1
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Brown DW, Wee P, Bhandari P, Bukhari A, Grin L, Vega H, Hejazi M, Sosnowski D, Ablack J, Clancy EK, Pink D, Kumar J, Solis Ares MP, Lamb S, Quevedo R, Rawal B, Elian F, Rana N, Morales L, Govindasamy N, Todd B, Delmage A, Gupta S, McMullen N, MacKenzie D, Beatty PH, Garcia H, Parmar M, Gyoba J, McAllister C, Scholz M, Duncan R, Raturi A, Lewis JD. Safe and effective in vivo delivery of DNA and RNA using proteolipid vehicles. Cell 2024; 187:5357-5375.e24. [PMID: 39260374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Genetic medicines show promise for treating various diseases, yet clinical success has been limited by tolerability, scalability, and immunogenicity issues of current delivery platforms. To overcome these, we developed a proteolipid vehicle (PLV) by combining features from viral and non-viral approaches. PLVs incorporate fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins isolated from fusogenic orthoreoviruses into a well-tolerated lipid formulation, using scalable microfluidic mixing. Screening a FAST protein library, we identified a chimeric FAST protein with enhanced membrane fusion activity that improved gene expression from an optimized lipid formulation. Systemically administered FAST-PLVs showed broad biodistribution and effective mRNA and DNA delivery in mouse and non-human primate models. FAST-PLVs show low immunogenicity and maintain activity upon repeat dosing. Systemic administration of follistatin DNA gene therapy with FAST-PLVs raised circulating follistatin levels and significantly increased muscle mass and grip strength. These results demonstrate the promising potential of FAST-PLVs for redosable gene therapies and genetic medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Brown
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Ping Wee
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Prakash Bhandari
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Amirali Bukhari
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Liliya Grin
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Hector Vega
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Maryam Hejazi
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Deborah Sosnowski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jailal Ablack
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada; OncoSenX, 701 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Eileen K Clancy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Desmond Pink
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | | | - Suellen Lamb
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Quevedo
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Bijal Rawal
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Fahed Elian
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Natasha Rana
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Luis Morales
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Natasha Govindasamy
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Brendan Todd
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Angela Delmage
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Somnath Gupta
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Nichole McMullen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Duncan MacKenzie
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Perrin H Beatty
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Henry Garcia
- Oisin Biotechnologies, 701 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Manoj Parmar
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Jennifer Gyoba
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Chandra McAllister
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Matthew Scholz
- Oisin Biotechnologies, 701 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Roy Duncan
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Arun Raturi
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada.
| | - John D Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada; OncoSenX, 701 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Oisin Biotechnologies, 701 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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Sankaran SV, Saiba R, Sikdar S, Vemparala S. Correlation Between Antimicrobial Structural Classes and Membrane Partitioning: Role of Emerging Lipid Packing Defects. J Membr Biol 2024:10.1007/s00232-024-00318-z. [PMID: 39037449 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-024-00318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a combination of bioinformatics and molecular dynamics simulations is employed to investigate the partitioning behavior of different classes of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) into model membranes. The main objective is to identify any correlations between the structural characteristics of AMPs and their membrane identification and early-stage partitioning mechanisms. The simulation results reveal distinct membrane interactions among the various structural classes of AMPs, particularly in relation to the generation and subsequent interaction with lipid packing defects. Notably, AMPs with a structure-less coil conformation generate a higher number of deep and shallow defects, which are larger in size compared to other classes of AMPs. AMPs with helical component demonstrated the deepest insertion into the membrane. On the other hand, AMPs with a significant percentage of beta sheets tend to adsorb onto the membrane surface, suggesting a potentially distinct partitioning mechanism attributed to their structural rigidity. These findings highlight the diverse membrane interactions and partitioning mechanisms exhibited by different structural classes of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Sankaran
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Roni Saiba
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Samapan Sikdar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600113, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India.
| | - Satyavani Vemparala
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600113, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India.
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3
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Di Bartolo AL, Caparotta M, Polo LM, Masone D. Myomerger Induces Membrane Hemifusion and Regulates Fusion Pore Expansion. Biochemistry 2024; 63:815-826. [PMID: 38349279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is a crucial mechanism in a wide variety of important events in cell biology from viral infection to exocytosis. However, despite many efforts and much progress, cell-cell fusion has remained elusive to our understanding. Along the life of the fusion pore, large conformational changes take place from the initial lipid bilayer bending, passing through the hemifusion intermediates, and ending with the formation of the first nascent fusion pore. In this sense, computer simulations are an ideal technique for describing such complex lipid remodeling at the molecular level. In this work, we studied the role played by the muscle-specific membrane protein Myomerger during the formation of the fusion pore. We have conducted μs length atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics, together with free-energy calculations using ad hoc collective variables. Our results show that Myomerger favors the hemifusion diaphragm-stalk transition, reduces the nucleation-expansion energy difference, and promotes the formation of nonenlarging fusion pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary Lautaro Di Bartolo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Caparotta
- Quantum Theory Project, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Luis Mariano Polo
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)─Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Diego Masone
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)─Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
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4
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Abstract
Most enveloped viruses encode viral fusion proteins to penetrate host cell by membrane fusion. Interestingly, many enveloped viruses can also use viral fusion proteins to induce cell-cell fusion, both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the formation of syncytia or multinucleated giant cells (MGCs). In addition, some non-enveloped viruses encode specialized viral proteins that induce cell-cell fusion to facilitate viral spread. Overall, viruses that can induce cell-cell fusion are nearly ubiquitous in mammals. Virus cell-to-cell spread by inducing cell-cell fusion may overcome entry and post-entry blocks in target cells and allow evasion of neutralizing antibodies. However, molecular mechanisms of virus-induced cell-cell fusion remain largely unknown. Here, I summarize the current understanding of virus-induced cell fusion and syncytia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Xie
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, UK.
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5
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Dai Y, Li Y, Hu X, Jiang N, Liu W, Meng Y, Zhou Y, Xu C, Xue M, Fan Y. Nonstructural protein NS17 of grass carp reovirus Honghu strain promotes virus infection by mediating cell-cell fusion and apoptosis. Virus Res 2023; 334:199150. [PMID: 37302658 PMCID: PMC10410512 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins can promote cell fusion, alter membrane permeability and trigger apoptosis to promote virus proliferation in orthoreoviruses. However, it is unknown whether FAST proteins perform these functions in aquareoviruses (AqRVs). Non-structural protein 17 (NS17) carried by grass carp reovirus Honghu strain (GCRV-HH196) belongs to the FAST protein family, and we preliminarily explored its relevance to virus infection. NS17 has similar domains to FAST protein NS16 of GCRV-873, comprising a transmembrane domain, a polybasic cluster, a hydrophobic patch and a polyproline motif. It was observed in the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Overexpression of NS17 enhanced the efficiency of cell-cell fusion induced by GCRV-HH196 and promoted virus replication. Overexpression of NS17 also led to DNA fragmentation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and it triggered apoptosis. The findings illuminate the functions of NS17 in GCRV infection, and provide a reference for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Dai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Xi Hu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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6
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zuo W, Bo Z, Zhang C, Zhang X, Wu Y. Avian Reovirus σB Interacts with Caveolin-1 in Lipid Rafts during Dynamin-Dependent Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102201. [PMID: 36298756 PMCID: PMC9608613 DOI: 10.3390/v14102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the basic component of caveolae, a specialized form of lipid raft that plays an essential role in endocytic viral entry. However, the evidence of direct involvement of caveolae and Cav-1 in avian reovirus (ARV) entry remains insufficient. In this study, the membrane lipid rafts were isolated as detergent-resistant microdomains (DRMs) by sucrose gradient centrifugation, and the capsid protein σB of ARV was found to associate with Cav-1 in DRMs fractions. Additionally, the interaction between ARV σB protein and Cav-1 was demonstrated by immunofluorescence co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, we found that the internalization of ARV is sensitive to caveolae and dynamin inhibitors, while it is insensitive to clathrin inhibitors. In conclusion, these results indicate that the ARV σB protein interacts with Cav-1 during dynamin-dependent caveolae-mediated endocytosis for the entry of ARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zongyi Bo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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7
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Healthspan Extension through Innovative Genetic Medicines. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 150:49S-57S. [PMID: 36170436 PMCID: PMC9512234 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sikdar S, Banerjee M, Vemparala S. Role of Disulphide Bonds in Membrane Partitioning of a Viral Peptide. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:129-142. [PMID: 35218393 PMCID: PMC8881898 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The importance of disulphide bond in mediating viral peptide entry into host cells is well known. In the present work, we elucidate the role of disulphide (SS) bond in partitioning mechanism of membrane-active Hepatitis A Virus-2B (HAV-2B) peptide, which harbours three cysteine residues promoting formation of multiple SS-bonded states. The inclusion of SS-bond not only results in a compact conformation but also induces distorted α-helical hairpin geometry in comparison to SS-free state. Owing to these, the hydrophobic residues get buried, restricting the insertion of SS-bonded HAV-2B peptide into lipid packing defects and thus the partitioning of the peptide is completely or partly abolished. In this way, the disulphide bond can potentially regulate the partitioning of HAV-2B peptide such that the membrane remodelling effects of this viral peptide are significantly reduced. The current findings may have potential implications in drug designing, targeting the HAV-2B protein by promoting disulphide bond formation within its membrane-active region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samapan Sikdar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Manidipa Banerjee
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Satyavani Vemparala
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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9
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Kanai Y, Kobayashi T. FAST Proteins: Development and Use of Reverse Genetics Systems for Reoviridae Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 8:515-536. [PMID: 34586868 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-070225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetics systems for viruses, the technology used to generate gene-engineered recombinant viruses from artificial genes, enable the study of the roles of the individual nucleotides and amino acids of viral genes and proteins in infectivity, replication, and pathogenicity. The successful development of a reverse genetics system for poliovirus in 1981 accelerated the establishment of protocols for other RNA viruses important for human health. Despite multiple efforts, rotavirus (RV), which causes severe gastroenteritis in infants, was refractory to reverse genetics analysis, and the first complete reverse genetics system for RV was established in 2017. This novel technique involves use of the fusogenic protein FAST (fusion-associated small transmembrane) derived from the bat-borne Nelson Bay orthoreovirus, which induces massive syncytium formation. Co-transfection of a FAST-expressing plasmid with complementary DNAs encoding RV genes enables rescue of recombinant RV. This review focuses on methodological insights into the reverse genetics system for RV and discusses applications and potential improvements to this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; ,
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; ,
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10
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Sikdar S, Banerjee M, Vemparala S. Effect of cholesterol on the membrane partitioning dynamics of hepatitis A virus-2B peptide. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:7963-7977. [PMID: 34378608 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding viral peptide detection and partitioning and the subsequent host membrane composition-based response is essential for gaining insights into the viral mechanism. Here, we probe the crucial role of the presence of membrane lipid packing defects, depending on the membrane composition, in allowing the viral peptide belonging to C-terminal Hepatitis A Virus-2B (HAV-2B) to detect, attach and subsequently partition into host cell membrane mimics. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we conclusively show that the hydrophobic residues in the viral peptide detect transiently present lipid packing defects, insert themselves into such defects, form anchor points and facilitate the partitioning of the peptide, thereby inducing membrane disruption. We also show that the presence of cholesterol significantly alters such lipid packing defects, both in size and in number, thus mitigating the partitioning of the membrane active viral peptide into cholesterol-rich membranes. Our results are in excellent agreement with previously published experimental data and further explain the role of lipid defects in understanding such data. These results show differential ways in which the presence and absence of cholesterol can alter the permeability of the host membranes to the membrane active peptide component of HAV-2B virus, via lipid packing defects, and can possibly be a part of the general membrane detection mechanism for viroporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samapan Sikdar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.
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11
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Yang Y, Margam NN. Structural Insights into Membrane Fusion Mediated by Convergent Small Fusogens. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010160. [PMID: 33467484 PMCID: PMC7830690 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From lifeless viral particles to complex multicellular organisms, membrane fusion is inarguably the important fundamental biological phenomena. Sitting at the heart of membrane fusion are protein mediators known as fusogens. Despite the extensive functional and structural characterization of these proteins in recent years, scientists are still grappling with the fundamental mechanisms underlying membrane fusion. From an evolutionary perspective, fusogens follow divergent evolutionary principles in that they are functionally independent and do not share any sequence identity; however, they possess structural similarity, raising the possibility that membrane fusion is mediated by essential motifs ubiquitous to all. In this review, we particularly emphasize structural characteristics of small-molecular-weight fusogens in the hope of uncovering the most fundamental aspects mediating membrane–membrane interactions. By identifying and elucidating fusion-dependent functional domains, this review paves the way for future research exploring novel fusogens in health and disease.
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12
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Yang Y, Gaspard G, McMullen N, Duncan R. Polycistronic Genome Segment Evolution and Gain and Loss of FAST Protein Function during Fusogenic Orthoreovirus Speciation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070702. [PMID: 32610593 PMCID: PMC7412057 DOI: 10.3390/v12070702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Reoviridae family is the only non-enveloped virus family with members that use syncytium formation to promote cell–cell virus transmission. Syncytiogenesis is mediated by a fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein, a novel family of viral membrane fusion proteins. Previous evidence suggested the fusogenic reoviruses arose from an ancestral non-fusogenic virus, with the preponderance of fusogenic species suggesting positive evolutionary pressure to acquire and maintain the fusion phenotype. New phylogenetic analyses that included the atypical waterfowl subgroup of avian reoviruses and recently identified new orthoreovirus species indicate a more complex relationship between reovirus speciation and fusogenic capacity, with numerous predicted internal indels and 5’-terminal extensions driving the evolution of the orthoreovirus’ polycistronic genome segments and their encoded FAST and fiber proteins. These inferred recombination events generated bi- and tricistronic genome segments with diverse gene constellations, they occurred pre- and post-orthoreovirus speciation, and they directly contributed to the evolution of the four extant orthoreovirus FAST proteins by driving both the gain and loss of fusion capability. We further show that two distinct post-speciation genetic events led to the loss of fusion in the waterfowl isolates of avian reovirus, a recombination event that replaced the p10 FAST protein with a heterologous, non-fusogenic protein and point substitutions in a conserved motif that destroyed the p10 assembly into multimeric fusion platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Y.Y.); (G.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Gerard Gaspard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Y.Y.); (G.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Nichole McMullen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Y.Y.); (G.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Roy Duncan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Y.Y.); (G.G.); (N.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Petrany MJ, Millay DP. Cell Fusion: Merging Membranes and Making Muscle. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:964-973. [PMID: 31648852 PMCID: PMC7849503 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell fusion is essential for the development of multicellular organisms, and plays a key role in the formation of various cell types and tissues. Recent findings have highlighted the varied protein machinery that drives plasma-membrane merger in different systems, which is characterized by diverse structural and functional elements. We highlight the discovery and activities of several key sets of fusion proteins that together offer an evolving perspective on cell membrane fusion. We also emphasize recent discoveries in vertebrate myoblast fusion in skeletal muscle, which is composed of numerous multinucleated myofibers formed by the fusion of progenitor cells during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Petrany
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Fukuhara T, Matsuura Y. Roles of secretory glycoproteins in particle formation of Flaviviridae viruses. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:401-406. [PMID: 31342548 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The family Flaviviridae comprises four genera, namely, Flavivirus, Pestivirus, Pegivirus, and Hepacivirus. These viruses have similar genome structures, but the genomes of Pestivirus and Flavivirus encode the secretory glycoproteins Erns and NS1, respectively. Erns plays an important role in virus particle formation and cell entry, whereas NS1 participates in the formation of replication complexes and virus particles. Conversely, apolipoproteins are known to participate in the formation of infectious particles of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and various secretory glycoproteins play a similar role in HCV particles formation, suggesting that there is no strong specificity for the function of secretory glycoproteins in infectious-particle formation. In addition, recent studies have shown that host-derived apolipoproteins and virus-derived Erns and NS1 play comparable roles in infectious-particle formation of both HCV and pestiviruses. In this review, we summarize the roles of secretory glycoproteins in the formation of Flaviviridae virus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
With no limiting membrane surrounding virions, nonenveloped viruses have no need for membrane fusion to gain access to intracellular replication compartments. Consequently, nonenveloped viruses do not encode membrane fusion proteins. The only exception to this dogma is the fusogenic reoviruses that encode fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins that induce syncytium formation. FAST proteins are the smallest viral membrane fusion proteins and, unlike their enveloped virus counterparts, are nonstructural proteins that evolved specifically to induce cell-to-cell, not virus-cell, membrane fusion. This distinct evolutionary imperative is reflected in structural and functional features that distinguish this singular family of viral fusogens from all other protein fusogens. These rudimentary fusogens comprise specific combinations of different membrane effector motifs assembled into small, modular membrane fusogens. FAST proteins offer a minimalist model to better understand the ubiquitous process of protein-mediated membrane fusion and to reveal novel mechanisms of nonenveloped virus dissemination that contribute to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Duncan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2;
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16
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Gautier R, Bacle A, Tiberti ML, Fuchs PF, Vanni S, Antonny B. PackMem: A Versatile Tool to Compute and Visualize Interfacial Packing Defects in Lipid Bilayers. Biophys J 2018; 115:436-444. [PMID: 30055754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the structural organization of lipid bilayers is generally performed across the direction normal to the bilayer/water interface, whereas the surface properties of the bilayer at the interface with water are often neglected. Here, we present PackMem, a bioinformatic tool that performs a topographic analysis of the bilayer surface from various molecular dynamics simulations. PackMem unifies and rationalizes previous analyses based on a Cartesian grid. The grid allows identification of surface regions defined as lipid-packing defects where lipids are loosely packed, leading to cavities in which aliphatic carbons are exposed to the solvent, either deep inside or close to the membrane surface. Examples are provided to show that the abundance of lipid-packing defects varies according to the temperature and to the bilayer composition. Because lipid-packing defects control the adsorption of peripheral proteins with hydrophobic insertions, PackMem is instrumental for us to understand and quantify the adhesive properties of biological membranes as well as their response to mechanical perturbations such as membrane deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Gautier
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis, France.
| | - Amélie Bacle
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Patrick F Fuchs
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire des biomolécules, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Vanni
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis, France; Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Antonny
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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17
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Sampath SC, Sampath SC, Millay DP. Myoblast fusion confusion: the resolution begins. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:3. [PMID: 29386054 PMCID: PMC5793351 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-017-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusion of muscle precursor cells is a required event for proper skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Numerous proteins have been implicated to function in myoblast fusion; however, the majority are expressed in diverse tissues and regulate numerous cellular processes. How myoblast fusion is triggered and coordinated in a muscle-specific manner has remained a mystery for decades. Through the discovery of two muscle-specific fusion proteins, Myomaker and Myomerger-Minion, we are now primed to make significant advances in our knowledge of myoblast fusion. This article reviews the latest findings regarding the biology of Myomaker and Minion-Myomerger, places these findings in the context of known pathways in mammalian myoblast fusion, and highlights areas that require further investigation. As our understanding of myoblast fusion matures so does our potential ability to manipulate cell fusion for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
| | - Srinath C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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White JM, Whittaker GR. Fusion of Enveloped Viruses in Endosomes. Traffic 2016; 17:593-614. [PMID: 26935856 PMCID: PMC4866878 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ari Helenius launched the field of enveloped virus fusion in endosomes with a seminal paper in the Journal of Cell Biology in 1980. In the intervening years, a great deal has been learned about the structures and mechanisms of viral membrane fusion proteins as well as about the endosomes in which different enveloped viruses fuse and the endosomal cues that trigger fusion. We now recognize three classes of viral membrane fusion proteins based on structural criteria and four mechanisms of fusion triggering. After reviewing general features of viral membrane fusion proteins and viral fusion in endosomes, we delve into three characterized mechanisms for viral fusion triggering in endosomes: by low pH, by receptor binding plus low pH and by receptor binding plus the action of a protease. We end with a discussion of viruses that may employ novel endosomal fusion‐triggering mechanisms. A key take‐home message is that enveloped viruses that enter cells by fusing in endosomes traverse the endocytic pathway until they reach an endosome that has all of the environmental conditions (pH, proteases, ions, intracellular receptors and lipid composition) to (if needed) prime and (in all cases) trigger the fusion protein and to support membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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