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Washington EJ, Zhou Y, Hsu AL, Petrovich M, Tenor JL, Toffaletti DL, Guan Z, Perfect JR, Borgnia MJ, Bartesaghi A, Brennan RG. Structures of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, Tps1, from the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans : a target for novel antifungals. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.14.530545. [PMID: 36993618 PMCID: PMC10054996 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.530545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases are a major threat to human health, resulting in more than 1.5 million annual deaths worldwide. The arsenal of antifungal therapeutics remains limited and is in dire need of novel drugs that target additional biosynthetic pathways that are absent from humans. One such pathway involves the biosynthesis of trehalose. Trehalose is a disaccharide that is required for pathogenic fungi to survive in their human hosts. In the first step of trehalose biosynthesis, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (Tps1) converts UDP-glucose and glucose-6-phosphate to trehalose-6-phosphate. Here, we report the structures of full-length Cryptococcus neoformans Tps1 (CnTps1) in unliganded form and in complex with uridine diphosphate and glucose-6-phosphate. Comparison of these two structures reveals significant movement towards the catalytic pocket by the N-terminus upon ligand binding and identifies residues required for substrate-binding, as well as residues that stabilize the tetramer. Intriguingly, an intrinsically disordered domain (IDD), which is conserved amongst Cryptococcal species and closely related Basidiomycetes, extends from each subunit of the tetramer into the "solvent" but is not visible in density maps. We determined that the IDD is not required for C. neoformans Tps1-dependent thermotolerance and osmotic stress survival. Studies with UDP-galactose highlight the exquisite substrate specificity of CnTps1. In toto , these studies expand our knowledge of trehalose biosynthesis in Cryptococcus and highlight the potential of developing antifungal therapeutics that disrupt the synthesis of this disaccharide or the formation of a functional tetramer and the use of cryo-EM in the structural characterization of CnTps1-ligand/drug complexes. Significance Statement Fungal infections are responsible for over a million deaths worldwide each year. Biosynthesis of a disaccharide, trehalose, is required for multiple pathogenic fungi to transition from the environment to the human host. Enzymes in the trehalose biosynthesis pathway are absent in humans and, therefore, are potentially significant targets for novel antifungal therapeutics. One enzyme in the trehalose biosynthesis is trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (Tps1). Here, we describe the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the CnTps1 homo-tetramer in the unliganded form and in complex with a substrate and a product. These structures and subsequent biochemical analysis reveal key details of substrate-binding residues and substrate specificity. These structures should facilitate structure-guided design of inhibitors against CnTps1.
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Wen Z, Xie X, Aleem MT, Aimulajiang K, Chen C, Liang M, Song X, Xu L, Li X, Yan R. In vitro characterization of Haemonchus contortus trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase and its immunomodulatory effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:611. [PMID: 34930417 PMCID: PMC8685816 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP6) is a key enzyme in the trehalose biosynthesis pathway. The accumulation of TPP6 inside the body is harmful to the pathogen, but almost nothing is currently known about the function of TPP6 from Haemonchus contortus (CRE-GOB-1). Methods The H. contortus CRE-GOB-1 (HcGOB) gene was cloned and recombinant protein of GOB (rHcGOB) was expressed; transcription of the HcGOB gene at different developmental stages of H. contortus was then studied. The spatial expression pattern of the HcGOB gene in adult female and male worms was determined by both quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunofluorescence. The binding of the rHcGOB protein to goat PBMCs was assessed by immunofluorescence assay. The immunomodulatory impacts of rHcGOB on cell proliferation, nitric oxide generation and cytokine secretion were assessed by co-culture of rHcGOB protein with goat PBMCs. Results The HcGOB protein was transcribed in eggs, infective third-stage larvae (iL3s) and adults of H. contortus, with the highest transcript levels found in the egg stage. The transcript levels were significantly elevated in iL3s after manual desheathing. HcGOB was widely distributed in adult worms where it was mainly localized in the gut and gonads. rHcGOB was observed to bind to PBMCs and also to be recognized by sera collected from a goat infected with H. contortus. rHcGOB significantly activated the interleukin-10/transforming growth factor β/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL-10/TGF-β/STAT3) pathway in PBMCs while suppressing the transcription and expression of IL-4 and IL-17. Conclusions These results suggest that the HcGOB gene plays an important role in the development, parasitism and reproduction of H. contortus. The rHcGOB protein affected the immunomodulatory function of PBMCs in the in vitro study, suggesting that this protein would be a promising vaccine target. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05115-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhaoHai Wen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XinRan Xie
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - LiXin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Cao Y, Ashline DJ, Ficko-Blean E, Klein AS. Trehalose and (iso)floridoside production under desiccation stress in red alga Porphyra umbilicalis and the genes involved in their synthesis. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:1468-1480. [PMID: 33460146 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The marine red alga Porphyra umbilicalis has high tolerance toward various abiotic stresses. In this study, the contents of floridoside, isofloridoside, and trehalose were measured using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in response to desiccation and rehydration treatments; these conditions are similar to the tidal cycles that P. umbilicalis experiences in its natural habitats. The GC-MS analysis showed that the concentration of floridoside and isofloridoside did not change in response to desiccation as expected of compatible solutes. Genes involved in the synthesis of (iso)floridoside and trehalose were identified from the recently completed Porphyra genome, including four putative trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) genes, two putative trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) genes, and one putative trehalose synthase/amylase (TreS) gene. Based on the phylogenetic, conserved domain, and gene expression analyses, it is suggested that the Pum4785 and Pum5014 genes are related to floridoside and isofloridoside synthesis, respectively, and that the Pum4637 gene is probably involved in trehalose synthesis. Our study verifies the occurrences of nanomolar concentrations trehalose in P. umbilicalis for the first time and identifies additional genes possibly encoding trehalose phosphate synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Cao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, USA
| | - David J Ashline
- The Glycomics Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Anita S Klein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, USA
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4
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Kim JH, Kim JW, Jo J, Straub JH, Cross M, Hofmann A, Kim JS. Characterisation of trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatases from bacterial pathogens. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140564. [PMID: 33171283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The trehalose biosynthesis pathway has recently received attention for therapeutic intervention combating infectious diseases caused by bacteria, helminths or fungi. Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) is a key enzyme of the most common trehalose biosynthesis pathway and a particularly attractive target owing to the toxicity of accumulated trehalose-6-phosphate in pathogens. Here, we characterised TPP-like proteins from bacterial pathogens implicated in nosocomial infections in terms of their steady-state kinetics as well as pH- and metal-dependency of their enzymatic activity. Analysis of the steady-state kinetics of recombinantly expressed enzymes from Acinetobacter baumannii, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Pseudomonas stutzeri yielded similar kinetic parameters as those of other reported bacterial TPPs. In contrast to nematode TPPs, the divalent metal ion appears to be bound only weakly in the active site of bacterial TPPs, allowing the exchange of the resident magnesium ion with other metal ions. Enzymatic activity comparable to the wild-type enzyme was observed for the TPP from P. stutzeri with manganese, cobalt and nickel. Analysis of the enzymatic activity of S. maltophilia TPP active site mutants provides evidence for the involvement of four canonical aspartate residues as well as a strictly conserved histidine residue of TPP-like proteins from bacteria in the enzyme mechanism. That histidine residue is a member of an interconnected network of five conserved residues in the active site of bacterial TPPs which likely constitute one or more functional units, directly or indirectly cooperating to enhance different aspects of the catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan Hendrik Straub
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Megan Cross
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Harvey CM, O'Toole KH, Liu C, Mariano P, Dunaway-Mariano D, Allen KN. Structural Analysis of Binding Determinants of Salmonella typhimurium Trehalose-6-phosphate Phosphatase Using Ground-State Complexes. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3247-3257. [PMID: 32786412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (T6PP) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) to the disaccharide trehalose. The enzyme is not present in mammals but is essential to the viability of multiple lower organisms as trehalose is a critical metabolite, and T6P accumulation is toxic. Hence, T6PP is a target for therapeutics of human pathologies caused by bacteria, fungi, and parasitic nematodes. Here, we report the X-ray crystal structures of Salmonella typhimurium T6PP (StT6PP) in its apo form and in complex with the cofactor Mg2+ and the substrate analogue trehalose 6-sulfate (T6S), the product trehalose, or the competitive inhibitor 4-n-octylphenyl α-d-glucopyranoside 6-sulfate (OGS). OGS replaces the substrate phosphoryl group with a sulfate group and the glucosyl ring distal to the sulfate group with an octylphenyl moiety. The structures of these substrate-analogue and product complexes with T6PP show that specificity is conferred via hydrogen bonds to the glucosyl group proximal to the phosphoryl moiety through Glu123, Lys125, and Glu167, conserved in T6PPs from multiple species. The structure of the first-generation inhibitor OGS shows that it retains the substrate-binding interactions observed for the sulfate group and the proximal glucosyl ring. The OGS octylphenyl moiety binds in a unique manner, indicating that this subsite can tolerate various chemotypes. Together, these findings show that these conserved interactions at the proximal glucosyl ring binding site could provide the basis for the development of broad-spectrum therapeutics, whereas variable interactions at the divergent distal subsite could present an opportunity for the design of potent organism-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Katherine H O'Toole
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Chunliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Patrick Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Debra Dunaway-Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Karen N Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Yonemura S, Nakamura T, Nabeshima T. Threading/Folding Recognition Modes of Phosphodiesters by a p-Nitrophenylamide Cyclodextrin Derivative. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sota Yonemura
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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Cross M, York M, Długosz E, Straub JH, Biberacher S, Herath HMPD, Logan SA, Kim JS, Gasser RB, Ryan JH, Hofmann A. A suicide inhibitor of nematode trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16165. [PMID: 31700060 PMCID: PMC6838324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based drug discovery strategies have the distinct advantage of providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of chemical effectors. Currently, there are no known trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) inhibitors that possess reasonable inhibition constants and chemical scaffolds amenable to convenient modification. In the present study, we subjected recombinant TPPs to a two-tiered screening approach to evaluate several diverse compound groups with respect to their potential as TPP inhibitors. From a total of 5452 compounds tested, N-(phenylthio)phthalimide was identified as an inhibitor of nematode TPPs with apparent Ki values of 1.0 μM and 0.56 μM against the enzymes from the zoonotic roundworms Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Toxocara canis, respectively. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrate that this compound acts as a suicide inhibitor that conjugates a strictly conserved cysteine residue in the vicinity of the active site of nematode TPPs. The anthelmintic properties of N-(phenylthio)phthalimide were assessed in whole nematode assays using larvae of the ascaroids T. canis and T. cati, as well as the barber's pole worm Haemonchus contortus. The compound was particularly effective against each of the ascaroids with an IC50 value of 9.3 μM in the survival assay of T. cati larvae, whereas no bioactivity was observed against H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Cross
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Mark York
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Ewa Długosz
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Hendrik Straub
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Sonja Biberacher
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - H M P Dilrukshi Herath
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephanie A Logan
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - John H Ryan
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, Smithfield, Queensland, 4878, Australia.
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8
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Tyagi R, Verma S, Mishra S, Srivastava M, Alam S, Khan F, Srivastava SK. In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives as Anti- Filarial Agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1191-1200. [PMID: 31210109 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190618141450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis is one of the chronic diseases in many parts of the tropics and sub-tropics of the world despite the use of standard drugs diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin because they kill microfilaries and not the adult parasites. Therefore, new leads with activity on adult parasites are highly desirable. OBJECTIVE Anti-filarial lead optimization by semi-synthetic modification of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). METHODS The GA was first converted into 3-O-acyl derivative, which was further converted into 12 amide derivatives. All these derivatives were assessed for their antifilarial potential by parasite motility assay. The binding affinity of active GA derivatives on trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (Bm-TPP) was assessed by molecular docking studies. RESULTS Among 15 GA derivatives, GAD-2, GAD-3, and GAD-4 were found more potent than the GA and standard drug DEC. These derivatives reduced the motility of Brugia malayi adult worms by up to 74% while the GA and DEC reduced only up to 49%. Further, GA and most of its derivatives exhibited two times more reduction in MTT assay when compared to the standard drug DEC. These derivatives also showed 100% reduction of microfilariae and good interactions with Bm-TPP protein. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that 3-O-acyl and linear chain amide derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid may be potent leads against B. malayi microfilariae and adult worms. These results might be helpful in developing QSAR model for optimizing a new class of antifilarial lead from a very common, inexpensive, and non toxic natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Tyagi
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Surjeet Verma
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Shikha Mishra
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Mrigank Srivastava
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- Metabolic & Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Feroz Khan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.,Metabolic & Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Srivastava
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
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9
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Cross M, Biberacher S, Park S, Rajan S, Korhonen P, Gasser RB, Kim J, Coster MJ, Hofmann A. Trehalose 6‐phosphate phosphatases of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FASEB J 2018; 32:5470-5482. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800500r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Cross
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith UniversityNathan QueenslandAustralia
| | - Sonja Biberacher
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith UniversityNathan QueenslandAustralia
- Department of BiologyFriedrich‐Alexander University, Erlangen‐NurembergErlangenGermany
| | - Suk‐Youl Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang GyeongbukSouth Korea
| | - Siji Rajan
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith UniversityNathan QueenslandAustralia
| | - Pasi Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesMelbourne Veterinary School, The University of MelbourneParkville VictoriaAustralia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesMelbourne Veterinary School, The University of MelbourneParkville VictoriaAustralia
| | - Jeong‐Sun Kim
- Department of ChemistryChonnam National UniversityGwangjuSouth Korea
| | - Mark J. Coster
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith UniversityNathan QueenslandAustralia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith UniversityNathan QueenslandAustralia
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesMelbourne Veterinary School, The University of MelbourneParkville VictoriaAustralia
- Queensland Tropical Health AllianceSmithfield QueenslandAustralia
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10
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Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase as a broad-spectrum therapeutic target against eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:675-683. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20170106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As opposed to organism-based drug screening approaches, protein-based strategies have the distinct advantage of providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of chemical effectors and thus afford a precise targeting. Capitalising on the increasing number of genome and transcriptome datasets, novel targets in pathogens for therapeutic intervention can be identified in a more rational manner when compared with conventional organism-based methodologies. Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatases (TPPs) are structurally and functionally conserved enzymes of the trehalose biosynthesis pathway which play a critical role for pathogen survival, in particular, in parasites. The absence of these enzymes and trehalose biosynthesis from mammalian hosts has recently given rise to increasing interest in TPPs as novel therapeutic targets for drugs and vaccines. Here, we summarise some key aspects of the current state of research towards novel therapeutics targeting, in particular, nematode TPPs.
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11
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Seybold AC, Wharton DA, Thorne MAS, Marshall CJ. Investigating trehalose synthesis genes after cold acclimation in the Antarctic nematode Panagrolaimus sp. DAW1. Biol Open 2017; 6:1953-1959. [PMID: 29175859 PMCID: PMC5769639 DOI: 10.1242/bio.023341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Panagrolaimus sp. DAW1 is a freeze-tolerant Antarctic nematode which survives extensive intracellular ice formation. The molecular mechanisms of this extreme adaptation are still poorly understood. We recently showed that desiccation-enhanced RNA interference (RNAi) soaking can be used in conjunction with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to screen for phenotypes associated with reduced expression of candidate genes in Panagrolaimus sp. DAW1. Here, we present the use of this approach to investigate the role of trehalose synthesis genes in this remarkable organism. Previous studies have shown that acclimating Panagrolaimus sp. DAW1 at 5°C before freezing or desiccation substantially enhances survival. In this study, the expression of tps-2 and other genes associated with trehalose metabolism, as well as lea-1, hsp-70 and gpx-1, in cold-acclimated and non-acclimated nematodes was analyzed using qPCR. Pd-tps-2 and Pd-lea-1 were significantly upregulated after cold acclimation, indicating an inducible expression in the cold adaptation of Panagrolaimus sp. DAW1. The role of trehalose synthesis genes in Panagrolaimus sp. DAW1 was further investigated by RNAi. Compared to the controls, Pd-tps-2a(RNAi)-treated and cold-acclimated nematodes showed a significant decrease in mRNA, but no change in trehalose content or freezing survival. The involvement of two other trehalose synthesis genes (tps-2b and gob-1) was also investigated. These findings provide the first functional genomic investigation of trehalose synthesis genes in the non-model organism Panagrolaimus sp. DAW1. The presence of several trehalose synthesis genes with different RNAi sensitivities suggests the existence of multiple backup systems in Panagrolaimus sp. DAW1, underlining the importance of this sugar in preparation for freezing. Summary: Functional genomics was used to investigate trehalose synthesis genes after cold acclimation in Panagrolaimus sp. DAW1, an Antarctic nematode with the ability to survive intracellular freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Seybold
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - David A Wharton
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Michael A S Thorne
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Craig J Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand .,Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Abstract
The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is the simplest animal model organism to work with. Substantial knowledge and tools have accumulated over 50 years of C. elegans research. The use of C. elegans relating to parasitic nematodes from a basic biology standpoint or an applied perspective has increased in recent years. The wealth of information gained on the model organism, the use of the powerful approaches and technologies that have advanced C. elegans research to parasitic nematodes and the enormous success of the omics fields have contributed to bridge the divide between C. elegans and parasite nematode researchers. We review key fields, such as genomics, drug discovery and genetics, where C. elegans and nematode parasite research have convened. We advocate the use of C. elegans as a model to study helminth metabolism, a neglected area ready to advance. How emerging technologies being used in C. elegans can pave the way for parasitic nematode research is discussed.
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Łopieńska-Biernat E, Molcan T, Paukszto Ł, Jastrzębski JP, Myszczyński K. Modelling studies determing the mode of action of anthelmintics inhibiting in vitro trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) of Anisakis simplex s.l. Exp Parasitol 2017; 184:46-56. [PMID: 29170085 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) enzyme is involved in the synthesis of trehalose, the main sugar in the energy metabolism of nematodes. TPP is a member of the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily and shows a robust and specific phosphatase activity for the substrate trehalose-6-phosphate. The presence of conserved active sites of TPP in closely related nematodes and its absence in humans makes it a promising target for antiparasitic drugs. In the present study, homology modeling, molecular docking and MD simulation techniques were used to explore the structure and dynamics of TPP. In the active site, a magnesium ion is stabilized by 3 coordinate bonds formed by D189, D191 and D400. The key amino acids involved in ligand binding by the enzyme are C198, Y201,T357, D191 and Y197. This study relied on docking to select potential inhibitors of TPP which were tested in vitro for sensitivity to anthelmintic drugs such as levamisole and ivermectin targeting Anisakis simplex. The higher toxicity of LEV than IVM was demonstrated after 96 h, 30% of larvae were motile in cultures with 100 μg/ml of LEV and 1000 μg/ml of IVM. We identified drug combination of LEV-IVM against in vitro A. simplex as agonistic effect (CI = 1.1). Levamisole appeared to be a more effective drug which inhibited enzyme activity after 48 h and expression of mRNA after 96 h at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. This preliminary study predicted the structure of TPP, and the results of an in vitro experiment involving A. simplex will contribute to the development of effective inhibitors with potential antiparasitic activity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Molcan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Paukszto
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Paweł Jastrzębski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kamil Myszczyński
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
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14
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Cross M, Rajan S, Chekaiban J, Saunders J, Hamilton C, Kim JS, Coster MJ, Gasser RB, Hofmann A. Enzyme characteristics of pathogen-specific trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2015. [PMID: 28515463 PMCID: PMC5435700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the key role of trehalose in pathogenic organisms, there has recently been growing interest in trehalose metabolism for therapeutic purposes. Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) is a pivotal enzyme in the most prominent biosynthesis pathway (OtsAB). Here, we compare the enzyme characteristics of recombinant TPPs from five important nematode and bacterial pathogens, including three novel members of this protein family. Analysis of the kinetics of trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolysis reveals that all five enzymes display a burst-like kinetic behaviour which is characterised by a decrease of the enzymatic rate after the pre-steady state. The observed super-stoichiometric burst amplitudes can be explained by multiple global conformational changes in members of this enzyme family during substrate processing. In the search for specific TPP inhibitors, the trapping of the complex conformational transitions in TPPs during the catalytic cycle may present a worthwhile strategy to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Cross
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Siji Rajan
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Janine Chekaiban
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Jake Saunders
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Chloe Hamilton
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark J Coster
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, Smithfield, Queensland, 4878, Australia.
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15
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Central Role of the Trehalose Biosynthesis Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Human Fungal Infections: Opportunities and Challenges for Therapeutic Development. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 81:81/2/e00053-16. [PMID: 28298477 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00053-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in part due to a limited antifungal drug arsenal. One therapeutic challenge faced by clinicians is the significant host toxicity associated with antifungal drugs. Another challenge is the fungistatic mechanism of action of some drugs. Consequently, the identification of fungus-specific drug targets essential for fitness in vivo remains a significant goal of medical mycology research. The trehalose biosynthetic pathway is found in a wide variety of organisms, including human-pathogenic fungi, but not in humans. Genes encoding proteins involved in trehalose biosynthesis are mechanistically linked to the metabolism, cell wall homeostasis, stress responses, and virulence of Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus. While there are a number of pathways for trehalose production across the tree of life, the TPS/TPP (trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase) pathway is the canonical pathway found in human-pathogenic fungi. Importantly, data suggest that proteins involved in trehalose biosynthesis play other critical roles in fungal metabolism and in vivo fitness that remain to be fully elucidated. By further defining the biology and functions of trehalose and its biosynthetic pathway components in pathogenic fungi, an opportunity exists to leverage this pathway as a potent antifungal drug target. The goal of this review is to cover the known roles of this important molecule and its associated biosynthesis-encoding genes in the human-pathogenic fungi studied to date and to employ these data to critically assess the opportunities and challenges facing development of this pathway as a therapeutic target.
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16
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Liu C, Dunaway-Mariano D, Mariano PS. Rational design of first generation inhibitors for trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatases. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Perfect JR, Tenor JL, Miao Y, Brennan RG. Trehalose pathway as an antifungal target. Virulence 2017; 8:143-149. [PMID: 27248439 PMCID: PMC5383216 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1195529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
With an increasing immunocompromised population which is linked to invasive fungal infections, it is clear that our present 3 classes of antifungal agents may not be sufficient to provide optimal management to these fragile patients. Furthermore, with widespread use of antifungal agents, drug-resistant fungal infections are on the rise. Therefore, there is some urgency to develop the antifungal pipeline with the goal of new antifungal agent discovery. In this review, a simple metabolic pathway, which forms the disaccharide, trehalose, will be characterized and its potential as a focus for antifungal target(s) explained. It possesses several important features for development of antifungal agents. First, it appears to have fungicidal characteristics and second, it is broad spectrum with importance across both ascomycete and basidiomycete species. Finally, this pathway is not found in mammals so theoretically specific inhibitors of the trehalose pathway and its enzymes in fungi should be relatively non-toxic for mammals. The trehalose pathway and its critical enzymes are now in a position to have directed antifungal discovery initiated in order to find a new class of antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Perfect
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Tenor
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yi Miao
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard G. Brennan
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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18
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Liu C, Dunaway-Mariano D, Mariano PS. Rational design of reversible inhibitors for trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatases. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 128:274-286. [PMID: 28192710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In some organisms, environmental stress triggers trehalose biosynthesis that is catalyzed collectively by trehalose 6-phosphate synthase, and trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (T6PP). T6PP catalyzes the hydrolysis of trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) to trehalose and inorganic phosphate and is a promising target for the development of antibacterial, antifungal and antihelminthic therapeutics. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of a library of aryl d-glucopyranoside 6-sulfates to serve as prototypes for small molecule T6PP inhibitors. Steady-state kinetic techniques were used to measure inhibition constants (Ki) of a panel of structurally diverse T6PP orthologs derived from the pathogens Brugia malayi, Ascaris suum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Shigella boydii and Salmonella typhimurium. The binding affinities of the most active inhibitor of these T6PP orthologs, 4-n-octylphenyl α-d-glucopyranoside 6-sulfate (9a), were found to be in the low micromolar range. The Ki of 9a with the B. malayi T6PP ortholog is 5.3 ± 0.6 μM, 70-fold smaller than the substrate Michaelis constant. The binding specificity of 9a was demonstrated using several representative sugar phosphate phosphatases from the HAD enzyme superfamily, the T6PP protein fold family of origin. Lastly, correlations drawn between T6PP active site structure, inhibitor structure and inhibitor binding affinity suggest that the aryl d-glucopyranoside 6-sulfate prototypes will find future applications as a platform for development of tailored second-generation T6PP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Debra Dunaway-Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Patrick S Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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19
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Korte J, Alber M, Trujillo CM, Syson K, Koliwer-Brandl H, Deenen R, Köhrer K, DeJesus MA, Hartman T, Jacobs WR, Bornemann S, Ioerger TR, Ehrt S, Kalscheuer R. Trehalose-6-Phosphate-Mediated Toxicity Determines Essentiality of OtsB2 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis In Vitro and in Mice. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006043. [PMID: 27936238 PMCID: PMC5148154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose biosynthesis is considered an attractive target for the development of antimicrobials against fungal, helminthic and bacterial pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The most common biosynthetic route involves trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase OtsA and T6P phosphatase OtsB that generate trehalose from ADP/UDP-glucose and glucose-6-phosphate. In order to assess the drug target potential of T6P phosphatase, we generated a conditional mutant of M. tuberculosis allowing the regulated gene silencing of the T6P phosphatase gene otsB2. We found that otsB2 is essential for growth of M. tuberculosis in vitro as well as for the acute infection phase in mice following aerosol infection. By contrast, otsB2 is not essential for the chronic infection phase in mice, highlighting the substantial remodelling of trehalose metabolism during infection by M. tuberculosis. Blocking OtsB2 resulted in the accumulation of its substrate T6P, which appears to be toxic, leading to the self-poisoning of cells. Accordingly, blocking T6P production in a ΔotsA mutant abrogated otsB2 essentiality. T6P accumulation elicited a global upregulation of more than 800 genes, which might result from an increase in RNA stability implied by the enhanced neutralization of toxins exhibiting ribonuclease activity. Surprisingly, overlap with the stress response caused by the accumulation of another toxic sugar phosphate molecule, maltose-1-phosphate, was minimal. A genome-wide screen for synthetic lethal interactions with otsA identified numerous genes, revealing additional potential drug targets synergistic with OtsB2 suitable for combination therapies that would minimize the emergence of resistance to OtsB2 inhibitors. Trehalose biosynthesis is considered an attractive target for the development of new drugs against various microbial pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this human pathogen, two partially redundant pathways mediate trehalose biosynthesis. The OtsA-OtsB2 pathway, which dominates in culture, involves trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase OtsA and T6P phosphatase OtsB2. While OtsA is dispensable, OtsB2 is strictly essential for growth of M. tuberculosis. Using conditional gene silencing, we here show that essentiality of OtsB2 is linked to accumulation of its substrate T6P, which exhibits direct or indirect toxic effects. Regulated gene expression in vivo revealed that OtsB2 is required to establish an acute infection of M. tuberculosis in a mouse infection model, but is surprisingly fully dispensable during the chronic infection phase. This highlights that trehalose metabolism of M. tuberculosis is substantially remodelled during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korte
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marina Alber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carolina M. Trujillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Karl Syson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Koliwer-Brandl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - René Deenen
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael A. DeJesus
- Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Travis Hartman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen Bornemann
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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20
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Cross M, Lepage R, Rajan S, Biberacher S, Young ND, Kim BN, Coster MJ, Gasser RB, Kim JS, Hofmann A. Probing function and structure of trehalose‐6‐phosphate phosphatases from pathogenic organisms suggests distinct molecular groupings. FASEB J 2016; 31:920-926. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601149r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Cross
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - Romain Lepage
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - Siji Rajan
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - Sonja Biberacher
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - Neil D. Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Bo-Na Kim
- Department of Chemistry Chonnam National University Gwangu South Korea
| | - Mark J. Coster
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry Chonnam National University Gwangu South Korea
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Smithfield Queensland Australia
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21
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Structures of trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase from pathogenic fungi reveal the mechanisms of substrate recognition and catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7148-53. [PMID: 27307435 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601774113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a disaccharide essential for the survival and virulence of pathogenic fungi. The biosynthesis of trehalose requires trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, Tps1, and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase, Tps2. Here, we report the structures of the N-terminal domain of Tps2 (Tps2NTD) from Candida albicans, a transition-state complex of the Tps2 C-terminal trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase domain (Tps2PD) bound to BeF3 and trehalose, and catalytically dead Tps2PD(D24N) from Cryptococcus neoformans bound to trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P). The Tps2NTD closely resembles the structure of Tps1 but lacks any catalytic activity. The Tps2PD-BeF3-trehalose and Tps2PD(D24N)-T6P complex structures reveal a "closed" conformation that is effected by extensive interactions between each trehalose hydroxyl group and residues of the cap and core domains of the protein, thereby providing exquisite substrate specificity. Disruption of any of the direct substrate-protein residue interactions leads to significant or complete loss of phosphatase activity. Notably, the Tps2PD-BeF3-trehalose complex structure captures an aspartyl-BeF3 covalent adduct, which closely mimics the proposed aspartyl-phosphate intermediate of the phosphatase catalytic cycle. Structures of substrate-free Tps2PD reveal an "open" conformation whereby the cap and core domains separate and visualize the striking conformational changes effected by substrate binding and product release and the role of two hinge regions centered at approximately residues 102-103 and 184-188. Significantly, tps2Δ, tps2NTDΔ, and tps2D705N strains are unable to grow at elevated temperatures. Combined, these studies provide a deeper understanding of the substrate recognition and catalytic mechanism of Tps2 and provide a structural basis for the future design of novel antifungal compounds against a target found in three major fungal pathogens.
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22
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Expression of Genes Encoding the Enzymes for Glycogen and Trehalose Metabolism in L3 and L4 Larvae of Anisakis simplex. J Parasitol Res 2015; 2015:438145. [PMID: 26783451 PMCID: PMC4689960 DOI: 10.1155/2015/438145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose and glycogen metabolism plays an important role in supporting life processes in many nematodes, including Anisakis simplex. Nematodes, cosmopolitan helminths parasitizing sea mammals and humans, cause a disease known as anisakiasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of genes encoding the enzymes involved in the metabolism of trehalose and glycogen—trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS), trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP), glycogen synthase (GS), and glycogen phosphorylase (GP)—in stage L3 and stage L4 larvae of A. simplex. The expression of mRNA all four genes, tps, tpp, gs, and gp, was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The A. simplex ribosomal gene (18S) was used as a reference gene. Enzymatic activity was determined. The expression of trehalose enzyme genes was higher in L3 than in L4 larvae, but an inverse relationship was noted for the expression of gs and gp genes.
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23
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Liu C, Mariano PS. An improved method for the large scale preparation of α,α′-trehalose-6-phosphate. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Panoramic view of a superfamily of phosphatases through substrate profiling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1974-83. [PMID: 25848029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423570112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale activity profiling of enzyme superfamilies provides information about cellular functions as well as the intrinsic binding capabilities of conserved folds. Herein, the functional space of the ubiquitous haloalkanoate dehalogenase superfamily (HADSF) was revealed by screening a customized substrate library against >200 enzymes from representative prokaryotic species, enabling inferred annotation of ∼35% of the HADSF. An extremely high level of substrate ambiguity was revealed, with the majority of HADSF enzymes using more than five substrates. Substrate profiling allowed assignment of function to previously unannotated enzymes with known structure, uncovered potential new pathways, and identified iso-functional orthologs from evolutionarily distant taxonomic groups. Intriguingly, the HADSF subfamily having the least structural elaboration of the Rossmann fold catalytic domain was the most specific, consistent with the concept that domain insertions drive the evolution of new functions and that the broad specificity observed in HADSF may be a relic of this process.
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25
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Schwarz EM, Hu Y, Antoshechkin I, Miller MM, Sternberg PW, Aroian RV. The genome and transcriptome of the zoonotic hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum identify infection-specific gene families. Nat Genet 2015; 47:416-22. [PMID: 25730766 PMCID: PMC4617383 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hookworms infect over 400 million people, stunting and impoverishing them. Sequencing hookworm genomes and finding which genes they express during infection should help in devising new drugs or vaccines against hookworms. Unlike other hookworms, Ancylostoma ceylanicum infects both humans and other mammals, providing a laboratory model for hookworm disease. We determined an A. ceylanicum genome sequence of 313 Mb, with transcriptomic data throughout infection showing expression of 30,738 genes. Approximately 900 genes were upregulated during early infection in vivo, including ASPRs, a cryptic subfamily of activation-associated secreted proteins (ASPs). Genes downregulated during early infection included ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors; this downregulation was observed in both parasitic and free-living nematodes. Later, at the onset of heavy blood feeding, C-lectin genes were upregulated along with genes for secreted clade V proteins (SCVPs), encoding a previously undescribed protein family. These findings provide new drug and vaccine targets and should help elucidate hookworm pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich M Schwarz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yan Hu
- 1] Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Igor Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Melanie M Miller
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- 1] Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Raffi V Aroian
- 1] Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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26
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The in vitro effect of ivermectin on the activity of trehalose synthesis pathway enzymes and their mRNA expression in the muscle of adult female Ascaris suum (Nematoda). ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:936560. [PMID: 25405239 PMCID: PMC4227463 DOI: 10.1155/2014/936560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro effect of ivermectin lethal dose on the activity of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and phosphatase (TPP) and the expression of their mRNA (tps1, tps2, and tpp genes) in the muscle of adult female Ascaris suum was investigated. The presence of ivermectin in the medium caused a decrease in TPS and TPP activities during the experiment compared with the start and control groups. The exception was the group of worms grown for 8 hours in a IVM solution, in which there was a little higher TPS activity than in the control. Real-time qPCR analysis showed reduced expression of tps1 and tps2, and unchanged tpp expression after 20 hours of incubation relative to the expression at time zero. Relative to the appropriate control groups, the expression of tps2 gene was slight increased but the other two genes were reduced after 8-hours of IVM-treatment. Then the expression of all three genes was lower at the end of cultivation. The level of gene expression was positively correlated with the activity of specific enzymes. In the case of tpp gene there was only a weak correlation. Prolonged exposure to ivermectin was effective in lowering TPS and TPP activity and their mRNA expression. However, the drug did not block the pathway.
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