1
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Er-Lukowiak M, Hänzelmann S, Rothe M, Moamenpour DT, Hausmann F, Khatri R, Hansen C, Boldt J, Bärreiter VA, Honecker B, Bea A, Groneberg M, Fehling H, Marggraff C, Cadar D, Bonn S, Sellau J, Lotter H. Testosterone affects type I/type II interferon response of neutrophils during hepatic amebiasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1279245. [PMID: 38179044 PMCID: PMC10764495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1279245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Differences in immune response between men and women may influence the outcome of infectious diseases. Intestinal infection with Entamoeba histolytica leads to hepatic amebiasis, which is more common in males. Previously, we reported that innate immune cells contribute to liver damage in males in the murine model for hepatic amebiasis. Here, we focused on the influences of sex and androgens on neutrophils in particular. Infection associated with neutrophil accumulation in the liver was higher in male than in female mice and further increased after testosterone treatment in both sexes. Compared with female neutrophils, male neutrophils exhibit a more immature and less activated status, as evidenced by a lower proinflammatory N1-like phenotype and deconvolution, decreased gene expression of type I and type II interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) as well as downregulation of signaling pathways related to neutrophil activation. Neutrophils from females showed higher protein expression of the type I ISG viperin/RSAD2 during infection, which decreased by testosterone substitution. Moreover, ex vivo stimulation of human neutrophils revealed lower production of RSAD2 in neutrophils from men compared with women. These findings indicate that sex-specific effects on neutrophil physiology associated with maturation and type I IFN responsiveness might be important in the outcome of hepatic amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Er-Lukowiak
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Hänzelmann
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Biomedical Artificial Intelligenc, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Rothe
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David T. Moamenpour
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Hausmann
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Biomedical Artificial Intelligenc, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Khatri
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Biomedical Artificial Intelligenc, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Hansen
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Boldt
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valentin A. Bärreiter
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Honecker
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Bea
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Groneberg
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helena Fehling
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Marggraff
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dániel Cadar
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Center for Biomedical Artificial Intelligenc, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julie Sellau
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Lotter
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Anders J, König C, Lender C, Hellhund A, Nehls S, Shalabi I, Honecker B, Lorenzen S, Meyer M, Matthiesen J, Cadar D, Roeder T, Galal Metwally N, Lotter H, Bruchhaus I. Genes differentially expressed between pathogenic and non-pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica clones influence pathogenicity-associated phenotypes by multiple mechanisms. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011745. [PMID: 38134215 PMCID: PMC10773965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, two genes involved in amoebic liver abscess formation in a mouse model were identified by their differential expression of non-pathogenic (A1np) and pathogenic (B2p) clones of the Entamoeba histolytica isolate HM:1-IMSS. While overexpression of a gene encoding the metallopeptidase EhMP8-2 reduces the virulence of the pathogenic clone B2p, overexpression of the gene ehi_127670 (ehhp127), encoding a hypothetical protein, increases the virulence of the non-pathogenic clone A1np, while silencing this gene in the pathogenic B2p reduces virulence. To understand the role of both molecules in determining the pathogenicity of E. histolytica, silencing, and overexpression transfectants were characterized in detail. Silencing of ehmp8-2, of the homologous gene ehmp8-1, or both in non-pathogenic A1np trophozoites significantly altered the transcript levels of 347, 216, and 58 genes, respectively. This strong change in the expression profiles caused by the silencing of ehmp8-1 and ehmp8-2 implies that these peptidases regulate the expression of numerous genes. Consequently, numerous phenotypic characteristics, including cytopathic, hemolytic, and cysteine peptidase activity, were altered in response to their silencing. Silencing of ehhp127 in pathogenic B2p trophozoites did not affect the expression of other genes, whereas its overexpression in non-pathogenic A1np trophozoites results in an altered expression of approximately 140 genes. EhHP127 is important for trophozoite motility, as its silencing reduces, while its overexpression enhances movement activity. Interestingly, the specific silencing of ehhp127 also significantly affects cytopathic, cysteine peptidase, and hemolytic activities. All three molecules characterized in this study, namely EhMP8-1, EhMP8-2, and EhHP127, are present in amoeba vesicles. The results show that ehmp8-2 and ehhp127 are not only differentially expressed between pathogenic and non-pathogenic amoebae, but that they also significantly affect amoeba pathogenicity-associated phenotypes by completely different mechanisms. This observation suggests that the regulation of amoeba pathogenicity is achieved by a complex network of molecular mechanisms rather than by single factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliett Anders
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constantin König
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Lender
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Hellhund
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Nehls
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Shalabi
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Honecker
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Lorenzen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Meyer
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Matthiesen
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dániel Cadar
- Department of Arbovirology and Entomology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Kiel University, Department Molecular Physiology, Zoology, Kiel, Germany
- DZL, German Center for Lung Research, ARCN, Airway Research Center North, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nahla Galal Metwally
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Lotter
- RG Molecular Infection Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- RG-Host Parasite Interaction, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Biology Department, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Yanagawa Y, Singh U. Diversity and Plasticity of Virulent Characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050255. [PMID: 37235303 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of clinical syndromes of amebiasis, caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, stems from the intricate interplay between the host immune system, the virulence of the invading parasite, and the surrounding environment. Although there is still a relative paucity of information about the precise relationship between virulence factors and the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica, by accumulating data from clinical and basic research, researchers have identified essential pathogenic factors that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of amebiasis, providing important insights into disease development through animal models. Moreover, the parasite's genetic variability has been associated with differences in virulence and disease outcomes, making it important to fully understand the epidemiology and pathogenesis of amebiasis. Deciphering the true mechanism of disease progression in humans caused by this parasite is made more difficult through its ability to demonstrate both genomic and pathological plasticity. The objective of this article is to underscore the heterogeneous nature of disease states and the malleable virulence characteristics in experimental models, while also identifying persistent scientific issues that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Yanagawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Lozano-Mendoza J, Ramírez-Montiel F, Rangel-Serrano Á, Páramo-Pérez I, Mendoza-Macías CL, Saavedra-Salazar F, Franco B, Vargas-Maya N, Jeelani G, Saito-Nakano Y, Anaya-Velázquez F, Nozaki T, Padilla-Vaca F. Attenuation of In Vitro and In Vivo Virulence Is Associated with Repression of Gene Expression of AIG1 Gene in Entamoeba histolytica. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030489. [PMID: 36986411 PMCID: PMC10051847 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica virulence results from complex host-parasite interactions implicating multiple amoebic components (e.g., Gal/GalNAc lectin, cysteine proteinases, and amoebapores) and host factors (microbiota and immune response). UG10 is a strain derived from E. histolytica virulent HM-1:IMSS strain that has lost its virulence in vitro and in vivo as determined by a decrease of hemolytic, cytopathic, and cytotoxic activities, increased susceptibility to human complement, and its inability to form liver abscesses in hamsters. We compared the transcriptome of nonvirulent UG10 and its parental HM-1:IMSS strain. No differences in gene expression of the classical virulence factors were observed. Genes downregulated in the UG10 trophozoites encode for proteins that belong to small GTPases, such as Rab and AIG1. Several protein-coding genes, including iron-sulfur flavoproteins and heat shock protein 70, were also upregulated in UG10. Overexpression of the EhAIG1 gene (EHI_180390) in nonvirulent UG10 trophozoites resulted in augmented virulence in vitro and in vivo. Cocultivation of HM-1:IMSS with E. coli O55 bacteria cells reduced virulence in vitro, and the EhAIG1 gene expression was downregulated. In contrast, virulence was increased in the monoxenic strain UG10, and the EhAIG1 gene expression was upregulated. Therefore, the EhAIG1 gene (EHI_180390) represents a novel virulence determinant in E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeth Lozano-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Fátima Ramírez-Montiel
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Ángeles Rangel-Serrano
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Itzel Páramo-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | | | - Faridi Saavedra-Salazar
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Franco
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Naurú Vargas-Maya
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Ghulam Jeelani
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan
| | - Fernando Anaya-Velázquez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan
| | - Felipe Padilla-Vaca
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
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5
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Ding Y, Wang X, Wang D, Jiang L, Xie J, Wang T, Song L, Zhao X. Identification of CmbHLH Transcription Factor Family and Excavation of CmbHLHs Resistant to Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria in Chrysanthemum. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020275. [PMID: 36833202 PMCID: PMC9957535 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. 'Huaihuang' is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. However, a black spot disease caused by Alternaria sp., a typical necrotrophic fungus, has a serious damaging influence on the field growth, yield, and quality of the plant. 'Huaiju 2#' being bred from 'Huaihuang', shows resistance to Alternaria sp. bHLH transcription factor has been widely studied because of their functions in growth development, signal transduction, and abiotic stress. However, the function of bHLH in biotic stress has rarely been studied. To characterize the resistance genes, the CmbHLH family was surveyed in 'Huaiju 2#'. On the basis of the transcriptome database of 'Huaiju 2#' after Alternaria sp. inoculation, with the aid of the Chrysanthemum genome database, 71 CmbHLH genes were identified and divided into 17 subfamilies. Most (64.8%) of the CmbHLH proteins were rich in negatively charged amino acids. CmbHLH proteins are generally hydrophilic proteins with a high aliphatic amino acid content. Among the 71 CmbHLH proteins, five CmbHLHs were significantly upregulated by Alternaria sp. infection, and the expression of CmbHLH18 was the most significant. Furthermore, heterologous overexpression of CmbHLH18 could improve the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola by enhancing callose deposition, preventing spores from entering leaves, reducing ROS accumulation, increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and defense enzymes, and promoting their gene expression levels. These results indicate that the five CmbHLHs, especially CmbHLH18, may be considered candidate genes for resistance to necrotrophic fungus. These findings not only increase our understanding of the role CmbHLHs play in biotic stress but also provide a basis by using CmbHLHs to breed a new variety of Chrysanthemum with high resistance to necrotrophic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Liwei Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Tianle Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lingyu Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiting Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Biotechnology for Green Medicinal Plant of Henan Province, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-182-3739-1085 or +86-135-6988-6182
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González-Blanco G, García-Rivera G, Talmás-Rohana P, Orozco E, Galindo-Rosales JM, Vélez C, Salucedo-Cárdenas O, Azuara-Liceaga E, Rodríguez-Rodríguez MA, Nozaki T, Valdés J. An Unusual U2AF2 Inhibits Splicing and Attenuates the Virulence of the Human Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:888428. [PMID: 35782149 PMCID: PMC9247205 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.888428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
E. histolytica is the etiological agent of intestinal amebiasis and liver abscesses, which still poses public health threat globally. Metronidazole is the drug of choice against amebiasis. However, metronidazole-resistant amoebic clinical isolates and strains have been reported recently, challenging the efforts for amebiasis eradication. In search of alternative treatments, E. histolytica transcriptomes have shown the association of genes involved in RNA metabolism with the virulence of the parasite. Among the upregulated genes in amoebic liver abscesses are the splicing factors EhU2AF2 and a paralog of EhSF3B1. For this reason and because EhU2AF2 contains unusual KH-QUA2 (84KQ) motifs in its lengthened C-terminus domain, here we investigated how the role of EhU2AF2 in pre-mRNA processing impacts the virulence of the parasite. We found that 84KQ is involved in splicing inhibition/intron retention of several virulence and non-virulence-related genes. The 84KQ domain interacts with the same domain of the constitutive splicing factor SF1 (SF1KQ), both in solution and when SF1KQ is bound to branchpoint signal RNA probes. The 84KQ–SF1KQ interaction prevents splicing complex E to A transition, thus inhibiting splicing. Surprisingly, the deletion of the 84KQ domain in EhU2AF2 amoeba transformants increased splicing and enhanced the in vitro and in vivo virulence phenotypes. We conclude that the interaction of the 84KQ and SF1KQ domains, probably involving additional factors, tunes down Entamoeba virulence by favoring intron retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretter González-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), CDMX, Mexico
| | - Guillermina García-Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), CDMX, Mexico
| | - Patricia Talmás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), CDMX, Mexico
| | - Ester Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), CDMX, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Galindo-Rosales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), CDMX, Mexico
| | - Cristina Vélez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), CDMX, Mexico
| | - Odila Salucedo-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Elisa Azuara-Liceaga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Mario Alberto Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), CDMX, Mexico
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jesús Valdés
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), CDMX, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Jesús Valdés,
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7
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Saito-Nakano Y, Makiuchi T, Tochikura M, Gilchrist CA, Petri WA, Nozaki T. ArfX2 GTPase Regulates Trafficking From the Trans-Golgi to Lysosomes and Is Necessary for Liver Abscess Formation in the Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:794152. [PMID: 34976870 PMCID: PMC8719317 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.794152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery and liver abscess in humans. The parasitic lifestyle and the virulence of the protist require elaborate biological processes, including vesicular traffic and stress management against a variety of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by the host immune response. Although the mechanisms for intracellular traffic of representative virulence factors have been investigated at molecular levels, it remains poorly understood whether and how intracellular traffic is involved in the defense against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Here, we demonstrate that EhArfX2, one of the Arf family of GTPases known to be involved in the regulation of vesicular traffic, was identified by comparative transcriptomic analysis of two isogenic strains: an animal-passaged highly virulent HM-1:IMSS Cl6 and in vitro maintained attenuated avirulent strain. EhArfX2 was identified as one of the most highly upregulated genes in the highly virulent strain. EhArfX2 was localized to small vesicle-like structures and largely colocalized with the marker for the trans-Golgi network SNARE, EhYkt6, but neither with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperon, EhBip, nor the cis-Golgi SNARE, EhSed5, and Golgi-luminal galactosyl transferase, EhGalT. Expression of the dominant-active mutant form of EhArfX2 caused an increase in the number of lysosomes, while expression of the dominant-negative mutant led to a defect in lysosome formation and cysteine protease transport to lysosomes. Expression of the dominant-negative mutant in the virulent E. histolytica strain caused a reduction of the size of liver abscesses in a hamster model. This defect in liver abscess formation was likely at least partially attributed to reduced resistance to nitrosative, but not oxidative stress in vitro. These results showed that the EhArfX2-mediated traffic is necessary for the nitrosative stress response and virulence in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Makiuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mami Tochikura
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carol A Gilchrist
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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HIF-1α modulates sex-specific Th17/Treg responses during hepatic amoebiasis. J Hepatol 2022; 76:160-173. [PMID: 34599999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS An invasive form of intestinal Entamoeba (E.) histolytica infection, which causes amoebic liver abscess, is more common in men than in women. Immunopathological mechanisms are responsible for the more severe outcome in males. Here, we used a mouse model of hepatic amoebiasis to investigate the contribution of hepatic hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α to T helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cell (Treg) responses in the context of the sex-specific outcome of liver damage. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were infected intrahepatically with E. histolytica trophozoites. HIF-1α expression was determined by qPCR, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Tregs and Th17 cells were analysed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Finally, male and female hepatocyte-specific Hif1α knockout mice were generated, and the effect of HIF-1α on abscess development, the cytokine milieu, and Th17/Treg differentiation was examined. RESULTS E. histolytica infection increased hepatic HIF-1α levels, along with the elevated frequencies of hepatic Th17 and Treg cells. While the Th17 cell population was larger in male mice, Tregs characterised by increased expression of Foxp3 in female mice. Male mice displayed increased IL-6 expression, contributing to immunopathology; this increase in IL-6 expression declined upon deletion of hepatic HIF-1α. In both sexes, hepatic deletion of HIF-1α reduced the Th17 cell frequency; however, the percentage of Tregs was reduced in female mice only. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic HIF-1α modulates the sex-specific outcome of murine E. histolytica infection. Our results suggest that in male mice, Th17 cells can be modulated by hepatic HIF-1α via IL-6, indicating marked involvement in the immunopathology underlying abscess development. Strong expression of Foxp3 by hepatic Tregs from female mice suggests a potent immunosuppressive function, leading to initiation of liver regeneration. LAY SUMMARY Infection with the parasite Entamoeba histolytica activates immunopathological mechanisms in male mice, which lead to liver abscesses that are larger than those in female mice. In the absence of the protein HIF-1α in hepatocytes, abscess formation is reduced; moreover, the sex difference in abscess size is abolished. These results suggest that HIF-1α modulates the immune response involved in the induction of immunopathology, resulting in differential disease susceptibility in males and females.
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9
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Verner Z, Žárský V, Le T, Narayanasamy RK, Rada P, Rozbeský D, Makki A, Belišová D, Hrdý I, Vancová M, Lender C, König C, Bruchhaus I, Tachezy J. Anaerobic peroxisomes in Entamoeba histolytica metabolize myo-inositol. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010041. [PMID: 34780573 PMCID: PMC8629394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is believed to be devoid of peroxisomes, like most anaerobic protists. In this work, we provided the first evidence that peroxisomes are present in E. histolytica, although only seven proteins responsible for peroxisome biogenesis (peroxins) were identified (Pex1, Pex6, Pex5, Pex11, Pex14, Pex16, and Pex19). Targeting matrix proteins to peroxisomes is reduced to the PTS1-dependent pathway mediated via the soluble Pex5 receptor, while the PTS2 receptor Pex7 is absent. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that peroxisomal markers (Pex5, Pex14, Pex16, Pex19) are present in vesicles distinct from mitosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the endosome/phagosome system, except Pex11, which has dual localization in peroxisomes and mitosomes. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that Pex14 localized to vesicles of approximately 90-100 nm in diameter. Proteomic analyses of affinity-purified peroxisomes and in silico PTS1 predictions provided datasets of 655 and 56 peroxisomal candidates, respectively; however, only six proteins were shared by both datasets, including myo-inositol dehydrogenase (myo-IDH). Peroxisomal NAD-dependent myo-IDH appeared to be a dimeric enzyme with high affinity to myo-inositol (Km 0.044 mM) and can utilize also scyllo-inositol, D-glucose and D-xylose as substrates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that orthologs of myo-IDH with PTS1 are present in E. dispar, E. nutalli and E. moshkovskii but not in E. invadens, and form a monophyletic clade of mostly peroxisomal orthologs with free-living Mastigamoeba balamuthi and Pelomyxa schiedti. The presence of peroxisomes in E. histolytica and other archamoebae breaks the paradigm of peroxisome absence in anaerobes and provides a new potential target for the development of antiparasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Verner
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Žárský
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Tien Le
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ravi Kumar Narayanasamy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Rada
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rozbeský
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Abhijith Makki
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Darja Belišová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hrdý
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vancová
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Corinna Lender
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constantin König
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
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10
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König C, Honecker B, Wilson IW, Weedall GD, Hall N, Roeder T, Metwally NG, Bruchhaus I. Taxon-Specific Proteins of the Pathogenic Entamoeba Species E. histolytica and E. nuttalli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:641472. [PMID: 33816346 PMCID: PMC8017271 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.641472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica can live in the human intestine for months or years without generating any symptoms in the host. For unknown reasons, amoebae can suddenly destroy the intestinal mucosa and become invasive. This can lead to amoebic colitis or extraintestinal amoebiasis whereby the amoebae spread to other organs via the blood vessels, most commonly the liver where abscesses develop. Entamoeba nuttalli is the closest genetic relative of E. histolytica and is found in wild macaques. Another close relative is E. dispar, which asyptomatically infects the human intestine. Although all three species are closely related, only E. histolytica and E. nuttalli are able to penetrate their host’s intestinal epithelium. Lineage-specific genes and gene families may hold the key to understanding differences in virulence among species. Here we discuss those genes found in E. histolytica that have relatives in only one or neither of its sister species, with particular focus on the peptidase, AIG, Ariel, and BspA families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin König
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Honecker
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ian W Wilson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Zoology, Department of Molecular Physiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Cárdenas-Hernández H, Titaux-Delgado GA, Castañeda-Ortiz EJ, Torres-Larios A, Brieba LG, Del Río-Portilla F, Azuara-Liceaga E. Genome-wide and structural analysis of the Myb-SHAQKYF family in Entamoeba histolytica. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140601. [PMID: 33422669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Amoebiasis is the third leading cause of death among protozoon parasitic diseases in the lower-middle income countries. Understanding the molecular events that control gene expression such as transcription factors, their DNA binding mode and target sequences can help to develop new antiamoebic drugs against Entamoeba histolytica. In this paper we performed a genome and structural analysis of a specific transcription factor. The genome of E. histolytica codifies for 9 EhMybSHAQKYF proteins, which are a family within a large group of 34 Myb-DNA-binding domain (Myb-DBD) containing proteins. Here we compared Entamoeba Myb-SHAQKYF proteins with Myb-like proteins from the Reveille (RVE) family, important regulators of plant circadian networks. This comparison could lead to stablish their role in E. histolytica life cycle. We show that the ehmybshaqkyf genes are differentially expressed in trophozoites under basal cell culture conditions. An in-silico analysis predicts that members of this group harbor a highly conserved and structured Myb-DBD and a large portion of intrinsically disordered residues. As the Myb-DBD of these proteins harbors a distinctive Q[VI]R[ST]HAQK[YF]F sequence in its putative third α-helix, we consider relevant to determine the three-dimensional (3D) structure of one of them. An NMR structure of the Myb-DBD of EhMybS3 shows that this protein is composed of three α-helices stabilized by a hydrophobic core, similar to Myb proteins of different kingdoms. It is remarkable that despite not sharing similarities in their amino acid sequences, the structure of the Myb-DBD of the EhMybS3 is well conserved in this early branching eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helios Cárdenas-Hernández
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - Alfredo Torres-Larios
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis G Brieba
- Grupo de Bioquímica Estructural, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México
| | | | - Elisa Azuara-Liceaga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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12
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König C, Meyer M, Lender C, Nehls S, Wallaschkowski T, Holm T, Matthies T, Lercher D, Matthiesen J, Fehling H, Roeder T, Reindl S, Rosenthal M, Metwally NG, Lotter H, Bruchhaus I. An Alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) from Entamoeba histolytica Is Involved in the Detoxification of Toxic Aldehydes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101608. [PMID: 33086693 PMCID: PMC7594077 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a putative alcohol dehydrogenase 3, termed EhADH3B of the Entamoeba histolytica isolate HM-1:IMSS was identified, which is expressed at higher levels in non-pathogenic than in pathogenic amoebae and whose overexpression reduces the virulence of pathogenic amoebae. In an in silico analysis performed in this study, we assigned EhADH3B to a four-member ADH3 family, with ehadh3b present as a duplicate (ehadh3ba/ehadh3bb). In long-term laboratory cultures a mutation was identified at position 496 of ehadh3ba, which codes for a stop codon, which was not the case for amoebae isolated from human stool samples. When using transfectants that overexpress or silence ehadh3bb, we found no or little effect on growth, size, erythrophagocytosis, motility, hemolytic or cysteine peptidase activity. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant EhADH3Bb revealed that this protein forms a dimer containing Ni2+ or Zn2+ as a co-factor and that the enzyme converts acetaldehyde and formaldehyde in the presence of NADPH. A catalytic activity based on alcohols as substrates was not detected. Based on the results, we postulate that EhADH3Bb can reduce free acetaldehyde released by hydrolysis from bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase-bound thiohemiacetal and that it is involved in detoxification of toxic aldehydes produced by the host or the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin König
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Martin Meyer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Corinna Lender
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Sarah Nehls
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Tina Wallaschkowski
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Tobias Holm
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Thorben Matthies
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Dirk Lercher
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Jenny Matthiesen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Helena Fehling
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Molecular Physiology Department, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Sophia Reindl
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Maria Rosenthal
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Nahla Galal Metwally
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Hannelore Lotter
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Differential Pathogenic Gene Expression of E. histolytica in Patients with Different Clinical Forms of Amoebiasis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101556. [PMID: 33050280 PMCID: PMC7650713 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiological agent of human amoebiasis is the protozoan parasite E. histolytica; the disease is still an endemic infection in some countries and the outcome of infection in the host infection can range from asymptomatic intestinal infection to intestinal or liver invasive forms of the disease. The invasive character of this parasite is multifactorial and mainly due to the differential expression of multiple pathogenic genes. The aim of the present work was to measure the differential expression of some genes in different specimens of patients with amoebic liver abscess (ALA) and specimens of genital amoebiasis (AG) by RT-qPCR. Results show that the expression of genes is different in both types of samples. Almost all studied genes were over expressed in both sets of patients; however, superoxide dismutase (Ehsod), serine threonine isoleucine rich protein (Ehstirp), peroxiredoxin (Ehprd) and heat shock protein 70 and 90 (Ehhsp-70, EHhsp-90) were higher in AG biopsies tissue. Furthermore, cysteine proteinases 5 and 2 (Ehcp5, Ehcp2), lectin (Ehgal/galnaclectin) and calreticulin (Ehcrt) genes directly associate with pathogenic mechanisms of E. histolytica had similar over expression in both AG and ALA samples. In summary the results obtained show that trophozoites can regulate the expression of their genes depending on stimuli or environmental conditions, in order to regulate their pathogenicity and ensure their survival in the host.
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14
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Sellau J, Groneberg M, Fehling H, Thye T, Hoenow S, Marggraff C, Weskamm M, Hansen C, Stanelle-Bertram S, Kuehl S, Noll J, Wolf V, Metwally NG, Hagen SH, Dorn C, Wernecke J, Ittrich H, Tannich E, Jacobs T, Bruchhaus I, Altfeld M, Lotter H. Androgens predispose males to monocyte-mediated immunopathology by inducing the expression of leukocyte recruitment factor CXCL1. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3459. [PMID: 32651360 PMCID: PMC7351718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic amebiasis, predominantly occurring in men, is a focal destruction of the liver due to the invading protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Classical monocytes as well as testosterone are identified to have important functions for the development of hepatic amebiasis in mice, but a link between testosterone and monocytes has not been identified. Here we show that testosterone treatment induces proinflammatory responses in human and mouse classical monocytes. When treated with 5α-dihydrotestosterone, a strong androgen receptor ligand, human classical monocytes increase CXCL1 production in the presence of Entamoeba histolytica antigens. Moreover, plasma testosterone levels of individuals undergoing transgender procedure correlate positively with the TNF and CXCL1 secretion from their cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Finally, testosterone substitution of castrated male mice increases the frequency of TNF/CXCL1-producing classical monocytes during hepatic amebiasis, supporting the hypothesis that the effects of androgens may contribute to an increased risk of developing monocyte-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sellau
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Groneberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helena Fehling
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Thye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Hoenow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Marggraff
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Weskamm
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stanelle-Bertram
- Department Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Kuehl
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jill Noll
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Wolf
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nahla Galal Metwally
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Hendrik Hagen
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia Wernecke
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald Ittrich
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Lotter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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15
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Entamoeba histolytica Interaction with Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Increases Parasite Virulence and Inflammation in Amebiasis. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00279-19. [PMID: 31527129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00279-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest frequent association of enteropathogenic bacteria with Entamoeba histolytica during symptomatic infection. In this study, we sought to determine if the interaction with enteropathogenic (EPEC) or nonpathogenic Escherichia coli (strain DH5α) could modify the virulence of E. histolytica to cause disease in animal models of amebiasis. In vitro studies showed a 2-fold increase in CaCo2 monolayer destruction when E. histolytica interacted with EPEC but not with E. coli DH5α for 2.5 h. This was associated with increased E. histolytica proteolytic activity as revealed by zymogram analysis and degradation of the E. histolytica CP-A1/5 (EhCP-A1/5) peptide substrate Z-Arg-Arg-pNC and EhCP4 substrate Z-Val-Val-Arg-AMC. Additionally, E. histolytica-EPEC interaction increased EhCP-A1, -A2, -A4, and -A5, Hgl, Apa, and Cox-1 mRNA expression. Despite the marked upregulation of E. histolytica virulence factors, nonsignificant macroscopic differences in amebic liver abscess development were observed at early stages in hamsters inoculated with either E. histolytica-EPEC or E. histolytica-E. coli DH5α. Histopathology of livers of E. histolytica-EPEC-inoculated animals revealed foci of acute inflammation 3 h postinoculation that progressively increased, producing large inflammatory reactions, ischemia, and necrosis with high expression of il-1β, ifn-γ, and tnf-α proinflammatory cytokine genes compared with that in livers of E. histolytica-E. coli DH5α-inoculated animals. In closed colonic loops from mice, intense inflammation was observed with E. histolytica-EPEC manifested by downregulation of Math1 mRNA with a corresponding increase in the expression of Muc2 mucin and proinflammatory cytokine genes il-6, il-12, and mcp-1 These results demonstrate that E. histolytica/EPEC interaction enhanced the expression and production of key molecules associated with E. histolytica virulence, critical in pathogenesis and progression of disease.
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Tomii K, Santos HJ, Nozaki T. Genome-Wide Analysis of Known and Potential Tetraspanins in Entamoeba histolytica. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110885. [PMID: 31684194 PMCID: PMC6895871 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are membrane proteins involved in intra- and/or intercellular signaling, and membrane protein complex formation. In some organisms, their role is associated with virulence and pathogenesis. Here, we investigate known and potential tetraspanins in the human intestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. We conducted sequence similarity searches against the proteome data of E. histolytica and newly identified nine uncharacterized proteins as potential tetraspanins in E. histolytica. We found three subgroups within known and potential tetraspanins, as well as subgroup-associated features in both their amino acid and nucleotide sequences. We also examined the subcellular localization of a few representative tetraspanins that might be potentially related to pathogenicity. The results in this study could be useful resources for further understanding and downstream analyses of tetraspanins in Entamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tomii
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
| | - Herbert J Santos
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Ramírez-Montiel F, Mendoza-Macías C, Andrade-Guillén S, Rangel-Serrano Á, Páramo-Pérez I, Rivera-Cuéllar PE, España-Sánchez BL, Luna-Bárcenas G, Anaya-Velázquez F, Franco B, Padilla-Vaca F. Plasma membrane damage repair is mediated by an acid sphingomyelinase in Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008016. [PMID: 31461501 PMCID: PMC6713333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a pathogen that during its infective process confronts the host defenses, which damages the amoebic plasma membrane (PM), resulting in the loss of viability. However, it is unknown whether amoebic trophozoites are able to repair their PM when it is damaged. Acid sphingomyelinases (aSMases) have been reported in mammalian cells to promote endocytosis and removal of PM lesions. In this work, six predicted amoebic genes encoding for aSMases were found to be transcribed in the HM1:IMSS strain, finding that the EhaSM6 gene is the most transcribed in basal growth conditions and rendered a functional protein. The secreted aSMase activity detected was stimulated by Mg+2 and inhibited by Co+2. Trophozoites that overexpress the EhaSM6 gene (HM1-SM6HA) exhibit an increase of 2-fold in the secreted aSMase activity. This transfectant trophozoites exposed to pore-forming molecules (SLO, Magainin, β-Defensin 2 and human complement) exhibited an increase from 6 to 25-fold in the secreted aSMase activity which correlated with higher amoebic viability in a Ca+2 dependent process. However, other agents that affect the PM such as hydrogen peroxide also induced an increase of secreted aSMase, but to a lesser extent. The aSMase6 enzyme is N- and C-terminal processed. Confocal and transmission electron microscopy showed that trophozoites treated with SLO presented a migration of lysosomes containing the aSMase towards the PM, inducing the formation of membrane patches and endosomes in the control strain. These cellular structures were increased in the overexpressing strain, indicating the involvement of the aSMase6 in the PM injury repair. The pore-forming molecules induced an increase in the expression of EhaSM1, 2, 5 and 6 genes, meanwhile, hydrogen peroxide induced an increase in all of them. In all the conditions evaluated, the EhaSM6 gene exhibited the highest levels of induction. Overall, these novel findings show that the aSMase6 enzyme from E. histolytica promotes the repair of the PM damaged with pore-forming molecules to prevent losing cell integrity. This novel system could act when encountered with the lytic defense systems of the host. The host-amoeba relationship is based on a series of interplays between host defense mechanisms and parasite survival strategies. While host cells elaborate diverse mechanisms for pathogen elimination, Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites have also developed complex strategies to counteract host immune response and facilitate its own survival while confronting host defenses. E. histolytica exposed to pore-forming proteins such as β-Defensin 2, human complement and Streptolysin O (SLO), increases the activity of secreted aSMase, which is related to greater amoebic viability. Other agents that affect plasma membrane (PM) may also increase secreted aSMase but to a lesser extent. SLO form pores in the PM of E. histolytica trophozoites that initiates the uncontrolled entry of Ca2+, recognized as the primary trigger for cell responses which favors the migration of the lysosomes to the periphery of the cell, fuses with the PM and release their content, including aSMase to the external side of the cell. The secreted aSMase favoring the internalization of the lesion for its degradation in phagolysosomes. During the early stages of PM damage, the pores are rapidly blocked by patch-like structures that prevent the lysis of the trophozoite and immediately begin internalizing the lesion. The aSMase6 overexpression favors the repair of the lesion and the survival of E. histolytica trophozoites. Pore-forming proteins induced an increase in the expression of EhaSM1, 2, 5 and 6 genes, meanwhile oxidative stress induced an increase in all of them. Here we report, for the first time, that E. histolytica possess a mechanism for PM damage repair mediated by aSMase similar to the system described in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Ramírez-Montiel
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Claudia Mendoza-Macías
- Departmento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Sairy Andrade-Guillén
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Ángeles Rangel-Serrano
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Itzel Páramo-Pérez
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Paris E. Rivera-Cuéllar
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - B. Liliana España-Sánchez
- CONACYT_Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Electroquímica (CIDETEQ) S.C. Parque Tecnológico, San Fandila, Querétaro, México
| | - Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV) Unidad Querétaro, Fracc. Real de Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Fernando Anaya-Velázquez
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Franco
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- * E-mail: (BF); (FPV)
| | - Felipe Padilla-Vaca
- Departmento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- * E-mail: (BF); (FPV)
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18
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Naiyer S, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Advances in Entamoeba histolytica Biology Through Transcriptomic Analysis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1921. [PMID: 31481949 PMCID: PMC6710346 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of transcriptome-level studies in Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, have investigated gene expression patterns to help understand the pathology and biology of the organism. They have compared virulent and avirulent strains in lab culture and after tissue invasion, cells grown under different stress conditions, response to anti-amoebic drug treatments, and gene expression changes during the process of encystation. These studies have revealed interesting molecules/pathways that will help increase our mechanistic understanding of differentially expressed genes during growth perturbations and tissue invasion. Some of the important insights obtained from transcriptome studies include the observations that regulation of carbohydrate metabolism may be an important determinant for tissue invasion, while the novel up-regulated genes during encystation include phospholipase D, and meiotic genes, suggesting the possibility of meiosis during the process. Classification of genes according to expression levels showed that amongst the highly transcribed genes in cultured E. histolytica trophozoites were some virulence factors, raising the question of the role of these factors in normal parasite growth. Promoter motifs associated with differential gene expression and regulation were identified. Some of these motifs associated with high gene expression were located downstream of start codon, and were required for efficient transcription. The listing of E. histolytica genes according to transcript expression levels will help us determine the scale of post-transcriptional regulation, and the possible roles of predicted promoter motifs. The small RNA transcriptome is a valuable resource for detailed structural and functional analysis of these molecules and their regulatory roles. These studies provide new drug targets and enhance our understanding of gene regulation in E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Naiyer
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Naiyer S, Kaur D, Ahamad J, Singh SS, Singh YP, Thakur V, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Transcriptomic analysis reveals novel downstream regulatory motifs and highly transcribed virulence factor genes of Entamoeba histolytica. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:206. [PMID: 30866809 PMCID: PMC6416950 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Promoter motifs in Entamoeba histolytica were earlier analysed using microarray data with lower dynamic range of gene expression. Additionally, previous transcriptomic studies did not provide information on the nature of highly transcribed genes, and downstream promoter motifs important for gene expression. To address these issues we generated RNA-Seq data and identified the high and low expressing genes, especially with respect to virulence potential. We analysed sequences both upstream and downstream of start site for important motifs. Results We used RNA-Seq data to classify genes according to expression levels, which ranged six orders of magnitude. Data were validated by reporter gene expression. Virulence-related genes (except AIG1) were amongst the highly expressed, while some kinases and BspA family genes were poorly expressed. We looked for conserved motifs in sequences upstream and downstream of the initiation codon. Following enrichment by AME we found seven motifs significantly enriched in high expression- and three in low expression-classes. Two of these motifs (M4 and M6) were located downstream of AUG, were exclusively enriched in high expression class, and were mostly found in ribosomal protein, and translation-related genes. Motif deletion resulted in drastic down regulation of reporter gene expression, showing functional relevance. Distribution of core promoter motifs (TATA, GAAC, and Inr) in all genes revealed that genes with downstream motifs were not preferentially associated with TATA-less promoters. We looked at gene expression changes in cells subjected to growth stress by serum starvation, and experimentally validated the data. Genes showing maximum up regulation belonged to the low or medium expression class, and included genes in signalling pathways, lipid metabolism, DNA repair, Myb transcription factors, BspA, and heat shock. Genes showing maximum down regulation belonged to the high or medium expression class. They included genes for signalling factors, actin, Ariel family, and ribosome biogenesis factors. Conclusion Our analysis has added important new information about the E. histolytica transcriptome. We report for the first time two downstream motifs required for gene expression, which could be used for over expression of E. histolytica genes. Most of the virulence-related genes in this parasite are highly expressed in culture. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5570-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Naiyer
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Devinder Kaur
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Jamaluddin Ahamad
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Vivek Thakur
- Centre for Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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20
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Niculescu VF. The reproductive life cycle of cancer: Hypotheses of cell of origin, TP53 drivers and stem cell conversions in the light of the atavistic cancer cell theory. Med Hypotheses 2018; 123:19-23. [PMID: 30696584 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) found in different solid cancers are reproductive cyst-like structures surrounded by an actin envelop. They give rise by hyper-polyploidisation to numerous progeny (microcells, neotic cells) that start a primitive multi-lined lineage and generate subsequent PGCCs by asymmetric cell division and cyclic differentiation. This cancer cell life cycle has multiple similarities with the life cycle of lower eukaryotes (protists) substantiating the atavistic theory of cancer. The primitive cancer life cycle contains several cell types including primary cancer stem cells, somatic cells, as well as reproductive cells, that differentiate new atavistic cyst like structures (aCLSs, PGCCs). Accordingly, cancer stem cells are not transformed normal stem cells (hSCs). Similarities between CSCs and normal hSCs arise from the evolutionary common origin of primitive eukaryotes and more highly evolved eukaryotic cells (stemness evolution). The cell of origin of cancer, as postulated here is a deregulated human cell that has lost, not only relevant control mechanisms and mitotic capacity, but also its normal human p53 network becoming useless for the atavistic life cycle. We believe that this protoprecursor of cancer reactivates an ancient primitive TP53 network originating from the common eukaryotic ancestor. This atavistic p53 helpes to repair genotoxic DNA damages of reproductive cancer cells including CSCs but not DNA damages of somatic cancer cells exposed to genotoxic stress.
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21
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Urquieta-Ramírez L, Ramírez-Montiel F, Andrade-Guillén S, Páramo-Pérez I, Rangel-Serrano Á, Reyes-Cortes R, Franco B, Mendoza-Macías CL, Anaya-Velázquez F, Padilla-Vaca F. Contribution of neutral sphingomyelinases to in vitro virulence of Entamoeba histolytica. Exp Parasitol 2018; 194:38-44. [PMID: 30253133 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a worldwide health problem caused by the pathogen Entamoeba histolytica. Several virulence factors have been implicated in host invasion, immune evasion, and tissue damage. There are still new factors that remain to be elucidated and characterized. In this work, we obtained amoebic transfectants overexpressing three of the neutral sphingomyelinase enzymes encoded in the E. histolytica genome. The EhnSM3 overexpression induced an increase in hemolytic and cytotoxic activities, besides an increase in gene expression of amoebapore A, B, and C. Meanwhile the EhnSM1 and EhnSM2 overexpression caused an increase in cytopathic activity. In all the neutral sphingomyelinases overexpressing strains, the gene expression levels for cysteine proteinase 5, adhesin 112 and, heavy and light Gal/GalNAc lectin subunits were not affected. We propose that the increase of cytotoxic and lytic effect of EhnSM3 overexpressed strain can be related to the sum of the effect of EhnSM3 plus amoebapores, in a process cell contact-dependent or as mediator by inducing the gene expression of amoebapores enabling a link between EhnSM3 with the virulence phenotype in E. histolytica. Our results suggest a differential role for neutral sphingomyelinases in E. histolytica virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Urquieta-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología y Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato, Gto, 36050, Mexico
| | - Fátima Ramírez-Montiel
- Departamento de Biología y Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato, Gto, 36050, Mexico
| | - Sairy Andrade-Guillén
- Departamento de Biología y Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato, Gto, 36050, Mexico
| | - Itzel Páramo-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología y Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato, Gto, 36050, Mexico
| | - Ángeles Rangel-Serrano
- Departamento de Biología y Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato, Gto, 36050, Mexico
| | - Ruth Reyes-Cortes
- Departamento de Biología y Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato, Gto, 36050, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Franco
- Departamento de Biología y Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato, Gto, 36050, Mexico
| | - Claudia Leticia Mendoza-Macías
- Departamento de Biología y Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato, Gto, 36050, Mexico
| | - Fernando Anaya-Velázquez
- Departamento de Biología y Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato, Gto, 36050, Mexico.
| | - Felipe Padilla-Vaca
- Departamento de Biología y Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato, Gto, 36050, Mexico.
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22
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Matthiesen J, Lender C, Haferkorn A, Fehling H, Meyer M, Matthies T, Tannich E, Roeder T, Lotter H, Bruchhaus I. Trigger-induced RNAi gene silencing to identify pathogenicity factors of Entamoeba histolytica. FASEB J 2018; 33:1658-1668. [PMID: 30169111 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801313r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Entamoeba histolytica clones derived from isolate HM-1:IMSS that differ in their pathogenicity were identified. Whereas some clones induce amoebic liver abscesses (ALAs) in animal models of amoebiasis, others provoke only minimal liver lesions. Based on transcriptome studies of pathogenic and nonpathogenic clones, differentially expressed genes associated with reduced or increased liver pathology can be identified. Here, to analyze the influence of these genes on ALA formation in more detail, an RNA interference-trigger mediated silencing approach was used. Using newly identified trigger sequences, the expression of 15 genes was silenced. The respective transfectants were analyzed for their ability to induce liver destruction in the murine model for the disease. Silencing of EHI_180390 (encoding an AIG1 protein) increased liver pathology induced by a nonpathogenic parent clone, whereas silencing of EHI_127670 (encoding a hypothetical protein) decreased the pathogenicity of an initially pathogenic parent clone. Additional phenotypical in vitro analyses of EHI_127670 silencing as well as overexpression transfectants indicated that this molecule has an influence on size, growth, and cysteine peptidase activity of E. histolytica. This work describes an example of how the sole operational method for effective gene silencing in E. histolytica can be used for comprehensive analyses of putative pathogenicity factors.-Matthiesen, J., Lender, C., Haferkorn, A., Fehling, H., Meyer, M., Matthies, T., Tannich, E., Roeder, T., Lotter, H., Bruchhaus, I. Trigger-induced RNAi gene silencing to identify pathogenicity factors of Entamoeba histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Matthiesen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Corinna Lender
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Anne Haferkorn
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Helena Fehling
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Martin Meyer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Thorben Matthies
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Molecular Physiology Department, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hannelore Lotter
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; and
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23
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Mendoza-Figueroa MS, Alfonso-Maqueira EE, Vélez C, Azuara-Liceaga EI, Zárate S, Villegas-Sepúlveda N, Saucedo-Cárdenas O, Valdés J. Postsplicing-Derived Full-Length Intron Circles in the Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:255. [PMID: 30123775 PMCID: PMC6085484 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncoding circular RNAs are widespread in the tree of life. Particularly, intron-containing circular RNAs which apparently upregulate their parental gene expression. Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of dysentery and liver abscesses in humans, codes for several noncoding RNAs, including circular ribosomal RNAs, but no intron containing circular RNAs have been described to date. Divergent RT-PCR and diverse molecular approaches, allowed us to detect bona fide full-length intronic circular RNA (flicRNA) molecules. Self-splicing reactions, RNA polymerase II inhibition with Actinomycin D, and second step of splicing-inhibition with boric acid showed that the production of flicRX13 (one of the flicRNAs found in this work, and our test model) depends on mRNA synthesis and pre-mRNA processing instead of self-splicing. To explore the cues and factors involved in flicRX13 biogenesis in vivo, splicing assays were carried out in amoeba transformants where splicing factors and Dbr1 (intron lariat debranching enzyme 1) were silenced or overexpressed, or where Rabx13 wild-type and mutant 5'ss (splice site) and branch site minigene constructs were overexpressed. Whereas SF1 (splicing factor 1) is not involved, the U2 auxiliary splicing factor, Dbr1, and the GU-rich 5'ss are involved in postsplicing flicRX13 biogenesis, probably by Dbr1 stalling, in a similar fashion to the formation of ciRNAs (circular intronic RNAs), but with distinctive 5'-3'ss ligation points. Different from the reported functions of ciRNAs, the 5'ss GU-rich element of flicRX13 possibly interacts with transcription machinery to silence its own gene in cis. Furthermore, introns of E. histolytica virulence-related genes are also processed as flicRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Mendoza-Figueroa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eddy E Alfonso-Maqueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristina Vélez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elisa I Azuara-Liceaga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Selene Zárate
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nicolás Villegas-Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.,División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jesús Valdés
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Nakada-Tsukui K, Sekizuka T, Sato-Ebine E, Escueta-de Cadiz A, Ji DD, Tomii K, Kuroda M, Nozaki T. AIG1 affects in vitro and in vivo virulence in clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006882. [PMID: 29554130 PMCID: PMC5884625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease state of amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, varies from asymptomatic to severe manifestations that include dysentery and extraintestinal abscesses. The virulence factors of the pathogen, and host defense mechanisms, contribute to the outcomes of infection; however, the underlying genetic factors, which affect clinical outcomes, remain to be fully elucidated. To identify these genetic factors in E. histolytica, we used Illumina next-generation sequencing to conduct a comparative genomic analysis of two clinical isolates obtained from diarrheal and asymptomatic patients (strains KU50 and KU27, respectively). By mapping KU50 and KU27 reads to the genome of a reference HM-1:IMSS strain, we identified two genes (EHI_089440 and EHI_176590) that were absent in strain KU27. In KU27, a single AIG1 (avrRpt2-induced gene 1) family gene (EHI_176590) was found to be deleted, from a tandem array of three AIG1 genes, by homologous recombination between the two flanking genes. Overexpression of the EHI_176590 gene, in strain HM-1:IMSS cl6, resulted in increased formation of cell-surface protrusions and enhanced adhesion to human erythrocytes. The EHI_176590 gene was detected by PCR in 56% of stool samples from symptomatic patients infected with E. histolytica, but only in 15% of stool samples from asymptomatic individuals. This suggests that the presence of the EHI_176590 gene is correlated with the outcomes of infection. Taken together, these data strongly indicate that the AIG1 family protein plays a pivotal role in E. histolytica virulence via regulation of host cell adhesion. Our in-vivo experiments, using a hamster liver abscess model, showed that overexpression or gene silencing of EHI_176590 reduced and increased liver abscess formation, respectively. This suggests that the AIG1 genes may have contrasting roles in virulence depending on the genetic background of the parasite and host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Sato-Ebine
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Dar-der Ji
- Center for Research and Diagnostics, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kentaro Tomii
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC) and Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Cysteine protease 30 (CP30) contributes to adhesion and cytopathogenicity in feline Tritrichomonas foetus. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:114-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ximénez C, González E, Nieves M, Magaña U, Morán P, Gudiño-Zayas M, Partida O, Hernández E, Rojas-Velázquez L, García de León MC, Maldonado H. Differential expression of pathogenic genes of Entamoeba histolytica vs E. dispar in a model of infection using human liver tissue explants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181962. [PMID: 28771523 PMCID: PMC5542602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to establish an ex vivo model for examining the interaction of E. histolytica with human tissue, using precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) from donated organs. E. histolytica- or E. dispar-infected PCLS were analyzed at different post-infection times (0, 1, 3, 24 and 48 h) to evaluate the relation between tissue damage and the expression of genes associated with three factors: a) parasite survival (peroxiredoxin, superoxide dismutase and 70 kDa heat shock protein), b) parasite virulence (EhGal/GalNAc lectin, amoebapore, cysteine proteases and calreticulin), and c) the host inflammatory response (various cytokines). Unlike E. dispar (non-pathogenic), E. histolytica produced some damage to the structure of hepatic parenchyma. Overall, greater expression of virulence genes existed in E. histolytica-infected versus E. dispar-infected tissue. Accordingly, there was an increased expression of EhGal/GalNAc lectin, Ehap-a and Ehcp-5, Ehcp-2, ehcp-1 genes with E. histolytica, and a decreased or lack of expression of Ehcp-2, and Ehap-a genes with E. dispar. E. histolytica-infected tissue also exhibited an elevated expression of genes linked to survival, principally peroxiredoxin, superoxide dismutase and Ehhsp-70. Moreover, E. histolytica-infected tissue showed an overexpression of some genes encoding for pro-inflammatory interleukins (ILs), such as il-8, ifn-γ and tnf-α. Contrarily, E. dispar-infected tissue displayed higher levels of il-10, the gene for the corresponding anti-inflammatory cytokine. Additionally, other genes were investigated that are important in the host-parasite relationship, including those encoding for the 20 kDa heat shock protein (HSP-20), the AIG-1 protein, and immune dominant variable surface antigen, as well as for proteins apparently involved in mechanisms for the protection of the trophozoites in different environments (e.g., thioredoxin-reductase, oxido-reductase, and 9 hypothetical proteins). Some of the hypothetical proteins evidenced interesting overexpression rates, however we should wait to their characterization. This finding suggest that the present model could be advantageous for exploring the complex interaction between trophozoites and hepatocytes during the development of ALA, particularly in the initial stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ximénez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
- * E-mail:
| | - Enrique González
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Miriam Nieves
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Ulises Magaña
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Patricia Morán
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Marco Gudiño-Zayas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Oswaldo Partida
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Eric Hernández
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Liliana Rojas-Velázquez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | | | - Héctor Maldonado
- Sub direction of Pathology, National Institute of Cancerology, México City, México
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Birnbaum J, Flemming S, Reichard N, Soares AB, Mesén-Ramírez P, Jonscher E, Bergmann B, Spielmann T. A genetic system to study Plasmodium falciparum protein function. Nat Methods 2017; 14:450-456. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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