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Dochi H, Kondo S, Komura S, Moriyama-Kita M, Komori T, Nanbo A, Sakaguchi M, Fukuyo M, Hamabe-Horiike T, Tanaka M, Mizokami H, Kano M, Kitagawa Y, Kobayashi E, Hirai N, Ueno T, Nakanishi Y, Endo K, Sugimoto H, Hanayama R, Kaneda A, Yoshizaki T. Peritumoral SPARC expression induced by exosomes from nasopharyngeal carcinoma infected Epstein-Barr virus: A poor prognostic marker. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:895-911. [PMID: 37907830 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells have high metastatic potential. Recent research has revealed that the interaction of between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. In this study, we showed the prognostic value of expression of SPARC, an extracellular matrix protein with multiple cellular functions, in normal adjacent tissues (NAT) surrounding NPC. In the immunohistochemical analysis of 51 NPC biopsy specimens, SPARC expression levels were significantly elevated in the NAT of EBER (EBV-encoded small RNA)-positive NPC compared to that in the NAT of EBER-negative NPC. Moreover, increased SPARC expression in NAT was associated with a worsening of overall survival. The enrichment analysis of RNA-seq of publicly available NPC and NAT surrounding NPC data showed that high SPARC expression in NPC was associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition promotion, and there was a dynamic change in the gene expression profile associated with interference of cellular proliferation in NAT, including SPARC expression. Furthermore, EBV-positive NPC cells induce SPARC expression in normal nasopharyngeal cells via exosomes. Induction of SPARC in cancer-surrounding NAT cells reduced intercellular adhesion in normal nasopharyngeal structures and promoted cell competition between cancer cells and normal epithelial cells. These results suggest that epithelial cells loosen their own binding with the extracellular matrix as well as stromal cells, facilitating the invasion of tumor cells into the adjacent stroma by activating cell competition. Our findings reveal a new mechanism by which EBV creates a pro-metastatic microenvironment by upregulating SPARC expression in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Dochi
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Komura
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Moriyama-Kita
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Komori
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Asuka Nanbo
- Department of Virus Infection Dynamics, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Miako Sakaguchi
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukuyo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshihide Hamabe-Horiike
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Tanaka
- Center for Biochemical Research and Education, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Harue Mizokami
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Kano
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitagawa
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hirai
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ueno
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakanishi
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhira Endo
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sugimoto
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Hu J, Wang H, Yang L, Wu S, Li Y, Li Y, Li Z. Compound IMB-Z inhibits hepatitis B virus replication through increasing APOBEC3G expression and incorporation into viral nucleocapsids. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 31:371-378. [PMID: 36396043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As a host restriction factor, apolipoprotein B messenger RNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G or A3G) has been shown to suppress the replication of several viruses including hepatitis B virus (HBV). Recently, we reported that IMB-Z, a N-phenylbenzamide derivative, could inhibit Enterovirus 71 replication, and A3G mediated its antiviral activity. Whether IMB-Z exhibits an inhibitory effect on HBV replication has not been investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS HBV DNA, pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), core protein, and capsid levels were determined by a qPCR assay or Southern blot, Northern blot, Western blot, and particle gel assay, respectively. Mutation analysis of HBV DNAs was conducted by a differential DNA denaturation PCR assay. A3G encapsidation into HBV nucleocapsids was examined by Western blot analysis after ultracentrifugation and a co-immunoprecipitation (IP) assay between HBV core and A3G proteins. RESULTS In the present study, we found that IMB-Z could considerably inhibit HBV replication in HepAD38 cells. Interestingly, IMB-Z did not alter the HBV pgRNA production but could reduce the level of core protein, viral nucleocapsids, and core-associated DNA, as well as cccDNA intracellular amplification. Similar to the action of IMB-Z's inhibition of Enterovirus 71 replication, we found that IMB-Z's inhibition of HBV replication was associated with increased level of A3G. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of IMB-Z is independent of the cytidine deaminase activity of A3G and is exerted by increasing its incorporation into viral nucleocapsids. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that IMB-Z inhibits HBV through pharmacological induction A3G expression and incorporation into HBV nucleocapsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqiang Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Yanping Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuhuan Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhuorong Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Martinez MG, Smekalova E, Combe E, Gregoire F, Zoulim F, Testoni B. Gene Editing Technologies to Target HBV cccDNA. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122654. [PMID: 36560658 PMCID: PMC9787400 DOI: 10.3390/v14122654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, since chronic HBV infection is associated with elevated risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current licensed therapies against HBV efficiently suppress viral replication; however, they do not have significant effects on the intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of the viral minichromosome responsible for viral persistence. Thus, life-long treatment is required to avoid viral rebound. There is a significant need for novel therapies that can reduce, silence or eradicate cccDNA, thus preventing HBV reemergence after treatment withdrawal. In this review, we discuss the latest developments and applications of gene editing and related approaches for directly targeting HBV DNA and, more specifically, cccDNA in infected hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emmanuel Combe
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008 Lyon, France
| | | | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69002 Lyon, France
- Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Testoni
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008 Lyon, France
- Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69008 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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4
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Li X, Wang Z, Zhou W, Fu X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Yang B, Bai Y, Dai C, Xu X, Cui F, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Wang B, Li Y, Muramatsu M, Wakae K, Liu G. Interferon-alpha responsible EPN3 regulates hepatitis B virus replication. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:944489. [PMID: 35935763 PMCID: PMC9354525 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.944489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major health problem worldwide, and the current antiviral therapy, including nucleoside analogs, cannot achieve life-long cure, and clarification of antiviral host immunity is necessary for eradication. Here, we found that a clathrin-binding membrane protein epsin3 (EPN3) negatively regulates the expression of HBV RNA. EPN3 expression was induced by transfection of an HBV replicon plasmid, and reduced HBV-RNA level in hepatic cell lines and murine livers hydrodynamically injected with the HBV replicon plasmid. Viral RNA reduction by EPN3 was dependent on transcription, and independent from epsilon structure of viral RNA. Viral RNA reduction by overexpression of p53 or IFN-α treatment, was attenuated by knockdown of EPN3, suggesting its role downstream of IFN-α and p53. Taken together, this study demonstrates the anti-HBV role of EPN3. The mechanism how it decreases HBV transcription is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomarker High Throughput Screening and Target Translation of Breast and Gastrointestinal Tumor, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuanhe Fu
- Department of Immunology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxin Bai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunwei Dai
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolun Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Cui
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Bengang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingfang Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
- Kousho Wakae
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyan Liu ;
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5
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Liu W, Cai S, Pu R, Li Z, Liu D, Zhou X, Yin J, Chen X, Chen L, Wu J, Tan X, Wang X, Cao G. HBV preS Mutations Promote Hepatocarcinogenesis by Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Upregulating Inflammatory Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133274. [PMID: 35805045 PMCID: PMC9265300 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Viral mutations at the preS region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) significantly increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Compared to HBV preS deletion, the oncogenic effect of preS combo mutation has rarely been investigated. With a cohort including 2114 subjects, we demonstrated that preS combo mutations G2950A/G2951A/A2962G/C2964A and C3116T/T31C significantly increased the risk of HCC in patients without antiviral treatment, whereas preS2 deletion significantly increased the risk of HCC in patients with antiviral treatment. The prevalence of C3116T/T31C (43.61%) was higher than preS2 deletion (7.16%). By using Sleeping Beauty mouse models and in vitro experiments, we found G2950A/G2951A/A2962G/C2964A, C3116T/T31C, and preS2 deletion promoted hepatocarcinogenesis by increasing levels of inflammatory cytokines, activating STAT3 pathway, enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress, and altering gene expression profiles in inflammation- and metabolism-related pathways. These results suggest that preS combo mutations G2950A/G2951A/A2962G/C2964A and C3116T/T31C had similar oncogenic effects of preS2 deletion and should also be monitored. Abstract This study aimed to elucidate the effects and underlying mechanisms of hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS mutations on hepatocarcinogenesis. The effect of the preS mutations on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence was evaluated using a prospective cohort study with 2114 HBV-infected patients, of whom 612 received antiviral treatments. The oncogenic functions of HBV preS mutations were investigated using cancer cell lines and Sleeping Beauty (SB) mouse models. RNA-sequencing and microarray were applied to identify key molecules involved in the mutant-induced carcinogenesis. Combo mutations G2950A/G2951A/A2962G/C2964A and C3116T/T31C significantly increased HCC risk in patients without antiviral treatment, whereas the preS2 deletion significantly increased HCC risk in patients with antiviral treatment. In SB mice, the preS1/preS2/S mutants induced a higher rate of tumor and higher serum levels of inflammatory cytokines than did wild-type counterpart. The preS1/preS2/S mutants induced altered gene expression profiles in the inflammation- and metabolism-related pathways, activated pathways of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, affected the response to hypoxia, and upregulated the protein level of STAT3. Inhibiting the STAT3 pathway attenuated the effects of the preS1/preS2/S mutants on cell proliferation. G2950A/G2951A/A2962G/C2964A, C3116T/T31C, and preS2 deletion promote hepatocarcinogenesis via inducing ER stress, metabolism alteration, and STAT3 pathways, which might be translated into HCC prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Shiliang Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Rui Pu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Zixiong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Donghong Liu
- Department of Liver Cancer Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an 710032, China;
| | - Xiaojie Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd., Shanghai 200433, China; (W.L.); (S.C.); (R.P.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (X.C.); (L.C.); (X.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-8187-1060
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6
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Dochi H, Kondo S, Murata T, Fukuyo M, Nanbo A, Wakae K, Jiang WP, Hamabe-Horiike T, Tanaka M, Nishiuchi T, Mizokami H, Moriyama-Kita M, Kobayashi E, Hirai N, Komori T, Ueno T, Nakanishi Y, Hatano M, Endo K, Sugimoto H, Wakisaka N, Juang SH, Muramatsu M, Kaneda A, Yoshizaki T. Estrogen induces the expression of EBV lytic protein ZEBRA, a marker of poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2862-2877. [PMID: 35633182 PMCID: PMC9357606 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have suggested that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic infection is essential for the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), as elevation of antibody titers against EBV lytic proteins is a common feature of NPC. Although ZEBRA protein is a key trigger for the initiation of lytic infection, whether its expression affects the prognosis and pathogenesis of NPC remains unclear. In this study, 64 NPC biopsy specimens were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. We found that ZEBRA was significantly associated with a worsening of progression-free survival in NPC (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-11.87; P = 0.037). Moreover, ZEBRA expression positively correlated with key endocrinological proteins, estrogen receptor α, and aromatase. The transcriptional level of ZEBRA is activated by estrogen in an estrogen receptor α-dependent manner, resulting in an increase in structural gene expression levels and extracellular virus DNA copy number in NPC cell lines, reminiscent of lytic infection. Interestingly, it did not suppress cellular proliferation or increase apoptosis, in contrast to cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and sodium butyrate, indicating that viral production induced by estrogen is not a cell lytic phenomenon. Our results suggest that intratumoral estrogen overproduced by aromatase could induce ZEBRA expression and EBV reactivation, contributing to the progression of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Dochi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukuyo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Asuka Nanbo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Virology, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen-Ping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Toshihide Hamabe-Horiike
- Center for Biochemical Research and Education, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mariko Tanaka
- Center for Biochemical Research and Education, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Integrated Omics research, Bioscience Core Facility, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Harue Mizokami
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Moriyama-Kita
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hirai
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Komori
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ueno
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakanishi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Miyako Hatano
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhira Endo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sugimoto
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Naohiro Wakisaka
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Hun Juang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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7
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Kitamura K, Fukano K, Que L, Li Y, Wakae K, Muramatsu M. Activities of endogenous APOBEC3s and uracil-DNA-glycosylase affect the hypermutation frequency of hepatitis B virus cccDNA. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35438620 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays a key role in the persistence of viral infection. We have previously shown that overexpression of an antiviral factor APOBEC3G (A3G) induces hypermutation in duck HBV (DHBV) cccDNA, whereas uracil-DNA-glycosylase (UNG) reduces these mutations. In this study, using cell-culture systems, we examined whether endogenous A3s and UNG affect HBV cccDNA mutation frequency. IFNγ stimulation induced a significant increase in endogenous A3G expression and cccDNA hypermutation. UNG inhibition enhanced the IFNγ-mediated hypermutation frequency. Transfection of reconstructed cccDNA revealed that this enhanced hypermutation caused a reduction in viral replication. These results suggest that the balance of endogenous A3s and UNG activities affects HBV cccDNA mutation and replication competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kento Fukano
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Lusheng Que
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yingfang Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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8
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Zhang Y, Chen X, Cao Y, Yang Z. Roles of APOBEC3 in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocarcinogenesis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2074-2086. [PMID: 34043485 PMCID: PMC8806738 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1931640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3 (A3) cytidine deaminases inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and play vital roles in maintaining a variety of biochemical processes, including the regulation of protein expression and innate immunity. Emerging evidence indicates that the deaminated deoxycytidine biochemical activity of A3 proteins in single-stranded DNA makes them a double-edged sword. These enzymes can cause cellular genetic mutations at replication forks or within transcription bubbles, depending on the physiological state of the cell and the phase of the cell cycle. Under pathological conditions, aberrant expression of A3 genes with improper deaminase activity regulation may threaten genomic stability and eventually lead to cancer development. This review attempted to summarize the antiviral activities and underlying mechanisms of A3 editing enzymes in HBV infections. Moreover, the correlations between A3 genes and hepatocarcinogenesis were also elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajuan Cao
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary HospitalSchool of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongguo Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Que L, Li Y, Dainichi T, Kukimoto I, Nishiyama T, Nakano Y, Shima K, Suzuki T, Sato Y, Horike S, Aizaki H, Watashi K, Kato T, Aly HH, Watanabe N, Kabashima K, Wakae K, Muramatsu M. Interferon-gamma induced APOBEC3B contributes to Merkel cell polyomavirus genome mutagenesis in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1793-1803.e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Chen Z, Eggerman TL, Bocharov AV, Baranova IN, Vishnyakova TG, Patterson AP. APOBEC3-induced mutation of the hepatitis virus B DNA genome occurs during its viral RNA reverse transcription into (-)-DNA. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100889. [PMID: 34181944 PMCID: PMC8321922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3s are innate single-stranded DNA cytidine-to-uridine deaminases that catalyze mutations in both pathogen and human genomes with significant roles in human disease. However, how APOBEC3s mutate a single-stranded DNA that is available momentarily during DNA transcription or replication in vivo remains relatively unknown. In this study, utilizing hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral mutations, we evaluated the mutational characteristics of individual APOBEC3s with reference to the HBV replication process through HBV whole single-strand (-)-DNA genome mutation analyses. We found that APOBEC3s induced C-to-T mutations from the HBV reverse transcription start site continuing through the whole (-)-DNA transcript to the termination site with variable efficiency, in an order of A3B >> A3G > A3H-II or A3C. A3B had a 3-fold higher mutation efficiency than A3H-II or A3C with up to 65% of all HBV genomic cytidines being converted into uridines in a single mutation event, consistent with the A3B localized hypermutation signature in cancer, namely, kataegis. On the other hand, A3C expression led to a 3-fold higher number of mutation-positive HBV genome clones, although each individual clone had a lower number of C-to-T mutations. Like A3B, A3C preferred both 5'-TC and 5'-CC sequences, but to a lesser degree. The APOBEC3-induced HBV mutations were predominantly detected in the HBV rcDNA but were not detectable in other intermediates including HBV cccDNA and pgRNA by primer extension of their PCR amplification products. These data demonstrate that APOBEC3-induced HBV genome mutations occur predominantly when the HBV RNA genome was reversely transcribed into (-)-DNA in the viral capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas L Eggerman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander V Bocharov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irina N Baranova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tatyana G Vishnyakova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy P Patterson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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11
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Liver Cirrhosis in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Is Associated with Genetic Variations in DNA Repair Pathway Genes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113295. [PMID: 33171788 PMCID: PMC7694950 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As DNA repair enzymes affect dynamics of liver damage and are involved in HBV viral replication, this study focused on the role of genetic variations within genes representing key DNA-repair pathways in HBV-induced liver cirrhosis. The obtained results have demonstrated that SNPs within XRCC1, ERCC2 genes may confer susceptibility to liver cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B patients. Abstract Liver cirrhosis (LC), contributing to more than 1 million of deaths annually, is a major healthcare concern worldwide. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major LC etiological factor, and 15% of patients with chronic HBV infection (CHB) develop LC within 5 years. Recently, novel host genetic determinants were shown to influence HBV lifecycle and CHB course. DNA repair enzymes can affect dynamics of liver damage and are involved in HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) formation, an essential step for viral replication. This study aimed to evaluate the possible role of genes representing key DNA-repair pathways in HBV-induced liver damage. MALDI-TOF MS genotyping platform was applied to evaluate variations within XRCC1, XRCC4, ERCC2, ERCC5, RAD52, Mre11, and NBN genes. Apart from older age (p < 0.001), female sex (p = 0.021), portal hypertension (p < 0.001), thrombocytopenia (p < 0.001), high HBV DNA (p = 0.001), and high aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p < 0.001), we found that G allele at rs238406 (ERCC2, p = 0.025), T allele at rs25487 (XRCC1, p = 0.012), rs13181 GG genotype (ERCC2, p = 0.034), and C allele at rs2735383 (NBN, p = 0.042) were also LC risk factors. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that rs25487 CC (p = 0.005) and rs238406 TT (p = 0.027) were independently associated with lower risk of LC. This study provides evidence for the impact of functional and potentially functional variations in key DNA-repair genes XRCC1 and ERCC2 in HBV-induced liver damage in a Caucasian population.
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12
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Tsukuda S, Watashi K. Hepatitis B virus biology and life cycle. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104925. [PMID: 32866519 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) specifically infects hepatocytes and causes severe liver diseases. The HBV life cycle is unique in that the genomic DNA (relaxed-circular partially double-stranded DNA: rcDNA) is converted to a molecular template DNA (covalently closed circular DNA: cccDNA) to amplify a viral RNA intermediate, which is then reverse-transcribed back to viral DNA. The highly stable characteristics of cccDNA result in chronic infection and a poor rate of cure. This complex life cycle of HBV offers a variety of targets to develop antiviral agents. We provide here an update on the current knowledge of HBV biology and its life cycle, which may help to identify new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan; Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; MIRAI, JST, Saitama, Japan.
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13
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Sui S, Jiao Z, Chen H, Niyazi M, Wang L. Association between APOBEC3s and HPV16 E2 gene hypermutation in Uygur females with cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1752-1760. [PMID: 32724418 PMCID: PMC7377173 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptides (A3) are involved in the regulation of cervical cancer development and human papilloma virus (HPV)16 sustained infection in Uighur females. Cervical tissues of Uygur patients with HPV16 with cervical lesions were collected. Expression levels of A3C, A3F and A3G were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. A model of SiHa cells with high expression levels of A3C, A3F and A3G was constructed. Hypermutation was detected using the differential DNA denaturation PCR and positive samples were amplified and sequenced. There were significant differences in A3 expression levels in cervical lesions of different grades. A3C and A3F mRNA and protein expression in cervical cancer tissues were significantly lower, whereas the A3G mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly higher compared with the cervicitis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I–III groups. Hypermutation rates were increased with cervical lesion development. C>T and G>A base substitutions were detected in all hypermutation samples and numbers of C>T and G>A base substitutions in single samples in the cervical cancer group were significantly higher compared with those in the CIN I–III and cervicitis groups. Following transfection of A3F and A3G, HPV E2 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly decreased in SiHa cells. Numerous C>T and G>A base substitutions were detected in the HPV E2 gene in A3G and A3C overexpressing SiHa cells. A3 family proteins inhibit viral replication during HPV16 infection and regulate the HPV16 integration by inducing C>T and G>A hypermutations in the HPV16 E2 gene, thus affecting the cervical cancer pathogenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Sui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Jiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
| | - Mayinuer Niyazi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
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14
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Wallet C, Rohr O, Schwartz C. Evolution of a concept: From accessory protein to key virulence factor, the case of HIV-1 Vpr. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114128. [PMID: 32619426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Back in 1989 some studies have shown that the viral protein Vpr was dispensable for HIV-1 replication in vitro. From then the concept of accessory or auxiliary protein for Vpr has emerged and it is still used to date. However, Vpr soon appeared to be very important for in vivo virus spread and pathogenesis. Vpr has been involved in many biological functions including regulation of reverse transcriptase activity, the nuclear import of the pre-integration complex (PIC), HIV-1 transcription, gene splicing, apoptosis and in cell cycle arrest. Thus, we might rather consider Vpr as a true virulence factor instead of just an accessory factor. At present, Vpr can be regarded as a potential and promising target in different strategies aiming to fight infected cells including latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Wallet
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Olivier Rohr
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Christian Schwartz
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France.
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15
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Different antiviral activities of natural APOBEC3C, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H variants against hepatitis B virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:26-31. [PMID: 31400856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Some APOBEC3 family members have antiviral activity against retroviruses and DNA viruses. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus that is the major causative factor of severe liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. To determine whether APOBEC3 variants in humans have different anti-HBV activities, we evaluated natural variants of APOBEC3C, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H using an HBV-replicating cell culture model. Our data demonstrate that the APOBEC3C variant S188I had increased restriction activity and hypermutation frequency against HBV DNA. In contrast, the APOBEC3G variant H186R did not alter the anti-HBV and hypermutation activities. Among APOBEC3H polymorphisms (hap I-VII) and splicing variants (SV-200, SV-183, SV-182, and SV-154), hap II SV-183 showed the strongest restriction activity. These data suggest that the genetic variations in APOBEC3 genes may affect the efficiency of HBV elimination in humans.
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16
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Liu G, Ma X, Wang Z, Wakae K, Yuan Y, He Z, Yoshiyama H, Iizasa H, Zhang H, Matsuda M, Sugiyama R, Yuan Z, Muramatsu M, Li L. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA-1 (ADAR1) inhibits hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication by enhancing microRNA-122 processing. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14043-14054. [PMID: 31366735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA-1 (ADAR1) involves adenosine to inosine RNA editing and microRNA processing. ADAR1 is known to be involved in the replication of various viruses, including hepatitis C and D. However, the role of ADAR1 in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has not yet been elucidated. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated ADAR1 antiviral activity against HBV. ADAR1 has two splicing isoforms in human hepatocytes: constitutive p110 protein and interferon-α (IFN-α)-responsive p150 protein. We found that overexpression of ADAR1 decreased HBV RNA in an HBV culture model. A catalytic-site mutant ADAR1 also decreased HBV RNA levels, whereas another adenosine deaminases that act on the RNA (ADAR) family protein, ADAR2, did not. Moreover, the induction of ADAR1 by stimulation with IFN-α also reduced HBV RNA levels. Decreases in endogenous ADAR1 expression by knock-down or knock-out increased HBV RNA levels. A major hepatocyte-specific microRNA, miRNA-122, was found to be positively correlated with ADAR1 expression, and exogenous miRNA-122 decreased both HBV RNA and DNA, whereas, conversely, transfection with a miRNA-122 inhibitor increased them. The reduction of HBV RNA by ADAR1 expression was abrogated by p53 knock-down, suggesting the involvement of p53 in the ADAR1-mediated reduction of HBV RNA. This study demonstrated, for the first time, that ADAR1 plays an antiviral role against HBV infection by increasing the level of miRNA-122 in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China.,Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biomarker High Throughput Screening and Target Translation of Breast and Gastrointestinal Tumor, Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhangping He
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo 164-8640, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sugiyama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo 164-8640, Japan
| | - Zhiyu Yuan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan .,Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo 164-8640, Japan
| | - Linghua Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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17
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Kano M, Kondo S, Wakisaka N, Wakae K, Aga M, Moriyama-Kita M, Ishikawa K, Ueno T, Nakanishi Y, Hatano M, Endo K, Sugimoto H, Kitamura K, Muramatsu M, Yoshizaki T. Expression of estrogen receptor alpha is associated with pathogenesis and prognosis of human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1547-1557. [PMID: 31228270 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as a causative agent of cervical cancer and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). Intriguingly, estrogen and HPV were shown to play synergistic roles in cervical carcinogenesis. We recently demonstrated that the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3, A3) family, which is inducible by estrogen, could lead to HPV DNA hypermutation and cause viral DNA integration. In the present study, we examined the relationships between estrogen-estrogen receptor α (ERα) and A3s in HPV-positive OPC. ERα expression was associated with HPV positivity in OPC biopsy samples using immunohistochemical analysis and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, ERα was significantly associated with improved overall survival in HPV-positive OPC (hazard ratio, 0.26; p = 0.029). APOBEC3A (A3A) mRNA was induced by estrogen in HPV and ERα-positive OPC cells. Furthermore, A3A mRNA and protein expression were significantly higher in ERα-positive cases than in ERα-negative ones, among HPV-positive biopsy samples (p = 0.037 and 0.047). These findings suggest that A3A is associated with a good prognosis in ERα-positive OPC, and indicate the prognostic significance of ERα in HPV-positive OPC. This is the first study to demonstrate the prognostic role of ERα in HPV-positive OPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kano
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Naohiro Wakisaka
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kosho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mituharu Aga
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Moriyama-Kita
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ueno
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakanishi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Miyako Hatano
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhira Endo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sugimoto
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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18
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An interferon-like small chemical compound CDM-3008 suppresses hepatitis B virus through induction of interferon-stimulated genes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216139. [PMID: 31188831 PMCID: PMC6561549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of nucleotide analogues and injection of interferon-α (IFNα) are used to achieve immediate suppression in replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Nucleotide analogs and IFNα inhibit viral polymerase activity and cause long-term eradication of the virus at least in part through removing covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) via induction of the APOBEC3 deaminases family of molecules, respectively. This study aimed to explore whether the orally administrable low molecular weight agent CDM-3008 (RO8191), which mimics IFNα through the binding to IFNα/β receptor 2 (IFNAR2) and the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, can suppress HBV replication and reduce cccDNA levels. In primary cultured human hepatocytes, HBV DNA levels were decreased after CDM-3008-treatment in a dose-dependent manner with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.1 μM, and this was accompanied by significant reductions in cellular cccDNA levels, both HBeAg and HBsAg levels in the cell culture medium. Using a microarray we comprehensively analyzed and compared changes in gene (mRNA) expression in CDM-3008- and IFNα-treated primary cultured human hepatocytes. As reported previously, CDM-3008 mimicked the induction of genes that participate in the interferon signaling pathway. OAS1 and ISG20 mRNA expression was similarly enhanced by both CDM-3008 and IFNα. Thus, CDM-3008 could suppress pgRNA expression to show anti-HBV activity. APOBEC3F and 3G mRNA expression was also induced by CDM-3008 and IFNα treatments, suggesting that cccDNA could be degraded through induced APOBEC3 family proteins. We identified the genes whose expression was specifically enhanced in CDM-3008-treated cells compared to IFNα-treated cells. The expression of SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, and CISH, which inhibit STAT activation, was enhanced in CDM-3008-treated cells suggesting that a feedback inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway was enhanced in CDM-3008-treated cells compared to IFNα-treated cells. In addition, CDM-3008 showed an additive effect with a clinically-used nucleoside entecavir on inhibition of HBV replication. In summary, CDM-3008 showed anti-HBV activity through activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, inducing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), with greater feedback inhibition than IFNα.
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19
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Liu W, Wu J, Yang F, Ma L, Ni C, Hou X, Wang L, Xu A, Song J, Deng Y, Xian L, Li Z, Wang S, Chen X, Yin J, Han X, Li C, Zhao J, Cao G. Genetic Polymorphisms Predisposing the Interleukin 6-Induced APOBEC3B-UNG Imbalance Increase HCC Risk via Promoting the Generation of APOBEC-Signature HBV Mutations. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5525-5536. [PMID: 31152021 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE APOBEC3-UNG imbalance contributes to hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibition and somatic mutations. We aimed to explore the associations between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk and genetic polymorphisms predisposing the imbalance.Experimental Design: Genetic polymorphisms at APOBEC3 promoter and UNG enhancer regions were genotyped in 5,621 participants using quantitative PCR. HBV mutations (nt.1600-nt.1945, nt.2848-nt.155) were determined by Sanger sequencing. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was applied to detect the transcriptional activity. Effects of APOBEC3B/UNG SNPs and expression levels on HCC prognosis were evaluated with a cohort of 400 patients with HCC and public databases, respectively. RESULTS APOBEC3B rs2267401-G allele and UNG rs3890995-C allele significantly increased HCC risk. rs2267401-G allele was significantly associated with the generation of APOBEC-signature HBV mutation whose frequency consecutively increased from asymptomatic HBV carriers to patients with HCC. Multiplicative interaction of rs2267401-G allele with rs3890995-C allele increased HCC risk, with an adjusted OR (95% confidence interval) of 1.90 (1.34-2.81). rs2267401 T-to-G and rs3890995 T-to-C conferred increased activities of APOBEC3B promoter and UNG enhancer, respectively. IL6 significantly increased APOBEC3B promoter activity and inhibited UNG enhancer activity, and these effects were more evident in those carrying rs2267401-G and rs3890995-C, respectively. APOBEC3B rs2267401-GG genotype, higher APOBEC3B expression, and higher APOBEC3B/UNG expression ratio in HCCs indicated poor prognosis. APOBEC-signature somatic mutation predicts poor prognosis in HBV-free HCCs rather than in HBV-positive ones. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphic genotypes predisposing the APOBEC3B-UNG imbalance in IL6-presenting microenvironment promote HCC development, possibly via promoting the generation of high-risk HBV mutations. This can be transformed into specific prophylaxis of HBV-caused HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longteng Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Ni
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijing Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linfeng Xian
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixiong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Han
- Division of Chronic Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengzhong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Liver Cancer Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology, Shanghai, China
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20
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Wang H, Zhong M, Li Y, Li K, Wu S, Guo T, Cen S, Jiang J, Li Z, Li Y. APOBEC3G is a restriction factor of EV71 and mediator of IMB-Z antiviral activity. Antiviral Res 2019; 165:23-33. [PMID: 30862444 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, is the causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), for which no effective antiviral therapy is currently available. Apolipoprotein B messenger RNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G or A3G) is a cytidine deaminase that inhibits the replication of several viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus-1, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. In our efforts toward understanding the antiviral spectrum and mechanism of A3G, we found that ectopic expression of A3G inhibited EV71 replication, whereas knockdown of endogenous A3G expression promoted EV71 replication. Moreover, inhibition of EV71 replication by IMB-Z, a N-phenylbenzamide derivative, is associated with increased levels of intracellular A3G, but reducing the level of A3G by RNA interference diminished the antiviral activity of IMB-Z. Mechanistically, we obtained evidence suggesting that the cytidine deaminase activity is not required for A3G inhibition of EV71 replication. Instead, we demonstrated that A3G can interact with viral 3D RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and viral RNA and be packaged into progeny virions to reduce its infectivity. Taken together, our results indicate that A3G is a cellular restriction factor of EV71 and mediator of the antiviral activity of IMB-Z. Pharmacological induction and/or stabilization of A3G is a potential therapeutic approach to treat diseases caused by EV71 infection, such as HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yanping Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shan Cen
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Zhuorong Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100050, China.
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21
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Goyal A, Chauhan R. The dynamics of integration, viral suppression and cell-cell transmission in the development of occult Hepatitis B virus infection. J Theor Biol 2018; 455:269-280. [PMID: 29969598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Out of several phases of HBV infection, the least understood phase is occult hepatitis B virus infection. The paucity of data due to non-availability of biological tissues and the prerequisite of ultra-sensitive assays for the detection of occult hepatitis B virus infection prompted us to utilize mathematical modeling in determining mechanisms that lead to occult hepatitis B virus infection and characteristics of HBV infection during occult hepatitis B virus infection. METHODS We proposed two mathematical models (M1 and M2), considering two different phenomenon for episomal maintenance and accumulation of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in infected hepatocytes: (i) M1 - recirculation of the relaxed circular DNA/double-stranded linear DNA from cytoplasm to the nucleus, and (ii) M2 - reinfection of infected hepatocytes with virions. We further incorporated the dynamics of integrated Hepatitis B virus DNA (iHBV) to investigate its role in the development of occult hepatitis B virus infection. RESULTS The analysis showed that the main mechanism for the spread of infection during occult hepatitis B virus infection is cell-to-cell transmission and not cell-free virus transmission. A significant viral suppression (of at least 99% from its peak production values) was essential but not sufficient in the development of occult hepatitis B virus infection under M1; however under M2, the viral suppression was neither sufficient nor essential as the inhibition of the production of HBsAg without viral suppression can also explain the development of occult hepatitis B virus infection. Our analysis also revealed that occult hepatitis B virus infection seropositive cases are more likely to progress into liver cirrhosis compared to occult hepatitis B virus infection seronegative cases. The iHBV was found to be mostly silent (by either being absent or non-productive for HBsAg) during occult hepatitis B virus infection. CONCLUSION The viral suppression is neither essential nor sufficient to explain the development of occult hepatitis B virus infection on its own. Not only the viral suppression but the inhibition -of the production and the export of HBsAg from cccDNA and iHBV also plays an important role in the development of occult hepatitis B virus infection. This is the first study, which incorporates the dynamics of iHBV and shows that HBV primarily spreads via cell-cell transmission during occult hepatitis B virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Goyal
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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22
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Keratinocyte differentiation induces APOBEC3A, 3B, and mitochondrial DNA hypermutation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9745. [PMID: 29950685 PMCID: PMC6021414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are found in many types of cancers and suspected to be involved in carcinogenesis, although the mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we report that consecutive C-to-T mutations (hypermutations), a unique feature of mutations induced by APOBECs, are found in mtDNA from cervical dysplasia and oropharyngeal cancers. In vitro, we found that APOBEC3A (A3A) and 3B (A3B) expression, as well as mtDNA hypermutation, were induced in a cervical dysplastic cell line W12 when cultured in a differentiating condition. The ectopic expression of A3A or A3B was sufficient to hypermutate mtDNA. Fractionation of W12 cell lysates and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that A3A and A3B could be contained in mitochondrion. These results suggest that mtDNA hypermutation is induced upon keratinocyte differentiation, and shed light on its molecular mechanism, which involves A3s. The possible involvement of mtDNA hypermutations in carcinogenesis is also discussed.
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23
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Kitamura K, Que L, Shimadu M, Koura M, Ishihara Y, Wakae K, Nakamura T, Watashi K, Wakita T, Muramatsu M. Flap endonuclease 1 is involved in cccDNA formation in the hepatitis B virus. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007124. [PMID: 29928064 PMCID: PMC6013022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major etiological pathogens for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic HBV infection is a key factor in these severe liver diseases. During infection, HBV forms a nuclear viral episome in the form of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Current therapies are not able to efficiently eliminate cccDNA from infected hepatocytes. cccDNA is a master template for viral replication that is formed by the conversion of its precursor, relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA). However, the host factors critical for cccDNA formation remain to be determined. Here, we assessed whether one potential host factor, flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1), is involved in cleavage of the flap-like structure in rcDNA. In a cell culture HBV model (Hep38.7-Tet), expression and activity of FEN1 were reduced by siRNA, shRNA, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, and a FEN1 inhibitor. These reductions in FEN1 expression and activity did not affect nucleocapsid DNA (NC-DNA) production, but did reduce cccDNA levels in Hep38.7-Tet cells. Exogenous overexpression of wild-type FEN1 rescued the reduced cccDNA production in FEN1-depleted Hep38.7-Tet cells. Anti-FEN1 immunoprecipitation revealed the binding of FEN1 to HBV DNA. An in vitro FEN activity assay demonstrated cleavage of 5′-flap from a synthesized HBV DNA substrate. Furthermore, cccDNA was generated in vitro when purified rcDNA was incubated with recombinant FEN1, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. Importantly, FEN1 was required for the in vitro cccDNA formation assay. These results demonstrate that FEN1 is involved in HBV cccDNA formation in cell culture system, and that FEN1, DNA polymerase, and ligase activities are sufficient to convert rcDNA into cccDNA in vitro. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a worldwide health problem that affects more than 350 million people. HBV is one of the major etiological pathogens for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is a key viral intermediate for persistent infection. However, the molecular mechanism of cccDNA formation has not been clarified. Here, we found that the host factor flap-endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is pivotal in cccDNA formation. We developed a novel cccDNA formation assay by the incubation of purified viral DNA with recombinant FEN1, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of cccDNA formation and proposes FEN1 as a potential anti-HBV drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Lusheng Que
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miyuki Shimadu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Koura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuuki Ishihara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Radiology and Cancer Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Anikhindi SA, Kumar A, Sharma P, Singla V, Bansal N, Arora A. Ideal Cure for Hepatitis B Infection: The Target is in Sight. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 8:188-194. [PMID: 29892183 PMCID: PMC5992304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most common causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite recent strides in pharmacotherapy, complete cure of HBV infection still remains an enigma. The biggest obstacle in HBV therapy is clearance of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid (cccDNA). We discuss about the role of cccDNA in HBV life cycle, efficacy and shortcomings of currently available antivirals as well as promising novel targets to achieve ideal HBV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrihari A. Anikhindi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Singla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Bansal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Arora
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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25
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Vural S, Simon R, Krushkal J. Correlation of gene expression and associated mutation profiles of APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, REV1, UNG, and FHIT with chemosensitivity of cancer cell lines to drug treatment. Hum Genomics 2018; 12:20. [PMID: 29642934 PMCID: PMC5896091 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-018-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The APOBEC gene family of cytidine deaminases plays important roles in DNA repair and mRNA editing. In many cancers, APOBEC3B increases the mutation load, generating clusters of closely spaced, single-strand-specific DNA substitutions with a characteristic hypermutation signature. Some studies also suggested a possible involvement of APOBEC3A, REV1, UNG, and FHIT in molecular processes affecting APOBEC mutagenesis. It is important to understand how mutagenic processes linked to the activity of these genes may affect sensitivity of cancer cells to treatment. RESULTS We used information from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer resources to examine associations of the prevalence of APOBEC-like motifs and mutational loads with expression of APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, REV1, UNG, and FHIT and with cell line chemosensitivity to 255 antitumor drugs. Among the five genes, APOBEC3B expression levels were bimodally distributed, whereas expression of APOBEC3A, REV1, UNG, and FHIT was unimodally distributed. The majority of the cell lines had low levels of APOBEC3A expression. The strongest correlations of gene expression levels with mutational loads or with measures of prevalence of APOBEC-like motif counts and kataegis clusters were observed for REV1, UNG, and APOBEC3A. Sensitivity or resistance of cell lines to JQ1, palbociclib, bicalutamide, 17-AAG, TAE684, MEK inhibitors refametinib, PD-0325901, and trametinib and a number of other agents was correlated with candidate gene expression levels or with abundance of APOBEC-like motif clusters in specific cancers or across cancer types. CONCLUSIONS We observed correlations of expression levels of the five candidate genes in cell line models with sensitivity to cancer drug treatment. We also noted suggestive correlations between measures of abundance of APOBEC-like sequence motifs with drug sensitivity in small samples of cell lines from individual cancer categories, which require further validation in larger datasets. Molecular mechanisms underlying the links between the activities of the products of each of the five genes, the resulting mutagenic processes, and sensitivity to each category of antitumor agents require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Vural
- Computational and Systems Biology Branch, Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Richard Simon
- Computational and Systems Biology Branch, Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Julia Krushkal
- Computational and Systems Biology Branch, Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
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26
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Seishima N, Kondo S, Wakae K, Wakisaka N, Kobayashi E, Kano M, Moriyama-Kita M, Nakanishi Y, Endo K, Imoto T, Ishikawa K, Sugimoto H, Hatano M, Ueno T, Koura M, Kitamura K, Muramatsu M, Yoshizaki T. Expression and subcellular localisation of AID and APOBEC3 in adenoid and palatine tonsils. Sci Rep 2018; 8:918. [PMID: 29343743 PMCID: PMC5772672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 (A3) family are cytidine deaminases that play critical roles in B-cell maturation, antiviral immunity and carcinogenesis. Adenoids and palatine tonsils are secondary lymphoid immune organs, in which AID and A3s are thought to have several physiological or pathological roles. However, the expression of AID or A3s in these organs has not been investigated. Therefore, we investigated the expression profiles of AID and A3s, using 67 samples of adenoids and palatine tonsils from patients, with reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemical analyses. AID and A3s expression levels in the adenoids and the palatine tonsils of the same individual significantly correlated with each other. Of note, AID expression level in the adenoids negatively correlated with the age (r = -0.373, P = 0.003). The younger group with adenoid vegetation and tonsillar hypertrophy showed more abundant AID expression than the older group with recurrent tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscesses (P = 0.026). Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis revealed the distribution of AID and A3s in the epithelial cells as well as germinal centres. The localisation of AID expression and its relation to age may contribute to adenoid vegetation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Seishima
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Naohiro Wakisaka
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Kano
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Moriyama-Kita
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakanishi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhira Endo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imoto
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sugimoto
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Miyako Hatano
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ueno
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Miki Koura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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27
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Luo MT, Fan Y, Mu D, Yao YG, Zheng YT. Molecular cloning and characterization of APOBEC3 family in tree shrew. Gene 2017; 646:143-152. [PMID: 29292195 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The APOBEC3 family is a series antiviral factors that inhibit the replication of many viruses, such as HIV-1 and HBV. Tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) possess great potential as an animal model for human diseases and therapeutic responses. However, the APOBEC3 family is unknown in tree shrews. Recent work has showed the presence of the APOBEC3 family in tree shrews. In this work, the cDNA sequences of five APOBEC3 members were identified in tree shrews, namely, tsAPOBEC3A, -3C, -3F, -3G and -3H. The results showed that their sequences encoded a zinc (Z)-coordinating-domain as a characteristic of APOBEC3 proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the tree shrew APOBEC3 (tsAPOBEC3) genes have occurred independently and that they are clustered with other mammalian APOBEC3 members. Transcript expression analysis indicated that tsAPOBEC3 genes are constitutively expressed, and high in immune-related tissues. tsAPOBEC3 gene expression was up-regulated in hepatocytes and PBMCs by IFN-α stimulation. Finally, tsAPOBEC3 proteins could edit both sides of DNA by inserting G→A and C→T hypermutations. Overall, the results suggest that the tsAPOBEC3 family could play a key role in defense immunity through distinct editing mechanisms. Our results provided insights into the genetic basis for the development of a tree shrew model for studying viral infection. Future studies will focus on deepening our understanding on the antiviral functions of these editing enzymes in tree shrew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Dan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China; Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China; Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Models and Drug Development, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China..
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Ji M, Hu K. Recent advances in the study of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA. Virol Sin 2017; 32:454-464. [PMID: 29280054 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B infection is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and a total cure is yet to be achieved. The viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the key to establish a persistent infection within hepatocytes. Current antiviral strategies have no effect on the pre-existing cccDNA reservoir. Therefore, the study of the molecular mechanism of cccDNA formation is becoming a major focus of HBV research. This review summarizes the current advances in cccDNA molecular biology and the latest studies on the elimination or inactivation of cccDNA, including three major areas: (1) epigenetic regulation of cccDNA by HBV X protein, (2) immune-mediated degradation, and (3) genome-editing nucleases. All these aspects provide clues on how to finally attain a cure for chronic hepatitis B infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Ji
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
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29
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APOBEC3A Is Upregulated by Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the Maternal-Fetal Interface, Acting as an Innate Anti-HCMV Effector. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01296-17. [PMID: 28956761 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01296-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital infection and is associated with a wide range of neurodevelopmental disabilities and intrauterine growth restriction. Yet our current understanding of the mechanisms modulating transplacental HCMV transmission is poor. The placenta, given its critical function in protecting the fetus, has evolved effective yet largely uncharacterized innate immune barriers against invading pathogens. Here we show that the intrinsic cellular restriction factor apolipoprotein B editing catalytic subunit-like 3A (APOBEC3A [A3A]) is profoundly upregulated following ex vivo HCMV infection in human decidual tissues-constituting the maternal aspect of the placenta. We directly demonstrated that A3A severely restricted HCMV replication upon controlled overexpression in epithelial cells, acting by a cytidine deamination mechanism to introduce hypermutations into the viral genome. Importantly, we further found that A3 editing of HCMV DNA occurs both ex vivo in HCMV-infected decidual organ cultures and in vivo in amniotic fluid samples obtained during natural congenital infection. Our results reveal a previously unexplored role for A3A as an innate anti-HCMV effector, activated by HCMV infection in the maternal-fetal interface. These findings pave the way to new insights into the potential impact of APOBEC proteins on HCMV pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE In view of the grave outcomes associated with congenital HCMV infection, there is an urgent need to better understand the innate mechanisms acting to limit transplacental viral transmission. Toward this goal, our findings reveal the role of the intrinsic cellular restriction factor A3A (which has never before been studied in the context of HCMV infection and vertical viral transmission) as a potent anti-HCMV innate barrier, activated by HCMV infection in the authentic tissues of the maternal-fetal interface. The detection of naturally occurring hypermutations in clinical amniotic fluid samples of congenitally infected fetuses further supports the idea of the occurrence of A3 editing of the viral genome in the setting of congenital HCMV infection. Given the widely differential tissue distribution characteristics and biological functions of the members of the A3 protein family, our findings should pave the way to future studies examining the potential impact of A3A as well as of other A3s on HCMV pathogenesis.
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30
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Chen Y, Hu J, Cai X, Huang Y, Zhou X, Tu Z, Hu J, Tavis JE, Tang N, Huang A, Hu Y. APOBEC3B edits HBV DNA and inhibits HBV replication during reverse transcription. Antiviral Res 2017; 149:16-25. [PMID: 29129707 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus is a partially double-stranded DNA virus that replicates by reverse transcription, which occurs within viral core particles in the cytoplasm. The cytidine deaminase APOBEC3B is a cellular restriction factor for HBV. Recently, it was reported that APOBEC3B can edit HBV cccDNA in the nucleus, causing its degradation. However, whether and how it can edit HBV core-associated DNAs during reverse transcription is unclear. Our studies to address this question revealed the following: First, silencing endogenous APOBEC3B in an HBV infection system lead to upregulation of HBV replication. Second, APOBEC3B can inhibit replication of HBV isolates from genotypes (gt) A, B, C, and D as determined by employing transfection of plasmids expressing isolates from four different HBV genotypes. For HBV inhibition, APOBEC3B-mediated inhibition of replication primarily depends on the C-terminal active site of APOBEC3B. In addition, employing the HBV RNaseH-deficient D702A mutant and a polymerase-deficient YMHA mutant, we demonstrated that APOBEC3B can edit both the HBV minus- and plus-strand DNAs, but not the pregenomic RNA in core particles. Furthermore, we found by co-immunoprecipitation assays that APOBEC3B can interact with HBV core protein in an RNA-dependent manner. Our results provide evidence that APOBEC3B can interact with HBV core protein and edit HBV DNAs during reverse transcription. These data suggest that APOBEC3B exerts multifaceted antiviral effects against HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - John E Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Li Y, Xia Y, Han M, Chen G, Zhang D, Thasler WE, Protzer U, Ning Q. IFN-α-mediated Base Excision Repair Pathway Correlates with Antiviral Response Against Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12715. [PMID: 28983111 PMCID: PMC5629255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies identified APOBEC deaminases as enzymes targeting hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the nucleus thus affecting its persistence. Interferon (IFN)-α treated chimpanzees and hepatitis C patients showed elevated APOBEC expression. We thus hypothesized that the responses to IFN-α treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients is influenced by IFN-induced base excision repair (BER). CHB-treatment naïve patients, patients treated with PEGylated IFN-α, and patients with sequential treatment of Entecavior and PEGylated IFN-α were recruited. Blood and liver biopsy samples were collected before treatment and at treatment endpoint. BER genes were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. BER gene expression levels and IFN treatment responses were correlated in patient liver biopsies. APOBEC3A, -B, -C, -D/E, and-G mRNA levels were up-regulated in IFN-treated patients. APOBEC3A expression was significantly higher in IFN-responders than in non-responders. BER genes NEIL3 was down-regulated in IFN-treated patients. APOBEC3 and BER gene expression at treatment endpoints partially correlated with the corresponding absolute DNA level or degree of HBsAg and HBV DNA decline. Our study suggests that the expression of APOBEC3A positively correlates with IFN-treatment responses in CHB patients, while NEIL3 shows negative correlation. These genes may involve to IFN mediated viral suppression and serve as biomarkers for CHB disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department and Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuchen Xia
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, 20892, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meifang Han
- Department and Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department and Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dake Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wolfgang E Thasler
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Grosshadern Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Qin Ning
- Department and Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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32
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Molecular characterization of AID-mediated reduction of hepatitis B virus transcripts. Virology 2017; 510:281-288. [PMID: 28779685 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. After entering a hepatocyte, HBV forms a nuclear viral episome and produces pregenomic (pg) RNA with a stem-loop structure called an epsilon, which acts to signal encapsidation. We previously demonstrated that TGF-β upregulates activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression in hepatocytes, which in turn downregulates HBV transcripts by recruiting the RNA exosome complex. The molecular mechanism underlying AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction remains largely unclear. Here we used a pgRNA reporter system having a reporter gene within pgRNA to identify sis- and trans-acting elements in AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction. We found that the epsilon RNA and C-terminus of AID are required for AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction. Importantly, this reduction was reproduced in a hydrodynamic HBV transfection mouse model. The molecular mechanism of AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction is discussed.
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Iizuka T, Wakae K, Nakamura M, Kitamura K, Ono M, Fujiwara H, Muramatsu M. APOBEC3G is increasingly expressed on the human uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia along with disease progression. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78. [PMID: 28590025 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM APOBEC3G (A3G) is a cytidine deaminase that exhibits antiviral activity by introducing C-to-T hypermutation in viral DNA. We recently observed the distinct presence of C-to-T hypermutation of human papillomavirus DNA in uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), suggesting the possible involvement of A3G in the mutation-inducing process. Consequently, we investigated the association of A3G expression with CIN progression in this study. METHOD OF STUDY Patients who had undergone cervical conization due to CIN1 (n=11), CIN2 (n=9), CIN3 (n=12), and micro-invasive squamous cell carcinoma (n=2) were included. The expression profiles of A3G and p16 proteins in cervical lesions and A3G-positive immune cells around the lesions were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Immunoreactive A3G protein was detected in the CIN and squamous cell carcinoma lesions. Its expression intensity and positive areas were increased and spread in accordance with the progression of CIN, respectively. The co-expression of p16 was observed on the A3G-positive atypical cells. The numbers of A3G-positive immune cells in CIN3 lesions were significantly higher than those of CIN1-2 lesions. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that A3G is associated with CIN, suggesting its important roles in human papillomavirus-induced pathophysiological processes such as CIN progression and viral elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iizuka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Schreiner S, Nassal M. A Role for the Host DNA Damage Response in Hepatitis B Virus cccDNA Formation-and Beyond? Viruses 2017; 9:v9050125. [PMID: 28531167 PMCID: PMC5454437 DOI: 10.3390/v9050125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection puts more than 250 million people at a greatly increased risk to develop end-stage liver disease. Like all hepadnaviruses, HBV replicates via protein-primed reverse transcription of a pregenomic (pg) RNA, yielding an unusually structured, viral polymerase-linked relaxed-circular (RC) DNA as genome in infectious particles. Upon infection, RC-DNA is converted into nuclear covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA. Associating with cellular proteins into an episomal minichromosome, cccDNA acts as template for new viral RNAs, ensuring formation of progeny virions. Hence, cccDNA represents the viral persistence reservoir that is not directly targeted by current anti-HBV therapeutics. Eliminating cccDNA will thus be at the heart of a cure for chronic hepatitis B. The low production of HBV cccDNA in most experimental models and the associated problems in reliable cccDNA quantitation have long hampered a deeper understanding of cccDNA molecular biology. Recent advancements including cccDNA-dependent cell culture systems have begun to identify select host DNA repair enzymes that HBV usurps for RC-DNA to cccDNA conversion. While this list is bound to grow, it may represent just one facet of a broader interaction with the cellular DNA damage response (DDR), a network of pathways that sense and repair aberrant DNA structures and in the process profoundly affect the cell cycle, up to inducing cell death if repair fails. Given the divergent interactions between other viruses and the DDR it will be intriguing to see how HBV copes with this multipronged host system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schreiner
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, D-85764 Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Nassal
- Dept. of Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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35
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APOBEC3A associates with human papillomavirus genome integration in oropharyngeal cancers. Oncogene 2016; 36:1687-1697. [PMID: 27694899 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal cancers has been increasing in developed countries. We recently demonstrated that members of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3, A3) family, which are antiviral factors, can induce hypermutation of HPV DNA in vitro. In the present study, we found numerous C-to-T and G-to-A hypermutations in the HPV16 genome in oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) biopsy samples using differential DNA denaturation PCR and next-generation sequencing. A3s were more abundantly expressed in HPV16-positive OPCs than in HPV-negative, as assessed using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription quantitative PCR. In addition, interferons upregulated A3s in an HPV16-positive OPC cell line. Furthermore, quantitative PCR analysis of HPV DNA suggests that APOBEC3A (A3A) expression is strongly correlated with the integration of HPV DNA. These results suggest that HPV16 infection may upregulate A3A expression, thereby increasing the chance of viral DNA integration. The role of A3A in HPV-induced carcinogenesis is discussed.
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Luo X, Huang Y, Chen Y, Tu Z, Hu J, Tavis JE, Huang A, Hu Y. Association of Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA and Human APOBEC3B in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157708. [PMID: 27310677 PMCID: PMC4911053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infections can progresses to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The HBV covalently-closed circular DNA cccDNA is a key to HBV persistence, and its degradation can be induced by the cellular deaminase APOBEC3. This study aimed to measure the distribution of intrahepatic cccDNA levels and evaluate the association between levels of cccDNA and APOBEC3 in HCC patients. Among 49 HCC patients, 35 matched cancerous and contiguous noncancerous liver tissues had detectable cccDNA, and the median intrahepatic cccDNA in the cancerous tissues (CT) was significantly lower than in the contiguous noncancerous tissues (CNCT) (p = 0.0033). RCA (rolling circle amplification), followed by 3D-PCR identified positive amplification in 27 matched HCC patients. Sequence analysis indicated G to A mutations accumulated to higher levels in CT samples compared to CNCT samples, and the dinucleotide context showed preferred editing in the GpA context. Among 7 APOBEC3 genes, APOBEC3B was the only one up-regulated in cancerous tissues both at the transcriptional and protein levels (p < 0.05). This implies APOBEC3B may contribute to cccDNA editing and subsequent degradation in cancerous tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cytidine Deaminase/genetics
- Cytidine Deaminase/metabolism
- DNA, Circular/chemistry
- DNA, Circular/genetics
- DNA, Circular/metabolism
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/metabolism
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Hydrolysis
- Liver/enzymology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanmeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeng Tu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jieli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - John E. Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (AH); (YH)
| | - Yuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (AH); (YH)
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Honda T. Links between Human LINE-1 Retrotransposons and Hepatitis Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Chem 2016; 4:21. [PMID: 27242996 PMCID: PMC4863659 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2016.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 80% of liver cancers, the third most frequent cause of cancer mortality. The most prevalent risk factors for HCC are infections by hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. Findings suggest that hepatitis virus-related HCC might be a cancer in which LINE-1 retrotransposon, often termed L1, activity plays a potential role. Firstly, hepatitis viruses can suppress host defense factors that also control L1 mobilization. Secondly, many recent studies also have indicated that hypomethylation of L1 affects the prognosis of HCC patients. Thirdly, endogenous L1 retrotransposition was demonstrated to activate oncogenic pathways in HCC. Fourthly, several L1 chimeric transcripts with host or viral genes are found in hepatitis virus-related HCC. Such lines of evidence suggest a linkage between L1 retrotransposons and hepatitis virus-related HCC. Here, I briefly summarize current understandings of the association between hepatitis virus-related HCC and L1. Then, I discuss potential mechanisms of how hepatitis viruses drive the development of HCC via L1 retrotransposons. An increased understanding of the contribution of L1 to hepatitis virus-related HCC may provide unique insights related to the development of novel therapeutics for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Honda
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuita, Japan
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38
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Herate C, Vigne C, Guenzel CA, Lambele M, Rouyez MC, Benichou S. Uracil DNA glycosylase interacts with the p32 subunit of the replication protein A complex to modulate HIV-1 reverse transcription for optimal virus dissemination. Retrovirology 2016; 13:26. [PMID: 27068393 PMCID: PMC4828845 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through incorporation into virus particles, the HIV-1 Vpr protein participates in the early steps of the virus life cycle by influencing the reverse transcription process. We previously showed that this positive impact on reverse transcription was related to Vpr binding to the uracil DNA glycosylase 2 enzyme (UNG2), leading to enhancement of virus infectivity in established CD4-positive cell lines via a nonenzymatic mechanism. RESULTS We report here that Vpr can form a trimolecular complex with UNG2 and the p32 subunit (RPA32) of the replication protein A (RPA) complex and we explore how these cellular proteins can influence virus replication and dissemination in the primary target cells of HIV-1, which express low levels of both proteins. Virus infectivity and replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), as well as the efficiency of the viral DNA synthesis, were significantly reduced when viruses were produced from cells depleted of endogenous UNG2 or RPA32. Moreover, viruses produced in macrophages failed to replicate efficiently in UNG2- and RPA32-depleted T lymphocytes. Reciprocally, viruses produced in UNG2-depleted T cells did not replicate efficiently in MDMs confirming the positive role of UNG2 for virus dissemination. CONCLUSIONS Our data show the positive effect of UNG2 and RPA32 on the reverse transcription process leading to optimal virus replication and dissemination between the primary target cells of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Herate
- />Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
- />CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- />Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Clarisse Vigne
- />Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
- />CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- />Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Carolin A. Guenzel
- />Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
- />CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- />Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Lambele
- />Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
- />CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- />Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Rouyez
- />Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
- />CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- />Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Serge Benichou
- />Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
- />CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- />Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
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39
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Qiao Y, Han X, Guan G, Wu N, Sun J, Pak V, Liang G. TGF-β triggers HBV cccDNA degradation through AID-dependent deamination. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:419-27. [PMID: 26867650 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a viral center molecule for HBV infection and persistence. However, the cellular restriction factors of HBV cccDNA are not well understood. Here, we show that TGF-β can induce nuclear viral cccDNA degradation and hypermutation via activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deamination activity in hepatocytes. This suppression by TGF-β is abrogated when AID or the activity of uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) is absent, which indicates that AID deamination and the UNG-mediated excision of uracil act in concert to degrade viral cccDNA. Moreover, the HBV core protein promotes the interaction between AID and viral cccDNA. Overall, our results indicate a novel molecular mechanism that allows cytokine TGF-β to restrict viral nuclear cccDNA in innate immunity, thereby suggesting a novel method for potentially eliminating cccDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qiao
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gefei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Wu
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vladimir Pak
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guoxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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40
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Wakae K, Aoyama S, Wang Z, Kitamura K, Liu G, Monjurul AM, Koura M, Imayasu M, Sakamoto N, Nakamura M, Kyo S, Kondo S, Fujiwara H, Yoshizaki T, Kukimoto I, Yamaguchi K, Shigenobu S, Nishiyama T, Muramatsu M. Detection of hypermutated human papillomavirus type 16 genome by Next-Generation Sequencing. Virology 2015; 485:460-6. [PMID: 26356796 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is a major cause of cervical cancer. We previously demonstrated that C-to-T and G-to-A hypermutations accumulated in the HPV16 genome by APOBEC3 expression in vitro. To investigate in vivo characteristics of hypermutation, differential DNA denaturation-PCR (3D-PCR) was performed using three clinical specimens obtained from HPV16-positive cervical dysplasia, and detected hypermutation from two out of three specimens. One sample accumulating hypermutations in both E2 and the long control region (LCR) was further subjected to Next-Generation Sequencing, revealing that hypermutations spread across the LCR and all early genes. Notably, hypermutation was more frequently observed in the LCR, which contains a viral replication origin and the early promoter. APOBEC3 expressed abundantly in an HPV16-positive cervix, suggesting that single-stranded DNA exposed during viral replication and transcription may be efficient targets for deamination. The results further strengthen a role of APOBEC3 in introducing HPV16 hypermutation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Satoru Aoyama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Division of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, 116001, China
| | - Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Ahasan Md Monjurul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Miki Koura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mieko Imayasu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Iwao Kukimoto
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- Functional Genomic Facility, National Institute of Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Functional Genomic Facility, National Institute of Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishiyama
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
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41
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Alinejad-Rokny H, Ebrahimi D. A method to avoid errors associated with the analysis of hypermutated viral sequences by alignment-based methods. J Biomed Inform 2015; 58:220-225. [PMID: 26494601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human genome encodes for a family of editing enzymes known as APOBEC3 (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like3). They induce context dependent G-to-A changes, referred to as "hypermutation", in the genome of viruses such as HIV, SIV, HBV and endogenous retroviruses. Hypermutation is characterized by aligning affected sequences to a reference sequence. We show that indels (insertions/deletions) in the sequences lead to an incorrect assignment of APOBEC3 targeted and non-target sites. This can result in an incorrect identification of hypermutated sequences and erroneous biological inferences made based on hypermutation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diako Ebrahimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics; Masonic Cancer Center; Institute for Molecular Virology; University of Minnesota, MN, USA.
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42
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Keller EX, Delbue S, Tognon M, Provenzano M. Polyomavirus BK and prostate cancer: a complex interaction of potential clinical relevance. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:366-78. [PMID: 26308483 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies associating BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) and prostate cancer (PCa) suggested that this virus may exert its oncogenic activity at early stages of cancer development. The BKPyV oncogene, the large T antigen (LTag), has frequently been detected in areas of proliferative inflammatory atrophy, which is considered a precursor lesion leading to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and overt PCa. In a recently updated systematic review, the presence of BKPyV was significantly higher in PCa tissues than in healthy control tissues, providing an indication for a link between BKPyV infection and cancer risk. In addition, recent original investigations highlighted an association between expression of the virus and the clinical course of PCa. For example, by studying immune responses elicited against BKPyV LTag, a significant association between LTag positive cancer lesions and a peculiar regulatory profiling has been observed in PCa patients with evidence of disease recurrence after surgical radical prostatectomy. Lastly, a study carried out in a larger cohort of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy revealed the IgG response against LTag as an independent predictor of disease recurrence. Although a full picture of the mechanisms potentially responsible for the involvement of BKPyV in PCa is not available yet, continuing work on this topic should help to refine the potential role of BKPyV in PCa patients, perhaps revealing unsuspected associations with the clinical course of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Xavier Keller
- Oncology Research Unit, Department of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Provenzano
- Oncology Research Unit, Department of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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43
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Qian F, Li M, Zhu CW. Impact of antiviral agents on levels of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:3495-3504. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i22.3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains an incurable disease at present, which is mainly because the approved antiviral agents, such as interferon-alpha and nucleos(t)ide analogues, cannot effectively eradicate intrahepatic hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). And thus a suboptimal efficacy of antiviral agents and relapse after therapy occur very commonly. Therefore, novel drugs and treatment strategies remain to be developed on the basis of further theoretical and clinical research of HBV infection to achieve the ultimate goal of eradication of HBV cccDNA in the future. In this paper, we discuss multiple agents and therapeutic regimens influencing cccDNA levels, in order to help clinicians comprehensively understand the present situation in the research of the clearance of HBV cccDNA.
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44
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Liang G, Liu G, Kitamura K, Wang Z, Chowdhury S, Monjurul AM, Wakae K, Koura M, Shimadu M, Kinoshita K, Muramatsu M. TGF-β suppression of HBV RNA through AID-dependent recruitment of an RNA exosome complex. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004780. [PMID: 25836330 PMCID: PMC4383551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β inhibits hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication although the intracellular effectors involved are not determined. Here, we report that reduction of HBV transcripts by TGF-β is dependent on AID expression, which significantly decreases both HBV transcripts and viral DNA, resulting in inhibition of viral replication. Immunoprecipitation reveals that AID physically associates with viral P protein that binds to specific virus RNA sequence called epsilon. AID also binds to an RNA degradation complex (RNA exosome proteins), indicating that AID, RNA exosome, and P protein form an RNP complex. Suppression of HBV transcripts by TGF-β was abrogated by depletion of either AID or RNA exosome components, suggesting that AID and the RNA exosome involve in TGF-β mediated suppression of HBV RNA. Moreover, AID-mediated HBV reduction does not occur when P protein is disrupted or when viral transcription is inhibited. These results suggest that induced expression of AID by TGF-β causes recruitment of the RNA exosome to viral RNP complex and the RNA exosome degrades HBV RNA in a transcription-coupled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Sajeda Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ahasan Md Monjurul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Koura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miyuki Shimadu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kinoshita
- Evolutionary Medicine, Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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45
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Fukuyo M, Nakano T, Zhang Y, Furuta Y, Ishikawa K, Watanabe-Matsui M, Yano H, Hamakawa T, Ide H, Kobayashi I. Restriction-modification system with methyl-inhibited base excision and abasic-site cleavage activities. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2841-52. [PMID: 25697504 PMCID: PMC4357717 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The restriction-modification systems use epigenetic modification to distinguish between self and nonself DNA. A modification enzyme transfers a methyl group to a base in a specific DNA sequence while its cognate restriction enzyme introduces breaks in DNA lacking this methyl group. So far, all the restriction enzymes hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds linking the monomer units of DNA. We recently reported that a restriction enzyme (R.PabI) of the PabI superfamily with half-pipe fold has DNA glycosylase activity that excises an adenine base in the recognition sequence (5′-GTAC). We now found a second activity in this enzyme: at the resulting apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) (abasic) site (5′-GT#C, # = AP), its AP lyase activity generates an atypical strand break. Although the lyase activity is weak and lacks sequence specificity, its covalent DNA–R.PabI reaction intermediates can be trapped by NaBH4 reduction. The base excision is not coupled with the strand breakage and yet causes restriction because the restriction enzyme action can impair transformation ability of unmethylated DNA even in the absence of strand breaks in vitro. The base excision of R.PabI is inhibited by methylation of the target adenine base. These findings expand our understanding of genetic and epigenetic processes linking those in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Fukuyo
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nakano
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yingbiao Zhang
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furuta
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ken Ishikawa
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Miki Watanabe-Matsui
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yano
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hamakawa
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ide
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ichizo Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
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46
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Ahasan MM, Wakae K, Wang Z, Kitamura K, Liu G, Koura M, Imayasu M, Sakamoto N, Hanaoka K, Nakamura M, Kyo S, Kondo S, Fujiwara H, Yoshizaki T, Mori S, Kukimoto I, Muramatsu M. APOBEC3A and 3C decrease human papillomavirus 16 pseudovirion infectivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:295-9. [PMID: 25576866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) proteins are cellular DNA/RNA-editing enzymes that play pivotal roles in the innate immune response to viral infection. APOBEC3 (A3) proteins were reported to hypermutate the genome of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16), the causative agent of cervical cancer. However, hypermutation did not affect viral DNA maintenance, leaving the exact role of A3 against HPV infection elusive. Here we examine whether A3 proteins affect the virion assembly using an HPV16 pseudovirion (PsV) production system, in which PsVs are assembled from its capsid proteins L1/L2 encapsidating a reporter plasmid in 293FT cells. We found that co-expression of A3A or A3C in 293FT cells greatly reduced the infectivity of PsV. The reduced infectivity of PsV assembled in the presence of A3A, but not A3C, was attributed to the decreased copy number of the encapsidated reporter plasmid. On the other hand, A3C, but not A3A, efficiently bound to L1 in co-immunoprecipitation assays, which suggests that this physical interaction may lead to reduced infectivity of PsV assembled in the presence of A3C. These results provide mechanistic insights into A3s' inhibitory effects on the assembly phase of the HPV16 virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Monjurul Ahasan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Division of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, 116001, China
| | - Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Miki Koura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mieko Imayasu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kousei Hanaoka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Mori
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Iwao Kukimoto
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ding
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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48
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Yang HC, Kao JH. Persistence of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA in hepatocytes: molecular mechanisms and clinical significance. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e64. [PMID: 26038757 PMCID: PMC4185362 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the transcriptional template of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Extensive research over the past decades has unveiled the important role of cccDNA in the natural history and antiviral treatment of chronic HBV infection. cccDNA can persist in patients recovering from acute HBV infection for decades. This explains why HBV reactivation occasionally occurs in patients with resolved hepatitis B receiving intensive immunosuppressive agents. In addition, although advances in antiviral treatment dramatically improve the adverse outcomes of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), accumulating evidence demonstrates that current antiviral treatments alone, be they nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) or interferon (IFN), fail to cure most CHB patients because of the persistent cccDNA. NA suppresses HBV replication by directly inhibiting viral polymerase, while IFN enhances host immunity against HBV infection. Viral rebound often occurs after discontinuation of antiviral treatment. The loss of cccDNA can be induced by non-cytolytic destruction of cccDNA or immune-mediated killing of infected hepatocytes. It is known that NA has no direct effect on viral transcription or cccDNA stability. Therefore, the long half-life of hepatocytes leads to a very slow decline in cccDNA in patients under antiviral therapy. Novel antiviral agents targeting cccDNA or cccDNA-containing hepatocytes are thus required for curing chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chih Yang
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei 10002, Taiwan, China ; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei 10002, Taiwan, China ; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei 10002, Taiwan, China
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei 10002, Taiwan, China ; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei 10002, Taiwan, China ; Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei 10002, Taiwan, China ; Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei 10002, Taiwan, China
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49
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Pei RJ, Chen XW, Lu MJ. Control of hepatitis B virus replication by interferons and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:11618-11629. [PMID: 25206268 PMCID: PMC4155354 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major causes of liver diseases, affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. The interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune responses could restrict HBV replication at the different steps of viral life cycle. Indeed, IFN-α has been successfully used for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B. However, the role of the innate immune response in HBV replication and the mechanism of the anti-HBV effect of IFN-α are not completely explored. In this review, we summarized the currently available knowledge about the IFN-mediated anti-HBV effect in the HBV life cycle and the possible effectors downstream the IFN signaling pathway. The antiviral effect of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in HBV replication is briefly discussed. The strategies exploited by HBV to evade the IFN- and TLR-mediated antiviral actions are summarized.
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50
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Minkah N, Chavez K, Shah P, Maccarthy T, Chen H, Landau N, Krug LT. Host restriction of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 replication by human APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases but not murine APOBEC3. Virology 2014; 454-455:215-26. [PMID: 24725948 PMCID: PMC4036618 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Humans encode seven APOBEC3 (A3A-A3H) cytidine deaminase proteins that differ in their expression profiles, preferred nucleotide recognition sequence and capacity for restriction of RNA and DNA viruses. We identified APOBEC3 hotspots in numerous herpesvirus genomes. To determine the impact of host APOBEC3 on herpesvirus biology in vivo, we examined whether murine APOBEC3 (mA3) restricts murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68). Viral replication was impaired by several human APOBEC3 proteins, but not mA3, upon transfection of the viral genome. The restriction was abrogated upon mutation of the A3A and A3B active sites. Interestingly, virus restriction by A3A, A3B, A3C, and A3DE was lost if the infectious DNA was delivered by the virion. MHV68 pathogenesis, including lung replication and splenic latency, was not altered in mice lacking mA3. We infer that mA3 does not restrict wild type MHV68 and restriction by human A3s may be limited in the herpesvirus replication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Minkah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kevin Chavez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Parth Shah
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Thomas Maccarthy
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Infectious Disease Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathaniel Landau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Infectious Disease Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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