDI mice, with an imbalance in the microbial community structure, lead to a decrease in abundance of members of the Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae. In short, A. muciniphila shows a potential anti-CDI role by modulating gut microbiota and the metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaomai Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Silan Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longxian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beiwen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiangqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaicen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liya Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianwan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Bacterial Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
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41
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Gopalakrishnappa C, Gowda K, Prabhakara KH, Kuehn S. An ensemble approach to the structure-function problem in microbial communities. iScience 2022; 25:103761. [PMID: 35141504 PMCID: PMC8810406 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic activity of microbial communities plays a primary role in the flow of essential nutrients throughout the biosphere. Molecular genetics has revealed the metabolic pathways that model organisms utilize to generate energy and biomass, but we understand little about how the metabolism of diverse, natural communities emerges from the collective action of its constituents. We propose that quantifying and mapping metabolic fluxes to sequencing measurements of genomic, taxonomic, or transcriptional variation across an ensemble of diverse communities, either in the laboratory or in the wild, can reveal low-dimensional descriptions of community structure that can explain or predict their emergent metabolic activity. We survey the types of communities for which this approach might be best suited, review the analytical techniques available for quantifying metabolite fluxes in communities, and discuss what types of data analysis approaches might be lucrative for learning the structure-function mapping in communities from these data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karna Gowda
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for the Physics of Evolving Systems, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kaumudi H. Prabhakara
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for the Physics of Evolving Systems, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Seppe Kuehn
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for the Physics of Evolving Systems, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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42
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Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Elbestawy AR, El-Shall NA, Saad AM, Salem HM, El-Tahan AM, Khafaga AF, Taha AE, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA. Necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: disease characteristics and prevention using organic antibiotic alternatives – a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101590. [PMID: 34953377 PMCID: PMC8715378 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In line with the substantial increase in the broiler industry worldwide, Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (NE) became a continuous challenge leading to high economic losses, especially after banning antimicrobial growth promoters in feeds by many countries. The disease is distributed worldwide in either clinical or subclinical form, causing a reduction in body weight or body weight gain and the feed conversion ratio, impairing the European Broiler Index or European Production Efficiency Factor. There are several predisposing factors in the development of NE. Clinical signs varied from inapparent signs in case of subclinical infection (clostridiosis) to obvious enteric signs (morbidity), followed by an increase in mortality level (clostridiosis or clinical infection). Clinical and laboratory diagnoses are based on case history, clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions, pathogenic agent identification, serological testing, and molecular identification. Drinking water treatment is the most common route for the administration of several antibiotics, such as penicillin, bacitracin, and lincomycin. Strict hygienic management practices in the farm, careful selection of feed ingredients for ration formulation, and use of alternative antibiotic feed additives are all important in maintaining broiler efficiency and help increase the profitability of broiler production. The current review highlights NE caused by C. perfringens and explains the advances in the understanding of C. perfringens virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of NE with special emphasis on the use of available antibiotic alternatives such as herbal extracts and essential oils as well as vaccines for the control and prevention of NE in broiler chickens.
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43
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George S, Aguilera X, Gallardo P, Farfán M, Lucero Y, Torres JP, Vidal R, O'Ryan M. Bacterial Gut Microbiota and Infections During Early Childhood. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:793050. [PMID: 35069488 PMCID: PMC8767011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.793050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota composition during the first years of life is variable, dynamic and influenced by both prenatal and postnatal factors, such as maternal antibiotics administered during labor, delivery mode, maternal diet, breastfeeding, and/or antibiotic consumption during infancy. Furthermore, the microbiota displays bidirectional interactions with infectious agents, either through direct microbiota-microorganism interactions or indirectly through various stimuli of the host immune system. Here we review these interactions during childhood until 5 years of life, focusing on bacterial microbiota, the most common gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and two well characterized gastrointestinal diseases related to dysbiosis (necrotizing enterocolitis and Clostridioides difficile infection). To date, most peer-reviewed studies on the bacterial microbiota in childhood have been cross-sectional and have reported patterns of gut dysbiosis during infections as compared to healthy controls; prospective studies suggest that most children progressively return to a "healthy microbiota status" following infection. Animal models and/or studies focusing on specific preventive and therapeutic interventions, such as probiotic administration and fecal transplantation, support the role of the bacterial gut microbiota in modulating both enteric and respiratory infections. A more in depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of the early bacterial microbiota, focusing on specific components of the microbiota-immunity-infectious agent axis is necessary in order to better define potential preventive or therapeutic tools against significant infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio George
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Aguilera
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Gallardo
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Farfán
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yalda Lucero
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Roberto del Río Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Torres
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vidal
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O'Ryan
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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44
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Huus KE, Frankowski M, Pučić-Baković M, Vučković F, Lauc G, Mullish BH, Marchesi JR, Monaghan TM, Kao D, Finlay BB. Changes in IgA-targeted microbiota following fecal transplantation for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-12. [PMID: 33382360 PMCID: PMC7781654 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1862027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) interacts with intestinal microbiota and promotes mucosal homeostasis. IgA-bacteria interactions are altered during inflammatory diseases, but how these interactions are shaped by bacterial, host, and environmental factors remains unclear. In this study, we utilized IgA-SEQ to profile IgA-bound fecal bacteria in 48 recurrent Clostridioides difficile patients before and after successful fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to gain further insight. Prior to FMT, Escherichia coli was the most highly IgA-targeted taxon; following restoration of the microbiota by FMT, highly IgA-targeted taxa included multiple Firmicutes species. Post-FMT IgA-targeting was unaffected by the route of FMT delivery (colonoscopy versus capsule), suggesting that both methods lead to the establishment of healthy immune-bacterial interactions in the gut. Interestingly, IgA-targeting in FMT recipients closely resembled the IgA-targeting patterns of the donors, and fecal donor identity was significantly associated with IgA-targeting of the recipient microbiota. These data support the concept that intrinsic bacterial properties drive IgA recognition across genetically distinct human hosts. Together, this study suggests that IgA-bacterial interactions are reestablished in human FMT recipients to resemble that of the healthy fecal donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Huus
- Michael Smith Laboratories and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Frano Vučković
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia,Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Benjamin H Mullish
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tanya M Monaghan
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,CONTACT Tanya M Monaghan NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, 2185 East Mall Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dina Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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45
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Antimicrobial Stewardship Program: Reducing Antibiotic's Spectrum of Activity Is not the Solution to Limit the Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010070. [PMID: 35052947 PMCID: PMC8772858 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Overconsumption of antibiotics in hospitals has led to policy implementation, including the control of antibiotic prescriptions. The impact of these policies on the evolution of antimicrobial resistance remains uncertain. In this work, we review the possible limits of such policies and focus on the need for a more efficient approach. Establishing a causal relationship between the introduction of new antibiotics and the emergence of new resistance mechanisms is difficult. Several studies have demonstrated that many resistance mechanisms existed before the discovery of antibiotics. Overconsumption of antibiotics has worsened the phenomenon of resistance. Antibiotics are responsible for intestinal dysbiosis, which is suspected of being the source of bacterial resistance. The complexity of the intestinal microbiota composition, the impact of the pharmacokinetic properties of antibiotics, and the multiplicity of other factors involved in the acquisition and emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms, lead us to think that de-escalation, in the absence of studies proving its effectiveness, is not the solution to limiting the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms. More studies are needed to clarify the ecological risk caused by different antibiotic classes. In the meantime, we need to concentrate our efforts on limiting antibiotic prescriptions to patients who really need it, and work on reducing the duration of these treatments.
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46
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Abstract
Symbiotic microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract promote health by decreasing susceptibility to infection and enhancing resistance to a range of diseases. In this Review, we discuss our increasing understanding of the impact of the microbiome on the mammalian host and recent efforts to culture and characterize intestinal symbiotic microorganisms that produce or modify metabolites that impact disease pathology. Manipulation of the intestinal microbiome has great potential to reduce the incidence and/or severity of a wide range of human conditions and diseases, and the biomedical research community now faces the challenge of translating our understanding of the microbiome into beneficial medical therapies. Our increasing understanding of symbiotic microbial species and the application of ecological principles and machine learning are providing exciting opportunities for microbiome-based therapeutics to progress from faecal microbiota transplantation to the administration of precisely defined and clinically validated symbiotic microbial consortia that optimize disease resistance.
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47
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Engelenburg HJ, Lucassen PJ, Sarafian JT, Parker W, Laman JD. Multiple sclerosis and the microbiota. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:277-294. [PMID: 35747061 PMCID: PMC9211007 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurological autoimmune disorder, has recently been linked to neuro-inflammatory influences from the gut. In this review, we address the idea that evolutionary mismatches could affect the pathogenesis of MS via the gut microbiota. The evolution of symbiosis as well as the recent introduction of evolutionary mismatches is considered, and evidence regarding the impact of diet on the MS-associated microbiota is evaluated. Distinctive microbial community compositions associated with the gut microbiota of MS patients are difficult to identify, and substantial study-to-study variation and even larger variations between individual profiles of MS patients are observed. Furthermore, although some dietary changes impact the progression of MS, MS-associated features of microbiota were found to be not necessarily associated with diet per se. In addition, immune function in MS patients potentially drives changes in microbial composition directly, in at least some individuals. Finally, assessment of evolutionary histories of animals with their gut symbionts suggests that the impact of evolutionary mismatch on the microbiota is less concerning than mismatches affecting helminths and protists. These observations suggest that the benefits of an anti-inflammatory diet for patients with MS may not be mediated by the microbiota per se. Furthermore, any alteration of the microbiota found in association with MS may be an effect rather than a cause. This conclusion is consistent with other studies indicating that a loss of complex eukaryotic symbionts, including helminths and protists, is a pivotal evolutionary mismatch that potentiates the increased prevalence of autoimmunity within a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik J Engelenburg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
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48
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Buckley AM, Moura IB, Wilcox MH. The potential of microbiome replacement therapies for Clostridium difficile infection. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2022; 38:1-6. [PMID: 34871192 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is a paradox when treating Clostridium difficile infection (CDI); treatment antibiotics reduce C. difficile colonization but cause further microbiota disruption and can lead to recurrent disease. The success of faecal microbiota transplants (FMT) in treating CDI has become a new research area in microbiome restorative therapies but are they a viable long-term treatment option? RECENT FINDINGS C. difficile displays metabolic flexibility to use different nutritional sources during CDI. Using microbiome therapies for the efficient restoration of bile homeostasis and to reduce the bioavailability of preferential nutrients will target the germination ability of C. difficile spores and the growth rate of vegetative cells. Several biotechnology companies have developed microbiome therapeutics for treating CDI, which are undergoing clinical trials. SUMMARY There is confidence in using restorative microbiome therapies for treating CDI after the demonstrated efficacy of FMT, where several biotechnology companies are aiming to supply what would be a 'first in class' treatment option. Efficient removal of C. difficile from the different intestinal biogeographies should be considered in future microbiome therapies. With the gut microbiota implicated in different diseases, more work is needed to assess the long-term consequences of microbiome therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Buckley
- Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health
- Microbiome and Nutritional Science Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds
| | - Ines B Moura
- Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health
| | - Mark H Wilcox
- Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health
- Microbiology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Old Medical School, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
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Xie L, Shou W. Steering ecological-evolutionary dynamics to improve artificial selection of microbial communities. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6799. [PMID: 34815384 PMCID: PMC8611069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities often perform important functions that depend on inter-species interactions. To improve community function via artificial selection, one can repeatedly grow many communities to allow mutations to arise, and "reproduce" the highest-functioning communities by partitioning each into multiple offspring communities for the next cycle. Since improvement is often unimpressive in experiments, we study how to design effective selection strategies in silico. Specifically, we simulate community selection to improve a function that requires two species. With a "community function landscape", we visualize how community function depends on species and genotype compositions. Due to ecological interactions that promote species coexistence, the evolutionary trajectory of communities is restricted to a path on the landscape. This restriction can generate counter-intuitive evolutionary dynamics, prevent the attainment of maximal function, and importantly, hinder selection by trapping communities in locations of low community function heritability. We devise experimentally-implementable manipulations to shift the path to higher heritability, which speeds up community function improvement even when landscapes are high dimensional or unknown. Video walkthroughs: https://go.nature.com/3GWwS6j ; https://online.kitp.ucsb.edu/online/ecoevo21/shou2/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.
| | - Wenying Shou
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Eberl C, Weiss AS, Jochum LM, Durai Raj AC, Ring D, Hussain S, Herp S, Meng C, Kleigrewe K, Gigl M, Basic M, Stecher B. E. coli enhance colonization resistance against Salmonella Typhimurium by competing for galactitol, a context-dependent limiting carbon source. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1680-1692.e7. [PMID: 34610296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The composition of intrinsic microbial communities determines if invading pathogens will find a suitable niche for colonization and cause infection or be eliminated. Here, we investigate how commensal E. coli mediate colonization resistance (CR) against Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm). Using synthetic bacterial communities, we show that the capacity of E. coli Mt1B1 to block S. Tm colonization depends on the microbial context. In an infection-permissive context, E. coli utilized a high diversity of carbon sources and was unable to block S. Tm invasion. In mice that were stably colonized by twelve phylogenetically diverse murine gut bacteria (OMM12), establishing a protective context, E. coli depleted galactitol, a substrate otherwise fueling S. Tm colonization. Here, Lachnospiraceae, capable of consuming C5 and C6 sugars, critically contributed to CR. We propose that E. coli provides CR by depleting a limited carbon source when in a microbial community adept at removing simple sugars from the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Eberl
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna S Weiss
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Lara M Jochum
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Abilash Chakravarthy Durai Raj
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Ring
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Saib Hussain
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Herp
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Chen Meng
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Gigl
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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