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Naser RH, Rajaii T, Farash BRH, Seyyedtabaei SJ, Hajali V, Sadabadi F, Saburi E. Hematological changes due to malaria - An update. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2024; 259:111635. [PMID: 38857772 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2024.111635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Malaria, a parasitic infection caused by the genus Plasmodium, results to over 20 million reported cases annually worldwide. Most individuals exhibit various symptoms, and blood analysis plays a crucial role in determining the appropriate treatment approach. This study discusses various hematologic complications associated with different Plasmodium species. A review of scientific databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Magiran, SID, IranMedex was conducted using standard keywords such as Plasmodium, malaria, anemia and blood disorders (hematologic disorder) between 2000 and 2024. The review focused on articles pertaining to clinical trials, prospective cohort, retrospective, cross-sectional and case-control studies. Articles evaluating the effects of malaria on blood cells and indices, with target groups including human and animals, were included. Articles not written in English or Farsi were excluded. Our review revealed that, apart from iron deficiency anemia and vascular dysfunction contributed in part by adhesion of infected RBC to endothelium, decreases in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, as part of pancytopenia and thrombocytopenia, are characteristic of Plasmodium infection. Additionally, the occurrence of inflammation due to the release of inflammatory cytokines and complement activation can complicate the clinical features of malaria in individuals with hematologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Hussein Naser
- Department of Science, College of Basic Education, University of Diyala, Iraq
| | - Toktam Rajaii
- Health center no.1, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Razieh Hosseini Farash
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Cutaneous Leishmania Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Hajali
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadabadi
- Cutaneous Leishmania Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Ehsan Saburi
- Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Gravholt EAE, Petersen J, Mottelson M, Nardo-Marino A, Rathe M, Olsen M, Holm C, Jørgensen FS, Birgens H, Glenthøj A. The Danish national haemoglobinopathy screening programme: Report from 16 years of screening in a low-prevalence, non-endemic region. Br J Haematol 2024; 204:329-336. [PMID: 37694757 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The Danish national haemoglobinopathy screening programme seeks to determine parental haemoglobinopathy carrier state antenatally. In this retrospective register-based study, we evaluated the 16-year trajectory of this programme, utilising the Danish Red Blood Cell Centre's laboratory database, covering approximately 77% of the Danish population. During the study period, we observed a substantial increase in annual diagnostic examinations performed, from 389 in 2007 to 3030 in 2022. Women constituted 88% of these cases, aligning with the emphasis of the screening programme. Of these, 54% of women of reproductive age (15-40 years) and 10% of women >40 years were specified as pregnant. During our study period, 61 children were born with a severe haemoglobinopathy, out of which 23 children were born from mothers not residing in Denmark during their first trimester thus not included in the screening programme. Prenatal invasive testing was performed for 60 fetuses, identifying 12 with homozygous or compound heterozygous haemoglobinopathy. The Danish haemoglobinopathy screening programme has provided screening, information and reproductive choices for numerous families. During the study period, screening for haemoglobinopathies has been steadily increasing and is expected to continue to increase. Awareness of and adherence to the screening programme is subject of further investigation and optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesper Petersen
- Danish Red Blood Cell Centre, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathis Mottelson
- Danish Red Blood Cell Centre, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amina Nardo-Marino
- Danish Red Blood Cell Centre, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Rathe
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marianne Olsen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Holm
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Stener Jørgensen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Henrik Birgens
- Danish Red Blood Cell Centre, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Glenthøj
- Danish Red Blood Cell Centre, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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LUUSE ARNOLDT, ALIDU HUSEINI, MAWULI1 MAWUSIADEPA, MUBARAK ABDULRAHMAN, GYAN BEN. Do Blood group and Sickle cell trait protect against placental malaria? J Public Health Afr 2023; 14:2817. [PMID: 38259428 PMCID: PMC10801398 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2024.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood group O is reported to confer some degree of protection from severe malaria in endemic setting. This protection is believed to be due to reduced and smaller rosette formation in people of blood group O which can easily be cleared by the host immune system. Also, sickle cell trait (HbAS) is reported to disrupt the adhesion of infected erythrocytes to microvascular endothelial walls, which could protect pregnant women from placental malaria. We determined the association between HbAS and ABO blood group, and placental malaria amongst pregnant women of all parities. The study enrolled 221 pregnant women. Peripheral blood samples were taken for malaria smears, ABO blood grouping and haemoglobin (Hb) electrophoresis. A structured questionnaire was used to age, bed net usage, and the number of Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) doses taken by a pregnant woman. Two hundred and twenty-one (221) pregnant women were enrolled and out of this number, 110 (49.8%) were primiparae and 111 (50.2%) multiparae, with a mean age of 23.7±5.2. Placental malaria (PM) prevalence by PCR detection was 19.4% (43/221). Of those who were malaria positive 58.1% (25/43) were primiparae. Primiparae who are of blood group O were more susceptible to PM [P=0.04, (OR); 2.85, 95% (Cl), 1.12-9.01]. But sickle cell trait did not reduce the prevalence of PM [P=0.84 (OR); 0.92, 95% (Cl), 0.43-1.99]. Non-blood group O primiparae women were protected against placental malaria. This could be why some primiparae women are protected from PM, just like multiparae women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - HUSEINI ALIDU
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho
| | - MAWUSI ADEPA MAWULI1
- Department of Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - ABDUL-RAHMAN MUBARAK
- West Africa Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens
- Department of Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - BEN GYAN
- Department of Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra
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4
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Pance A, Ng BL, Mwikali K, Koutsourakis M, Agu C, Rouhani FJ, Montandon R, Law F, Ponstingl H, Rayner JC. Novel stem cell technologies are powerful tools to understand the impact of human factors on Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1287355. [PMID: 38173794 PMCID: PMC10762799 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1287355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum parasites have a complex life cycle, but the most clinically relevant stage of the disease is the invasion of erythrocytes and the proliferation of the parasite in the blood. The influence of human genetic traits on malaria has been known for a long time, however understanding the role of the proteins involved is hampered by the anuclear nature of erythrocytes that makes them inaccessible to genetic tools. Here we overcome this limitation using stem cells to generate erythroid cells with an in-vitro differentiation protocol and assess parasite invasion with an adaptation of flow cytometry to detect parasite hemozoin. We combine this strategy with reprogramming of patient cells to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and genome editing to understand the role of key genes and human traits in malaria infection. We show that deletion of basigin ablates invasion while deletion of ATP2B4 has a minor effect and that erythroid cells from reprogrammed patient-derived HbBart α-thalassemia samples poorly support infection. The possibility to obtain patient-secific and genetically modifed erythoid cells offers an unparalleled opportunity to study the role of human genes and polymorphisms in malaria allowing preservation of the genomic background to demonstrate their function and understand their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Pance
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Bee L. Ng
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kioko Mwikali
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Bioscience Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Chukwuma Agu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruddy Montandon
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre of Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Law
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julian C. Rayner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Onohuean H, Onohuean FE, Ayogu EE. Association between hemoglobin variants and laboratory outcomes in patients infected with P. falciparum from South West Uganda. Future Sci OA 2023; 9:FSO888. [PMID: 37485444 PMCID: PMC10357393 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2022-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims We assess the relationship between various hemoglobin variants and some hematological parameters packed cell volume, white blood cells (PCV, WBC) and parasitemia level of patients with malaria in the southwestern, Uganda. Methods Patient were enrolled by rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), confirmed by microscopy, and laboratory outcomes were determined. Results Patients positive for malaria RDTs were 155, microscopic-confirmed P. falciparum parasites were 95 (61.29%) having hemoglobin variants HbAA and HbAS; 75 (78.95%) and 13 (13.68%), respectively. The laboratory outcomes showed mean, PCV (32.19 ± 4.83), WBC (5831.66 ± 2888.29) and P. falciparum parasitaemia density (32,605.45 ± 14031), while the hemoglobin variants mean values AA (39,008.85 ± 31,261.56), AC (15908 ± 10173.48), AS (16,561.46 ± 15,380.93), SC (30,524 ± 0.000) and SS(1652 ± 0.000) were significantly different from the total population (34,321.5 ± 21,924.26) parasite-density. Conclusion Patients with hemoglobin variants HbAA had a significantly higher parasite-carrying capacity and PCV levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Onohuean
- Biopharmaceutics unit, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western-Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Biomolecules, Metagenomics, Endocrine & Tropical Disease Research Group (BMETDREG), Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Fanny Eseohe Onohuean
- Biomolecules, Metagenomics, Endocrine & Tropical Disease Research Group (BMETDREG), Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Ebere Emilia Ayogu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Kampala International University, Ishaka Uganda
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6
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Haag M, Kehrer J, Sanchez CP, Deponte M, Lanzer M. Physiological jump in erythrocyte redox potential during Plasmodium falciparum development occurs independent of the sickle cell trait. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Leong YW, Russell B, Malleret B, Rénia L. Erythrocyte tropism of malarial parasites: The reticulocyte appeal. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1022828. [PMID: 36386653 PMCID: PMC9643692 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1022828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes are formed from the enucleation of erythroblasts in the bone marrow, and as erythrocytes develop from immature reticulocytes into mature normocytes, they undergo extensive cellular changes through their passage in the blood. During the blood stage of the malarial parasite life cycle, the parasite sense and invade susceptible erythrocytes. However, different parasite species display varying erythrocyte tropisms (i.e., preference for either reticulocytes or normocytes). In this review, we explore the erythrocyte tropism of malarial parasites, especially their predilection to invade reticulocytes, as shown from recent studies. We also discuss possible mechanisms mediating erythrocyte tropism and the implications of specific tropisms to disease pathophysiology. Understanding these allows better insight into the role of reticulocytes in malaria and provides opportunities for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew Wai Leong
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Elucidating parasite and host-cell factors enabling Babesia infection in sickle red cells under hypoxic/hyperoxic conditions. Blood Adv 2022; 7:649-663. [PMID: 35977077 PMCID: PMC9979759 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle red blood cells (RBCs) represent a naturally existing host-cell resistance mechanism to hemoparasite infections. We investigate the basis of this resistance using Babesia divergens grown in sickle (SS) and sickle trait (AS) cells. We found that oxygenation and its corresponding effect on RBC sickling, frequency of fetal hemoglobin positive (HbF+) cells, cellular redox environment, and parasite proliferation dynamics, all played a role in supporting or inhibiting Babesia proliferation. To identify cellular determinants that supported infection, an image flow cytometric tool was developed that could identify sickled cells and constituent Hb. We showed that hypoxic conditions impaired parasite growth in both SS and AS cells. Furthermore, cell sickling was alleviated by oxygenation (hyperoxic conditions), which decreased inhibition of parasite proliferation in SS cells. Interestingly, our tool identified HbF+-SS as host-cells of choice under both hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, which was confirmed using cord RBCs containing high amounts of HbF+ cells. Uninfected SS cells showed a higher reactive oxygen species-containing environment, than AA or AS cells, which was further perturbed on infection. In hostile SS cells we found that Babesia alters its subpopulation structure, with 1N dominance under hypoxic conditions yielding to equivalent ratios of all parasite forms at hyperoxic conditions, favorable for growth. Multiple factors, including oxygenation and its impact on cell shape, HbF positivity, redox status, and parasite pleiotropy allow Babesia propagation in sickle RBCs. Our studies provide a cellular and molecular basis of natural resistance to Babesia, which will aid in defining novel therapies against human babesiosis.
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Chong ETJ, Goh LPW, Yap HJ, Yong EWC, Lee PC. Risk Association, Linkage Disequilibrium, and Haplotype Analyses of β-Like Globin Gene Polymorphisms with Malaria Risk in the Sabah Population of Malaysian Borneo. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071229. [PMID: 35886012 PMCID: PMC9319382 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the β-like globin gene of the human hosts to the risk of malaria are unclear. Therefore, this study investigates these associations in the Sabah population, with a high incidence of malaria cases. In brief, DNA was extracted from 188 post-diagnostic blood samples infected with Plasmodium parasites and 170 healthy controls without a history of malaria. Genotyping of the β-like globin C-158T, G79A, C16G, and C-551T SNPs was performed using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism approach. Risk association, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and haplotype analyses of these SNPs were assessed. This study found that the variant allele in the C-158T and C16G SNPs were protective against malaria infections by 0.5-fold, while the variant allele in the G79A SNP had a 6-fold increased risk of malaria infection. No SNP combination was in perfect LD, but several haplotypes (CGCC, CGCT, and CGGC) were identified to link with different correlation levels of malaria risk in the population. In conclusion, the C-158T, G79A, and C16G SNPs in the β-like globin gene are associated with the risk of malaria. The haplotypes (CGCC, CGCT, and CGGC) identified in this study could serve as biomarkers to estimate malaria risk in the population. This study provides essential data for the design of malaria control and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tzyy Jiann Chong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Lucky Poh Wah Goh
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (L.P.W.G.); (H.J.Y.); (E.W.C.Y.)
| | - Ho Jin Yap
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (L.P.W.G.); (H.J.Y.); (E.W.C.Y.)
| | - Eric Wei Choong Yong
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (L.P.W.G.); (H.J.Y.); (E.W.C.Y.)
| | - Ping-Chin Lee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (L.P.W.G.); (H.J.Y.); (E.W.C.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Topazian HM, Moser KA, Ngasala B, Oluoch PO, Forconi CS, Mhamilawa LE, Aydemir O, Kharabora O, Deutsch-Feldman M, Read AF, Denton M, Lorenzo A, Mideo N, Ogutu B, Moormann AM, Mårtensson A, Odwar B, Bailey JA, Akala H, Ong'echa JM, Juliano JJ. Low Complexity of Infection Is Associated With Molecular Persistence of Plasmodium falciparum in Kenya and Tanzania. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:852237. [PMID: 38455314 PMCID: PMC10910917 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2022.852237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) is a threat to malaria elimination. ACT-resistance in Asia raises concerns for emergence of resistance in Africa. While most data show high efficacy of ACT regimens in Africa, there have been reports describing declining efficacy, as measured by both clinical failure and prolonged parasite clearance times. Methods Three hundred children aged 2-10 years with uncomplicated P. falciparum infection were enrolled in Kenya and Tanzania after receiving treatment with artemether-lumefantrine. Blood samples were taken at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h, and weekly thereafter until 28 days post-treatment. Parasite and host genetics were assessed, as well as clinical, behavioral, and environmental characteristics, and host anti-malarial serologic response. Results While there was a broad range of clearance rates at both sites, 85% and 96% of Kenyan and Tanzanian samples, respectively, were qPCR-positive but microscopy-negative at 72 h post-treatment. A greater complexity of infection (COI) was negatively associated with qPCR-detectable parasitemia at 72 h (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.53-0.94), and a greater baseline parasitemia was marginally associated with qPCR-detectable parasitemia (1,000 parasites/uL change, OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03). Demographic, serological, and host genotyping characteristics showed no association with qPCR-detectable parasitemia at 72 h. Parasite haplotype-specific clearance slopes were grouped around the mean with no association detected between specific haplotypes and slower clearance rates. Conclusions Identifying risk factors for slow clearing P. falciparum infections, such as COI, are essential for ongoing surveillance of ACT treatment failure in Kenya, Tanzania, and more broadly in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary M. Topazian
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kara A. Moser
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Billy Ngasala
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Peter O. Oluoch
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenyan Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Catherine S. Forconi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Lwidiko E. Mhamilawa
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Oksana Kharabora
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Molly Deutsch-Feldman
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Andrew F. Read
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Madeline Denton
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Antonio Lorenzo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernhards Ogutu
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenyan Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Andreas Mårtensson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Boaz Odwar
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenyan Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jeffrey A. Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Hoseah Akala
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenyan Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Jonathan J. Juliano
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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11
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Damena D, Agamah FE, Kimathi PO, Kabongo NE, Girma H, Choga WT, Golassa L, Chimusa ER. Insilico Functional Analysis of Genome-Wide Dataset From 17,000 Individuals Identifies Candidate Malaria Resistance Genes Enriched in Malaria Pathogenic Pathways. Front Genet 2021; 12:676960. [PMID: 34868193 PMCID: PMC8639191 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.676960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of severe malaria have identified several association variants. However, much about the underlying biological functions are yet to be discovered. Here, we systematically predicted plausible candidate genes and pathways from functional analysis of severe malaria resistance GWAS summary statistics (N = 17,000) meta-analysed across 11 populations in malaria endemic regions. We applied positional mapping, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL), chromatin interaction mapping, and gene-based association analyses to identify candidate severe malaria resistance genes. We further applied rare variant analysis to raw GWAS datasets (N = 11,000) of three malaria endemic populations including Kenya, Malawi, and Gambia and performed various population genetic structures of the identified genes in the three populations and global populations. We performed network and pathway analyses to investigate their shared biological functions. Our functional mapping analysis identified 57 genes located in the known malaria genomic loci, while our gene-based GWAS analysis identified additional 125 genes across the genome. The identified genes were significantly enriched in malaria pathogenic pathways including multiple overlapping pathways in erythrocyte-related functions, blood coagulations, ion channels, adhesion molecules, membrane signalling elements, and neuronal systems. Our population genetic analysis revealed that the minor allele frequencies (MAF) of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) residing in the identified genes are generally higher in the three malaria endemic populations compared to global populations. Overall, our results suggest that severe malaria resistance trait is attributed to multiple genes, highlighting the possibility of harnessing new malaria therapeutics that can simultaneously target multiple malaria protective host molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delesa Damena
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francis E Agamah
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter O Kimathi
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ntumba E Kabongo
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hundaol Girma
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wonderful T Choga
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lema Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Emile R Chimusa
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Sickle Cell Anemia and Babesia Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111435. [PMID: 34832591 PMCID: PMC8618680 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesia is an intraerythrocytic, obligate Apicomplexan parasite that has, in the last century, been implicated in human infections via zoonosis and is now widespread, especially in parts of the USA and Europe. It is naturally transmitted by the bite of a tick, but transfused blood from infected donors has also proven to be a major source of transmission. When infected, most humans are clinically asymptomatic, but the parasite can prove to be lethal when it infects immunocompromised individuals. Hemolysis and anemia are two common symptoms that accompany many infectious diseases, and this is particularly true of parasitic diseases that target red cells. Clinically, this becomes an acute problem for subjects who are prone to hemolysis and depend on frequent transfusions, like patients with sickle cell anemia or thalassemia. Little is known about Babesia's pathogenesis in these hemoglobinopathies, and most parallels are drawn from its evolutionarily related Plasmodium parasite which shares the same environmental niche, the RBCs, in the human host. In vitro as well as in vivo Babesia-infected mouse sickle cell disease (SCD) models support the inhibition of intra-erythrocytic parasite proliferation, but mechanisms driving the protection of such hemoglobinopathies against infection are not fully studied. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge of Babesia infection and hemoglobinopathies, focusing on possible mechanisms behind this parasite resistance and the clinical repercussions faced by Babesia-infected human hosts harboring mutations in their globin gene.
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13
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Tennessen JA, Duraisingh MT. Three Signatures of Adaptive Polymorphism Exemplified by Malaria-Associated Genes. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1356-1371. [PMID: 33185667 PMCID: PMC8042748 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria has been one of the strongest selective pressures on our species. Many of the best-characterized cases of adaptive evolution in humans are in genes tied to malaria resistance. However, the complex evolutionary patterns at these genes are poorly captured by standard scans for nonneutral evolution. Here, we present three new statistical tests for selection based on population genetic patterns that are observed more than once among key malaria resistance loci. We assess these tests using forward-time evolutionary simulations and apply them to global whole-genome sequencing data from humans, and thus we show that they are effective at distinguishing selection from neutrality. Each test captures a distinct evolutionary pattern, here called Divergent Haplotypes, Repeated Shifts, and Arrested Sweeps, associated with a particular period of human prehistory. We clarify the selective signatures at known malaria-relevant genes and identify additional genes showing similar adaptive evolutionary patterns. Among our top outliers, we see a particular enrichment for genes involved in erythropoiesis and for genes previously associated with malaria resistance, consistent with a major role for malaria in shaping these patterns of genetic diversity. Polymorphisms at these genes are likely to impact resistance to malaria infection and contribute to ongoing host-parasite coevolutionary dynamics.
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14
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Chauvet M, Chhuon C, Lipecka J, Dechavanne S, Dechavanne C, Lohezic M, Ortalli M, Pineau D, Ribeil JA, Manceau S, Le Van Kim C, Luty AJF, Migot-Nabias F, Azouzi S, Guerrera IC, Merckx A. Sickle Cell Trait Modulates the Proteome and Phosphoproteome of Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:637604. [PMID: 33842387 PMCID: PMC8024585 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.637604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of sickle cell disease in some human populations likely results from the protection afforded against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and death by heterozygous carriage of HbS. P. falciparum remodels the erythrocyte membrane and skeleton, displaying parasite proteins at the erythrocyte surface that interact with key human proteins in the Ankyrin R and 4.1R complexes. Oxidative stress generated by HbS, as well as by parasite invasion, disrupts the kinase/phosphatase balance, potentially interfering with the molecular interactions between human and parasite proteins. HbS is known to be associated with abnormal membrane display of parasite antigens. Studying the proteome and the phosphoproteome of red cell membrane extracts from P. falciparum infected and non-infected erythrocytes, we show here that HbS heterozygous carriage, combined with infection, modulates the phosphorylation of erythrocyte membrane transporters and skeletal proteins as well as of parasite proteins. Our results highlight modifications of Ser-/Thr- and/or Tyr- phosphorylation in key human proteins, such as ankyrin, β-adducin, β-spectrin and Band 3, and key parasite proteins, such as RESA or MESA. Altered phosphorylation patterns could disturb the interactions within membrane protein complexes, affect nutrient uptake and the infected erythrocyte cytoadherence phenomenon, thus lessening the severity of malaria symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Chauvet
- Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Cerina Chhuon
- Université de Paris, Proteomics Platform Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Inserm US24/CNRS, UMS3633, Paris, France
| | - Joanna Lipecka
- Université de Paris, Proteomics Platform Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Inserm US24/CNRS, UMS3633, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Dechavanne
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Inserm, BIGR, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Margherita Ortalli
- Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Damien Pineau
- Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Antoine Ribeil
- Biotherapy Department, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Manceau
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Department, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Le Van Kim
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Inserm, BIGR, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Slim Azouzi
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Inserm, BIGR, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Université de Paris, Proteomics Platform Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Inserm US24/CNRS, UMS3633, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Merckx
- Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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15
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Subissi L, Kanoi BN, Balikagala B, Egwang TG, Oguike M, Verra F, Proietti C, Bousema T, Drakeley CJ, Sepúlveda N. Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale infections and their association with common red blood cell polymorphisms in a highly endemic area of Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:370-378. [PMID: 30953444 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae infections are scarcely studied in sub-Saharan Africa, where the Plasmodium falciparum species predominates. The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of P. ovale and P. malariae infections and their relationship with common red blood cell polymorphisms in a cohort of 509 individuals from Uganda. METHODS Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted in individuals of 1-10 and >20 y of age from the Apac district at baseline and 6 and 16 weeks after drug treatment. Malaria infections were assessed by polymerase chain reaction and genotyping was performed for the sickle-cell allele, α-thalassaemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. RESULTS At baseline, the prevalence of infection was 7.5%, 12.6% and 57.4% for P. ovale, P. malariae and P. falciparum species, respectively. Co-infections were present in 14.1% of individuals, all including P. falciparum parasites. In children 1-5 y of age, the prevalence of P. ovale mono-infections increased significantly from 1.7% to 7.3% over time (p=0.004) while the prevalence of P. malariae and P. falciparum infections declined significantly during this study. After adjusting for confounding and multiple testing, only α-thalassaemia had a statistically significant increase in the odds of P. falciparum infections (odds ratio 1.93 [95% confidence interval 1.26 to 2.94]). CONCLUSIONS Common red blood cell polymorphisms do not show strong effects on mild Plasmodium infections in this Ugandan population. To understand the extent of this result, similar studies should be carried out in other populations using larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Subissi
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Bernard N Kanoi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Betty Balikagala
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas G Egwang
- Medical Biotechnology laboratories, Plot 39 Lake Drive, Lake Victoria, Uganda
| | - Mary Oguike
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Federica Verra
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, IRCCS Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Via Sempreboni 5, 37024 Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Carla Proietti
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane City QLD, Australia.,Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK.,Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Bloco C6 - Piso 4, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
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16
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Plasmodium spp. mixed infection leading to severe malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11068. [PMID: 32632180 PMCID: PMC7338391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed Plasmodium malaria infections can lead to severe malaria. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to explore the prevalence of severe mixed Plasmodium malaria infection and to compare it with the prevalence of severe P. falciparum malaria mono-infection across the included studies. Original English-language research articles from PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science were identified and screened. Articles reporting the number of mixed infections and the number of severe mixed infections were used to determine the main outcome of this study, while the number of P. falciparum infections and the number of severe P. falciparum infections were used to determine the secondary outcome of this study. For the main outcome, the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of severe mixed infections was analysed using STATA software version 15.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA). For the secondary outcome, the rate of severe mixed infections compared to severe P. falciparum infections was analysed using the meta-analysis approach, and summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated. Random-effects models were used to produce the summary ORs. The Mantel–Haenszel method and calculated I2 were also reported to test whether there was heterogeneity among the included studies. Publication bias was also assessed using funnel plots. The meta-analysis of secondary outcomes was conducted using Review Manager 5.3 software (Cochrane Community). A total of 894,561 malaria patients were reported in all 16 included studies. Overall, a pooled analysis showed that 9% (2,006/35,768, 95% CI 7.0–12.0%) of patients with mixed Plasmodium infection had severe mixed infection. A meta-analysis of 14 studies demonstrated that patients with mixed Plasmodium infection (1,999/35,755) and patients with P. falciparum malaria (9,249/294,397) had an equal risk of developing severe malaria (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.59–1.44). Both mixed infection and P. falciparum mono-infection showed a similar trend of complications in which severe anaemia, pulmonary failure, and renal impairment were the three most common complications found. However, patients with mixed infection had a higher proportion of severe anaemia and pulmonary complications than those with P. falciparum infection. Moreover, patients with mixed infection had a higher proportion of multiple organ failure than those with P. falciparum mono-infection. Mixed Plasmodium spp. infections were common but often unrecognized or underestimated, leading to severe complications among these malaria patients. Therefore, in routine clinical laboratories, using an accurate combination of diagnostic procedures to identify suspected patients with mixed infections is crucial for therapeutic decisions, prompt treatment, and effective patient management.
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17
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Sun L, Yu Y, Niu B, Wang D. Red Blood Cells as Potential Repositories of MicroRNAs in the Circulatory System. Front Genet 2020; 11:442. [PMID: 32582273 PMCID: PMC7286224 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The amount of erythrocyte-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) represents the majority of miRNAs expressed in whole blood. miR-451, miR-144, and miR-486, which are abundant in red blood cells (RBCs), are involved in the process of erythropoiesis and disease occurrence. Moreover, erythrocyte-derived miRNAs have been reported to be potential biomarkers of specific diseases. However, the function and underlying mechanisms of miRNAs derived from erythrocytes remain unclear. Based on a review of previously published literature, we discuss several possible pathways by which RBC miRNAs may function and propose that RBCs may serve as repositories of miRNAs in the circulatory system and participate in the regulation of gene expression mainly via the transfer of miRNAs from erythrocyte extracellular vesicles (EVs). In the whole blood, there are still other important cell types such as leukocytes and platelets harboring functional miRNAs, and hemolysis also exists, which limit the abundance of miRNAs as disease biomarkers, and thus, miRNA studies on RBCs may be impacted. In the future, the role of RBCs in the regulation of normal physiological functions of the body and the entire circulatory system under pathological states, if any, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Sun
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Beifang Niu
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deqing Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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18
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Fröhlich B, Yang Y, Thoma J, Czajor J, Lansche C, Sanchez C, Lanzer M, Cloetens P, Tanaka M. Nanofocused Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy Revealing an Effect of Heterozygous Hemoglobin S and C on Biochemical Activities in Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5765-5771. [PMID: 32202408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While there is ample evidence suggesting that carriers of heterozygous hemoglobin S and C are protected from life-threatening malaria, little is known about the underlying biochemical mechanisms at the single cell level. Using nanofocused scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy, we quantify the spatial distribution of individual elements in subcellular compartments, including Fe, S, P, Zn, and Cu, in Plasmodium falciparum-infected (P. falciparum-infected) erythrocytes carrying the wild type or variant hemoglobins. Our data indicate that heterozygous hemoglobin S and C significantly modulate biochemical reactions in parasitized erythrocytes, such as aberrant hemozoin mineralization and a delay in hemoglobin degradation. The label-free scanning X-ray fluorescence imaging has great potential to quantify the spatial distribution of elements in subcellular compartments of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes and unravel the biochemical mechanisms underpinning disease and protective traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fröhlich
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043 Grenoble, France.,National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Judith Thoma
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Czajor
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Lansche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Sanchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Cloetens
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
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19
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Jajosky RP, Jajosky AN, Jajosky PG. "Dual-gene" malaria-resistance: Therapeutically-rational exchange (T-REX) of group-O sickle trait and group-O C-traittrait red blood cells can be evaluated in Benin and Nigeria. Transfus Apher Sci 2020; 59:102733. [PMID: 32019737 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using indicators of disease severity, clinicians can predict which Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria patients being treated with artesunate or quinine are likely to die despite these drugs. Effective "rescue adjuncts" are needed when drugs alone are inadequate. "Therapeutically-rational exchange" (T-REX) of special malaria-resistant red blood cells (RBCs) has been proposed to optimize adjunctive exchange transfusion. METHODS Studies were reviewed that (1) quantified how group-O status and "sickle-trait" (HbAS) and "C-trait" (HbAC) hemoglobins affect Pf mortality, risk of thrombosis, or birth outcomes for women with pregnancy associated malaria (PAM), (2) reported prevalences of "dual-gene" malaria-resistant RBCs, or (3) reflected the level of exchange-transfusion and malaria-related expertise in Benin and Nigeria. RESULTS Data show that the malaria- and thrombosis-resistance of RBCs depend on specific genes and the patient's clinical status and medical history. In malaria-endemic Benin and Nigeria, prevalences of "dual-gene" malaria-resistant group-O HbAS and group-O HbAC RBCs are substantial, and both malaria- and exchange-related expertise are outstanding. CONCLUSIONS T-REX of "dual-gene" malaria-resistant RBCs is feasible in Benin and Nigeria and warrants evaluation as a rescue adjunct for 3 subsets of Pf-malaria patients. For therapeutic use, group-O HbAS RBCs are likely to be more effective than non-O HbAS RBCs for Pf-infected patients who (1) have a history of thrombosis or (2) are taking birth-control hormones while group-O HbAC RBCs may substantially improve birth outcomes for women with PAM. Studies suggest it is prudent to assume - until proven otherwise - that T-REX of "dual-gene" malaria-resistant RBCs can improve ("personalize") rescue of these patient subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Emory University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Biconcavity Inc., Retired USPHS Officer at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1106 Spring Mill Dr. SW, Lilburn, GA 30047, USA.
| | - Audrey N Jajosky
- Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Philip G Jajosky
- Biconcavity Inc., Retired USPHS Officer at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1106 Spring Mill Dr. SW, Lilburn, GA 30047, USA.
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20
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Kakande E, Greenhouse B, Bajunirwe F, Drakeley C, Nankabirwa JI, Walakira A, Nsobya SL, Katureebe A, Rek J, Arinaitwe E, Rosenthal PJ, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Rodriguez-Barraquer I. Associations between red blood cell variants and malaria among children and adults from three areas of Uganda: a prospective cohort study. Malar J 2020; 19:21. [PMID: 31941490 PMCID: PMC6964006 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple red blood cell (RBC) variants appear to offer protection against the most severe forms of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Associations between these variants and uncomplicated malaria are less clear. Methods Data from a longitudinal cohort study conducted in 3 sub-counties in Uganda was used to quantify associations between three red blood cell variants Hb [AA, AS, S (rs334)], alpha thalassaemia 3.7 kb deletion, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency A—(G6PD 202A genotype) and malaria incidence, parasite prevalence, parasite density (a measure of anti-parasite immunity) and body temperature adjusted for parasite density (a measure of anti-disease immunity). All analyses were adjusted for age, average household entomological inoculation rate, and study site. Results for all variants were compared to those for wild type genotypes. Results In children, HbAS was associated, compared to wild type, with a lower incidence of malaria (IRR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.66–0.92, p = 0.003), lower parasite density upon infection (PR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.51–0.85, p = 0.001), and lower body temperature for any given parasite density (− 0.13 ℃, 95% CI − 0.21, − 0.05, p = 0.002). In children, HbSS was associated with a lower incidence of malaria (IRR = 0.17, 95% CI 0.04–0.71, p = 0.02) and lower parasite density upon infection (PR = 0.31, 95% CI 0.18–0.54, p < 0.001). α−/αα thalassaemia, was associated with higher parasite prevalence in both children and adults (RR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.06–1.43, p = 0.008 and RR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.04–2.23, p = 0.03, respectively). G6PD deficiency was associated with lower body temperature for any given parasite density only among male hemizygote children (− 0.19 ℃, 95% CI − 0.31, − 0.06, p = 0.003). Conclusion RBC variants were associated with non-severe malaria outcomes. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which they confer protection will improve understanding of genetic protection against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Kakande
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, 2C Nakasero Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Francis Bajunirwe
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Immunity and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Andrew Walakira
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, 2C Nakasero Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel L Nsobya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, 2C Nakasero Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Agaba Katureebe
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, 2C Nakasero Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Rek
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, 2C Nakasero Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Arinaitwe
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, 2C Nakasero Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, 2C Nakasero Hill Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
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21
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Eleonore NLE, Cumber SN, Charlotte EE, Lucas EE, Edgar MML, Nkfusai CN, Geh MM, Ngenge BM, Bede F, Fomukong NH, Kamga HLF, Mbanya D. Malaria in patients with sickle cell anaemia: burden, risk factors and outcome at the Laquintinie hospital, Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:40. [PMID: 31937250 PMCID: PMC6961385 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is believed that the current prevalence of malaria in endemic areas reflects selection for the carrier form of sickle cell trait through a survival advantage. Malaria has been incriminated as a great cause of mortality in people with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, people with SCD, a high-risk group, do not benefit from free or subsisized malaria prevention and treatment in Cameroon unlike other vulnerable groups which may be due to insufficient evidence to guide policy makers. This study aimed at describing clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of patients with malaria, determining the prevalence of malaria in hospitalized children and in those with SCD and without, compare frequency of presentation of malaria related complications (using clinical and laboratory elements that define severe malaria) between children admitted for malaria with SCD and those without and finally, determing the risk factors for death in children admitted for malaria. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of admission records of children age 1 to 18 years with a confirmed malaria diagnosis admitted at the Laquintinie Hospital during January 2015 through December 2018. Clinical features, laboratory characteristics and outcome of malarial infections, stratified by SCD status were studied. Patients with HIV infection, malnutrition, renal failure and discharged against medical advice were excluded from the study. Data were analysed using Epi-info 7 software and analysis done. Chi square test, Odds ratios, CI and student's t test were used to determine association between variables. Statistical significance was set at p-value ≤0.05. RESULTS The prevalence of malaria was lower among children with SCD than it was among children without SCD (23.5% vs 44.9%). Similarly, among those with a positive microscopy, the mean parasite density was significantly lower among children with SCD than it was among children without SCD (22,875.6 vs 57,053.6 parasites/ μl with t-value - 3.2, p-value 0.002). The mean hemoglobin concentration was lower in SCD as compared to non SCD (5.7 g/l vs 7.4 g/l, t-value - 12.5, p-value < 0.001). Overall mortality in SCD was 3.4% and malaria was reponsible for 20.4% of these deaths as compared to the 35.4% in non SCD patients. Convulsion and impaired consciousness were significantly lower in SCD group (OR:0.1, CI: 0.1-0.3, p value < 0.01 and OR:0.1, CI:0.1-0.2, p-value < 0.001 respectively). Death was significantly higher in SCD patients with malaria as compared to SCD patients admitted for other pathologies (3.2% vs 1.5%., OR:2.2, CI:1-5, p-value 0.050). CONCLUSION The SCD population has a lower mortality related to malaria compared to the non-SCD population. Meanwhile, within the SCD population, those admitted with malaria are twice more likely to die than those admitted for other pathologies. Jaundice, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were common in SCD with malaria, however no risk factors for malaria severity or malaria related death was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (EPSO), University of Gothenburg, Box 414, SE - 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301 South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, GezinaPretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eposse Ekoube Charlotte
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical sciences, Douala, Cameroon
- Pediatric Department, Laquintinie Hospital Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Esuh Esong Lucas
- Pediatric Department, Laquintinie Hospital Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Meh Martin Geh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- St Mary Soledad Catholic Hospital Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Budzi Michael Ngenge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Etougebe Baptist Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Fala Bede
- Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Dora Mbanya
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
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22
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Wu H, Zhu Q, Zhong H, Yu Z, Zhang Q, Huang Q. Analysis of genotype distribution of thalassemia and G6PD deficiency among Hakka population in Meizhou city of Guangdong Province. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 34:e23140. [PMID: 31793705 PMCID: PMC7171329 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to explore genotype distribution thalassemia and G6PD deficiency in Meizhou city, China. Methods A total of 16 158 individuals were involved in thalassemia genetic testing. A total of 605 subjects were screened for common Chinese G6PD mutations by gene chip analysis. Genotypes and allele frequencies were analyzed. Results A total of 5463 cases carried thalassemia mutations were identified, including 3585 cases, 1701 cases, and 177 cases with α‐, β‐, and α + β‐thalassemia mutations, respectively. ‐‐SEA (65.12%), ‐α3.7 (19.05%), and ‐α4.2 (8.05%) deletion were the main mutations of α‐thalassemia, while IVS‐II‐654(C → T) (40.39%), CD41‐42(‐TCTT) (32.72%), ‐28(A → G) (10.11%), and CD17(A → T) (9.32%) mutations were the principal mutations of β‐thalassemia in Meizhou. There were significant differences in allele frequencies in some counties. Genetic testing for G6PD deficiency, six mutation sites, and one polymorphism were detected in our study. A total of 198 alleles with the mutation were detected among 805 alleles (24.6%). G6PD Canton (c.1376 G → T) (45.96%), G6PD Kaiping (c.1388 G → A) (39.39%), and G6PD Gaohe (c.95 A → G) (9.09%) account for 94.44% mutations, followed by G6PD Chinese‐5 (c.1024 C → T) (4.04%), G6PD Viangchan (c.871G → A) (1.01%), and G6PD Maewo (c.1360 C → T) (0.51%). There were some differences of the distribution of G6PD mutations among eight counties in Meizhou. Conclusions The ‐‐SEA, ‐α3.7, and ‐α4.2 deletion were the main mutations of α‐thalassemia, while IVS‐II‐654(C → T), CD41‐42(‐TCTT), ‐28(A → G), and CD17(A → T) mutations were the principal mutations of β‐thalassemia in Meizhou. G6PD c.1376 G → T, c.1388 G → A, and c.95 A → G were the main mutations of G6PD deficiency. There were some differences of the distribution of thalassemia and G6PD mutations among eight counties in Meizhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Wu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou, China.,Meizhou Municipal Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Major Genetic Disorders, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Zhu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou, China.,Meizhou Municipal Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Major Genetic Disorders, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou, China.,Meizhou Municipal Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Major Genetic Disorders, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Zhikang Yu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou, China.,Meizhou Municipal Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Major Genetic Disorders, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Qunji Zhang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou, China.,Meizhou Municipal Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Major Genetic Disorders, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Qingyan Huang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou, China.,Meizhou Municipal Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Major Genetic Disorders, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
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Banza MI, Mulefu JP, Lire LI, N'dwala YTB, Tshiamala IB, Cabala VDPK. [Digestives diseases associated to sickle cell anemia in Lubumbashi: epidemiological and clinical aspects]. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:253. [PMID: 31692839 PMCID: PMC6814946 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.253.18017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction la drépanocytose est une maladie génétique de transmission autosomique liée à une anomalie de structure de l'hémoglobine qui aboutit à la formation de l'hémoglobine S. Le but de notre étude est de colliger les cas de pathologies digestives rencontrées chez les drépanocytaires de Lubumbashi et d'en ressortir les caractéristiques épidémiologiques et cliniques. Méthodes il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective, descriptive transversale réalisée au Centre de Recherche de la Drépanocytose de Lubumbashi. Elle a concerné les dossiers des patients suivi pour drépanocytose ayant présenté une pathologie digestive au cours de notre période de 3 ans (de janvier 2015 à décembre 2017). Le recueil des données s'est fait grâce à une fiche d'enquête comportant différents paramètres d'étude comprenant: l'âge, le sexe, le motif de consultation, le diagnostic, le type de crise vaso-occlusive, les examens paracliniques réalisés, le traitement à l'hydroxyurée. Résultats nous avons colligé 206 dossiers (N=206) des patients drépanocytaires ayant fait une pathologie digestive sur un total de 403 dossiers examinés, ce qui représente une fréquence de 51,11% des pathologies digestives chez les drépanocytaires. Les 2 sexes sont représentés avec une légère prédominance féminine (51,94%) et un sexe ratio H/F: 0,92. La tranche d'âge la plus représentée est celle comprise entre 1 et 6 ans (32,52%), la moyenne d'âge: 11,8ans; écart-type: 21,9; âges extrêmes: 13 mois et 38 ans. Le motif de consultation est dominé par la fièvre (60,67%), la douleur abdominale (44,66%) et les troubles digestifs (30,09%). Les crises vaso-occlusives abdominales sont retrouvées chez 65 patients (31,55%) parmi lesquels 36 patients ont présenté 1 seule crise, 24 en ont présenté 2 et 5 patients en ont présenté 3. Les pathologies intestinales étaient présentes chez 121 patients (69,41%) dominées par la parasitose intestinale (retrouvée chez 58 patients dont l'examen des selles a mis en évidence 4 parasites: le Yersinia enterocolitis, l'entamoeba histolytica, le Giardia intestinalis et le clostridium difficile); les pathologies gastriques retrouvées chez 105 patients (50,97%) reparties en ulcère gastro-duodénal (45 patients) et gastrite (60 patients); la pathologie vésiculo-biliaire présente chez 40 patients (19,41%) comprenant la lithiase vésiculaire sans cholécystite 32 patients, la cholécystite lithiasique 5 patients et 3 cas de lithiase de la voie biliaire principale; 1 seul cas de pancréatite aigue diagnostiquée. Les pathologies associées les plus retrouvées dans notre étude sont respiratoires avec 169 cas (82,03%), oto-rhino-laryngologiques avec 157 cas (76,21%), les crises vaso-occlusives osseuses (146 cas soit 70,87%), pathologies uro-génitales avec 64 cas (31,06%) et le paludisme chez 51 patients (24,75%). Les atteintes spléniques et hépatiques ont constitué chacun 47 cas (22,81%) et 18 cas (8,73%). L'échographie a était demandé chez 79 patients mais seulement 31 d'entre-eux l'ont réalisé, faute de moyen financier car il coute sur place 20 dollars américains. En cas de splénomégalie cliniquement évidente, le corps de Jolly a été demandé chez 23 patients mais seulement 2 patients l'ont réalisé vu qu'il coute 10 dollars américains. L'hémogramme de routine fait de l'hémoglobine, hématocrite, bilan inflammatoire et la goutte épaisse a été réalisée chez tous nos patients mais le bilan hépatique, les examens des selles, des urines sont préconisés en fonction de la plainte. Sur nos 206 patients, 60 seulement d'entre eux étaient sous traitement à l'hydroxyurée (29,16%). Conclusion les pathologies digestives sont fréquentes chez les drépanocytaires et représentent quasiment la moitié de l'effectif drépanocytaire. Malheureusement, la meilleure prise en charge reste butée à la pauvreté manifeste de la population limitants les examens paracliniques très utiles dans la pathologie digestive rencontrée chez le drépanocytaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manix Ilunga Banza
- Université de Lubumbashi, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Chirurgie, Cliniques Universitaires de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Jules Panda Mulefu
- Université de Lubumbashi, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Chirurgie, Cliniques Universitaires de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Lire Ipani Lire
- Université de Lubumbashi, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Chirurgie, Cliniques Universitaires de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Yannick Tietie Ben N'dwala
- Université de Lubumbashi, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Chirurgie, Cliniques Universitaires de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Israel Badypwyla Tshiamala
- Université de Lubumbashi, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Chirurgie, Cliniques Universitaires de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Vincent de Paul Kaoma Cabala
- Université de Lubumbashi, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Chirurgie, Cliniques Universitaires de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo
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Bos KI, Kühnert D, Herbig A, Esquivel-Gomez LR, Andrades Valtueña A, Barquera R, Giffin K, Kumar Lankapalli A, Nelson EA, Sabin S, Spyrou MA, Krause J. Paleomicrobiology: Diagnosis and Evolution of Ancient Pathogens. Annu Rev Microbiol 2019; 73:639-666. [PMID: 31283430 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The last century has witnessed progress in the study of ancient infectious disease from purely medical descriptions of past ailments to dynamic interpretations of past population health that draw upon multiple perspectives. The recent adoption of high-throughput DNA sequencing has led to an expanded understanding of pathogen presence, evolution, and ecology across the globe. This genomic revolution has led to the identification of disease-causing microbes in both expected and unexpected contexts, while also providing for the genomic characterization of ancient pathogens previously believed to be unattainable by available methods. In this review we explore the development of DNA-based ancient pathogen research, the specialized methods and tools that have emerged to authenticate and explore infectious disease of the past, and the unique challenges that persist in molecular paleopathology. We offer guidelines to mitigate the impact of these challenges, which will allow for more reliable interpretations of data in this rapidly evolving field of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten I Bos
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Denise Kühnert
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Luis Roger Esquivel-Gomez
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Aida Andrades Valtueña
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Rodrigo Barquera
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Karen Giffin
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Aditya Kumar Lankapalli
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Elizabeth A Nelson
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Susanna Sabin
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Maria A Spyrou
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany; .,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07737 Jena, Germany
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25
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Sanchez CP, Karathanasis C, Sanchez R, Cyrklaff M, Jäger J, Buchholz B, Schwarz US, Heilemann M, Lanzer M. Single-molecule imaging and quantification of the immune-variant adhesin VAR2CSA on knobs of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Commun Biol 2019; 2:172. [PMID: 31098405 PMCID: PMC6506540 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PfEMP1 (erythrocyte membrane protein 1) adhesins play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of falciparum malaria, by mediating sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes in the microvasculature. PfEMP1 variants are expressed by var genes and are presented on membrane elevations, termed knobs. However, the organization of PfEMP1 on knobs is largely unclear. Here, we use super-resolution microscopy and genetically altered parasites expressing a modified var2csa gene in which the coding sequence of the photoactivatable mEOS2 was inserted to determine the number and distribution of PfEMP1 on single knobs. The data were verified by quantitative fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and immuno-electron microscopy together with stereology methods. We show that knobs contain 3.3 ± 1.7 and 4.3 ± 2.5 PfEMP1 molecules, predominantly placed on the knob tip, in parasitized erythrocytes containing wild type and sickle haemoglobin, respectively. The ramifications of our findings for cytoadhesion and immune evasion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia P. Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christos Karathanasis
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Jäger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Buchholz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Cursino-Santos JR, Singh M, Senaldi E, Manwani D, Yazdanbakhsh K, Lobo CA. Altered parasite life-cycle processes characterize Babesia divergens infection in human sickle cell anemia. Haematologica 2019; 104:2189-2199. [PMID: 30923098 PMCID: PMC6821620 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.214304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesia divergens is an intra-erythrocytic parasite that causes malaria-like symptoms in infected people. As the erythrocyte provides the parasite with the infra-structure to grow and multiply, any perturbation to the cell should impact parasite viability. Support for this comes from the multitude of studies that have shown that the sickle trait has in fact been selected because of the protection it provides against a related Apicomplexan parasite, Plasmodium, that causes malaria. In this paper, we examine the impact of both the sickle cell anemia and sickle trait red blood cell (RBC) environment on different aspects of the B. divergens life-cycle, and reveal that multiple aspects of parasite biological processes are altered in the mutant sickle anemia RBC. Such processes include parasite population progression, caused potentially by defective merozoite infectivity and/or defective egress from the sickle cell, resulting in severely lowered parasitemia in these cells with sickle cell anemia. In contrast, the sickle trait RBC provide a supportive environment permitting in vitro infection rates comparable to those of wild-type RBC. The elucidation of these naturally occurring RBC resistance mechanisms is needed to shed light on host-parasite interaction, lend evolutionary insights into these related blood-borne parasites, and to provide new insights into the development of therapies against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeny R Cursino-Santos
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - Eric Senaldi
- Medical Services New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - Deepa Manwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Karina Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Complement Biology Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl A Lobo
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
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Contreras N, Alvíz A. Human red blood cell polymorphisms prevalent in Colombian population and its protective role against malaria. Transfus Clin Biol 2019; 26:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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28
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Economic impact of malaria-related hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2014. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:424-433. [PMID: 30630763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its elimination in the early 1950s, about 1700 cases of malaria are reported in the US every year. Few studies have quantified the direct and indirect costs of imported malaria in the US. METHODS Disparities in the mean and total hospital days, hospital charges, and hospital costs for malaria-related hospitalizations in the US by demographic, clinical, species, financial, geographic, and institutional characteristics were examined using the 2000-2014 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). Trends and potential predictors for length of stay and hospital charges and costs were identified using negative binomial regression and linear regression, respectively. RESULTS From 2000 to 2014, 22,029 malaria cases resulted in 95,948 hospital days for malaria-related hospitalizations, $176,391,466 in total hospital costs, and $555,435,849 in total charges. Mean charges increased significantly over the study period. Males, Blacks, and patients aged 25-44years accounted for the highest direct and indirect costs. Older age and having severe malaria was associated with a longer length of stay. Older age, severe malaria, HIV infection, and longer lengths of stay were associated with higher charges and costs. CONCLUSIONS Malaria resulted in substantial direct and indirect costs in the US. Primary and secondary prevention measures should be prioritized among high-risk groups to reduce the economic burden.
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The sickle cell trait affects contact dynamics and endothelial cell activation in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Commun Biol 2018; 1:211. [PMID: 30534603 PMCID: PMC6269544 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell trait, a common hereditary blood disorder, protects carriers from severe disease in infections with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Protection is associated with a reduced capacity of parasitized erythrocytes to cytoadhere to the microvascular endothelium and cause vaso-occlusive events. However, the underpinning cellular and biomechanical processes are only partly understood and the impact on endothelial cell activation is unclear. Here, we show, by combining quantitative flow chamber experiments with multiscale computer simulations of deformable cells in hydrodynamic flow, that parasitized erythrocytes containing the sickle cell haemoglobin displayed altered adhesion dynamics, resulting in restricted contact footprints on the endothelium. Main determinants were cell shape, knob density and membrane bending. As a consequence, the extent of endothelial cell activation was decreased. Our findings provide a quantitative understanding of how the sickle cell trait affects the dynamic cytoadhesion behavior of parasitized erythrocytes and, in turn, endothelial cell activation.
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Pu J, Zhang L, Wei X, Xu X. Clinical Genotyping by Next Generation Sequencing Reveals a Novel, De Novo β-Globin Gene Mutation Causing Hemolytic Anemia in a Chinese Individual. Hemoglobin 2018; 42:184-188. [DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2018.1496928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Pu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
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Roman DNR, Anne NNR, Singh V, Luther KMM, Chantal NEM, Albert MS. Role of genetic factors and ethnicity on the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in children with asymptomatic malaria in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00760. [PMID: 30186982 PMCID: PMC6120745 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, we investigated host genetic factors and ethnic variation in circulating Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 (msp-2) clones among children with asymptomatic malaria. Isolates from seventy two asymptomatic malaria children were used for genotyping block 3 of msp-2 gene by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sickle cell trait and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency were analysed by restriction fragment length polymorphism of DNA products from PCR targeting codons 6 and 68 of the beta-globin (HBB) and G6PD genes respectively. ABO blood group was typed by agglutination method. A total of forty two msp-2 genotypes (20 for 3D7 and 22 for FC27) were detected for an average (standard error of mean) multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2.45 (0.16). The MOI was statistically the same among the five identified ethnic groups (P = 0.83). The overall prevalence of sickle cell trait and G6PD deficiency were 12.50 % and 22.22 % respectively. MOI was similar between children with Hb AA and Hb AS genotypes (P = 0.42). MOI was significantly high among children with a mutant G6PD genotype (P = 0.017). MOI was significantly higher in blood group O than group A (P = 0.03). Our findings show that although ethnicity and sickle cell trait have no association with MOI, the association was observed with G6PD genotype and ABO group. The results suggest the need for extension and expansion of the current study in order to investigate the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongang Nana Rodrigue Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O Box 13033, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Ngono Ngane Rosalie Anne
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Ngonde Essome Marie Chantal
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O Box 13033, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University Hospital Centre, P.O Box 1364, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mouelle Sone Albert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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Sii-Felice K, Giorgi M, Leboulch P, Payen E. Hemoglobin disorders: lentiviral gene therapy in the starting blocks to enter clinical practice. Exp Hematol 2018; 64:12-32. [PMID: 29807062 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The β-hemoglobinopathies, transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease, are the most prevalent inherited disorders worldwide and affect millions of people. Many of these patients have a shortened life expectancy and suffer from severe morbidity despite supportive therapies, which impose an enormous financial burden to societies. The only available curative therapy is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, although most patients do not have an HLA-matched sibling donor, and those who do still risk life-threatening complications. Therefore, gene therapy by one-time ex vivo modification of hematopoietic stem cells followed by autologous engraftment is an attractive new therapeutic modality. The first proof-of-principle of conversion to transfusion independence by means of a lentiviral vector expressing a marked and anti-sickling βT87Q-globin gene variant was reported a decade ago in a patient with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia. In follow-up multicenter Phase II trials with an essentially identical vector (termed LentiGlobin BB305) and protocol, 12 of the 13 patients with a non-β0/β0 genotype, representing more than half of all transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia cases worldwide, stopped red blood cell transfusions with total hemoglobin levels in blood approaching normal values. Correction of biological markers of dyserythropoiesis was achieved in evaluated patients. In nine patients with β0/β0 transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia or equivalent severity (βIVS1-110), median annualized transfusion volume decreased by 73% and red blood cell transfusions were stopped in three patients. Proof-of-principle of therapeutic efficacy in the first patient with sickle cell disease was also reported with LentiGlobin BB305. Encouraging results were presented in children with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia in another trial with the GLOBE lentiviral vector and several other gene therapy trials are currently open for both transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Phase III trials are now under way and should help to determine benefit/risk/cost ratios to move gene therapy toward clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Sii-Felice
- UMR E007, Service of Innovative Therapies, Institute of Biology François Jacob and University Paris Saclay, CEA Paris Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie Giorgi
- UMR E007, Service of Innovative Therapies, Institute of Biology François Jacob and University Paris Saclay, CEA Paris Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Leboulch
- UMR E007, Service of Innovative Therapies, Institute of Biology François Jacob and University Paris Saclay, CEA Paris Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Emmanuel Payen
- UMR E007, Service of Innovative Therapies, Institute of Biology François Jacob and University Paris Saclay, CEA Paris Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; INSERM, Paris, France.
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Cyrklaff M, Frischknecht F, Kudryashev M. Functional insights into pathogen biology from 3D electron microscopy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:828-853. [PMID: 28962014 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, novel imaging approaches revolutionised our understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of microorganisms. These include advances in fluorescent probes, dynamic live cell imaging, superresolution light and electron microscopy. Currently, a major transition in the experimental approach shifts electron microscopy studies from a complementary technique to a method of choice for structural and functional analysis. Here we review functional insights into the molecular architecture of viruses, bacteria and parasites as well as interactions with their respective host cells gained from studies using cryogenic electron tomography and related methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Cyrklaff
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Kudryashev
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Strasse 17, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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34
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Plasmodium falciparum malaria skews globin gene expression balance in in-vitro haematopoietic stem cell culture system: Its implications in malaria associated anemia. Exp Parasitol 2018; 185:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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35
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Gonçalves BP, Sagara I, Coulibaly M, Wu Y, Assadou MH, Guindo A, Ellis RD, Diakite M, Gabriel E, Prevots DR, Doumbo OK, Duffy PE. Hemoglobin variants shape the distribution of malaria parasites in human populations and their transmission potential. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14267. [PMID: 29079846 PMCID: PMC5660173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin variants C and S protect against severe malaria but their influence on parameters not directly linked to disease severity such as gametocyte carriage and infection chronicity is less well understood. To assess whether these infection-related phenotypes depend on the host hemoglobin genotype, we followed 500 Malian individuals over 1–2 years and determined their parasitological status during monthly visits and incidental clinical episodes. While adults heterozygous for hemoglobin S mutation were less often parasitemic compared to AA adults (odds ratio [OR] 0.50 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31–0.79, P = 0.003), schoolchildren (but not toddlers or adults) with AC genotype carried parasites, including gametocytes, more often than their AA counterparts (OR 3.01 95% CI 1.38–6.57, P = 0.006). AC children were also likelier to be parasite-positive during the dry season, suggesting longer infections, and were more infectious in mosquito skin feeding assays than AA children. Notably, AC school-aged children, who comprise ~5% of the population, harbor a third of infections with patent gametocytes between May and August, when transmission transitions from very low to intense. These findings indicate that schoolchildren with hemoglobin C mutation might contribute disproportionately to the seasonal malaria resurgence in parts of West Africa where the HbC variant is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronner P Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States of America.,Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases - Epidemiology Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America.,Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Issaka Sagara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mamadou Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Yimin Wu
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States of America.,PATH-Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington DC, USA
| | - Mahamadoun H Assadou
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Agnes Guindo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ruth D Ellis
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States of America.,Biologics Consulting Group Inc, Alexandria, USA
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Erin Gabriel
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - D Rebecca Prevots
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases - Epidemiology Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States of America.
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Azcárate IG, Sánchez-Jaut S, Marín-García P, Linares M, Pérez-Benavente S, García-Sánchez M, Uceda J, Kamali AN, Morán-Jiménez MJ, Puyet A, Diez A, Bautista JM. Iron supplementation in mouse expands cellular innate defences in spleen and defers lethal malaria infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:3049-3059. [PMID: 28965885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The co-endemicity of malnutrition, erythrocytopathies, transmissible diseases and iron-deficiency contribute to the prevalence of chronic anaemia in many populations of the developing world. Although iron dietary supplementation is applied or recommended in at risk populations, its use is controversial due to undesirable outcomes, particularly regarding the response to infections, including highly prevalent malaria. We hypothesized that a boosted oxidative stress due to iron supplementation have a similar impact on malaria to that of hereditary anaemias, enhancing innate response and conditioning tissues to prevent damage during infection. Thus, we have analysed antioxidant and innate responses against lethal Plasmodium yoelii during the first five days of infection in an iron-supplemented mouse. This murine model showed high iron concentration in plasma with upregulated expression of hemoxygenase-1. The sustained homeostasis after this extrinsic iron conditioning, delayed parasitemia growth that, once installed, developed without anaemia. This protection was not conferred by the intrinsic iron overload of hereditary hemochromatosis. Upon iron-supplementation, a large increase of the macrophages/dendritic cells ratio and the antigen presenting cells was observed in the mouse spleen, independently of malaria infection. Complementary, malaria promoted the splenic B and T CD4 cells activation. Our results show that the iron supplementation in mice prepares host tissues for oxidative-stress and induces unspecific cellular immune responses, which could be seen as an advantage to promote early defences against malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel G Azcárate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Sandra Sánchez-Jaut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Patricia Marín-García
- Health Sciences School, Medical Immunology Unit, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Linares
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Susana Pérez-Benavente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta García-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Uceda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ali N Kamali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Puyet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Amalia Diez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - José M Bautista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain.
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Blasco B, Leroy D, Fidock DA. Antimalarial drug resistance: linking Plasmodium falciparum parasite biology to the clinic. Nat Med 2017; 23:917-928. [PMID: 28777791 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The global adoption of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in the early 2000s heralded a new era in effectively treating drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, several Southeast Asian countries have now reported the emergence of parasites that have decreased susceptibility to artemisinin (ART) derivatives and ACT partner drugs, resulting in increasing rates of treatment failures. Here we review recent advances in understanding how antimalarials act and how resistance develops, and discuss new strategies for effectively combatting resistance, optimizing treatment and advancing the global campaign to eliminate malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier Leroy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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38
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Goheen MM, Campino S, Cerami C. The role of the red blood cell in host defence against falciparum malaria: an expanding repertoire of evolutionary alterations. Br J Haematol 2017; 179:543-556. [PMID: 28832963 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite has co-evolved with its human host as each organism struggles for resources and survival. The scars of this war are carried in the human genome in the form of polymorphisms that confer innate resistance to malaria. Clinical, epidemiological and genome-wide association studies have identified multiple polymorphisms in red blood cell (RBC) proteins that attenuate malaria pathogenesis. These include well-known polymorphisms in haemoglobin, intracellular enzymes, RBC channels, RBC surface markers, and proteins impacting the RBC cytoskeleton and RBC morphology. A better understanding of how changes in RBC physiology impact malaria pathogenesis may uncover new strategies to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Goheen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susana Campino
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Carla Cerami
- MRC International Nutrition Group at Keneba, MRC Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
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Sepúlveda N, Manjurano A, Campino SG, Lemnge M, Lusingu J, Olomi R, Rockett KA, Hubbart C, Jeffreys A, Rowlands K, Clark TG, Riley EM, Drakeley CJ. Malaria Host Candidate Genes Validated by Association With Current, Recent, and Historical Measures of Transmission Intensity. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:45-54. [PMID: 28541483 PMCID: PMC5853769 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human malaria susceptibility is determined by multiple genetic factors. It is unclear, however, which genetic variants remain important over time. Methods Genetic associations of 175 high-quality polymorphisms within several malaria candidate genes were examined in a sample of 8096 individuals from northeast Tanzania using altitude, seroconversion rates, and parasite rates as proxies of historical, recent, and current malaria transmission intensity. A principal component analysis was used to derive 2 alternative measures of overall malaria propensity of a location across different time scales. Results Common red blood cell polymorphisms (ie, hemoglobin S, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and α-thalassemia) were the only ones to be associated with all 3 measures of transmission intensity and the first principal component. Moderate associations were found between some immune response genes (ie, IL3 and IL13) and parasite rates, but these could not be reproduced using the alternative measures of malaria propensity. Conclusions We have demonstrated the potential of using altitude and seroconversion rate as measures of malaria transmission capturing medium- to long-term time scales to detect genetic associations that are likely to persist over time. These measures also have the advantage of minimizing the deleterious effects of random factors affecting parasite rates on the respective association signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Sepúlveda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- Centre of Statistics and Applications, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alphaxard Manjurano
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi
| | - Susana G Campino
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton
| | - Martha Lemnge
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - John Lusingu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Raimos Olomi
- Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi
| | - Kirk A Rockett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Hubbart
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Jeffreys
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Rowlands
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Argy N, Kendjo E, Augé-Courtoi C, Cojean S, Clain J, Houzé P, Thellier M, Hubert V, Deloron P, Houzé S. Influence of host factors and parasite biomass on the severity of imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175328. [PMID: 28410415 PMCID: PMC5391917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Imported malaria in France is characterized by various clinical manifestations observed in a heterogeneous population of patients such as travelers/expatriates and African migrants. In this population, host factors and parasite biomass associated with severe imported malaria are poorly known. METHODS From data collected by the Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, we identified epidemiological, demographic and biological features including parasite biomass and anti-plasmodial antibody levels (negative, positive and strongly positive serology) associated with different disease severity groups (very severe, moderately severe, and uncomplicated malaria) in 3 epidemiological groups (travelers/expatriates, first- and second-generation migrants). RESULTS Age, ethnicity, absence of prior infection with P. falciparum, antibody levels, plasma PfHRP2 levels, total and circulating parasite biomass were related to severe malaria onset. Sequestered parasite biomass tended to be increased in very severe malaria, and was strongly correlated to the antibody level of the host. CONCLUSIONS Prior exposure to P. falciparum is associated with high anti-plasmodial antibody levels which influence clinical presentation of imported malaria and its correlated circulating and sequestered parasite burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Argy
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- UMR MERIT 216, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Paris, France
| | - Eric Kendjo
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Claire Augé-Courtoi
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- UMR MERIT 216, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Cojean
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Clain
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- UMR MERIT 216, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Houzé
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de pharmacologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Marc Thellier
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Veronique Hubert
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Deloron
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- UMR MERIT 216, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Houzé
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- UMR MERIT 216, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Paris, France
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Lack of Association of CD55 Receptor Genetic Variants and Severe Malaria in Ghanaian Children. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:859-864. [PMID: 28104671 PMCID: PMC5345716 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.036475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In a recent report, the cellular receptor CD55 was identified as a molecule essential for the invasion of human erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum, the causal agent of the most severe form of malaria. As this invasion process represents a critical step during infection with the parasite, it was hypothesized that genetic variants in the gene could affect severe malaria (SM) susceptibility. We performed high-resolution variant discovery of rare and common genetic variants in the human CD55 gene. Association testing of these variants in over 1700 SM cases and unaffected control individuals from the malaria-endemic Ashanti Region in Ghana, West Africa, were performed on the basis of single variants, combined rare variant analyses, and reconstructed haplotypes. A total of 26 genetic variants were detected in coding and regulatory regions of CD55. Five variants were previously unknown. None of the single variants, rare variants, or haplotypes showed evidence for association with SM or P. falciparum density. Here, we present the first comprehensive analysis of variation in the CD55 gene in the context of SM and show that genetic variants present in a Ghanaian study group appear not to influence susceptibility to the disease.
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42
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Oxidative insult can induce malaria-protective trait of sickle and fetal erythrocytes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13401. [PMID: 27824335 PMCID: PMC5105170 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infections can cause severe malaria, but not every infected person develops life-threatening complications. In particular, carriers of the structural haemoglobinopathies S and C and infants are protected from severe disease. Protection is associated with impaired parasite-induced host actin reorganization, required for vesicular trafficking of parasite-encoded adhesins, and reduced cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes in the microvasculature. Here we show that aberrant host actin remodelling and the ensuing reduced cytoadherence result from a redox imbalance inherent to haemoglobinopathic and fetal erythrocytes. We further show that a transient oxidative insult to wild-type erythrocytes before infection with P. falciparum induces the phenotypic features associated with the protective trait of haemoglobinopathic and fetal erythrocytes. Moreover, pretreatment of mice with the pro-oxidative nutritional supplement menadione mitigate the development of experimental cerebral malaria. Our results identify redox imbalance as a causative principle of protection from severe malaria, which might inspire host-directed intervention strategies.
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43
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Diakité SAS, Ndour PA, Brousse V, Gay F, Roussel C, Biligui S, Dussiot M, Prendki V, Lopera-Mesa TM, Traoré K, Konaté D, Doumbia S, Cros J, Dokmak S, Fairhurst RM, Diakité M, Buffet PA. Stage-dependent fate of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells in the spleen and sickle-cell trait-related protection against malaria. Malar J 2016; 15:482. [PMID: 27655345 PMCID: PMC5031340 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sickle-cell trait (HbAS) reduces falciparum malaria risk and suppresses parasitaemia. Although several candidate mechanisms have been proposed, their epidemiological, clinical and experimental correlates have not been adequately explained. To explore the basis for generally lower parasitaemias and delayed malaria episodes in children with HbAS, it is hypothesized here that their spleen-dependent removal of ring-infected red blood cells (RBCs) is more efficient than in children with normal haemoglobin A (HbAA). Methods The mechanical splenic retention of Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBCs from subjects with HbAS or HbAA was investigated using two physiologically relevant methods: microsphiltration and ex vivo spleen perfusion. P. falciparum-infected RBCs obtained from in vitro cultures and from patients were used in either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. The effect of sickling in ring-infected HbAS RBCs was also investigated. Results When a laboratory-adapted parasite strain was analysed, ring-infected HbAA RBCs were retained in microsphilters at similar or greater levels than ring-infected HbAS RBCs, under normoxic (retention rate 62.5 vs 43.8 %, P < 0.01) and hypoxic (54.0 vs 38.0 %, P = 0.11) conditions. When parasitized RBCs from Malian children were analysed, retention of ring-infected HbAA and HbAS RBCs was similar when tested either directly ex vivo (32.1 vs 28.7 %, P = 0.52) or after one re-invasion in vitro (55.9 vs 43.7 %, P = 0.30). In hypoxia, sickling of uninfected and ring-infected HbAS RBCs (8.6 vs 5.7 %, P = 0.51), and retention of ring-infected HbAA and HbAS RBCs in microsphilters (72.5 vs 68.8 %, P = 0.38) and spleens (41.2 vs 30.4 %, P = 0.11), also did not differ. Retention of HbAS and HbAA RBCs infected with mature P. falciparum stages was greater than 95 %. Conclusions Sickle-cell trait is not associated with higher retention or sickling of ring-infected RBCs in experimental systems reflecting the mechanical sensing of RBCs by the human spleen. As observed with HbAA RBCs, HbAS RBCs infected with mature parasites are completely retained. Because the cytoadherence of HbAS RBCs infected with mature parasites is impaired, the very efficient splenic retention of such non-adherent infected RBCs is expected to result in a slower rise of P. falciparum parasitaemia in sickle-cell trait carriers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1522-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seidina A S Diakité
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France.,Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, BP, 1805, Mali.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (GR-Ex), 75115, Paris, France
| | - Papa Alioune Ndour
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (GR-Ex), 75115, Paris, France
| | - Valentine Brousse
- Centre de Référence de la Drépanocytose, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Frederick Gay
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Camille Roussel
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sylvestre Biligui
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Michaël Dussiot
- Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (GR-Ex), 75115, Paris, France.,INSERM U1163/CNRS ERL 8254, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Prendki
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Tatiana M Lopera-Mesa
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Karim Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, BP, 1805, Mali
| | - Drissa Konaté
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, BP, 1805, Mali
| | - Saibou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, BP, 1805, Mali
| | - Jérôme Cros
- Department of Chirurgie Digestive et Viscérale, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Safi Dokmak
- Department of Chirurgie Digestive et Viscérale, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Rick M Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Mahamadou Diakité
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, BP, 1805, Mali
| | - Pierre A Buffet
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (GR-Ex), 75115, Paris, France.
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Fonseca LL, Alezi HS, Moreno A, Barnwell JW, Galinski MR, Voit EO. Quantifying the removal of red blood cells in Macaca mulatta during a Plasmodium coatneyi infection. Malar J 2016; 15:410. [PMID: 27520455 PMCID: PMC4983012 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is the most deadly parasitic disease in humans globally, and the long-time coexistence with malaria has left indelible marks in the human genome that are the causes of a variety of genetic disorders. Although anaemia is a common clinical complication of malaria, the root causes and mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of malarial anaemia are unclear and difficult to study in humans. Non-human primate (NHP) model systems enable the mechanistic study and quantification of underlying causative factors of malarial anaemia, and particularly the onset of severe anaemia. Methods Data were obtained in the course of Plasmodium coatneyi infections of malaria-naïve and semi-immune rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), whose red blood cells (RBCs) were labelled in situ with biotin at the time the infections were initiated. The data were used for a survival analysis that permitted, for the first time, an accurate estimation of the lifespan of erythrocytes in macaques. The data furthermore formed the basis for the development and parameterization of a recursive dynamic model of erythrocyte turnover, which was used for the quantification of RBC production and removal in each macaque. Results The computational analysis demonstrated that the lifespan of erythrocytes in macaques is 98 ± 21 days. The model also unambiguously showed that death due to senescence and parasitaemia is not sufficient to account for the extent of infection-induced anaemia. Specifically, the model permits, for the first time, the quantification of the different causes of RBC death, namely, normal senescence, age-independent random loss, parasitization, and bystander effects in uninfected cells. Such a dissection of the overall RBC removal process is hardly possible with experimental means alone. In the infected malaria-naïve macaques, death of erythrocytes by normal physiological senescence processes accounts for 20 % and parasitization for only 4 %, whereas bystander effects are associated with an astonishing 76 % of total RBC losses. Model-based comparisons of alternative mechanisms involved in the bystander effect revealed that most of the losses are likely due to a process of removing uninfected RBCs of all age classes and only minimally due to an increased rate of senescence of the uninfected RBCs. Conclusions A new malaria blood-stage model was developed for the analysis of data characterizing P. coatneyi infections of M. mulatta. The model used a discrete and recursive framework with age-structure that allowed the quantification of the most significant pathophysiological processes of RBC removal. The computational results revealed that the malarial anaemia caused by this parasite is mostly due to a loss of uninfected RBCs by an age-independent process. The biological identity and complete mechanism of this process is not fully understood and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis L Fonseca
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Harnel S Alezi
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John W Barnwell
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eberhard O Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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45
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Helms G, Dasanna AK, Schwarz US, Lanzer M. Modeling cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes and leukocytes-common principles and distinctive features. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1955-71. [PMID: 26992823 PMCID: PMC5071704 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum‐infected erythrocytes to the microvascular endothelial lining shares striking similarities to cytoadhesion of leukocytes. In both cases, adhesins are presented in structures that raise them above the cell surface. Another similarity is the enhancement of adhesion under physical force (catch bonding). Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and biophysical mechanisms underlying cytoadherence in both cellular systems. We describe how imaging, flow chamber experiments, single‐molecule measurements, and computational modeling have been used to decipher the relevant processes. We conclude that although the parasite seems to induce processes that resemble the cytoadherence of leukocytes, the mechanics of erythrocytes is such that the resulting behavior in shear flow is fundamentally different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Helms
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Anil Kumar Dasanna
- BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Germany
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Patel JC, Mwapasa V, Kalilani L, Ter Kuile FO, Khairallah C, Thwai KL, Meshnick SR, Taylor SM. Absence of Association Between Sickle Trait Hemoglobin and Placental Malaria Outcomes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1002-7. [PMID: 27001763 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous hemoglobin S (HbAS), or sickle trait, protects children from life-threatening falciparum malaria, potentially by attenuating binding of Plasmodium-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) to extracellular ligands. Such binding is central to the pathogenesis of placental malaria (PM). We hypothesized that HbAS would be associated with reduced risks of PM and low birth weight (LBW). We tested this hypothesis in 850 delivering women in southern Malawi. Parasites were detected by polymerase chain reaction in placental and peripheral blood, and placentae were scored histologically for PM. The prevalence of HbAS was 3.7%, and 11.2% of infants were LBW (< 2,500 g). The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum was 12.7% in placental and 8.5% in peripheral blood; 24.4% of placentae demonstrated histological evidence of P. falciparum HbAS was not associated with reduced prevalence of P. falciparum in placental (odds ratio [OR]: 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50-3.23, P = 0.61) or peripheral blood (OR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.08-2.54, P = 0.03), prevalence of histological PM (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.40-2.34, P = 0.95), or prevalence of LBW (OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.24-2.73, P = 0.74). Mean (standard deviation) birth weights of infants born to HbAS (2,947 g [563]) and, homozygous hemoglobin A (2,991 g [465]) mothers were similar. Across a range of parasitologic, clinical, and histologic outcomes, HbAS did not confer protection from PM or its adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaymin C Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Mwapasa
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Linda Kalilani
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Feiko O Ter Kuile
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Carole Khairallah
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kyaw L Thwai
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Steven R Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Steve M Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Mendonça VRD, Barral-Netto M. Immunoregulation in human malaria: the challenge of understanding asymptomatic infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:945-55. [PMID: 26676319 PMCID: PMC4708013 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection carriers represent a major threat
to malaria control worldwide as they are silent natural reservoirs and do not seek
medical care. There are no standard criteria for
asymptomaticPlasmodium infection; therefore, its diagnosis relies
on the presence of the parasite during a specific period of symptomless infection.
The antiparasitic immune response can result in reducedPlasmodium
sp. load with control of disease manifestations, which leads to asymptomatic
infection. Both the innate and adaptive immune responses seem to play major roles in
asymptomatic Plasmodiuminfection; T regulatory cell activity
(through the production of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β) and
B-cells (with a broad antibody response) both play prominent roles. Furthermore,
molecules involved in the haem detoxification pathway (such as haptoglobin and haeme
oxygenase-1) and iron metabolism (ferritin and activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase)
have emerged in recent years as potential biomarkers and thus are helping to unravel
the immune response underlying asymptomatic Plasmodium infection.
The acquisition of large data sets and the use of robust statistical tools, including
network analysis, associated with well-designed malaria studies will likely help
elucidate the immune mechanisms responsible for asymptomatic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor R de Mendonça
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Gaudreault V, Wirbel J, Jardim A, Rohrbach P, Scorza T. Red Blood Cells Preconditioned with Hemin Are Less Permissive to Plasmodium Invasion In Vivo and In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140805. [PMID: 26465787 PMCID: PMC4605744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic disease that causes severe hemolytic anemia in Plasmodium-infected hosts, which results in the release and accumulation of oxidized heme (hemin). Although hemin impairs the establishment of Plasmodium immunity in vitro and in vivo, mice preconditioned with hemin develop lower parasitemia when challenged with Plasmodium chabaudi adami blood stage parasites. In order to understand the mechanism accounting for this resistance as well as the impact of hemin on eryptosis and plasma levels of scavenging hemopexin, red blood cells were labeled with biotin prior to hemin treatment and P. c. adami infection. This strategy allowed discriminating hemin-treated from de novo generated red blood cells and to follow the infection within these two populations of cells. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of biotinylated-red blood cells revealed increased P. c. adami red blood cells selectivity and a decreased permissibility of hemin-conditioned red blood cells for parasite invasion. These effects were also apparent in in vitro P. falciparum cultures using hemin-preconditioned human red blood cells. Interestingly, hemin did not alter the turnover of red blood cells nor their replenishment during in vivo infection. Our results assign a function for hemin as a protective agent against high parasitemia, and suggest that the hemolytic nature of blood stage human malaria may be beneficial for the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Gaudreault
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jakob Wirbel
- Institute of parasitology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Armando Jardim
- Institute of parasitology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petra Rohrbach
- Institute of parasitology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tatiana Scorza
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Fonseca LL, Voit EO. Comparison of mathematical frameworks for modeling erythropoiesis in the context of malaria infection. Math Biosci 2015; 270:224-36. [PMID: 26362230 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease present all around the globe and responsible for half a million deaths per year. A within-host model of this infection requires a framework capable of properly approximating not only the blood stage of the infection but also the erythropoietic process that is in charge of overcoming the malaria induced anemia. Within this context, we compare ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with and without age classes, delayed differential equations (DDEs), and discrete recursive equations (DREs) with age classes. Results show that ODEs without age classes are fair approximations that do not provide a crisp temporal representation of the processes involved, and inclusion of age classes only mitigates the problem to some degree. DDEs perform well with respect to generating the essentially fixed delay between cell production and cell removal due to age, but the inclusion of any other processes, such as sudden blood loss, becomes cumbersome. The framework that was found to perform best in representing the dynamics of red blood cells during malaria infection is a DRE with age classes. In this model structure, the amount of time a cell remains alive is easily controlled, and the addition of age dependent or independent processes is straightforward. All events that populations of cells face during their lifespan, like growth or adaptation in differentiation or maturation rate, are properly represented in this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis L Fonseca
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-2000, USA
| | - Eberhard O Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-2000, USA.
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50
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Lelliott PM, McMorran BJ, Foote SJ, Burgio G. The influence of host genetics on erythrocytes and malaria infection: is there therapeutic potential? Malar J 2015. [PMID: 26215182 PMCID: PMC4517643 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As parasites, Plasmodium species depend upon their host for survival. During the blood stage of their life-cycle parasites invade and reside within erythrocytes, commandeering host proteins and resources towards their own ends, and dramatically transforming the host cell. Parasites aptly avoid immune detection by minimizing the exposure of parasite proteins and removing themselves from circulation through cytoadherence. Erythrocytic disorders brought on by host genetic mutations can interfere with one or more of these processes, thereby providing a measure of protection against malaria to the host. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the mechanistic aspects of this protection, as mediated through the parasites interaction with abnormal erythrocytes. These novel findings include the reliance of the parasite on the host enzyme ferrochelatase, and the discovery of basigin and CD55 as obligate erythrocyte receptors for parasite invasion. The elucidation of these naturally occurring malaria resistance mechanisms is increasing the understanding of the host-parasite interaction, and as discussed below, is providing new insights into the development of therapies to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Lelliott
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Brendan J McMorran
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Simon J Foote
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Gaetan Burgio
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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