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Rishiq A, Liu M, Mandelboim O. Enhancing immunity against Candida albicans infections through TIGIT knockout. mBio 2024; 15:e0116524. [PMID: 39109867 PMCID: PMC11389390 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01165-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domain (TIGIT) is an inhibitory receptor expressed by T and natural killer cells. Here, we used TIGIT knockout (KO) mice to demonstrate that mouse TIGIT directly interacts with Candida albicans. Reduced fungal growth and colonization were observed when TIGIT-KO splenocytes were co-cultured with C. albicans compared to the wild type (WT). In a systemic candidiasis model, TIGIT-KO mice exhibited improved survival and reduced body weight loss compared to WT mice. Organ-specific fungal burden assessment revealed significantly lower fungal loads in the kidneys, spleen, and lungs of TIGIT-KO mice. Finally, we show that the agglutinin-like sequence proteins ALS6, ALS7, and ALS9 of C. albicans are ligands for TIGIT and that the absence of these proteins abolishes the TIGIT effect in vivo. Our results identify the significance of TIGIT in modulating host defense against C. albicans and highlight the potential therapeutic implications for C. albicans infections. IMPORTANCE Our results identify the significance of T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain in modulating host defense against Candida albicans and highlight the potential therapeutic implications for C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Rishiq
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mingdong Liu
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Kunanopparat A, Dinh TTH, Ponpakdee P, Padungros P, Kaewduangduen W, Ariya-anandech K, Tummamunkong P, Samaeng A, Sae-ear P, Leelahavanichkul A, Hirankarn N, Ritprajak P. Complement receptor 3-dependent engagement by Candida glabrata β-glucan modulates dendritic cells to induce regulatory T-cell expansion. Open Biol 2024; 14:230315. [PMID: 38806144 PMCID: PMC11293457 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an important pathogen causing invasive infection associated with a high mortality rate. One mechanism that causes the failure of Candida eradication is an increase in regulatory T cells (Treg), which play a major role in immune suppression and promoting Candida pathogenicity. To date, how C. glabrata induces a Treg response remains unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) recognition of fungi provides the fundamental signal determining the fate of the T-cell response. This study investigated the interplay between C. glabrata and DCs and its effect on Treg induction. We found that C. glabrata β-glucan was a major component that interacted with DCs and consequently mediated the Treg response. Blocking the binding of C. glabrata β-glucan to dectin-1 and complement receptor 3 (CR3) showed that CR3 activation in DCs was crucial for the induction of Treg. Furthermore, a ligand-receptor binding assay showed the preferential binding of C. glabrata β-glucan to CR3. Our data suggest that C. glabrata β-glucan potentially mediates the Treg response, probably through CR3-dependent activation in DCs. This study contributes new insights into immune modulation by C. glabrata that may lead to a better design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for invasive C. glabrata infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areerat Kunanopparat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Truc Thi Huong Dinh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam
| | - Pranpariya Ponpakdee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Production and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Production and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warerat Kaewduangduen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasirapat Ariya-anandech
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phawida Tummamunkong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amanee Samaeng
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pannagorn Sae-ear
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Biology Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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David H, Solomon AP. Molecular association of Candida albicans and vulvovaginal candidiasis: focusing on a solution. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1245808. [PMID: 37900321 PMCID: PMC10611527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1245808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans-mediated vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a significant challenge in clinical settings, owing to the inefficacy of current antifungals in modulating virulence, development of resistance, and poor penetration into the biofilm matrix. Various predisposition factors are molecular drivers that lead to the dysbiosis of normal microflora of the vagina, upregulation of central metabolic pathways, morphogenesis, hyphal extension, adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation leading to chronic infection and recurrence. Hence, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanism behind the virulence pathways driven by those drivers to decode the drug targets. Finding innovative solutions targeting fungal virulence/biofilm may potentiate the antifungals at low concentrations without affecting the recurrence of resistance. With this background, the present review details the critical molecular drivers and associated network of virulence pathways, possible drug targets, target-specific inhibitors, and probable mode of drug delivery to cross the preclinical phase by appropriate in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
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Lin L, Wang M, Zeng J, Mao Y, Qin R, Deng J, Ouyang X, Hou X, Sun C, Wang Y, Cai Y, Li M, Tian C, Zhou X, Zhang M, Fan H, Mei H, Sarapultsev A, Wang H, Zhang G, Zipfel PF, Hu Y, Hu D, Luo S. Sequence Variation of Candida albicans Sap2 Enhances Fungal Pathogenicity via Complement Evasion and Macrophage M2-Like Phenotype Induction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2206713. [PMID: 37211685 PMCID: PMC10369283 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is an opportunistic pathogen increasingly causing candidiasis worldwide. This study aims to investigate the pattern of systemic immune responses triggered by C. albicans with disease associated variation of Sap2, identifying the novel evasion strategies utilized by clinical isolates. Specifically, a variation in clinical isolates is identified at nucleotide position 817 (G to T). This homozygous variation causes the 273rd amino acid exchange from valine to leucine, close to the proteolytic activation center of Sap2. The mutant (Sap2-273L) generated from SC5314 (Sap2-273V) background carrying the V273L variation within Sap2 displays higher pathogenicity. In comparison to mice infected with Sap2-273V strain, mice infected with Sap2-273L exhibit less complement activation indicated by less serum C3a generation and weaker C3b deposition in the kidney. This inhibitory effect is mainly achieved by Sap2273L -mediated stronger degradation of C3 and C3b. Furthermore, mice infected with Sap2-273L strain exhibit more macrophage phenotype switching from M0 to M2-like and more TGF-β release which further influences T cell responses, generating an immunosuppressed cellular microenvironment characterized by more Tregs and exhausted T cell formation. In summary, the disease-associated sequence variation of Sap2 enhances pathogenicity by complement evasion and M2-like phenotype switching, promoting a more efficient immunosuppressed microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Moran Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jingsi Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yehong Mao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Renjie Qin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaohu Ouyang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Chunyan Sun
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yadan Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yaohua Cai
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chunxia Tian
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Heng Mei
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 76, Lenin Prospekt, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia
| | - Huafang Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Gensheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
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5
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Li Z, Liang X, Chen X, Chen Y, Wang F, Wang S, Liao Y, Li L. The role of thymus- and extrathymus-derived regulatory T cells in maternal-fetal tolerance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1109352. [PMID: 36817424 PMCID: PMC9932773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1109352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells could be divided into thymus-derived Treg (tTreg) cells and peripherally derived Treg (pTreg) cells, and in vitro induced Treg (iTreg) cells. To date, the functions of tTreg versus pTreg and their relative contributions to maternal-fetal immune tolerance remain insufficiently defined due to a lack of a specific marker to distinguish tTreg cells from pTreg cells. In this study, we investigated the role of thymus- and extrathymus-derived Treg cells in pregnancy tolerance using transgenic ACT-mOVA, Foxp3DTR and Foxp3GFP mice, and Treg cell adoptive transfer, etc. We found that the frequencies of Treg cells in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes (LNs) in either syngeneically- or allogeneically-mated pregnant mice were not different from non-pregnant mice. However, percentages of blood Treg cells in pregnant mice increased at mid-gestation, and percentages of decidua Treg cells in pregnant mice increased as the pregnancy progressed compared with non-pregnant mice, and were significantly higher in allogeneic mice than those in syngeneic group. Compared with syngeneic mice, levels of CCR2 and CCR6 on blood and decidua Treg cells and CCL12 in the decidua significantly increased in allogeneic mice. A surrogate fetal antigen mOVA that was recognized by naïve T cells from OT-IIFoxp3GFP mice induced the generation of pTreg cells in vivo. Transfusion of thymus and spleen Treg cells significantly decreased diphtheria toxin (DT)-increased embryo resorption rates (ERRs) and IFN-γ levels in the blood and decidua. iTreg cells also decreased ERRs and IFN-γ levels in the blood and decidua to an extent lower than thymus and spleen Treg cells. In conclusion, increased blood and decidua Treg cells in pregnancy and increased ERRs in DT-treated Foxp3DTR mice suggest an important immunosuppressive role of Treg cells in pregnancy. Elevated decidua Treg cells in pregnancy could be derived from the recruitment of tTreg cells to the decidua, or from the transformation of naïve T cells in the decidua to pTreg cells. While the immune-suppression effects of thymus and spleen Treg cells are comparable, iTreg cells might play a weaker role in maternal-fetal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuying Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuoshi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Liping Li
- *Correspondence: Liping Li, ; Yihong Liao,
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Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are emerging diseases that kill over 1.5 million people per year worldwide. With the increase of immunocompromised populations, the incidence of invasive fungal infections is expected to continue to rise. Vaccines for viral and bacterial infectious diseases have had a transformative impact on human health worldwide. However, no fungal vaccines are currently in clinical use. Recently, interest in fungal vaccines has grown significantly. One Candida vaccine has completed phase 2 clinical trials, and research on vaccines against coccidioidomycosis continues to advance. Additionally, multiple groups have discovered various Cryptococcus mutant strains that promote protective responses to subsequent challenge in mouse models. There has also been progress in antibody-mediated fungal vaccines. In this review, we highlight recent fungal vaccine research progress, outline the wealth of data generated, and summarize current research for both fungal biology and immunology studies relevant to fungal vaccine development. We also review technological advancements in vaccine development and highlight the future prospects of a human vaccine against invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amariliz Rivera
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA;
| | - Jennifer Lodge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Public Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA;
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Interplay between Candida albicans and Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Impact on Colonization Resistance, Microbial Carriage, Opportunistic Infection, and Host Immunity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0032320. [PMID: 34259567 PMCID: PMC8404691 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00323-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies have highlighted the disproportionate role of Candida albicans in influencing both early community assembly of the bacterial microbiome and dysbiosis during allergic diseases and intestinal inflammation. Nonpathogenic colonization of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract by C. albicans is common, and the role of this single fungal species in modulating bacterial community reassembly after broad-spectrum antibiotics can be readily recapitulated in mouse studies. One of the most notable features of C. albicans-associated dysbiotic states is a marked change in the levels of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). C. albicans and LAB share metabolic niches throughout the GI tract, and in vitro studies have identified various interactions between these microbes. The two predominant LAB affected are Lactobacillus species and Enterococcus species. Lactobacilli can antagonize enterococci and C. albicans, while Enterococcus faecalis and C. albicans have been reported to exhibit a mutualistic relationship. E. faecalis and C. albicans are also causative agents of a variety of life-threatening infections, are frequently isolated together from mixed-species infections, and share certain similarities in clinical presentation-most notably their emergence as opportunistic pathogens following disruption of the microbiota. In this review, we discuss and model the mechanisms used by Lactobacillus species, E. faecalis, and C. albicans to modulate each other's growth and virulence in the GI tract. With multidrug-resistant E. faecalis and C. albicans strains becoming increasingly common in hospital settings, examining the interplay between these three microbes may provide novel insights for enhancing the efficacy of existing antimicrobial therapies.
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Pandiyan P, McCormick TS. Regulation of IL-17A-Producing Cells in Skin Inflammatory Disorders. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:867-875. [PMID: 34561088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the IL-17A family of cytokines produced by T lymphocytes and other immune cells and how they are involved in cutaneous pathogenic responses. It will also discuss cutaneous dysbiosis and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the context of inflammatory conditions linked to IL-17 responses in the skin. Specifically, it will review key literature on chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Thomas S McCormick
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Chitosan hydrogel loaded with recombinant protein containing epitope C from HSP90 of Candida albicans induces protective immune responses against systemic candidiasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:327-340. [PMID: 33482211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously a recombinant protein (rP-HSP90C) containing epitope C from heat shock protein 90 of Candida albicans mediates protective immune responses against systemic candidiasis. However, it exhibits weak immunogenicity. Therefore, we evaluated the potential and mechanisms of thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel (CH-HG) as an adjuvant in rP-HSP90C vaccine. CH-HG synthesized by ionic cross-linking showed buffering capacity and control-released rP-HSP90C in vitro. In comparison to naked rP-HSP90C, CH-HG-loaded rP-HSP90C (CH-HG/rP-HSP90C) not only evoked a long-lasting rP-HSP90C-specific IgG, but also enhanced Th1, Th2, Th17 responses and the ratio of Th1/Th2 in vivo; Meanwhile, CH-HG/rP-HSP90C provoked a stronger CTL response than rP-HSP90C. Notably, CH-HG increased the protective immune responses against systemic candidiasis in rP-HSP90C-immunized mice since CH-HG/rP-HSP90C enhanced the survival rate of infected mice, and diminished the CFUs in kidneys compared to rP-HSP90C, which were similar to that of QuilA. Further in vitro investigation displayed CH-HG upgraded the expressions of costimulators, MHCs and cytokines in BMDCs compared to rP-HSP90C;CH-HG also promoted cellular uptake, endosomal escape and "cross-presentation" of rP-HSP90C. In addition, it recruited immune cells at the injection site. Our study demonstrated that CH-HG can be an efficient adjuvant in fungal vaccines.
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Gunasekera DC, Ma J, Vacharathit V, Shah P, Ramakrishnan A, Uprety P, Shen Z, Sheh A, Brayton CF, Whary MT, Fox JG, Bream JH. The development of colitis in Il10 -/- mice is dependent on IL-22. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:493-506. [PMID: 31932715 PMCID: PMC7566780 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mice deficient in the IL-10 pathway are the most widely used models of intestinal immunopathology. IL-17A is strongly implicated in gut disease in mice and humans, but conflicting evidence has drawn IL-17's role in the gut into question. IL-22 regulates antimicrobial and repair activities of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and is closely associated with IL-17A responses but it's role in chronic disease is uncertain. We report that IL-22, like IL-17A, is aberrantly expressed in colitic Il10-/- mice. While IL-22+ Th17 cells were elevated in the colon, IL-22-producing ILC3s were highly enriched in the small intestines of Il10-/- mice. Remarkably, Il10-/-Il22-/- mice did not develop colitis despite retaining high levels of Th17 cells and remaining colonized with colitogenic Helicobacter spp. Accordant with IL-22-induced IEC proliferation, the epithelia hyperplasia observed in Il10-/- animals was reversed in Il10-/-Il22-/- mice. Also, the high levels of antimicrobial IL-22-target genes, including Reg3g, were normalized in Il10-/-Il22-/- mice. Consistent with a heightened antimicrobial environment, Il10-/- mice had reduced diversity of the fecal microbiome that was reestablished in Il10-/-Il22-/- animals. These data suggest that spontaneous colitis in Il10-/- mice is driven by IL-22 and implicates an underappreciated IL-10/IL-22 axis in regulating intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilini C Gunasekera
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinxia Ma
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vimvara Vacharathit
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Palak Shah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amritha Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Priyanka Uprety
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Sheh
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark T Whary
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jay H Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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11
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Calich VLG, Mamoni RL, Loures FV. Regulatory T cells in paracoccidioidomycosis. Virulence 2019; 10:810-821. [PMID: 30067137 PMCID: PMC6779406 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1483674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance and controlling pathogen immunity, in the host response against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a primary fungal pathogen. A brief introduction on the general features of Treg cells summarizes their main functions, subpopulations, mechanisms of suppression and plasticity. The main aspects of immunity in the diverse forms of the P. brasiliensis infection are presented, as are the few extant studies on the relevance of Treg cells in the control of severity of the human disease. Finally, the influence of Toll-like receptors, Dectin-1, NOD-like receptor P3 (NLRP3), Myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), as well as the enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) on the expansion and function of Treg cells in a murine model of pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is also discussed. It is demonstrated that some of these components are involved in the negative control of Treg cell expansion, whereas others positively trigger the proliferation and activity of these cells. Finally, the studies here summarized highlight the dual role of Treg cells in PCM, which can be protective by controlling excessive immunity and tissue pathology but also deleterious by inhibiting the anti-fungal immunity necessary to control fungal growth and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L. G. Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronei L. Mamoni
- Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiai (FMJ), Jundiai, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) at São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Krogstad P, Johnson R, Garcia-Lloret MI, Heidari A, Butte MJ. Host-Pathogen Interactions in Coccidioidomycosis: Prognostic Clues and Opportunities for Novel Therapies. Clin Ther 2019; 41:1939-1954.e1. [PMID: 31648806 PMCID: PMC10482146 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Coccidioidomycosis (CM) is a systemic fungal disease caused by the dimorphic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. In its endemic areas of the United States, CM is growing as a public health challenge with a marked increase in incidence in the last 15 years. Although Coccidioides infection is asymptomatic in most cases, symptomatic pulmonary disease occurs in ~40% and disseminated coccidioidomycosis (DCM) occurs in ~1% of previously healthy children and adults. DCM is markedly more common in immunocompromised people, who often experience life-threatening disease despite use of antifungal medications. Although options for antifungal therapy have improved, lifelong therapy is needed for those who develop coccidioidal meningitis. The purpose of this article was to review the state of antifungal therapy and recent studies of host-pathogen interactions in CM in light of advances in immunomodulatory therapy. METHODS The study included a review of PubMed and abstracts of the Coccidioidomycosis Study Group (years 2000-2019). FINDINGS Current therapy for CM relies upon azole and polyene antifungal agents. Murine models and studies of DCM in patients with monogenic primary immunodeficiency states and acquired immunodeficiency have revealed the importance of both innate and adaptive immune responses in the control of infections with Coccidioides species. In particular, defects in sensing of fungi and induction of cellular immune responses have been frequently reported. More recently, polymorphisms in key signaling pathways and in the generation of Th17 and Th1 immune responses have been linked with DCM. IMPLICATIONS Antifungal therapy is sufficient to control disease in most cases of CM, but treatment failure occurs in cases of severe pulmonary disease and nonmeningeal disseminated disease. Lifelong therapy is recommended for meningitis in view of the very high risk of recurrence. Corticosteroid therapy is advised by some experts for severe pulmonary disease and for some neurologic complications of DCM. DCM is only rarely the result of a severe monogenic immunodeficiency. Case studies suggest that reorienting cellular immune responses or augmenting effector immune responses may help resolve DCM. Systematic investigation of immunotherapy for coccidioidomycosis is advisable and may help to address the recent marked increase in reports of the disease in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Krogstad
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Royce Johnson
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria I Garcia-Lloret
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arash Heidari
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manish J Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Flores RA, Fernandez-Colorado CP, Afrin F, Cammayo PLT, Kim S, Kim WH, Min W. Riemerella anatipestifer infection in ducks induces IL-17A production, but not IL-23p19. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13269. [PMID: 31519917 PMCID: PMC6744436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
R. anatipestifer (RA) is one of the most harmful bacterial pathogens affecting the duck industry, and infection is associated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-17A. Another proinflammatory cytokine, IL-23, is critical for the development of Th17 cells, which produce IL-17. However, IL-23 roles have not been studied in this infection. Here, we describe the identification and mRNA expression analysis of duck IL-23p19 (duIL-23p19) in splenic lymphocytes and macrophages stimulated with killed RA and in spleens of RA-infected ducks. Expression of duIL-23p19 transcript identified in this study was relatively high in livers of healthy ducks and was upregulated in mitogen-activated splenic lymphocytes as well as in splenic lymphocytes and macrophages stimulated with killed RA. In spleens of RA-infected ducks, expression levels of duIL-23p19 transcript were unchanged at all time points except on days 4 and 7 post-infection; however, duIL-17A and IL-17F expression levels were upregulated in both spleens of RA-infected ducks and splenic lymphocytes and macrophages stimulated with killed RA. In sera collected at 24 h after this infection, duIL-23p19 expression levels were unchanged, whereas IL-17A significantly upregulated. These results suggest that IL-23p19 does not play a critical role in the IL-17A response in early stages of RA-infected ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle A Flores
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Cherry P Fernandez-Colorado
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.,Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Banos, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Fahmida Afrin
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.,Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Hwang San-ro 1214-13, Unbong-up, Namwon, 55717, Korea
| | - Paula Leona T Cammayo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Woo H Kim
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.
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14
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Programmed death 1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 pathway participates in gastric surgery-induced imbalance of T-helper 17/regulatory T cells in mice. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2019; 85:549-559. [PMID: 29554041 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The T-helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T (Treg) cell balance is essential for immune homeostasis. However, the effects of gastric surgery on this balance remain unclear. The aim of present study is to identify the influence of gastric surgery on Th17/Treg cell balance and the role of programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway in this process. METHODS Mice were divided into control, sham, and surgery group randomly. Animals in surgery group accepted partial gastrectomy. Mice in sham group only received laparotomy without partial gastrectomy. Then, we detected the percentages of Treg and Th17 cells, the expression of fork-head/winged helix transcription factor (Foxp3) and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) in splenocytes, as well as plasma levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and interleukin (IL)-17 on Days 1, 3, 5, 7 after surgery. We also analyzed the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1. The roles of PD-1/PD-L1 on the Th17/Treg balance were evaluated by the induction of Th17 or Treg cells in the presence or absence of PD-1 antibody and recombinant PD-L1 immunoglobulin (Ig) in vitro. RESULTS The percentage of Treg cells increased, accompanied with elevated expression of Foxp3 and TGF-β1 (p < 0.05), whereas the percentage of Th17 cells and the expression of RORγt and IL-17 decreased in mice that underwent partial gastrectomy (p < 0.05). The levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 were higher in surgery group than those in control and sham groups (p < 0.05). In vitro, the polarization of Th17 cells was enhanced, and the polarization of Treg cells was inhibited in anti-PD-1 treatment group compared with that in isotype group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Partial gastrectomy resulted in Th17/Treg imbalance, and increased the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1. blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway alleviated gastric surgery-induced imbalance of Th17/Treg cells.
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15
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Pandiyan P, Bhaskaran N, Zou M, Schneider E, Jayaraman S, Huehn J. Microbiome Dependent Regulation of T regs and Th17 Cells in Mucosa. Front Immunol 2019; 10:426. [PMID: 30906299 PMCID: PMC6419713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals co-exist with resident microbial ecosystem that is composed of an incredible number and diversity of bacteria, viruses and fungi. Owing to direct contact between resident microbes and mucosal surfaces, both parties are in continuous and complex interactions resulting in important functional consequences. These interactions govern immune homeostasis, host response to infection, vaccination and cancer, as well as predisposition to metabolic, inflammatory and neurological disorders. Here, we discuss recent studies on direct and indirect effects of resident microbiota on regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th17 cells at the cellular and molecular level. We review mechanisms by which commensal microbes influence mucosa in the context of bioactive molecules derived from resident bacteria, immune senescence, chronic inflammation and cancer. Lastly, we discuss potential therapeutic applications of microbiota alterations and microbial derivatives, for improving resilience of mucosal immunity and combating immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Natarajan Bhaskaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mangge Zou
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sangeetha Jayaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Nguyen TNY, Padungros P, Wongsrisupphakul P, Sa-Ard-Iam N, Mahanonda R, Matangkasombut O, Choo MK, Ritprajak P. Cell wall mannan of Candida krusei mediates dendritic cell apoptosis and orchestrates Th17 polarization via TLR-2/MyD88-dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17123. [PMID: 30459422 PMCID: PMC6244250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) abundantly express diverse receptors to recognize mannans in the outer surface of Candida cell wall, and these interactions dictate the host immune responses that determine disease outcomes. C. krusei prevalence in candidiasis worldwide has increased since this pathogen has developed multidrug resistance. However, little is known how the immune system responds to C. krusei. Particularly, the molecular mechanisms of the interplay between C. krusei mannan and DCs remain to be elucidated. We investigated how C. krusei mannan affected DC responses in comparison to C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata mannan. Our results showed that only C. krusei mannan induced massive cytokine responses in DCs, and led to apoptosis. Although C. krusei mannan-activated DCs underwent apoptosis, they were still capable of initiating Th17 response. C. krusei mannan-mediated DC apoptosis was obligated to the TLR2 and MyD88 pathway. These pathways also controlled Th1/Th17 switching possibly by virtue of the production of the polarizing cytokines IL-12 and IL-6 by the C. krusei mannan activated-DCs. Our study suggests that TLR2 and MyD88 pathway in DCs are dominant for C. krusei mannan recognition, which differs from the previous reports showing a crucial role of C-type lectin receptors in Candida mannan sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Ngoc Yen Nguyen
- Graduate program in Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panachai Wongsrisupphakul
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Noppadol Sa-Ard-Iam
- Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rangsini Mahanonda
- Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Min-Kyung Choo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Oral Biology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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17
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Galdino NAL, Loures FV, de Araújo EF, da Costa TA, Preite NW, Calich VLG. Depletion of regulatory T cells in ongoing paracoccidioidomycosis rescues protective Th1/Th17 immunity and prevents fatal disease outcome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16544. [PMID: 30410119 PMCID: PMC6224548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In human paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a primary fungal infection typically diagnosed when the disease is already established, regulatory T cells (Treg) cells are associated with disease severity. Experimental studies in pulmonary PCM confirmed the detrimental role of these cells, but in most studies, Tregs were depleted prior to or early during infection. These facts led us to study the effects of Treg cell depletion using a model of ongoing PCM. Therefore, Treg cell depletion was achieved by treatment of transgenic C57BL/6DTR/eGFP (DEREG) mice with diphtheria toxin (DT) after 3 weeks of intratracheal infection with 1 × 106 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts. At weeks 6 and 10 post-infection, DT-treated DEREG mice showed a reduced number of Treg cells associated with decreased fungal burdens in the lungs, liver and spleen, reduced tissue pathology and mortality. Additionally, an increased influx of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the lungs and elevated production of Th1/Th17 cytokines was observed in DT-treated mice. Altogether, our data demonstrate for the first time that Treg cell depletion in ongoing PCM rescues infected hosts from progressive and potentially fatal PCM; furthermore, our data indicate that controlling Treg cells could be explored as a novel immunotherapeutic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayane A L Galdino
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio V Loures
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliseu F de Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tania A da Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nycolas W Preite
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia G Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Bhaskaran N, Quigley C, Paw C, Butala S, Schneider E, Pandiyan P. Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Controlling T regs and Immunopathology During Mucosal Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1995. [PMID: 30197637 PMCID: PMC6117408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between mucosal tissues and commensal microbes control appropriate host immune responses and inflammation, but very little is known about these interactions. Here we show that the depletion of resident bacteria using antibiotics (Abx) causes oral and gut immunopathology during oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) infection. Antibiotic treatment causes reduction in the frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory cells (Tregs) and IL-17A producers, with a concomitant increase in oral tissue pathology. While C. albicans (CA) is usually controlled in the oral cavity, antibiotic treatment led to CA dependent oral and gut inflammation. A combination of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) controlled the pathology in Abx treated mice, correlating to an increase in the frequency of Foxp3+, IL-17A+, and Foxp3+IL-17A+ double positive (Treg17) cells in tongue and oral draining lymph nodes. However, SCFA treatment did not fully reverse the gut inflammation suggesting that resident microbiota have SCFA independent homeostatic mechanisms in gut mucosa. We also found that SCFA potently induce Foxp3 and IL-17A expression in CD4+ T cells, depending on the cytokine milieu in vitro. Depletion of Tregs alone in FDTR mice recapitulated oral inflammation in CA infected mice, showing that Abx mediated reduction of Tregs was involved in infection induced pathology. SCFA did not control inflammation in Treg depleted mice in CA infected FDTR mice, showing that Foxp3+ T cell induction was required for the protective effect mediated by SCFA. Taken together, our data reveal that SCFA derived from resident bacteria play a critical role in controlling immunopathology by regulating T cell cytokines during mucosal infections. This study has broader implications on protective effects of resident microbiota in regulating pathological infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Bhaskaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Cheriese Quigley
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Clarissa Paw
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Shivani Butala
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Elizabeth Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Pushpa Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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19
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Xue J, Wang Y, Chen C, Zhu X, Zhu H, Hu Y. Effects of Th17 cells and IL-17 in the progression of cervical carcinogenesis with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Cancer Med 2017; 7:297-306. [PMID: 29277958 PMCID: PMC5806118 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of Th17 cells and IL‐17 was recently shown in several types of infectious diseases, but their distribution and functions in cervical lesions with high‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the frequency of Th17 cells in peripheral blood samples obtained from 28 cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients, 26 CIN1 patients, 30 CIN2 patients, 29 CIN3 patients, 25 high‐risk HPV‐infected women with normal cervical cytology, and 30 healthy controls was determined by flow cytometry. Besides, the levels of IL‐17 in peripheral blood samples as well as in supernatant of cervical tissue homogenate were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) simultaneously. We found that during the disease progression of cervical lesions, the proportion of Th17 cells in the total CD4+ cells showed a gradually increased tendency compared with the controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, levels of IL‐17 in serum and supernatant of cervical tissue homogenate showed the same tendency as the proportion of Th17 cells (P < 0.05). When compared in pairs, the levels of IL‐17 in supernatant differed significantly among the study groups and the control group (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in serum (P > 0.05). In conclusions, the results indicate that Th17 cells and IL‐17 may play a role of immune enhancement in the infection of high‐risk HPV especially in the cervical microenvironment, which contribute to the disease progression of its associated cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiSen Xue
- The Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - YuLi Wang
- The Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- The Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - XueJie Zhu
- The Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- The Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yan Hu
- The Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
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20
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Carpino N, Naseem S, Frank DM, Konopka JB. Modulating Host Signaling Pathways to Promote Resistance to Infection by Candida albicans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:481. [PMID: 29201860 PMCID: PMC5696602 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common human fungal pathogen capable of causing serious systemic infections that can progress to become lethal. Current therapeutic approaches have limited effectiveness, especially once a systemic infection is established, in part due to the lack of an effective immune response. Boosting the immune response to C. albicans has been the goal of immunotherapy, but it has to be done selectively to prevent deleterious hyperinflammation (sepsis). Although an efficient inflammatory response is necessary to fight infection, the typical response to C. albicans results in collateral damage to tissues thereby exacerbating the pathological effects of infection. For this reason, identifying specific ways of modulating the immune system holds promise for development of new improved therapeutic approaches. This review will focus on recent studies that provide insight using mutant strains of mice that are more resistant to bloodstream infection by C. albicans. These mice are deficient in signal transduction proteins including the Jnk1 MAP kinase, the Cbl-b E3 ubiquitin ligase, or the Sts phosphatases. Interestingly, the mutant mice display a different response to C. albicans that results in faster clearance of infection without hyper-inflammation and collateral damage. A common underlying theme between the resistant mouse strains is loss of negative regulatory proteins that are known to restrain activation of cell surface receptor-initiated signaling cascades. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that promote resistance to C. albicans in mice will help to identify new approaches for improving antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Carpino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Shamoon Naseem
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - David M Frank
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - James B Konopka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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21
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Jung MK, Kwak JE, Shin EC. IL-17A-Producing Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells and Human Diseases. Immune Netw 2017; 17:276-286. [PMID: 29093649 PMCID: PMC5662777 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.5.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play major roles in immune homeostasis. While CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells act to suppress other immune effector cells, there is growing evidence that they also produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17A, in inflammatory conditions. The pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu, toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, and specific transcription factors are important for the production of IL-17A by CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells. In particular, IL-17A-producing CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells express RORγt, the T helper (Th) 17-specific transcription factor, in addition to Foxp3. IL-17A-producing CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells are also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Here we review the mechanisms underlying the induction of IL-17A-producing CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells and the roles of these cells in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Jung
- Laboratory of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Kwak
- BioMedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- BioMedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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22
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Talaei Z, Sheikhbahaei S, Ostadi V, Ganjalikhani Hakemi M, Meidani M, Naghshineh E, Yaran M, Emami Naeini A, Sherkat R. Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Could It Be Related to Cell-Mediated Immunity Defect in Response to Candida Antigen? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2017; 11:134-141. [PMID: 28868834 PMCID: PMC5582140 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2017.4883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is a common cause of morbidity affecting millions of women worldwide. Patients with RVVC are thought to have
an underlying immunologic defect. This study has been established to evaluate cell-mediated immunity defect in response to candida antigen in RVVC cases. Materials and Methods Our cross-sectional study was performed in 3 groups of RVVC
patients (cases), healthy individuals (control I) and known cases of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) (control II). Patients who met the inclusion criteria of RVVC
were selected consecutively and were allocated in the case group. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and labeled with CFSE and proliferation rate was measured
in exposure to candida antigen via flow cytometry. Results T lymphocyte proliferation in response to candida was significantly lower in
RVVC cases (n=24) and CMC patients (n=7) compared to healthy individuals (n=20,
P<0.001), but no statistically significant difference was seen between cases and control
II group (P>0.05). Family history of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) differed
significantly among groups (P=0.01), RVVC patients has family history of PID more than
control I (29.2 vs. 0%, P=0.008) but not statistically different from CMC patients (29.2
vs. 42.9%, P>0.05). Prevalence of atopy was greater in RVVC cases compared to healthy
individuals (41.3 vs. 15%, P=0.054). Lymphoproliferative activity and vaginal symptoms
were significantly different among RVVC cases with and without allergy (P=0.01, P=0.02). Conclusion Our findings revealed that T cells do not actively proliferate in response to
Candida antigen in some RVVC cases. So it is concluded that patients with cell-mediated
immunity defect are more susceptible to recurrent fungal infections of vulva and vagina.
Nonetheless, some other cases of RVVC showed normal function of T cells. Further evaluations showed that these patients suffer from atopy. It is hypothesized that higher frequency
of VVC in patients with history of atopy might be due to allergic response in mucocutaneous
membranes rather than a functional impairment in immune system components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Talaei
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saba Sheikhbahaei
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Ostadi
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani Hakemi
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Meidani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Naghshineh
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Yaran
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Emami Naeini
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Sherkat
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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23
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Weng L, Cao X, Han L, Zhao H, Qiu S, Yan Y, Wang X, Chen X, Zheng W, Xu X, Gao Y, Chen Y, Li J, Yang Y, Xu Y. Association of increased Treg and Th17 with pathogenesis of moyamoya disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3071. [PMID: 28596558 PMCID: PMC5465197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immuno-inflammation has been shown to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of moyamoya disease (MMD). However, how did circulating Treg/Th17 cells involve in MMD patients remains unclear. 26 MMD, 21 atherothrombotic stroke, and 32 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. MMD patients have a significantly higher percentage of circulating Treg and Th17 cells as well as their dominantly secreting cytokines than other groups (P < 0.0001), whereas no difference was found in the ratio of Treg/Th17 between patients in MMD and atherothrombotic stroke group or control subjects (P = 0.244). However, the increased Treg in MMD patients which were enriched with FrIII Treg cells had deficient suppressive functions (P = 0.0017) compared to healthy volunteers. There was a positive correlation between Treg or TGF-β and MMD Suzuki’s stage. And the level of circulating Treg was as an independent factor associated with MMD stage. Besides, TGF-β was also correlated with the increased expression of VEGF in MMD patients. Our findings indicated an important involvement of circulating Treg in the pathogenic development of MMD and TGF-β in Treg induced VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leihua Weng
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Departments of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, 201 Hubinnan Road, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Han
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Shuwei Qiu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Yan
- College of Cife Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Xian, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Departments of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Xiangyan Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weihong Zheng
- Departments of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, 201 Hubinnan Road, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yongbo Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, P. R. China.
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24
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Li R, Rezk A, Li H, Gommerman JL, Prat A, Bar-Or A. Antibody-Independent Function of Human B Cells Contributes to Antifungal T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3245-3254. [PMID: 28275140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections (e.g., Candida albicans) can manifest as serious medical illnesses, especially in the elderly and immune-compromised hosts. T cells are important for Candida control. Whether and how B cells are involved in antifungal immunity has been less clear. Although patients with agammaglobulinemia exhibit normal antifungal immunity, increased fungal infections are reported following B cell-depleting therapy, together pointing to Ab-independent roles of B cells in controlling such infections. To test how human B cells may contribute to fungal-associated human T cell responses, we developed a novel Ag-specific human T cell/B cell in vitro coculture system and found that human B cells could induce C. albicans-associated, MHC class II-restricted responses of naive T cells. Activated B cells significantly enhanced C. albicans-mediated Th1 and Th17 T cell responses, which were both strongly induced by CD80/CD86 costimulation. IL-6+GM-CSF+ B cells were the major responding B cell subpopulation to C. albicans and provided efficient costimulatory signals to the T cells. In vivo B cell depletion in humans resulted in reduced C. albicans-associated T responses. Of note, the decreased Th17, but not Th1, responses could be reversed by soluble factors from B cells prior to depletion, in an IL-6-dependent manner. Taken together, our results implicate an Ab-independent cytokine-defined B cell role in human antifungal T cell responses. These findings may be particularly relevant given the prospects of chronic B cell depletion therapy use in lymphoma and autoimmune disease, as patients age and are exposed to serial combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ayman Rezk
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hulun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Jennifer L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada; and
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; .,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Experimental Therapeutics Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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25
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Tong Y, Tang J. Candida albicans infection and intestinal immunity. Microbiol Res 2017; 198:27-35. [PMID: 28285659 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections cause high rates of morbidity and mortality in intensive care and immunocompromised patients, and can represent a life-threatening disease. As a microorganism commonly found in the intestine, Candida albicans (C. albicans) can invade the gut epithelium barrier via microfold cells and enter the bloodstream. The defensive potential of the intestinal barrier against invasive C. albicans is dependent on innate and adaptive immune responses which enable the host to eliminate pathogenic fungi. The lamina propria layer of the intestine contains numerous immune cells capable of inducing an innate cellular immune response against invasive fungi. This review focuses on the immune response triggered by a C. albicans infection in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Tong
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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26
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de Araújo EF, Medeiros DH, Galdino NADL, Condino-Neto A, Calich VLG, Loures FV. Tolerogenic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Control Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection by Inducting Regulatory T Cells in an IDO-Dependent Manner. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006115. [PMID: 27992577 PMCID: PMC5215616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), considered critical for immunity against viruses, were recently associated with defense mechanisms against fungal infections. However, the immunomodulatory function of pDCs in pulmonary paracoccidiodomycosis (PCM), an endemic fungal infection of Latin America, has been poorly defined. Here, we investigated the role of pDCs in the pathogenesis of PCM caused by the infection of 129Sv mice with 1 x 106P. brasiliensis-yeasts. In vitro experiments showed that P. brasiliensis infection induces the maturation of pDCs and elevated synthesis of TNF-α and IFN-β. The in vivo infection caused a significant influx of pDCs to the lungs and increased levels of pulmonary type I IFN. Depletion of pDCs by a specific monoclonal antibody resulted in a less severe infection, reduced tissue pathology and increased survival time of infected mice. An increased influx of macrophages and neutrophils and elevated presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes expressing IFN-γ and IL-17 in the lungs of pDC-depleted mice were also observed. These findings were concomitant with decreased frequency of Treg cells and reduced levels of immunoregulatory cytokines such as IL-10, TGF-β, IL-27 and IL-35. Importantly, P. brasilienis infection increased the numbers of pulmonary pDCs expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO), an enzyme with immunoregulatory properties, that were reduced following pDC depletion. In agreement, an increased immunogenic activity of infected pDCs was observed when IDO-deficient or IDO-inhibited pDCs were employed in co-cultures with lymphocytes Altogether, our results suggest that in pulmonary PCM pDCs exert a tolerogenic function by an IDO-mediated mechanism that increases Treg activity. The fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most relevant deep mycosis in Latin America. The plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are important immune cells involved in protection against viral infections, but their role in fungal infections remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of pDCs in the pathogenesis of pulmonary PCM using a monoclonal antibody to deplete this DC subset. pDCs depletion leads to a less severe PCM associated with increased T cell response mainly mediated by Th1 and Th17 cells. The lung homogenates of depleted mice showed diminished levels of type I IFN and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, a reduced number of regulatory T cells (Treg) paralleled a diminished number pDCs expressing IDO, a potent immunoregulatory enzyme. In agreement, pDCs of IDO-/- mice or IDO-inhibited pDCs stimulated by P. brasiliensis yeasts expanded elevated numbers of T cells concomitant with a reduced expansion of Treg cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate a tolerogenic activity of pDCs that enhances the severity of a pulmonary mycosis mediated by the concerted action of IDO and Treg cells. These results reveal a new function for pDCs in primary fungal infections and open new perspectives for immunotherapeutic procedures of PCM involving the control of IDO and Treg activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu Frank de Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniella Helena Medeiros
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Condino-Neto
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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27
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Ren J, Li B. The Functional Stability of FOXP3 and RORγt in Treg and Th17 and Their Therapeutic Applications. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 107:155-189. [PMID: 28215223 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The balance of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector T cells plays a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis, while the imbalance of them is related to many inflammatory diseases in both human and mice. Here we discuss about the plasticity of Tregs and Th17 cells, and the related human diseases resulted from the imbalance of them. Further, we will focus on the mechanisms regulating the plasticity between Tregs and Th17 cells and the potential therapeutic strategies by targeting regulators of the expression and activity of FOXP3 and RORγt or regulators of Treg/Th17 balance in autoimmune diseases, allergy, infection, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Universities and Colleges Admissions Service, Shanghai, PR China
| | - B Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Universities and Colleges Admissions Service, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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28
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Roussey JA, Olszewski MA, Osterholzer JJ. Immunoregulation in Fungal Diseases. Microorganisms 2016; 4:microorganisms4040047. [PMID: 27973396 PMCID: PMC5192530 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses specific regulatory mechanisms involved in the host immune response to fungal organisms. We focus on key cells and regulatory pathways involved in these responses, including a brief overview of their broader function preceding a discussion of their specific relevance to fungal disease. Important cell types discussed include dendritic cells and regulatory T cells, with a focus on specific studies relating to their effects on immune responses to fungi. We highlight the interleukin-10, programmed cell death 1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 signaling pathways and emphasize interrelationships between these pathways and the regulatory functions of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. Throughout our discussion, we identify selected studies best illustrating the role of these cells and pathways in response to specific fungal pathogens to provide a contextual understanding of the tightly-controlled network of regulatory mechanisms critical to determining the outcome of exposure to fungal pathogens. Lastly, we discuss two unique phenomena relating to immunoregulation, protective tolerance and immune reactivation inflammatory syndrome. These two clinically-relevant conditions provide perspective as to the range of immunoregulatory mechanisms active in response to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Roussey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Michal A Olszewski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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29
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Mortaz E, Tabarsi P, Mansouri D, Khosravi A, Garssen J, Velayati A, Adcock IM. Cancers Related to Immunodeficiencies: Update and Perspectives. Front Immunol 2016; 7:365. [PMID: 27703456 PMCID: PMC5028721 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The life span of patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency is increasing due to recent improvements in therapeutic strategies. While the incidence of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) is 1:10,000 births, that of secondary immunodeficiencies are more common and are associated with posttransplantation immune dysfunction, with immunosuppressive medication for human immunodeficiency virus or with human T-cell lymphotropic virus infection. After infection, malignancy is the most prevalent cause of death in both children and adults with (PIDs). PIDs more often associated with cancer include common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia, and severe combined immunodeficiency. This suggests that a protective immune response against both infectious non-self-(pathogens) and malignant self-challenges (cancer) exists. The increased incidence of cancer has been attributed to defective elimination of altered or "transformed" cells and/or defective immunity towards cancer cells. The concept of aberrant immune surveillance occurring in PIDs is supported by evidence in mice and from patients undergoing immunosuppression after transplantation. Here, we discuss the importance of PID defects in the development of malignancies and the current limitations associated with molecular pathogenesis of these diseases and emphasize the need for further knowledge of how specific mutations can modulate the immune system to alter immunosurveillance and thereby play a key role in the etiology of malignancies in PID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Chronic Respiratory Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davod Mansouri
- Chronic Respiratory Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adnan Khosravi
- Chronic Respiratory Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aliakbar Velayati
- Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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30
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Inhibition of CBLB protects from lethal Candida albicans sepsis. Nat Med 2016; 22:915-23. [PMID: 27428901 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections claim an estimated 1.5 million lives each year. Mechanisms that protect from fungal infections are still elusive. Recognition of fungal pathogens relies on C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) and their downstream signaling kinase SYK. Here we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase CBLB controls proximal CLR signaling in macrophages and dendritic cells. We show that CBLB associates with SYK and ubiquitinates SYK, dectin-1, and dectin-2 after fungal recognition. Functionally, CBLB deficiency results in increased inflammasome activation, enhanced reactive oxygen species production, and increased fungal killing. Genetic deletion of Cblb protects mice from morbidity caused by cutaneous infection and markedly improves survival after a lethal systemic infection with Candida albicans. On the basis of these findings, we engineered a cell-permeable CBLB inhibitory peptide that protects mice from lethal C. albicans infections. We thus describe a key role for Cblb in the regulation of innate antifungal immunity and establish a novel paradigm for the treatment of fungal sepsis.
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31
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Opportunities for the development of novel therapies based on host-microbial interactions. Pharmacol Res 2016; 112:68-83. [PMID: 27107789 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses are fundamental for protecting against most infectious agents. However, there is now much evidence to suggest that the pathogenesis and tissue damage after infection are not usually related to the direct action of the replication of microorganisms, but instead to altered immune responses triggered after the contact with the pathogen. This review article discusses several mechanisms necessary for the host to protect against microbial infection and focuses in aspects that cause altered inflammation and drive immunopathology. These basic findings can ultimately reveal pathways amenable to host-directed therapy in adjunct to antimicrobial therapy for future improved control measures for many infectious diseases. Therefore, modulating the effects of inflammatory pathways may represent a new therapy during infection outcome and disease.
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32
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Kang J, He Y, Hetzl D, Jiang HQ, Jun MK, Jun MS, Khng M, Cirillo N, McCullough MJ. A Candid Assessment of the Link between Oral <i>Candida</i> Containing Biofilms and Oral Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2016.62012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Azevedo MDCS, Rosa PS, Soares CT, Fachin LRV, Baptista IMFD, Woods WJ, Garlet GP, Trombone APF, Belone ADFF. Analysis of Immune Response Markers in Jorge Lobo's Disease Lesions Suggests the Occurrence of Mixed T Helper Responses with the Dominance of Regulatory T Cell Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145814. [PMID: 26700881 PMCID: PMC4689386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Jorge Lobo's disease (JLD) is a chronic infection that affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Its etiologic agent is the fungus Lacazia loboi. Lesions are classified as localized, multifocal, or disseminated, depending on their location. Early diagnosis and the surgical removal of lesions are the best therapeutic options currently available for JLD. The few studies that evaluate the immunological response of JLD patients show a predominance of Th2 response, as well as a high frequency of TGF-β and IL-10 positive cells in the lesions; however, the overall immunological status of the lesions in terms of their T cell phenotype has yet to be determined. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the pattern of Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T cell (Treg) markers mRNA in JLD patients by means of real-time PCR. Biopsies of JLD lesions (N = 102) were classified according to their clinical and histopathological features and then analyzed using real-time PCR in order to determine the expression levels of TGF-β1, FoxP3, CTLA4, IKZF2, IL-10, T-bet, IFN-γ, GATA3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, RORC, IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 and to compare these levels to those of healthy control skin (N = 12). The results showed an increased expression of FoxP3, CTLA4, TGF-β1, IL-10, T-bet, IL-17F, and IL-17A in lesions, while GATA3 and IL-4 levels were found to be lower in diseased skin than in the control group. When the clinical forms were compared, TGF-β1 was found to be highly expressed in patients with a single localized lesion while IL-5 and IL-17A levels were higher in patients with multiple/disseminated lesions. These results demonstrate the occurrence of mixed T helper responses and suggest the dominance of regulatory T cell activity, which could inhibit Th-dependent protective responses to intracellular fungi such as L. loboi. Therefore, Tregs may play a key role in JLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle de C. S. Azevedo
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia S. Rosa
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleverson T. Soares
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana R. V. Fachin
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - William J. Woods
- Serviço Especializado em Dermatologia, Hospital das Clínicas do Acre, Rio Branco, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo P. Garlet
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F. Trombone
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lochner M, Wang Z, Sparwasser T. The Special Relationship in the Development and Function of T Helper 17 and Regulatory T Cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:99-129. [PMID: 26615094 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells play an essential role in the clearance of extracellular pathogenic bacteria and fungi. However, this subset is critically involved in the pathology of many autoimmune diseases, e.g., psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, allergy, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases in humans. Therefore, Th17 responses need to be tightly regulated in vivo to mediate effective host defenses against pathogens without causing excessive host tissue damage. Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in maintaining peripheral tolerance to self-antigens and in counteracting the inflammatory activity of effector T helper cell subsets. Although Th17 and Treg cells represent two CD4(+) T cell subsets with opposing principal functions, these cell types are functionally connected. In this review, we will first give an overview on the biology of Th17 cells and describe their development and in vivo function, followed by an account on the special developmental relationship between Th17 and Treg cells. We will describe the identification of Treg/Th17 intermediates and consider their lineage stability and function in vivo. Finally, we will discuss how Treg cells may regulate the Th17 cell response in the context of infection and inflammation, and elude on findings demonstrating that Treg cells can also have a prominent function in promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lochner
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research: A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Zuobai Wang
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research: A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research: A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany.
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Clemons KV, Antonysamy MA, Danielson ME, Michel KS, Martinez M, Chen V, Stevens DA. Whole glucan particles as a vaccine against systemic coccidioidomycosis. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1237-1243. [PMID: 26297127 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that yeast-derived whole glucan particles (WGPs), with or without conjugation to BSA, used as a vaccine protected against systemic aspergillosis in mice. Here, we examined their utility as a potential vaccine against coccidioidomycosis. WGPs were prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; conjugation with BSA (WGP-BSA) was done using 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate-mediated conjugation. Heat-killed S. cerevisiae (HKY) was used as a positive-control vaccine. CD-1 mice were vaccinated with WGPs or WGP-BSA, HKY or PBS once weekly, beginning 21 days prior to infection. Mice were infected intravenously with arthroconidia of Coccidioides posadasii. In the low-mortality study, 50 % of PBS-treated controls died. Only WGP-BSA at 0.6 mg per dose induced significant protection compared with PBS treatment. All surviving mice were infected in all three organs examined. Those given WGP-BSA at 0.6 mg per dose had fewer c.f.u. in liver and lungs (P = 0.04), and those given WGPs at 6 mg per dose had fewer in lungs (P < 0.02), compared with PBS. In the high-mortality study, 90 % of PBS mice died. Vaccination with HKY, and WGPs or WGP-BSA at 6 or 12 mg per dose significantly prolonged survival (P ≤ 0.05). No surviving mice were free of infection. HKY and WGP-BSA at 12 mg per dose reduced c.f.u. in the liver and lungs (P < 0.05) and WGP-BSA at 6 mg per dose reduced c.f.u. in the lungs (P < 0.05); unconjugated WGPs did not reduce infection. WGPs or WGP-BSA acted as a vaccine that protected against mortality caused by coccidioidomycosis. Thus, WGP protection against coccidioidomycosis and aspergillosis provides the basis for development of a pan-fungal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl V Clemons
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marife Martinez
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Vicky Chen
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - David A Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Pandiyan P, Zhu J. Origin and functions of pro-inflammatory cytokine producing Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Cytokine 2015; 76:13-24. [PMID: 26165923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory cells (Tregs) are a special lineage of cells central in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, and are targeted for human immunotherapy. They are conventionally associated with the production of classical anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, TGF-β and IL-35, consistent to their anti-inflammatory functions. However, emerging evidence show that they also express effector cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-17A under inflammatory conditions. While some studies reveal that these pro-inflammatory cytokine producing Foxp3(+) regulatory cells retain their suppressive ability, others believe that these cells are dys-regulated and are associated with perpetuation of immunopathology. Therefore the development of these cells may challenge the efficacy of human Treg therapy. Mechanistically, toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and the pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu have been shown to play important roles in the induction of effector cytokines in Tregs. Here we review the mechanisms of development and the possible functions of pro-inflammatory cytokine producing Foxp3+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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de Repentigny L, Goupil M, Jolicoeur P. Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in HIV Infection: Analysis of Impaired Mucosal Immune Response to Candida albicans in Mice Expressing the HIV-1 Transgene. Pathogens 2015; 4:406-21. [PMID: 26110288 PMCID: PMC4493482 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17-producing Th17 cells are of critical importance in host defense against oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). Speculation about defective Th17 responses to oral C. albicans infection in the context of HIV infection prompted an investigation of innate and adaptive immune responses to Candida albicans in transgenic mice expressing the genome of HIV-1 in immune cells and displaying an AIDS-like disease. Defective IL-17 and IL-22-dependent mucosal responses to C. albicans were found to determine susceptibility to OPC in these transgenic mice. Innate phagocytes were quantitatively and functionally intact, and individually dispensable for control of OPC and to prevent systemic dissemination of Candida to deep organs. CD8+ T-cells recruited to the oral mucosa of the transgenic mice limited the proliferation of C. albicans in these conditions of CD4+ T-cell deficiency. Therefore, the immunopathogenesis of OPC in the context of HIV infection involves defective T-cell-mediated immunity, failure of crosstalk with innate mucosal immune effector mechanisms, and compensatory cell responses, which limit Candida infection to the oral mucosa and prevent systemic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis de Repentigny
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Mathieu Goupil
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Paul Jolicoeur
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110, avenue des Pins Ouest, Montreal, PQ H2W 1R7, Canada.
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38
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Bhaskaran N, Cohen S, Zhang Y, Weinberg A, Pandiyan P. TLR-2 Signaling Promotes IL-17A Production in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory Cells during Oropharyngeal Candidiasis. Pathogens 2015; 4:90-110. [PMID: 25790134 PMCID: PMC4384074 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory cells (Tregs) produce effector cytokines under inflammatory conditions. However, the direct role of microbial agents that serve as toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in the induction of effector cytokines in Tregs is less clear. Here we show that CD4+Foxp3+Tregs produce the effector cytokine IL-17A during oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) and inflammatory bowel disease in a TLR-2/Myd88 signaling dependent manner. TLR-2 ligands promote proliferation in Tregs in the presence and absence of TCR signals and inflammatory cytokines in vitro. The proliferation is directly dependent on TLR-2 expression in Tregs. Consistent with this, Tlr2−/− mice harbor fewer thymically derived Tregs and peripheral Tregs under homeostatic conditions in vivo. However, under Th17 inducing conditions, IL-6 and TLR-2 signaling both in Tregs as well as antigen presenting cells (APC) are critical for maximal ROR-γt and IL-17A up-regulation in Foxp3+ Tregs. The minimal and transient loss of Foxp3 expression and suppressive properties are due to the presence of IL-6 in the milieu, but not the direct effect of TLR-2 signaling in Tregs. Taken together, our data reveal that TLR-2 signaling promotes not only proliferation, but also IL-17A in Tregs, depending on the cytokine milieu. These IL-17A producing Tregs may be relevant in mucosal infections and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Bhaskaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Samuel Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Pushpa Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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