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Chen H, Xiong X, Huang Y, Huang B, Luo X, Ke Q, Wu P, Wang S. SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization by Cell Membrane-Coated Antifouling Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:909-917. [PMID: 38273679 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has indisputably wreaked havoc on societies worldwide, compelling the scientific community to seek urgently needed therapeutic agents with low-cost and low-side effect profiles. Numerous approaches have been investigated in the quest to prevent or treat COVID-19, but many of them exhibit unwelcome side effects, such as dysfunctional viral immune responses and inflammation. Herein, we present the preparation of solid natural human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (ATII) membrane-coated PLGA NPs (PLGA NPs@ATII-M), which demonstrate remarkable affinity and competitiveness to neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein-coated NPs (SCMMA NPs-S1), which are employed as a surrogate for coronavirus particles. In addition, we first considered the antifouling properties of these types of NPs, and we found that this membrane-coated NP formulation boasts excellent antifouling capabilities, which serve to protect their neutralization properties out of shielding by protein coronas in blood circulation. Moreover, this formulation is easily prepared and stored with a low-cost profile and exhibits good specificity, high targeting efficiency, and potentially side effect avoiding, thus making it a highly promising candidate for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Xilin Xiong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Xinxin Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Qi Ke
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Pengyu Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Suxiao Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
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Pereira-Silva M, Chauhan G, Shin MD, Hoskins C, Madou MJ, Martinez-Chapa SO, Steinmetz NF, Veiga F, Paiva-Santos AC. Unleashing the potential of cell membrane-based nanoparticles for COVID-19 treatment and vaccination. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1395-1414. [PMID: 33944644 PMCID: PMC8182831 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1922387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a particular coronavirus strain responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), accounting for more than 3.1 million deaths worldwide. Several health-related strategies have been successfully developed to contain the rapidly-spreading virus across the globe, toward reduction of both disease burden and infection rates. Particularly, attention has been focused on either the development of novel drugs and vaccines, or by adapting already-existing drugs for COVID-19 treatment, mobilizing huge efforts to block disease progression and to overcome the shortage of effective measures available at this point.Areas covered: This perspective covers the breakthrough of multifunctional biomimetic cell membrane-based nanoparticles as next-generation nanosystems for cutting-edge COVID-19 therapeutics and vaccination, specifically cell membrane-derived nanovesicles and cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, both tailorable cell membrane-based nanosystems enriched with the surface repertoire of native cell membranes, toward maximized biointerfacing, immune evasion, cell targeting and cell-mimicking properties.Expert opinion: Nano-based approaches have received widespread interest regarding enhanced antigen delivery, prolonged blood circulation half-life and controlled release of drugs. Cell membrane-based nanoparticles comprise interesting antiviral multifunctional nanoplatforms for blocking SARS-CoV-2 binding to host cells, reducing inflammation through cytokine neutralization and improving drug delivery toward COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pereira-Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Matthew D. Shin
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Clare Hoskins
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marc J. Madou
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Engineering Gateway 4200, Irvine, United States
| | | | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, United States
- Department of Radiology, UC San Diego Health, University of California, San Diego, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering (Nanoie), University of California, San Diego, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Kim JH. Diverse Effects of Exosomes on COVID-19: A Perspective of Progress From Transmission to Therapeutic Developments. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716407. [PMID: 34394121 PMCID: PMC8355618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain of coronavirus and the causative agent of the current global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There are currently no FDA-approved antiviral drugs for COVID-19 and there is an urgent need to develop treatment strategies that can effectively suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection. Numerous approaches have been researched so far, with one of them being the emerging exosome-based therapies. Exosomes are nano-sized, lipid bilayer-enclosed structures, share structural similarities with viruses secreted from all types of cells, including those lining the respiratory tract. Importantly, the interplay between exosomes and viruses could be potentially exploited for antiviral drug and vaccine development. Exosomes are produced by virus-infected cells and play crucial roles in mediating communication between infected and uninfected cells. SARS-CoV-2 modulates the production and composition of exosomes, and can exploit exosome formation, secretion, and release pathways to promote infection, transmission, and intercellular spread. Exosomes have been exploited for therapeutic benefits in patients afflicted with various diseases including COVID-19. Furthermore, the administration of exosomes loaded with immunomodulatory cargo in combination with antiviral drugs represents a novel intervention for the treatment of diseases such as COVID-19. In particular, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used as cell-free therapeutic agents. Mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes reduces the cytokine storm and reverse the inhibition of host anti-viral defenses associated with COVID-19 and also enhances mitochondrial function repair lung injuries. We discuss the role of exosomes in relation to transmission, infection, diagnosis, treatment, therapeutics, drug delivery, and vaccines, and present some future perspectives regarding their use for combating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Bhatia R, Ganti SS, Narang RK, Rawal RK. Strategies and Challenges to Develop Therapeutic Candidates against COVID-19 Pandemic. Open Virol J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874357902014010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Chang R, Sun WZ. Repositioning chloroquine as antiviral prophylaxis against COVID-19: potential and challenges. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1786-1792. [PMID: 32629169 PMCID: PMC7831558 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is advancing globally, and pharmaceutical prophylaxis is one solution. Here, we propose repositioning chloroquine (CQ) as prophylaxis against COVID-19. CQ blocks viral attachment and entry to host cells and demonstrates efficacy against a variety of viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. Furthermore, CQ is safe, inexpensive, and available. Here, we review the antiviral mechanisms of CQ, its in vitro activity against coronaviruses, its pharmacokinetics (PK) and adverse effects, and why it could be more efficacious as a prophylactic rather than as a therapeutic, given the infection dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. We propose two prophylactic regimens based on efficacy and risk considerations. Although it is largely preclinical data that suggest the potential of CQ, properly planned prophylactic trials and further research are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei-Zen Sun
- Institute of East-West Medicine, New York, NY, USA; National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Sah R, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Patel SK, Pathak M, Malik YS, Dhama K, Singh KP, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Haque S, Martinez-Pulgarin DF, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Leblebicioglu H. SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and advances in developing potential therapeutics and vaccines to counter this emerging pandemic. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:40. [PMID: 32878641 PMCID: PMC7464065 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), causing an emerging coronavirus disease (COVID-19), first detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, which has taken a catastrophic turn with high toll rates in China and subsequently spreading across the globe. The rapid spread of this virus to more than 210 countries while affecting more than 25 million people and causing more than 843,000 human deaths, it has resulted in a pandemic situation in the world. The SARS-CoV-2 virus belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, all of which originated in bats. It is highly contagious, causing symptoms like fever, dyspnea, asthenia and pneumonia, thrombocytopenia, and the severely infected patients succumb to the disease. Coronaviruses (CoVs) among all known RNA viruses have the largest genomes ranging from 26 to 32 kb in length. Extensive research has been conducted to understand the molecular basis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and evolution, develop effective therapeutics, antiviral drugs, and vaccines, and to design rapid and confirmatory viral diagnostics as well as adopt appropriate prevention and control strategies. To date, August 30, 2020, no effective, proven therapeutic antibodies or specific drugs, and vaccines have turned up. In this review article, we describe the underlying molecular organization and phylogenetic analysis of the coronaviruses, including the SARS-CoV-2, and recent advances in diagnosis and vaccine development in brief and focusing mainly on developing potential therapeutic options that can be explored to manage this pandemic virus infection, which would help in valid countering of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsah H Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India.
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dayron F Martinez-Pulgarin
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
- School of Medicine, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ), Cochabamba, Bolivia.
| | - Hakan Leblebicioglu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Samsun VM Medicalpark Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
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Pecetta S, Finco O, Seubert A. Quantum leap of monoclonal antibody (mAb) discovery and development in the COVID-19 era. Semin Immunol 2020; 50:101427. [PMID: 33277154 PMCID: PMC7670927 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the global market for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) became a multi-billion-dollar business. This success is mainly driven by treatments in the oncology and autoimmune space. Instead, development of effective mAbs against infectious diseases has been lagging behind. For years the high production cost and limited efficacy have blocked broader application of mAbs in the infectious disease space, which instead has been dominated for almost a century by effective and cheap antibiotics and vaccines. Only very few mAbs against RSV, anthrax, Clostridium difficile or rabies have reached the market. This is about to change. The development of urgently needed and highly effective mAbs as preventive and therapeutic treatments against a variety of pathogens is gaining traction. Vast advances in mAb isolation, engineering and production have entirely shifted the cost-efficacy balance. MAbs against devastating diseases like Ebola, HIV and other complex pathogens are now within reach. This trend is further accelerated by ongoing or imminent health crises like COVID-19 and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), where antibodies could be the last resort. In this review we will retrace the history of antibodies from the times of serum therapy to modern mAbs and lay out how the current run for effective treatments against COVID-19 will lead to a quantum leap in scientific, technological and health care system innovation around mAb treatments for infectious diseases.
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Chauhan G, Madou MJ, Kalra S, Chopra V, Ghosh D, Martinez-Chapa SO. Nanotechnology for COVID-19: Therapeutics and Vaccine Research. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7760-7782. [PMID: 32571007 PMCID: PMC7325519 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The current global health threat by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires an urgent deployment of advanced therapeutic options available. The role of nanotechnology is highly relevant to counter this "virus" nano enemy. Nano intervention is discussed in terms of designing effective nanocarriers to counter the conventional limitations of antiviral and biological therapeutics. This strategy directs the safe and effective delivery of available therapeutic options using engineered nanocarriers, blocking the initial interactions of viral spike glycoprotein with host cell surface receptors, and disruption of virion construction. Controlling and eliminating the spread and reoccurrence of this pandemic demands a safe and effective vaccine strategy. Nanocarriers have potential to design risk-free and effective immunization strategies for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine candidates such as protein constructs and nucleic acids. We discuss recent as well as ongoing nanotechnology-based therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to fight against this pandemic, outlining the key areas for nanoscientists to step in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Chauhan
- School of Engineering and Sciences,
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio
Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León,
Mexico
| | - Marc J. Madou
- School of Engineering and Sciences,
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio
Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León,
Mexico
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, University of California
Irvine, Engineering Gateway 4200, Irvine,
California 92697, United States
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
(Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar,
Punjab 160062, India
| | - Vianni Chopra
- Institute of Nano Science
and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10 Mohali,
160062 Punjab, India
| | - Deepa Ghosh
- Institute of Nano Science
and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10 Mohali,
160062 Punjab, India
| | - Sergio O. Martinez-Chapa
- School of Engineering and Sciences,
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio
Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León,
Mexico
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Han YJ, Ren ZG, Li XX, Yan JL, Ma CY, Wu DD, Ji XY. Advances and challenges in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1803-1810. [PMID: 32714083 PMCID: PMC7378666 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.47836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, a new type of coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading rapidly throughout the world. Previously, there were two outbreaks of severe coronavirus caused by different coronaviruses worldwide, namely Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This article introduced the origin, virological characteristics and epidemiological overview of SARS-CoV-2, reviewed the currently known drugs that may prevent and treat coronavirus, explained the characteristics of the new coronavirus and provided novel information for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Han
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Clinical Laboratory and Functional Laboratory, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Ren
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- Clinical Laboratory and Functional Laboratory, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, China
| | - Ji-Liang Yan
- Clinical Laboratory and Functional Laboratory, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, China
| | - Chun-Yan Ma
- Clinical Laboratory and Functional Laboratory, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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Khan MM, Noor A, Madni A, Shafiq M. Emergence of novel coronavirus and progress toward treatment and vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2116. [PMID: 32495979 PMCID: PMC7300813 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In late December 2019, a group of patients was observed with pneumonia‐like symptoms that were linked with a wet market in Wuhan, China. The patients were found to have a novel coronavirus genetically related to a bat coronavirus that was termed SARS‐CoV‐2. The virus gradually spread worldwide and was declared a pandemic by WHO. Scientists have started trials on potential preventive and treatment options. Currently, there is no specific approved treatment for SARS‐CoV‐2, and various clinical trials are underway to explore better treatments. Some previously approved antiviral and other drugs have shown some in vitro activity. Here we summarize the fight against this novel coronavirus with particular focus on the different treatment options and clinical trials exploring treatment as well as work done toward development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Muzamil Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.,Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department, Government of Punjab (CEO (DHA) office D.G.Khan), Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Amna Noor
- Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department, Government of Punjab (RHC-161/TDA Layyah), Layyah, Pakistan
| | - Asadullah Madni
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mudassir Shafiq
- Department of Pulmonology, District Headquarter Hospital, Rawalpinid, Pakistan
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Dariya B, Nagaraju GP. Understanding novel COVID-19: Its impact on organ failure and risk assessment for diabetic and cancer patients. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 53:43-52. [PMID: 32409230 PMCID: PMC7202812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 originated from Wuhan, China. It is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with significant mortality and morbidity rate. The severe risk factors are commonly detected in patients of older age and with medical comorbidities like cancer and diabetes. Scientists and doctors have scrambled to gain knowledge about the novel virus and its pathophysiology in order to discover possible therapeutic regimens and vaccines for COVID-19. The therapeutic strategies like targeting the viral genome emphasize the promising approach to target COVID-19. Additionally, blocking the receptor, ACE2 via the neutralizing antibodies for viral escape that prevents it from entering into the cells provides another therapeutic regimen. In this review article, we have presented the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in comorbid patients and discussed organ failure caused by this virus. Based on the data available from the scientific literature and ongoing clinical trials, we have focused on therapeutic strategies. We hope that we would fill the gaps that puzzled the researchers and clinicians with the best of our knowledge collected for the betterment of the patients for the coming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Dariya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Vanasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Awadasseid A, Wu Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Initial success in the identification and management of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) indicates human-to-human transmission in Wuhan, China. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1846-1860. [PMID: 32398954 PMCID: PMC7211182 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus (CoV) has been one of the major pandemic threats to human health in the last two decades. The human coronavirus was first identified in 1960s. CoVs 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV have caused numerous disasters or human deaths worldwide. Recently, an outbreak of the previously unknown deadly CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2, early named 2019-nCoV) occurred in Wuhan, China, and it had caused 81238 cases of confirmed infection, including 3250 deaths until March 19, 2020. Its risks and pandemic potential have brought global consideration. We summarized epidemiology, virological characteristics, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, clinical treatments, and prevention methods for COVID-19 to present a reference for the future wave of probable CoV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annoor Awadasseid
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Lab of Molecular Immunology, Virus Inspection Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Wen Zhang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Kruse RL. Therapeutic strategies in an outbreak scenario to treat the novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China. F1000Res 2020; 9:72. [PMID: 32117569 PMCID: PMC7029759 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22211.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in Wuhan, China presents a potential respiratory viral pandemic to the world population. Current efforts are focused on containment and quarantine of infected individuals. Ultimately, the outbreak could be controlled with a protective vaccine to prevent 2019-nCoV infection. While vaccine research should be pursued intensely, there exists today no therapy to treat 2019-nCoV upon infection, despite an urgent need to find options to help these patients and preclude potential death. Herein, I review the potential options to treat 2019-nCoV in patients, with an emphasis on the necessity for speed and timeliness in developing new and effective therapies in this outbreak. I consider the options of drug repurposing, developing neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapy, and an oligonucleotide strategy targeting the viral RNA genome, emphasizing the promise and pitfalls of these approaches. Finally, I advocate for the fastest strategy to develop a treatment now, which could be resistant to any mutations the virus may have in the future. The proposal is a biologic that blocks 2019-nCoV entry using a soluble version of the viral receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), fused to an immunoglobulin Fc domain (ACE2-Fc), providing a neutralizing antibody with maximal breath to avoid any viral escape, while also helping to recruit the immune system to build lasting immunity. The ACE2-Fc therapy would also supplement decreased ACE2 levels in the lungs during infection, thereby directly treating acute respiratory distress pathophysiology as a third mechanism of action. The sequence of the ACE2-Fc protein is provided to investigators, allowing its possible use in recombinant protein expression systems to start producing drug today to treat patients under compassionate use, while formal clinical trials are later undertaken. Such a treatment could help infected patients before a protective vaccine is developed and widely available in the coming months to year(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Kruse
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
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14
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Abstract
A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in Wuhan, China presents a potential respiratory viral pandemic to the world population. Current efforts are focused on containment and quarantine of infected individuals. Ultimately, the outbreak could be controlled with a protective vaccine to prevent 2019-nCoV infection. While vaccine research should be pursued intensely, there exists today no therapy to treat 2019-nCoV upon infection, despite an urgent need to find options to help these patients and preclude potential death. Herein, I review the potential options to treat 2019-nCoV in patients, with an emphasis on the necessity for speed and timeliness in developing new and effective therapies in this outbreak. I consider the options of drug repurposing, developing neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapy, and an oligonucleotide strategy targeting the viral RNA genome, emphasizing the promise and pitfalls of these approaches. Finally, I advocate for the fastest strategy to develop a treatment now, which could be resistant to any mutations the virus may have in the future. The proposal is a biologic that blocks 2019-nCoV entry using a soluble version of the viral receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), fused to an immunoglobulin Fc domain, providing a neutralizing antibody with maximal breath to avoid any viral escape, while also helping to recruit the immune system to build lasting immunity. The sequence of the ACE2-Fc protein is provided to investigators, allowing its possible use in recombinant protein expression systems to start producing drug today to treat patients under compassionate use, while formal clinical trials are later undertaken. Such a treatment could help infected patients before a protective vaccine is developed and widely available in the coming months to year(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Kruse
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
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15
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Corthésy B, Monnerat J, Lötscher M, Vonarburg C, Schaub A, Bioley G. Oral Passive Immunization With Plasma-Derived Polyreactive Secretory-Like IgA/M Partially Protects Mice Against Experimental Salmonellosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2970. [PMID: 30619327 PMCID: PMC6305475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulins have a critical role in defense of the gastrointestinal tract and are known to act by preventing bacterial acquisition. A stringent murine model of bacterial infection with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium was used to examine protection mediated by oral passive immunization with human plasma-derived polyreactive IgA and IgM antibodies (Abs) reconstituted as secretory-like immunoglobulins (SCIgA/M). This reagent has been shown to trigger Salmonella agglutination and to limit the entry of bacterium into intestinal Peyer's patches via immune exclusion. We now demonstrate that upon administration into ligated intestinal loops, SCIgA/M properly anchors in the mucus and is protected from degradation to a better extent that IgA/M or IgG. Moreover, prophylactic oral administration of SCIgA/M before intragastric infection of mice with a virulent strain of S. enterica Typhimurium allows to protect infected animals, as reflected by reduced colonization of both mucosal and systemic compartments, and conserved integrity of intestinal tissues. In comparison with IgA/M or IgG administration, SCIgA/M provided the highest degree of protection. Moreover, such protective efficacy is also observed after therapeutic oral delivery of SCIgA/M. Either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment with passively delivered SCIgA/M ensured survival of up to 50% of infected mice, while untreated animals all died. Our findings unravel the potential of oral passive immunization with plasma-derived polyreactive SCIgA/M Abs to fight gastrointestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Justine Monnerat
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Épalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Gilles Bioley
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Épalinges, Switzerland
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17
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Recent advances in vaccine development against Ebola threat as bioweapon. Virusdisease 2017; 28:242-246. [PMID: 29291209 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing rate of Ebola virus appearance, with multiple natural outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, it is worthy of consideration as bioweapon by anti-national groups. Further, with the non-availability of the vaccines against Ebola virus, concerns about the public health emerge. In this regard, this review summarizes the structure, genetics and potential of Ebola virus to be used as a bioweapon. We highlight the recent advances in the treatment strategies and vaccine development against Ebola virus. The understanding of these aspects might lead to effective treatment practices which can be applied during the future outbreaks of Ebola.
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Abstract
Under a traditional paradigm, only those with the expected background knowledge consume academic literature. The lay press, as well as government and non-government agencies, play a complementary role of extracting findings of high interest or importance and translating them for general viewing. The need for accurate reporting and public advising is paramount when attempting to tackle epidemic outbreaks through behavior change. Yet, public trust in media outlets is at a historic low. The Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) model for media reporting on public health emergencies was established in 2005 and has subsequently been used to analyze media reporting on outbreaks of influenza and measles as well as smoking habits and medication compliance. However, no media analysis had yet been performed on the 2013–2016 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak. This study compared the EVD information relayed by lay press sources with general review articles in the academic literature through a mixed-methods analysis. These findings suggest that comprehensive review articles could not serve as a source to clarify and contextualize the uncertainties around the EVD outbreak, perhaps due to adherence to technical accuracy at the expense of clarity within the context of outbreak conditions. This finding does not imply inferiority of the academic literature, nor does it draw direct causation between confusion in review articles and public misunderstanding. Given the erosion of the barriers siloing academia, combined with the demands of today’s fast-paced media environment, contemporary researchers should realize that no study is outside the public forum and to therefore consider shifting the paradigm to take personal responsibility in the process of accurately translating their scientific words into public policy actions to best serve as a source of clarity.
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Chan SK, Rahumatullah A, Lai JY, Lim TS. Naïve Human Antibody Libraries for Infectious Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:35-59. [PMID: 29549634 PMCID: PMC7120739 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many countries are facing an uphill battle in combating the spread of infectious diseases. The constant evolution of microorganisms magnifies the problem as it facilitates the re-emergence of old infectious diseases as well as promote the introduction of new and more deadly variants. Evidently, infectious diseases have contributed to an alarming rate of mortality worldwide making it a growing concern. Historically, antibodies have been used successfully to prevent and treat infectious diseases since the nineteenth century using antisera collected from immunized animals. The inherent ability of antibodies to trigger effector mechanisms aids the immune system to fight off pathogens that invades the host. Immune libraries have always been an important source of antibodies for infectious diseases due to the skewed repertoire generated post infection. Even so, the role and ability of naïve antibody libraries should not be underestimated. The naïve repertoire has its own unique advantages in generating antibodies against target antigens. This chapter will highlight the concept, advantages and application of human naïve libraries as a source to isolate antibodies against infectious disease target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Khim Chan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Anizah Rahumatullah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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LptD is a promising vaccine antigen and potential immunotherapeutic target for protection against Vibrio species infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38577. [PMID: 27922123 PMCID: PMC5138612 DOI: 10.1038/srep38577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are unique to Gram-negative bacteria. Several features, including surface exposure, conservation among strains and ability to induce immune responses, make OMPs attractive targets for using as vaccine antigens and immunotherapeutics. LptD is an essential OMP that mediates the final transport of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to outer leaflet. The protein in Vibrio parahaemolyticus was identified to have immunogenicity in our previous report. In this study, broad distribution, high conservation and similar surface-epitopes of LptD were found among the major Vibrio species. LptD was further revealed to be associated with immune responses, and it has a strong ability to stimulate antibody response. More importantly, it conferred 100% immune protection against lethal challenge by V. parahaemolyticus in mice when the mice were vaccinated with LptD, and this finding was consistent with the observation of efficient clearance of bacteria in vaccination mice. Strikingly, targeting of bacteria by the LptD antibody caused significant decreases in both the growth and LPS level and an increase in susceptibility to hydrophobic antibiotics. These findings were consistent with those previously obtained in lptD-deletion bacteria. These data demonstrated LptD is a promising vaccine antigens and a potential target for antibody-based therapy to protect against Vibrio infections.
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Wahid B, Ali A, Idrees M, Rafique S. Immunotherapeutic strategies for sexually transmitted viral infections: HIV, HSV and HPV. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:1-13. [PMID: 27514252 PMCID: PMC7124316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
More than 1 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired each day globally. Etiotropic drugs cannot effectively control infectious diseases therefore, there is a dire need to explore alternative strategies especially those based on the regulation of immune system. The review discusses all rational approaches to develop better understanding towards immunotherapeutic strategies based on modulation of immune system in an attempt to curb the elevating risk of infectious diseases such as HIV, HPV and HSV because of their high prevalence. Development of monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and several other immune based treatments are promising alternative strategies that are offering new opportunities to eradicate pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braira Wahid
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Amjad Ali
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Vice Chancellor Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan.
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Pontremoli C, Forni D, Cagliani R, Filippi G, De Gioia L, Pozzoli U, Clerici M, Sironi M. Positive Selection Drives Evolution at the Host-Filovirus Interaction Surface. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:2836-2847. [PMID: 27512112 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filovirus infection is mediated by engagement of the surface-exposed glycoprotein (GP) by its cellular receptor, NPC1 (Niemann-Pick C1). Two loops in the C domain of NPC1 (NPC1-C) bind filovirus GP. Herein, we show that filovirus GP and NPC1-C evolve under mutual selective pressure. Analysis of a large mammalian phylogeny indicated that strong functional/structural constraints limit the NPC1 sequence space available for adaptive change and most sites at the contact interface with GP are under negative selection. These constraints notwithstanding, we detected positive selection at NPC1-C in all mammalian orders, from Primates to Xenarthra. Different codons evolved adaptively in distinct mammals, and most selected sites are located within the two NPC1-C loops that engage GP, or at their anchor points. In Homininae, NPC1-C was a preferential selection target, and the T419I variant possibly represents a human-specific adaptation to filovirus infection. On the other side of the arms-race, GP evolved adaptively during filovirus speciation. One of the selected sites (S142Q) establishes several atom-to-atom contacts with NPC1-C. Additional selected sites are located within epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies, including the 14G7 epitope, where sites selected during the recent EBOV epidemic also map. Finally, pairs of co-evolving sites in Marburgviruses and Ebolaviruses were found to involve antigenic determinants. These findings suggest that the host humoral immune response was a major selective pressure during filovirus speciation. The S142Q variant may contribute to determine Ebolavirus host range in the wild. If this were the case, EBOV/BDBV (S142) and SUDV (Q142) may not share the same reservoir(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pontremoli
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E.MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E.MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E.MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Giulia Filippi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca De Gioia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E.MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E.MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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23
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Braid LR, Hu WG, Davies JE, Nagata LP. Engineered Mesenchymal Cells Improve Passive Immune Protection Against Lethal Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Exposure. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1026-35. [PMID: 27334491 PMCID: PMC4954456 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being exploited as gene delivery vectors for various disease and injury therapies. We provide proof-of-concept that engineered MSCs can provide a useful, effective platform for protection against infectious disease. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen affecting humans and equines and can be used in bio-warfare. No licensed vaccine or antiviral agent currently exists to combat VEEV infection in humans. Direct antibody administration (passive immunity) is an effective, but short-lived, method of providing immediate protection against a pathogen. We compared the protective efficacy of human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs; a rich source of MSCs), engineered with a transgene encoding a humanized VEEV-neutralizing antibody (anti-VEEV), to the purified antibody. In athymic mice, the anti-VEEV antibody had a half-life of 3.7 days, limiting protection to 2 or 3 days after administration. In contrast, engineered HUCPVCs generated protective anti-VEEV serum titers for 21-38 days after a single intramuscular injection. At 109 days after transplantation, 10% of the mice still had circulating anti-VEEV antibody. The mice were protected against exposure to a lethal dose of VEEV by an intramuscular pretreatment injection with engineered HUCPVCs 24 hours or 10 days before exposure, demonstrating both rapid and prolonged immune protection. The present study is the first to describe engineered MSCs as gene delivery vehicles for passive immunity and supports their utility as antibody delivery vehicles for improved, single-dose prophylaxis against endemic and intentionally disseminated pathogens. SIGNIFICANCE Direct injection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an important strategy to immediately protect the recipient from a pathogen. This strategy is critical during natural outbreaks or after the intentional release of bio-weapons. Vaccines require weeks to become effective, which is not practical for first responders immediately deployed to an infected region. However, mAb recipients often require booster shots to maintain protection, which is expensive and impractical once the first responders have been deployed. The present study has shown, for the first time, that mesenchymal stromal cells are effective gene delivery vehicles that can significantly improve mAb-mediated immune protection in a single, intramuscular dose of engineered cells. Such a cell-based delivery system can provide extended life-saving protection in the event of exposure to biological threats using a more practical, single-dose regimen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/pathogenicity
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/virology
- Female
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genotype
- Half-Life
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Phenotype
- Protein Stability
- Transfection
- Umbilical Cord/cytology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena R Braid
- Bio-Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Ralston, Alberta, Canada Aurora BioSolutions Inc., Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wei-Gang Hu
- Bio-Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - John E Davies
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Tissue Regeneration Therapeutics, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Les P Nagata
- Bio-Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
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Treatment-donation-stockpile dynamics in ebola convalescent blood transfusion therapy. J Theor Biol 2016; 392:53-61. [PMID: 26721704 PMCID: PMC7094096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The interim guidance issued by the World Health Organization during the West Africa 2014 Ebola outbreak provides guidelines on the use of convalescent blood from Ebola survivors for transfusion therapy. Here we develop a novel mathematical model, based on the interim guidance, to examine the nonlinear transmission–treatment–donation–stockpile dynamics during an Ebola outbreak and with a large scale use of the transfusion therapy in the population. We estimate the reduction of case fatality ratio by introducing convalescent blood transfusion as a therapy, and inform optimal treatment–donation–stockpile strategies to balance the treatment need for case fatality ratio reduction and the strategic need of maintaining a minimal blood bank stockpile for other control priorities. A novel model for the large-scale use of the convalescent blood transfusion therapy. Based on WHO׳s interim convalescent treatment guidance in 2014 Ebola outbreak. Estimate the reduction of case fatality ratio by introducing convalescent therapy. Inform optimal treatment-donation-stockpile strategies. Guide convalescent blood transfusion services in future emerging disease outbreaks.
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Trends in Antiviral Strategies. VIRUS AS POPULATIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7149557 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800837-9.00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Viral populations are true moving targets regarding the genomic sequences to be targeted in antiviral designs. Experts from different fields have expressed the need of new paradigms for antiviral interventions and viral disease control. This chapter reviews several strategies that aim at counteracting the adaptive capacity of viral quasispecies. The proposed designs are based on combinations of different antiviral drugs and immune modulators, or in the administration of virus-specific mutagenic agents, in an approach termed lethal mutagenesis of viruses. It consists of decreasing viral fitness by an excess of mutations that render viral proteins sub-optimal or non-functional. Viral extinction by lethal mutagenesis involves several sequential, overlapping steps that recapitulate the major concepts of intra-population interactions and genetic information stability discussed in preceding chapters. Despite the magnitude of the challenge, the chapter closes with some optimistic prospects for an effective control of viruses displaying error-prone replication, based on the combined targeting of replication fidelity and the induction of the innate immune response.
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