1
|
Zumuk CP, Jones MK, Navarro S, Gray DJ, You H. Transmission-Blocking Vaccines against Schistosomiasis Japonica. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1707. [PMID: 38338980 PMCID: PMC10855202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Control of schistosomiasis japonica, endemic in Asia, including the Philippines, China, and Indonesia, is extremely challenging. Schistosoma japonicum is a highly pathogenic helminth parasite, with disease arising predominantly from an immune reaction to entrapped parasite eggs in tissues. Females of this species can generate 1000-2200 eggs per day, which is about 3- to 15-fold greater than the egg output of other schistosome species. Bovines (water buffalo and cattle) are the predominant definitive hosts and are estimated to generate up to 90% of parasite eggs released into the environment in rural endemic areas where these hosts and humans are present. Here, we highlight the necessity of developing veterinary transmission-blocking vaccines for bovines to better control the disease and review potential vaccine candidates. We also point out that the approach to producing efficacious transmission-blocking animal-based vaccines before moving on to human vaccines is crucial. This will result in effective and feasible public health outcomes in agreement with the One Health concept to achieve optimum health for people, animals, and the environment. Indeed, incorporating a veterinary-based transmission vaccine, coupled with interventions such as human mass drug administration, improved sanitation and hygiene, health education, and snail control, would be invaluable to eliminating zoonotic schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chika P. Zumuk
- Infection and Inflammation Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (C.P.Z.); (M.K.J.); (S.N.)
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- Infection and Inflammation Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (C.P.Z.); (M.K.J.); (S.N.)
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Severine Navarro
- Infection and Inflammation Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (C.P.Z.); (M.K.J.); (S.N.)
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Centre for Childhood Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Darren J. Gray
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Hong You
- Infection and Inflammation Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (C.P.Z.); (M.K.J.); (S.N.)
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu L, Wei C, Chen Y, Wu Y, Shou X, Chen W, Lu D, Sun H, Li W, Yu B, Wang X, Zhang X, Yu Y, Lei Z, Tang R, Zhu J, Li Y, Lu L, Zhou H, Zhou S, Su C, Chen X. IL-33 induces thymic involution-associated naive T cell aging and impairs host control of severe infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6881. [PMID: 36371464 PMCID: PMC9653498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe infection commonly results in immunosuppression, which leads to impaired pathogen clearance or increased secondary infection in both humans and animals. However, the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that IL-33 results in immunosuppression by inducing thymic involution-associated naive T cell dysfunction with aberrant expression of aging-associated genes and impairs host control of infection in mouse disease models of schistosomiasis or sepsis. Furthermore, we illustrate that IL-33 triggers the excessive generation of medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) IV (thymic tuft cells) in a Pou2f3-dependent manner, as a consequence, disturbs mTEC/cortical TEC (cTEC) compartment and causes thymic involution during severe infection. More importantly, IL-33 deficiency, the anti-IL-33 neutralizing antibody treatment, or IL-33 receptor ST2 deficient thymus transplantation rescues T cell immunity to better control infection in mice. Our findings not only uncover a link between severe infection-induced IL-33 and thymic involution-mediated naive T cell aging, but also suggest that targeting IL-33 or ST2 is a promising strategy to rejuvenate T cell immunity to better control severe infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Respiratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wei
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Yue Wu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Shou
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Di Lu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Sun
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 P. R. China
| | - Beibei Yu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- grid.452511.6Department of Blood Transfusion, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- grid.452511.6Imaging Center, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008 P. R. China
| | - Yanxiong Yu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Lei
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Rui Tang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Yalin Li
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Linrong Lu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 P. R. China
| | - Sha Zhou
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Chuan Su
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen C, Zhu X, Xu X, Chang H, Ni Y, Li C, He K, Chen L, Chen L, Hou M, Ji M, Xu Z. Identification and Characterization of Antigenic Properties of Schistosoma japonicum Heat Shock Protein 90α Derived Peptides. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111238. [PMID: 36364989 PMCID: PMC9696693 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that schistosome-derived antigens induce innate and adaptive immune responses that are essential for the formation of hepatic immunopathology. Here, we screened and synthesized four peptides derived from Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) heat shock protein 90α (Sjp90α-1, -2, -3, and -4), which is widely expressed in adults and eggs of the genus S. japonicum and induces remarkable immune reactions. To define the antigenicity of these peptides, we stimulated splenocytes with peptides, and the results showed that only the Sjp90α-1 peptide could predominately induce the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages as well as alter the proportion of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. Next, CD4+ T cells were purified and cocultured with mouse bone-marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) with or without Sjp90α-1 peptide stimulation in vitro, and the results showed that Sjp90α-1-stimulated BMDCs can significantly induce CD4+ T-cell differentiation into Tfh cells, while the direct stimulation of CD4+ T cells with Sjp90α-1 did not induce Tfh cells, indicating that the Sjp90α-1 peptide promotes Tfh cell differentiation depending on the presence of DCs. Furthermore, we selected and prepared an Sjp90α-1-peptide-based antibody and illustrated that it has excellent reactivity with the immunizing peptide and detects a single band of 29 kDa corresponding to the Sjp90α protein. The immunolocalization results showed that the protein recognized by this Sjp90α-1-peptide-based antibody is present in the mature eggs and the tegument of adults, implying that the parasite-derived peptide has a potential interaction with the host immune system. Finally, we evaluated antipeptide IgG antibodies and revealed a significantly higher level of anti-Sjp90α-1 peptide IgG antibodies in mice 3 weeks after S. japonicum infection. In conclusion, we illustrate that these synthetic peptides warrant further investigation by evaluating their antigen-specific immune response and their ability to efficiently induce Tfh cells. Moreover, they may constitute a potentially helpful method for the laboratory diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xuejun Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yangyue Ni
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Kaiyue He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Min Hou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Minjun Ji
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing 211166, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (M.J.)
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing 211166, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (M.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giri BR, Li S, Fang C, Qiu L, Yan S, Pakharukova MY, Cheng G. Dynamic miRNA profile of host T cells during early hepatic stages of Schistosoma japonicum infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911139. [PMID: 36119054 PMCID: PMC9478579 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes undergo complicated migration in final hosts during infection, associated with differential immune responses. It has been shown that CD4+ T cells play critical roles in response to Schistosoma infections and accumulated documents have indicated that miRNAs tightly regulate T cell activity. However, miRNA profiles in host T cells associated with Schistosoma infection remain poorly characterized. Therefore, we undertook the study and systematically characterized T cell miRNA profiles from the livers and blood of S. japonicum infected C57BL/6J mice at 14- and 21-days post-infection. We observed 508 and 504 miRNAs, in which 264 miRNAs were co-detected in T cells isolated from blood and livers, respectively. The comparative analysis of T cell miRNAs from uninfected and infected C57BL/6J mice blood showed that miR-486b-5p/3p expression was significantly downregulated and linked to various T cell immune responses and miR-375-5p was highly upregulated, associated with Wnt signaling and pluripotency, Delta notch signaling pathways, etc. Whereas hepatic T cells showed miR-466b-3p, miR-486b-3p, miR-1969, and miR-375 were differentially expressed compared to the uninfected control. The different expressions of some miRNAs were further corroborated in isolated T cells from mice and in vitro cultured EL-4 cells treated with S. japonicum worm antigens by RT-qPCR and similar results were found. In addition, bioinformatics analysis combined with RT-qPCR validation of selected targets associated with the immune system and parasite-caused infectious disease showed a significant increase in the expression of Ctla4, Atg5, Hgf, Vcl and Arpc4 and a decreased expression of Fermt3, Pik3r1, Myd88, Nfkbie, Ppp1r12a, Ppp3r1, Nfyb, Atg12, Ube2n, Tyrobp, Cxcr4 and Tollip. Overall, these results unveil the comprehensive repertoire of T cell miRNAs during S. japonicum infection, suggesting that the circulatory (blood) and liver systems have distinct miRNAs landscapes that may be important for regulating T cell immune response. Altogether, our findings indicated a dynamic expression pattern of T cell miRNAs during the hepatic stages of S. japonicum infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash R. Giri
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuantao Fang
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Wien, Austria
| | - Maria Y. Pakharukova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Guofeng Cheng
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guofeng Cheng, ;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ogongo P, Nyakundi RK, Chege GK, Ochola L. The Road to Elimination: Current State of Schistosomiasis Research and Progress Towards the End Game. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846108. [PMID: 35592327 PMCID: PMC9112563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The new WHO Roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases targets the global elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem. To date, control strategies have focused on effective diagnostics, mass drug administration, complementary and integrative public health interventions. Non-mammalian intermediate hosts and other vertebrates promote transmission of schistosomiasis and have been utilized as experimental model systems. Experimental animal models that recapitulate schistosomiasis immunology, disease progression, and pathology observed in humans are important in testing and validation of control interventions. We discuss the pivotal value of these models in contributing to elimination of schistosomiasis. Treatment of schistosomiasis relies heavily on mass drug administration of praziquantel whose efficacy is comprised due to re-infections and experimental systems have revealed the inability to kill juvenile schistosomes. In terms of diagnosis, nonhuman primate models have demonstrated the low sensitivity of the gold standard Kato Katz smear technique. Antibody assays are valuable tools for evaluating efficacy of candidate vaccines, and sera from graded infection experiments are useful for evaluating diagnostic sensitivity of different targets. Lastly, the presence of Schistosomes can compromise the efficacy of vaccines to other infectious diseases and its elimination will benefit control programs of the other diseases. As the focus moves towards schistosomiasis elimination, it will be critical to integrate treatment, diagnostics, novel research tools such as sequencing, improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and utilization of experimental models to assist with evaluating performance of new approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth K. Nyakundi
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald K. Chege
- Primate Unit & Delft Animal Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lucy Ochola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Behavioural and Lifestyle Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qi Z, Lan C, Xiaofang J, Juanjuan T, Cheng F, Ting H, Erxia S, Zi L. Inhibition of COX-2 ameliorates murine liver schistosomiasis japonica through splenic cellular immunoregulation. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:144. [PMID: 35461268 PMCID: PMC9034617 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have reported the positive association of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) axis with liver fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) infection, and TLR4 signaling controlled this axis. However, how COX-2 regulates immune response during Sj infection is still unclear. Methods Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to evaluate the effect of the COX-2-specific inhibitor NS398 on liver granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis. Flow cytometry was used to explore the frequency and amount of different immune cell infiltration in the spleen during Sj infection. Results NS398 significantly reduced the size of liver granuloma, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and alleviated chronic granulomatous inflammation. Mechanically, this might be by decreasing the number of Sj-induced macrophages and T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, T follicular helper (Tfh), T follicular regulatory (Tfr), and germinal center B (GC B) cells. There were no differences in the number of neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, Th17 cells, regulatory T cells (Treg), or total B cells in the spleen of the mice with or without NS398 treatment. Conclusions COX-2/PGE2 inhibition may represent a potential therapeutic approach for schistosomiasis japonica through splenic cellular immunoregulation. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Qi
- Sino‑French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong Province, China.,Immunology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chen Lan
- Sino‑French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ji Xiaofang
- Sino‑French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tang Juanjuan
- Sino‑French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fu Cheng
- Sino‑French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong Province, China.,Immunology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huang Ting
- Sino‑French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong Province, China.,Immunology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shen Erxia
- Sino‑French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong Province, China. .,Immunology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong Province, China. .,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Li Zi
- Sino‑French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong Province, China. .,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nalkurthi C, Schroder WA, Melino M, Irvine KM, Nyuydzefe M, Chen W, Liu J, Teng MWL, Hill GR, Bertolino P, Blazar BR, Miller GC, Clouston AD, Zanin-Zhorov A, MacDonald KPA. ROCK2 inhibition attenuates profibrogenic immune cell function to reverse thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis. JHEP REPORTS : INNOVATION IN HEPATOLOGY 2021; 4:100386. [PMID: 34917911 PMCID: PMC8645924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background & Aims Fibrosis, the primary cause of morbidity in chronic liver disease, is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, immune cell infiltrates, and tissue resident cells that drive excessive myofibroblast activation, collagen production, and tissue scarring. Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2) regulates key pro-fibrotic pathways involved in both inflammatory reactions and altered extracellular matrix remodelling, implicating this pathway as a potential therapeutic target. Methods We used the thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis model to examine the efficacy of administration of the selective ROCK2 inhibitor KD025 to prevent or treat liver fibrosis and its impact on immune composition and function. Results Prophylactic and therapeutic administration of KD025 effectively attenuated thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis and promoted fibrotic regression. KD025 treatment inhibited liver macrophage tumour necrosis factor production and disrupted the macrophage niche within fibrotic septae. ROCK2 targeting in vitro directly regulated macrophage function through disruption of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/cofilin signalling pathways leading to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and macrophage migration. In vivo, KDO25 administration significantly reduced STAT3 phosphorylation and cofilin levels in the liver. Additionally, livers exhibited robust downregulation of immune cell infiltrates and diminished levels of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγt) and B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) transcription factors that correlated with a significant reduction in liver IL-17, splenic germinal centre numbers and serum IgG. Conclusions As IL-17 and IgG–Fc binding promote pathogenic macrophage differentiation, together our data demonstrate that ROCK2 inhibition prevents and reverses liver fibrosis through direct and indirect effects on macrophage function and highlight the therapeutic potential of ROCK2 inhibition in liver fibrosis. Lay summary By using a clinic-ready small-molecule inhibitor, we demonstrate that selective ROCK2 inhibition prevents and reverses hepatic fibrosis through its pleiotropic effects on pro-inflammatory immune cell function. We show that ROCK2 mediates increased IL-17 production, antibody production, and macrophage dysregulation, which together drive fibrogenesis in a model of chemical-induced liver fibrosis. Therefore, in this study, we not only highlight the therapeutic potential of ROCK2 targeting in chronic liver disease but also provide previously undocumented insights into our understanding of cellular and molecular pathways driving the liver fibrosis pathology. ROCK2 inhibition with the small-molecule inhibitor KD025 prevents and reverses hepatoxin-induced liver fibrosis. ROCK2 inhibition attenuates profibrogenic immune function. KD025 exerts direct effects on liver macrophages resulting in decreased TNF secretion and impeded migration. KD025 administration attenuates T cell IL-17 production and B-cell IgG production, which indirectly contributes to downregulation of profibrogenic macrophage function.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- B cells
- BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophages
- Bcl6, B-cell lymphoma 6
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- Col1a2, collagen type α1
- DR, ductular reaction
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- GC, germinal centre
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- IHC, immunohistochemical
- IL-17
- Inflammation
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Liver fibrosis
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- Macrophages
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- RAR, retinoic acid receptor
- ROCK, Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinases
- ROCK2
- ROCK2, Rho-associated kinase 2
- RORγt, RAR-related orphan receptor gamma
- SR, Sirius red
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TAA, thioacetamide
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- Tfh, T follicular helper
- Th17, T helper 17
- Therapy
- cGVHD, chronic graft-vs-host disease
- pCofilin, phosphorylated cofilin
- pMac, peritoneal macrophages
- pSTAT3, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- α-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nalkurthi
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Michelle Melino
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Kadmon Corporation LLC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Bruce R Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Wu Y, Liu H, Gong W, Hu Y, Shen Y, Cao J. Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibit T follicular helper cells during experimental Schistosoma japonicum infection. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:497. [PMID: 34565440 PMCID: PMC8474882 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play critical roles in both host humoral and cellular immunity against parasitic infection and in the immunopathology of schistosomiasis. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a specialized subset of Th cells involved in immunity against infectious diseases. However, the role of Tfh cells in schistosome infection is not fully understood. In this study, the dynamics and roles of Tfh cell regulation were examined. We demonstrated that granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSC) can suppress the proliferation of Tfh cells. Methods The levels of Tfh cells and two other Th cells (Th1, Th2) were quantitated at different Schistosoma japonicum infection times (0,3, 5, 8, 13 weeks) using flow cytometry. The proliferation of Tfh cells stimulated by soluble egg antigen (SEA) and soluble worm antigen (SWA) in vivo and in vitro were analyzed. Tfh cells were co-cultured with MDSC to detect the proliferation of Tfh cells labelled by 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester. We dynamically monitored the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on the surface of Tfh cells and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on the surface of MDSC at different infection times (0, 3, 5, 8 weeks). Naïve CD4+ T cells (in Tfh cell differentiation) were co-cultured with G-MDSC or monocytic MDSC in the presence, or in the absence, of PD-L1 blocking antibody. Results The proportion of Tfh cells among CD4+ T cells increased gradually with time of S. japonicum infection, reaching a peak at 8 weeks, after which it decreased gradually. Both SEA and SWA caused an increase in Tfh cells in vitro and in vivo. It was found that MDSC can suppress the proliferation of Tfh cells. The expression of PD-1 on Tfh cells and PD-L1 from MDSC cells increased with prolongation of the infection cycle. G-MDSC might regulate Tfh cells through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Conclusions The reported study not only reveals the dynamics of Tfh cell regulation during S. japonicum infection, but also provides evidence that G-MDSC may regulate Tfh cells by PD-1/PD-L1. This study provides strong evidence for the important role of Tfh cells in the immune response to S. japonicum infection. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yulong Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wenci Gong
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oliveira YLDC, Oliveira LM, Cirilo TM, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Dolabella SS. T follicular helper cells: Their development and importance in the context of helminthiasis. Clin Immunol 2021; 231:108844. [PMID: 34478881 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of T follicular helper cells (Tfh) is a multifactorial process that occurs in multiple stages. After their activation the Tfh cells interact with the B cells to complete their differentiation. During this process, the Tfh cells begin to express canonical molecules such as the transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 protein, the CXC chemokine receptors type 5, and the inducible T-cell costimulator, as well as secreting other molecules such as IL-21. This whole process is regulated positively and negatively by several factors so that the best response is offered in the face of diseases of various origins, among them helminthiasis. In this context, the role of circulating Tfh, IL-4 and IgG subtypes is essential for an effective response against these pathogens. In this review, the migration process and the differentiation of Tfh, the regulation, their cell subtypes and the role of Tfh in the context of helminth infections will be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Maria Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Tatyane Martins Cirilo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
| | - Silvio Santana Dolabella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li W, Wei C, Xu L, Yu B, Chen Y, Lu D, Zhang L, Song X, Dong L, Zhou S, Xu Z, Zhu J, Chen X, Su C. Schistosome infection promotes osteoclast-mediated bone loss. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009462. [PMID: 33735306 PMCID: PMC8009420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with schistosome results in immunological changes that might influence the skeletal system by inducing immunological states affecting bone metabolism. We investigated the relationships between chronic schistosome infection and bone metabolism by using a mouse model of chronic schistosomiasis, affecting millions of humans worldwide. Results showed that schistosome infection resulted in aberrant osteoclast-mediated bone loss, which was accompanied with an increased level of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) Ligand (RANKL) and decreased level of osteoprotegerin (OPG). The blockade of RANKL by the anti-RANKL antibody could prevent bone loss in the context of schistosome infection. Meanwhile, both B cells and CD4+ T cells, particularly follicular helper T (Tfh) cell subset, were the important cellular sources of RANKL during schistosome infection. These results highlight the risk of bone loss in schistosome-infected patients and the potential benefit of coupling bone therapy with anti-schistosome treatment. Schistosomiasis remains an important public health problem in many countries in tropical and subtropical regions, which affects about 200 million people worldwide, with another 700 million considered at risk of infection. Although the primary cause of pathogenesis of schistosomiasis is the granulomatous inflammatory responses, schistosomiasis patients experience long-term hidden pathologies that remain poorly investigated. Here, we found that schistosome infection resulted in RANKL-associated bone loss. Furthermore, our results indicated that both B cells and CD4+ T cells, particularly Tfh cell subset, in the peripheral lymphoid tissues are likely to be the important contributors to bone loss through releasing soluble RANKL. In addition, Tfh cells played a sufficient but not necessary role in schistosome infection-induced bone loss. Our findings highlight the risk of bone loss in schistosome-infected patients and the potential benefit of coupling bone therapy with anti-schistosome treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wei
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Yu
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Di Lu
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lina Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xian Song
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Liyang Dong
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Sha Zhou
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (XC); (CS)
| | - Chuan Su
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (XC); (CS)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Loss of natural resistance to schistosome in T cell deficient rat. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008909. [PMID: 33347431 PMCID: PMC7785244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is among the major neglected tropical diseases and effective prevention by boosting the immune system is still not available. T cells are key cellular components governing adaptive immune response to various infections. While common laboratory mice, such as C57BL/6, are highly susceptible to schistosomiasis, the SD rats are extremely resistant. However, whether adaptive immunity is necessary for such natural resistance to schistosomiasis in rats remains to be determined. Therefore, it is necessary to establish genetic model deficient in T cells and adaptive immunity on the resistant SD background, and to characterize liver pathology during schistosomiasis. In this study we compared experimental schistosomiasis in highly susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) mice and in resistant SD rats, using cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum. We observed a marked T cell expansion in the spleen of infected B6 mice, but not resistant SD rats. Interestingly, CD3e−/− B6 mice in which T cells are completely absent, the infectious burden of adult worms was significantly higher than that in WT mice, suggesting an anti-parasitic role for T cells in B6 mice during schistosome infection. In further experiments, we established Lck deficient SD rats by using CRISPR/Cas9 in which T cell development was completely abolished. Strikingly, we found that such Lck deficiency in SD rats severely impaired their natural resistance to schistosome infection, and fostered parasite growth. Together with an additional genetic model deficient in T cells, the CD3e−/− SD rats, we confirmed the absence of T cell resulted in loss of natural resistance to schistosome infection, but also mitigated liver immunopathology. Our further experiments showed that regulatory T cell differentiation in infected SD rats was significantly decreased during schistosomiasis, in contrast to significant increase of regulatory T cells in infected B6 mice. These data suggest that T cell mediated immune tolerance facilitates persistent infection in mice but not in SD rats. The demonstration of an important role for T cells in natural resistance of SD rats to schistosomiasis provides experimental evidences supporting the rationale to boost T cell responses in humans to prevent and treat schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis is among the major neglected tropical diseases and affects mainly the developing countries. Although the role of the immune system in driving immunopathology in schistosomiasis has been extensively studied, how adaptive immunity contributes to disease resistance during schistosome infection is still not completely understood. Most livestock species as well as humans are susceptible to schistosomiasis, while some mammals are extremely resistant. The common laboratory C57BL/6 mice are highly susceptible to schistosomiasis; however, the SD rats are extremely resistant. In this study, we first used T cell deficient CD3e−/− C57BL/6 mice and experimental Schistosoma japonicum infection and further established novel T cell deficient models in SD rats to assess anti-parasite roles of T cells. Strikingly, we found that the natural resistance of SD rat to schistosomiasis was abolished in the absence of T cells, despite the fact that the liver pathology was mitigated following infection. Therefore, our study presented experimental support for the rationale to boost T cell function for clearance of schistosome parasites.
Collapse
|
12
|
Molehin AJ. Current Understanding of Immunity Against Schistosomiasis: Impact on Vaccine and Drug Development. Res Rep Trop Med 2020; 11:119-128. [PMID: 33173371 PMCID: PMC7646453 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s274518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease inflicting significant morbidity in humans worldwide. The disease is caused by infections with a parasitic trematode belonging to the genus Schistosoma. Over 250 million people are currently infected globally, with an estimated disability-adjusted life-years of 1.9 million attributed to the disease. Current understanding, based on several immunological studies using experimental and human models of schistosomiasis, reveals that complex immune mechanisms play off each other in the acquisition of immune resistance to infection/reinfection. Nevertheless, the precise characteristics of these responses, the specific antigens against which they are elicited, and how these responses are intricately regulated are still being investigated. What is apparent is that immunity to schistosome infections develops slowly and over a prolonged period of time, augmented by the death of adult worms occurring naturally or by praziquantel therapy. In this review, aspects of immunity to schistosomiasis, host–parasite interactions and their impact on schistosomiasis vaccine development are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo J Molehin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.,Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
IL-17A-producing γδ T cells promote liver pathology in acute murine schistosomiasis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:334. [PMID: 32611373 PMCID: PMC7329544 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The main symptoms of schistosomiasis are granuloma and fibrosis, caused by Schistosoma eggs. Numerous types of cells and cytokines are involved in the progression of Schistosoma infection. As a class of innate immune cells, γδ T cells play critical roles in the early immune response. However, their role in modulating granuloma and fibrosis remains to be clarified. Methods Liver fibrosis in wild-type (WT) mice and T cell receptor (TCR) δ knockout (KO) mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum was examined via Masson’s trichrome staining of collagen deposition and quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) of fibrosis-related genes. Granuloma was detected by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and quantified. Flow cytometry was used for immune cell profiling and for detecting cytokine secretion. The abundance of the related cytokines was measured using quantitative RT-PCR. Results The livers of S. japonicum-infected mice had significantly increased proportions of interleukin (IL)-17A producing γδ T cells and secreted IL-17A. Compared with the WT mice, TCR δ deficiency resulted in reduced pathological impairment and fibrosis in the liver and increased survival in infected mice. In addition, the profibrogenic effects of γδ T cells in infected mice were associated with enhanced CD11b+Gr-1+ cells, concurrent with increased expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the liver. Conclusions In this mouse model of Schistosoma infection, γδ T cells may promote liver fibrosis by recruiting CD11b+Gr-1+ cells. These findings shed new light on the pathogenesis of liver pathology in murine schistosomiasis.![]()
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang M, Zhang S. T Cells in Fibrosis and Fibrotic Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1142. [PMID: 32676074 PMCID: PMC7333347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the extensive deposition of fibrous connective tissue, and it is characterized by the accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Fibrosis is essential for wound healing and tissue repair in response to a variety of triggers, which include infection, inflammation, autoimmune disorder, degenerative disease, tumor, and injury. Fibrotic remodeling in various diseases, such as liver cirrhosis, pulmonary fibrosis, renal interstitial fibrosis, myocardial infarction, systemic sclerosis (SSc), and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), can impair organ function, causing high morbidity and mortality. Both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in fibrogenesis. Although the roles of macrophages in fibrogenesis have been studied for many years, the underlying mechanisms concerning the manner in which T cells regulate fibrosis are not completely understood. The T cell receptor (TCR) engages the antigen and shapes the repertoire of antigen-specific T cells. Based on the divergent expression of surface molecules and cell functions, T cells are subdivided into natural killer T (NKT) cells, γδ T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), regulatory T (Treg) cells, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, and T helper cells, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. In this review, we summarize the pro-fibrotic or anti-fibrotic roles and distinct mechanisms of different T cell subsets. On reviewing the literature, we conclude that the T cell regulations are commonly disease-specific and tissue-specific. Finally, we provide perspectives on microbiota, viral infection, and metabolism, and discuss the current advancements of technologies for identifying novel targets and developing immunotherapies for intervention in fibrosis and fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xiao J, Guan F, Sun L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Lu S, Liu W. B cells induced by Schistosoma japonicum infection display diverse regulatory phenotypes and modulate CD4 + T cell response. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:147. [PMID: 32197642 PMCID: PMC7082913 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increased activity of regulatory B cells (Breg) is known to be involved in immunosuppression during helminth infection, which is characterized by inducing IL-10-producing Breg cells. However, the current knowledge of B cell subsets differentiation and IL-10-independent immunoregulatory mechanisms of B cells in schistosomiasis is insufficient. Methods BALB/c mice were percutaneously infected with cercariae for investigating the profile of B cell subsets during Schistosoma japonicum infection. B cells isolated from the spleen or peritoneal cavity were analyzed for the regulatory phenotype after stimulation with soluble egg antigens (SEA) in vitro. CD4+ T cells were then cocultured with B cells pretreated with or without anti-PD-L1 antibody for investigating the role of B cells from infected mice on regulating CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the in vivo administration of anti-PD-L1 antibody was conducted to investigate the role of PD-L1 in regulating host immunity during infection. Results The percentages of peritoneal and splenic B-1a cells, as well as marginal zone B (MZB) cells were decreased at eight and twelve weeks after infection compared to those from uninfected mice. In splenic B cells, TGF-β expression was increased at eight weeks but declined at twelve weeks of infection, and PD-L1 expression was elevated at both eight and twelve weeks of infection. In addition, SEA stimulation in vitro significantly promoted the expression of IL-10 in peritoneal B cells and CD5 in splenic B cells, and the SEA-stimulated splenic and peritoneal B cells preferentially expressed PD-L1 and TGF-β. The splenic B cells from infected mice were able to suppress the function of Th1 and Th2 cells in vitro but to expand the expression of Tfh transcription factor Bcl6, which was further enhanced by blocking PD-L1 of B cells before co-cultivation. Moreover, Th2 response and Bcl6 expression in CD4+ T cells were also increased in vivo by blocking PD-L1 after infection, although the hepatic pathology was slightly influenced. Conclusions Our findings revealed that S. japonicum infection modulates the differentiation of B cell subsets that have the capability to affect the CD4+ T cell response. This study contributes to a better understanding of B cells immune response during schistosomiasis.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junli Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengjun Lu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schistosomiasis-from immunopathology to vaccines. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:355-371. [PMID: 32076812 PMCID: PMC7223304 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. The transmission cycle involves human (or other mammalian) water contact with surface water contaminated by faeces or urine, as well as specific freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. The main disease-causing species are S. haematobium, S. mansoni and S. japonicum. According to the World Health Organisation, over 250 million people are infected worldwide, leading to considerable morbidity and the estimated loss of 1.9 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a likely underestimated figure. Schistosomiasis is characterised by focal epidemiology and an over-dispersed population distribution, with higher infection rates in children. Complex immune mechanisms lead to the slow acquisition of immune resistance, but innate factors also play a part. Acute schistosomiasis, a feverish syndrome, is most evident in travellers following a primary infection. Chronic schistosomiasis affects mainly individuals with long-standing infections residing in poor rural areas. Immunopathological reactions against schistosome eggs trapped in host tissues lead to inflammatory and obstructive disease in the urinary system (S. haematobium) or intestinal disease, hepatosplenic inflammation and liver fibrosis (S. mansoni and S. japonicum). An effective drug—praziquantel—is available for treatment but, despite intensive efforts, no schistosomiasis vaccines have yet been accepted for public use. In this review, we briefly introduce the schistosome parasites and the immunopathogenic manifestations resulting from schistosomiasis. We then explore aspects of the immunology and host-parasite interplay in schistosome infections paying special attention to the current status of schistosomiasis vaccine development highlighting the advancement of a new controlled human challenge infection model for testing schistosomiasis vaccines.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zheng B, Zhang J, Chen H, Nie H, Miller H, Gong Q, Liu C. T Lymphocyte-Mediated Liver Immunopathology of Schistosomiasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:61. [PMID: 32132991 PMCID: PMC7040032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic worms, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum, reside in the mesenteric veins, where they release eggs that induce a dramatic granulomatous response in the liver and intestines. Subsequently, infection may further develop into significant fibrosis and portal hypertension. Over the past several years, uncovering the mechanism of immunopathology in schistosomiasis has become a major research objective. It is known that T lymphocytes, especially CD4+ T cells, are essential for immune responses against Schistosoma species. However, obtaining a clear understanding of how T lymphocytes regulate the pathological process is proving to be a daunting challenge. To date, CD4+ T cell subsets have been classified into several distinct T helper (Th) phenotypes including Th1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper cells (Tfh), Th9, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). In the case of schistosomiasis, the granulomatous inflammation and the chronic liver pathology are critically regulated by the Th1/Th2 responses. Animal studies suggest that there is a moderate Th1 response to parasite antigens during the acute stage, but then, egg-derived antigens induce a sustained and dominant Th2 response that mediates granuloma formation and liver fibrosis. In addition, the newly discovered Th17 cells also play a critical role in the hepatic immunopathology of schistosomiasis. Within the liver, Tregs are recruited to hepatic granulomas and exert an immunosuppressive role to limit the granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis. Moreover, recent studies have shown that Tfh and Th9 cells might also promote liver granulomas and fibrogenesis in the murine schistosomiasis. Thus, during infection, T-cell subsets undergo complicated cross-talk with antigen presenting cells that then defines their various roles in the local microenvironment for regulating the pathological progression of schistosomiasis. This current review summarizes a vast body of literature to elucidate the contribution of T lymphocytes and their associated cytokines in the immunopathology of schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hao Nie
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Department of Intracellular Pathogens, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen X, Xu Z, Wei C, Yang X, Xu L, Zhou S, Zhu J, Su C. Follicular helper T cells recruit eosinophils into host liver by producing CXCL12 during Schistosoma japonicum infection. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2566-2572. [PMID: 31912645 PMCID: PMC7028866 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis affects at least 200 million people in tropical and subtropical areas. The major pathology of schistosomiasis is egg‐induced liver granuloma characterized by an eosinophil‐rich inflammatory infiltration around the eggs, which subsequently leads to hepatic fibrosis and circulatory impairment in host. However, the mechanisms how eosinophils are recruited into the liver, which are crucial for the better understanding of the mechanisms underlying granuloma formation and control of schistosomiasis, remain unclear. In this study, we showed that follicular helper T (Tfh) cells participate in recruitment of eosinophils into liver partially by producing CXCL12 during schistosome infection. Our findings uncovered a previously unappreciated role of Tfh cells in promotion of the development of liver granuloma in schistosomiasis, making Tfh‐CXCL12‐eosinophil axis a potential target for intervention of schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - XiaoWei Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan Su
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhan T, Ma H, Jiang S, Zhong Z, Wang X, Li C, Yu D, Liu L, Xu J, Xia C. Interleukin-9 blockage reduces early hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis during Schistosoma japonicum infection in mice. Immunology 2019; 158:296-303. [PMID: 31436861 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis induced by schistosomes is regulated by a complex network of cytokines. T helper type 9 (Th9) cells are a new type of effector T helper cells, which mainly secrete the specific cytokine interleukin-9 (IL-9). Interleukin-9 has been shown to contribute to liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and in a mouse model due to carbon tetrachloride. However, the role of IL-9 in schistosomiasis fibrosis remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of IL-9 in schistosomiasis through in vivo and in vitro studies. The in vivo studies found that neutralization of IL-9 reduced liver granulomatous inflammation and collagen deposition around parasite eggs. The in vitro studies found that the treatment of primary hepatic stellate cells with IL-9 induced a significant increase of collagen and α-smooth-muscle actin. Moreover, we also described the dynamics and relevance of IL-9 and IL-4 in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. We found that IL-9 might appear more quickly and at higher levels than IL-4. Hence, our findings indicated that IL-9 might play a role in regulating hepatic fibrosis in early-stage schistosomiasis and become a promising approach for regulating hepatic fibrosis caused by S. japonicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingzheng Zhan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Suqin Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zirong Zhong
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaoming Xia
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang Q, Qu J, Jin C, Feng Y, Xie S, Zhu J, Liu G, Xie H, Qiu H, Qi Y, Mu J, Huang J. Schistosoma japonicum Infection Promotes the Response of Tfh Cells Through Down-Regulation of Caspase-3-Mediating Apoptosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2154. [PMID: 31572373 PMCID: PMC6753327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, a new subset of immune cells, have been demonstrated to be involved in granulomatous responses to Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection. However, the role and underlying mechanisms of Tfh cell aggregation in S. japonicum infection remain incompletely understood. In this study, we provide evidence that S. japonicum infection enhances the accumulation of Tfh cells in the spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood of C57BL/6 mice. Infection-induced Tfh cells exhibited more potent effects directly on B cell responses than the control Tfh cells (P < 0.05). Furthermore, reduced apoptosis of Tfh cells was found both in S. japonicum infected mice and in soluble egg antigen (SEA) treated Tfh cells (P < 0.05). Mechanistic studies reveal that caspase-3 is the primary drivers of down-regulated apoptotic Tfh cell death in S. japonicum infection. In summary, this study demonstrates that Tfh cell accumulation might have an impact on the generation of immune responses in S. japonicum infection, and caspase-3 signaling mediated apoptosis down-regulation might responsible for the accumulation of Tfh cell in this course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiale Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihao Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxin Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaoshen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaina Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gong W, Huang F, Sun L, Yu A, Zhang X, Xu Y, Shen Y, Cao J. Toll-like receptor-2 regulates macrophage polarization induced by excretory-secretory antigens from Schistosoma japonicum eggs and promotes liver pathology in murine schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0007000. [PMID: 30589840 PMCID: PMC6307705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is endemic to many regions of the world and affects approximately 200 million people. Conventional adaptive T cell responses are considered to be the primary contributors to the pathogenesis of Schistosoma japonicum infection, leading to liver granuloma and fibrosis. However, the functional polarization of macrophages and the associated underlying molecular mechanisms during the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis remains unknown. In the present study, we found that excretory-secretory (ES) antigens derived from S. japonicum eggs can activate macrophages, which exhibit an M2b polarization. Furthermore, ES antigen-induced M2b polarization was found to be dependent on enhanced NF-κB signaling mediated by the MyD88/MAPK pathway in a TLR2-dependent manner. In addition, the cytokine profile of the liver macrophages from wild-type-infected mice are quite distinct from those found in TLR2 knockout-infected mice by quantitative PCR analysis. More importantly, the size of granuloma and the severity of the fibrosis in the livers of TLR2-/- mice were significantly reduced compared to that in WT mice. Our findings reveal a novel role for M2b polarization in the pathogenesis of schistosome infection. Schistosomiasis is a global health concern that affects primarily tropical and subtropical areas. During a schistosome infection, the eggs are trapped in the host liver and products derived from eggs induce a polarized Th2 response, resulting in granuloma formation and eventually fibrosis. Thus, it is important to elucidate the mechanism of granuloma formation and fibrosis development. Here, we show that activated macrophages play a novel role in the promotion of hepatic granuloma formation and liver fibrosis in a Schistosoma japonicum-infected mouse model. In addition, M2b polarization induced by egg products was dependent on enhanced NF-κB signaling mediated by the MyD88/MAPK pathway in a TLR2-dependent manner. Our findings reveal a novel role and mechanism of M2b polarization in the liver pathogenesis in S. japonicum-infected mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenci Gong
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengjuan Huang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Sun
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiping Yu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu L, Li W, Wang X, Zhang L, Qi Q, Dong L, Wei C, Pu Y, Li Y, Zhu J, Zhou S, Liu F, Chen X, Su C. The IL-33-ST2-MyD88 axis promotes regulatory T cell proliferation in the murine liver. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1302-1307. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Qi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Liyang Dong
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yanan Pu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yalin Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Chuan Su
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dong L, Pu Y, Zhang L, Qi Q, Xu L, Li W, Wei C, Wang X, Zhou S, Zhu J, Wang X, Liu F, Chen X, Su C. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote lung adenocarcinoma growth by transferring miR-410. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:218. [PMID: 29440630 PMCID: PMC5833395 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although accumulating evidence has linked mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with tumor growth, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that human umbilical cord MSCs (hUCMSCs) dramatically increased the growth of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cancer cells in a xenograft tumor model. Then, we observed that hUCMSC-derived extracellular vesicles (hUCMSC-EVs) contribute to the hUCMSC-promoted LUAD cell growth through a direct effect on LUAD cells. Furthermore, we showed that hUCMSC-EV-mediated LUAD growth is associated with increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis in LUAD cells, concomitant with reduced PTEN expression mediated by the hUCMSC-EV-transmitted miR-410. Our findings provide novel insights into the intercellular communications between cancer cells and MSCs through MSC-EV-miRNA and suggest that modification of hUCMSC-EVs might be an attractive therapeutic option for the clinical application of hUCMSC-EVs that would reduce unwanted side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Dong
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Pu
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Qi
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, 212002, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China.
| | - Chuan Su
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Immunology, State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 211166, Nanjing, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Y, Lin C, Cao Y, Duan Z, Guan Z, Xu J, Zhu XQ, Xia C. Up-regulation of Interleukin-21 Contributes to Liver Pathology of Schistosomiasis by Driving GC Immune Responses and Activating HSCs in Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16682. [PMID: 29192177 PMCID: PMC5709429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathology of schistosome egg-induced liver granuloma, fibrosis and eventually liver scarring is complicated. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells play critical roles in both host humoral immunity and cellular immunity against parasitic infection and immunopathology in schistosomiasis. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are another specialized subset of Th cells and involved in infectious diseases. However, the immune regulatory mechanism of Tfh cells in severe liver pathology of schistosomiasis is still poorly understood. In this study, using a S. japonicum-infected mouse model, we studied the dynamics and effects of Tfh cells in vivo and demonstrated that Tfh phenotype molecules ICOS, PD-1 and functional factor IL-21 were positively correlated with disease development by flow cytometry. Meanwhile, our results also showed that Tfh cells enriched in splenic germinal center (GC) and promoted B cells producing IgM with the progress of hepatic immunopathology by B-T co-culture experiments. More importantly, our data indicated that IL-21 contributed to the formation and development of hepatic egg granuloma and subsequent fibrosis by driving GC responses and activating HSCs by immunohistochemical detection and blocking assay in vitro. Our findings contribute to the better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of schistosomiasis and have implications for therapeutic intervention of hepatic fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cai Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Cao
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongliang Duan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhixun Guan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Chaoming Xia
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Thomas WR. House Dust Mite Allergens: New Discoveries and Relevance to the Allergic Patient. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:69. [PMID: 27600386 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent findings on house dust allergens and their contribution to knowledge that will significantly impact on current and future allergy treatments are appraised. RECENT FINDINGS Quantitation of IgE binding to a spectrum of allergen components in several independent studies in varying locations has largely affirmed the main components as the groups 1 and 2 and possibly 23 allergens with mid-tier contributions from the groups 4, 5, 7, and 21. Prevalent binding to Der p 23 has been recapitulated sometimes with low titers. The IgE of non-asthmatic atopic subjects binds at lower titer and to fewer components than that of asthmatics, and their IgG binding relative to IgE is higher especially for children hospitalized for exacerbation. The higher IgG ratios were associated with increased IL-10 a cytokine more readily induced from T cells of allergic subjects. Peptides representing the groups 1 and 2 allergens can be used to stimulate ex vivo T cells showing responses correlating with IgE binding and providing a valuable tool for ascertaining the contribution of IgE and T cells to disease. Also, the induction of Th2 and follicular helper T cells are shown to make different contributions in mice. Cross-reactivity of IgE binding assays with high-titer cross-reactive antibodies induced by scabies is a problem in the many areas of the world where scabies is highly prevalent and endemic and from recent increases in immigration. In the last few years, allergen research has produced results that warrant rapid translation into diagnostic tools and the formulation of allergen components for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne R Thomas
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xu Z, Xu L, Li W, Jin X, Song X, Chen X, Zhu J, Zhou S, Li Y, Zhang W, Dong X, Yang X, Liu F, Bai H, Chen Q, Su C. Innate scavenger receptor-A regulates adaptive T helper cell responses to pathogen infection. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16035. [PMID: 28695899 PMCID: PMC5508227 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptor (PRR) scavenger receptor class A (SR-A) has an important function in the pathogenesis of non-infectious diseases and in innate immune responses to pathogen infections. However, little is known about the role of SR-A in the host adaptive immune responses to pathogen infection. Here we show with mouse models of helminth Schistosoma japonicum infection and heat-inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulation that SR-A is regulated by pathogens and suppresses IRF5 nuclear translocation by direct interaction. Reduced abundance of nuclear IRF5 shifts macrophage polarization from M1 towards M2, which subsequently switches T-helper responses from type 1 to type 2. Our study identifies a role for SR-A as an innate PRR in regulating adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xian Song
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yong Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dong
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Chuan Su
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhan T, Zhang T, Wang Y, Wang X, Lin C, Ma H, Duan Z, Li C, Xu J, Xia C. Dynamics of Th9 cells and their potential role in immunopathogenesis of murine schistosomiasis. Parasit Vectors 2017. [PMID: 28646920 PMCID: PMC5483263 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg and Tfh cells play important roles in schistosomiasis. Th9 cells secrete IL-9 as a signature cytokine and contribute to several classes of inflammatory disease. However, the effects of Th9 cells in schistosomiasis are unknown. We aimed to explore the dynamic changes and potential roles of Th9 cells in the pathogenesis of hepatic egg granulomatous inflammation in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Methods Twenty mice with S. japonicum infection and five normal controls (NC) were used as models. The average areas of egg granulomas were estimated by hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) staining. Hepatic IL-9 and transcription factor PU.1 levels were detected by immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry techniques were used to analyze the proportions of Th9 cells. With the help of ELISA, serum levels of IL-9 were examined. Results The egg granulomas began to form from four weeks after infection and continued to develop. In parallel with the development of egg granulomas, the hepatic levels of IL-9 and PU.1 increased very slowly during the first four weeks post-infection and increased rapidly thereafter. Moreover, the proportions of splenic Th9 cells and levels of serum IL-9 had similar developmental trends with the egg granulomas. Conclusion The proliferation of Th9 cells and levels of IL-9 were significantly higher in S. japonicum-infected mice compared to NC. In addition, dynamic changes of Th9 and IL-9 were synchronous with the developmental trend of hepatic egg granulomatous inflammation, suggesting that Th9 cells might be a new subset in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingzheng Zhan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.,Department of Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu, 233030, China
| | - Cai Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhongliang Duan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chaoming Xia
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nonencapsulated Trichinella pseudospiralis Infection Impairs Follicular Helper T Cell Differentiation with Subclass-Selective Decreases in Antibody Responses. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3550-3556. [PMID: 27736779 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00597-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious microorganisms often modify host immunity to escape from immune elimination. Trichinella is a unique nematode of the helminth family, whose members parasitize the muscle cells inside the host without robust eliminative reactions. There are several species of Trichinella; some develop in muscle cells that become encapsulated (e.g., Trichinella spiralis) and others in cells that do not encapsulate (e.g., Trichinella pseudospiralis). It has already been established that Trichinella infection affects host immune responses in several experimental immune diseases in animal models; however, most of those studies were done using T. spiralis infection. As host immune responses to T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis infections have been reported to be different, it is necessary to clarify how T. pseudospiralis infection influences the host immune responses. In this study, we investigated the influence on host humoral immunity in T. pseudospiralis-infected mice. We demonstrated that T. pseudospiralis infection decreased antigen-specific IgG2a and IgG2b antibody (Ab) production in mice immunized with a model antigen. This selective decrease in gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-dependent Ab production was not due to a decrease in IFN-γ production, and we instead found impaired follicular helper T (Tfh) cell differentiation. The affinity maturation of antigen-specific Ab tended to be delayed but was not significant in T. pseudospiralis-infected mice. We also observed that CD11b+ spleen cells in T. pseudospiralis-infected mice expressed CD206 and PD-L2, the phenotype of which was M2 macrophages with weak production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), possibly resulting in impaired Tfh differentiation. Taken together, our results indicate that nonencapsulated Trichinella infection induces selective dampening in humoral immunity with the suppression of Tfh differentiation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Pan W, Liu H, Yin J, Shen Y, Cao J. T follicular helper cells in patients with acute schistosomiasis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:321. [PMID: 27266984 PMCID: PMC4895967 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in schistosome infection is not fully defined. In a previous study, a higher frequency of circulating PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ Tfh cells was observed in patients with chronic schistosomiasis relative to healthy controls (HCs) and it correlated positively with the level of soluble egg antigen (SEA) specific antibodies in serum. However, the function of Tfh cells in patients with acute schistosomiasis remains elusive; this was investigated in the present study. Methods The frequency of circulating Tfh cells and the expression of inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and B cell subsets were analyzed in 12 patients with acute schistosomiasis and 10 HCs by flow cytometry. The expression of Bcl6, c-Maf and IL-21 mRNA were detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). The concentration of serum IL-21 and IgG specific to Schistosoma japonicum antigen were then determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlations between PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ Tfh cells, memory B cells and IgG specific to S. japonicum were analyzed by Spearman’s rank correlation. Results The frequency of PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ Tfh and memory B cells was increased in acute schistosomiasis patients relative to HCs. Moreover, the levels of IL-21 in serum and the expression of IL-21 mRNA were higher in acute schistosomiasis patients. However, there was no significant correlation between PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ Tfh cells, memory B cells and IgG specific to S. japonicum antigen in patients with acute schistosomiasis. Conclusions PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ Tfh cells in peripheral blood are involved in the immune response of patients with acute schistosomiasis. Understanding the immunological mechanism is helpful for the development of vaccination strategies to control schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Yanjuan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maresin 1, a Proresolving Lipid Mediator, Mitigates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9203716. [PMID: 26881046 PMCID: PMC4736805 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9203716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maresin 1 (MaR 1) was recently reported to have protective properties in several different animal models of acute inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory response. However, its function in acute liver injury is still unknown. To address this question, we induced liver injury in BALB/c mice with intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride with or without treatment of MaR 1. Our data showed that MaR 1 attenuated hepatic injury, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation induced by carbon tetrachloride, as evidenced by increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and reactive oxygen species levels were inhibited by treatment of MaR 1. Furthermore, MaR 1 increased activities of antioxidative mediators in carbon tetrachloride-treated mice liver. MaR 1 decreased indices of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, myeloperoxidase, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Administration of MaR 1 inhibited activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κb) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the liver of CCl4 treated mice. In conclusion, these results suggested the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory properties of MaR 1 in CCl4 induced liver injury. The possible mechanism is partly implicated in its abilities to inhibit ROS generation and activation of NF-κb and MAPK pathway.
Collapse
|
31
|
Xu F, Kang Y, Zhuang N, Lu Z, Zhang H, Xu D, Ding Y, Yin H, Shi L. Bcl6 Sets a Threshold for Antiviral Signaling by Restraining IRF7 Transcriptional Program. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18778. [PMID: 26728228 PMCID: PMC4700451 DOI: 10.1038/srep18778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordination of restraining and priming of antiviral signaling constitute a fundamental aspect of immunological functions. However, we currently know little about the molecular events that can translate the pathogenic cues into the appropriate code for antiviral defense. Our present study reports a specific role of B cell lymphoma (Bcl)6 as a checkpoint in the initiation of the host response to cytosolic RNA viruses. Remarkably, Bcl6 specifically binds to the interferon-regulatory factor (IRF)7 loci and restrains its transcription, thereby functioning as a negative regulator for interferon (IFN)-β production and antiviral responses. The signal-controlled turnover of the Bcl6, most likely mediated by microRNA-127, coordinates the antiviral response and inflammatory sequelae. Accordingly, de-repression of Bcl6 resulted in a phenotypic conversion of macrophages into highly potent IFN-producing cells and rendered mice more resistant to pathogenic RNA virus infection. The failure to remove the Bcl6 regulator, however, impedes the antiviral signaling and exaggerates viral pneumonia in mice. We thus reveal a novel key molecular checkpoint to orchestrate antiviral innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yanhua Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Ningtong Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Dakang Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China.,MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yina Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Hongping Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Distribution of Peripheral Memory T Follicular Helper Cells in Patients with Schistosomiasis Japonica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004015. [PMID: 26284362 PMCID: PMC4540279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a helminthic disease that affects more than 200 million people. An effective vaccine would be a major step towards eliminating the disease. Studies suggest that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide help to B cells to generate the long-term humoral immunity, which would be a crucial component of successful vaccines. Thus, understanding the biological characteristics of Tfh cells in patients with schistosomiasis, which has never been explored, is essential for vaccine design. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we investigated the biological characteristics of peripheral memory Tfh cells in schistosomiasis patients by flow cytometry. Our data showed that the frequencies of total and activated peripheral memory Tfh cells in patients were significantly increased during Schistosoma japonicum infection. Moreover, Tfh2 cells, which were reported to be a specific subpopulation to facilitate the generation of protective antibodies, were increased more greatly than other subpopulations of total peripheral memory Tfh cells in patients with schistosomiasis japonica. More importantly, our result showed significant correlations of the percentage of Tfh2 cells with both the frequency of plasma cells and the level of IgG antibody. In addition, our results showed that the percentage of T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells was also increased in patients with schistosomiasis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our report is the first characterization of peripheral memory Tfh cells in schistosomasis patients, which not only provides potential targets to improve immune response to vaccination, but also is important for the development of vaccination strategies to control schistosomiasis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Circulating miRNAs: Potential Novel Biomarkers for Hepatopathology Progression and Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis Japonica in Two Murine Models. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003965. [PMID: 26230095 PMCID: PMC4521869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis remains a major public health issue, with an estimated 230 million people infected worldwide. Novel tools for early diagnosis and surveillance of schistosomiasis are currently needed. Elevated levels of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are commonly associated with the initiation and progression of human disease pathology. Hence, serum miRNAs are emerging as promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of a variety of human diseases. This study investigated circulating host miRNAs commonly associated with liver diseases and schistosome parasite-derived miRNAs during the progression of hepatic schistosomiasis japonica in two murine models. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two mouse strains (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) were infected with a low dosage of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae. The dynamic patterns of hepatopathology, the serum levels of liver injury-related enzymes and the serum circulating miRNAs (both host and parasite-derived) levels were then assessed in the progression of schistosomiasis japonica. For the first time, an inverse correlation between the severity of hepatocyte necrosis and the level of liver fibrosis was revealed during S. japonicum infection in BALB/c, but not in C57BL/6 mice. The inconsistent levels of the host circulating miRNAs, miR-122, miR-21 and miR-34a in serum were confirmed in the two murine models during infection, which limits their potential value as individual diagnostic biomarkers for schistosomiasis. However, their serum levels in combination may serve as a novel biomarker to mirror the hepatic immune responses induced in the mammalian host during schistosome infection and the degree of hepatopathology. Further, two circulating parasite-specific miRNAs, sja-miR-277 and sja-miR-3479-3p, were shown to have potential as diagnostic markers for schistosomiasis japonica. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We provide the first evidence for the potential of utilizing circulating host miRNAs to indicate different immune responses and the severity of hepatopathology outcomes induced in two murine strains infected with S. japonicum. This study also establishes a basis for the early and cell-free diagnosis of schistosomiasis by targeting circulating schistosome parasite-derived miRNAs.
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Liu H, Shen Y, Yuan Z, Hu Y, Xu Y, Cao J. Higher Frequency of Circulating PD-1(high) CXCR5(+)CD4(+) Tfh Cells in Patients with Chronic Schistosomiasis. Int J Biol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26221072 PMCID: PMC4515816 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The current knowledge of immunological responses to schistosomiasis is insufficient for the development of vaccine and therapies. The role of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in schistosome infections is not fully defined. The frequency of circulating Tfh cells and serum cytokine levels were analyzed in 11 patients with chronic schistosomiasis and 10 healthy controls (HC), who reside in an endemic area for Schistosomiasis japonicum. Significantly higher frequencies of circulating CXCR5(+) CD4(+) Tfh cells and higher expression levels of ICOS and PD-1 in CXCR5(+) CD4(+) Tfh cells were observed in patients with chronic schistosomiasis compared to HC. The levels of IL-21 in serum and the expression of IL-21 mRNA were higher in chronic schistosomiasis patients than in HC. Moreover, the frequency of circulating PD-1(high) CXCR5(+) CD4(+) Tfh cells positively correlated with the levels of IL-21 in serum from patients with chronic schistosomiasis. A positive correlation was also found between the frequency of PD-1(high) CXCR5(+) CD4(+) Tfh cells and the levels of soluble egg antigen (SEA)-specific antibodies in serum samples from the patient group. Our study is the first regarding Tfh cells in chronic human schistosomiasis and the finding indicate that PD-1(high) CXCR5(+) CD4(+)Tfh cells might play an important role in the production of specific antibodies in schistosomiasis. This study contributes to the understanding of immune response to schistosomiasis and may provide helpful support in vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhang
- 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, PR China ; 2. Department of Pathogenic Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yanjuan Wang
- 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Hua Liu
- 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Zhongying Yuan
- 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yuan Hu
- 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yuxin Xu
- 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Jianping Cao
- 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bouchery T, Kyle R, Ronchese F, Le Gros G. The Differentiation of CD4(+) T-Helper Cell Subsets in the Context of Helminth Parasite Infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:487. [PMID: 25360134 PMCID: PMC4197778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are credited with being the major selective force driving the evolution of the so-called “type 2” immune responses in vertebrate animals, with their size and infection strategies presenting unique challenges to the immune system. Originally, type 2 immune responses were defined by the presence and activities of the CD4+ T-helper 2 subset producing the canonical cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. This picture is now being challenged by the discovery of a more complex pattern of CD4+ T-helper cell subsets that appear during infection, including Tregs, Th17, Tfh, and more recently, Th22, Th9, and ThGM. In addition, a clearer view of the mechanisms by which helminths and their products selectively prime the CD4+ T-cell subsets is emerging. In this review, we have focused on recent data concerning the selective priming, differentiation, and functional role of CD4+ T-helper cell subsets in the context of helminth infection. We argue for a re-evaluation of the original Th2 paradigm and discuss how the observed plasticity of the T-helper subsets may enable the parasitized host to achieve an appropriate compromise between elimination, tissue repair, containment, and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bouchery
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Ryan Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand ; Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|