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Hakim MS, Gazali FM, Widyaningsih SA, Parvez MK. Driving forces of continuing evolution of rotaviruses. World J Virol 2024; 13:93774. [PMID: 38984077 PMCID: PMC11229848 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v13.i2.93774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are non-enveloped double-stranded RNA virus that causes acute diarrheal diseases in children (< 5 years). More than 90% of the global rotavirus infection in humans was caused by Rotavirus group A. Rotavirus infection has caused more than 200000 deaths annually and predominantly occurs in the low-income countries. Rotavirus evolution is indicated by the strain dynamics or the emergence of the unprecedented strain. The major factors that drive the rotavirus evolution include the genetic shift that is caused by the reassortment mechanism, either in the intra- or the inter-genogroup. However, other factors are also known to have an impact on rotavirus evolution. This review discusses the structure and types, epidemiology, and evolution of rotaviruses. This article also reviews other supplemental factors of rotavirus evolution, such as genetic reassortment, mutation rate, glycan specificity, vaccine introduction, the host immune responses, and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Saifudin Hakim
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GD, Netherlands
- Viral Infection Working Group, International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, London EC4R 9AN, United Kingdom
| | - Faris Muhammad Gazali
- Master Program in Biotechnology, Postgraduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Suci Ardini Widyaningsih
- Master of Medical Sciences in Clinical Investigation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Mohammad Khalid Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Carossino M, Vissani MA, Barrandeguy ME, Balasuriya UBR, Parreño V. Equine Rotavirus A under the One Health Lens: Potential Impacts on Public Health. Viruses 2024; 16:130. [PMID: 38257830 PMCID: PMC10819593 DOI: 10.3390/v16010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are a well-known cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and children, as well as in many mammalian species and birds, affecting them at a young age. This group of viruses has a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome with high genetic diversity linked to point mutations, recombination, and, importantly, reassortment. While initial molecular investigations undertaken in the 1900s suggested host range restriction among group A rotaviruses based on the fact that different gene segments were distributed among different animal species, recent molecular surveillance and genome constellation genotyping studies conducted by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG) have shown that animal rotaviruses serve as a source of diversification of human rotavirus A, highlighting their zoonotic potential. Rotaviruses occurring in various animal species have been linked with contributing genetic material to human rotaviruses, including horses, with the most recent identification of equine-like G3 rotavirus A infecting children. The goal of this article is to review relevant information related to rotavirus structure/genomic organization, epidemiology (with a focus on human and equine rotavirus A), evolution, inter-species transmission, and the potential zoonotic role of equine and other animal rotaviruses. Diagnostics, surveillance and the current status of human and livestock vaccines against RVA are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Maria Aldana Vissani
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina; (M.A.V.); (M.E.B.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Maria E. Barrandeguy
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina; (M.A.V.); (M.E.B.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
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3
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Poddar S, Roy R, Kar P. Elucidating the conformational dynamics of histo-blood group antigens and their interactions with the rotavirus spike protein through computational lens. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37909470 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2274979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the conformational dynamics of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and their interactions with the VP8* domain of four rotavirus genotypes (P[4], P[6], P[19], and P[11]) utilizing all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in explicit water. Our study revealed distinct changes in the dynamic behavior of the same glycan due to linkage variations. We observed that LNFPI HBGA having a terminal β linkage shows two dominant conformations after complexation, whereas only one was obtained for LNFPI with a terminal α linkage. Interestingly, both variants displayed a single dominant structure in the free state. Similarly, LNT and LNnT show a shift in their dihedral linkage profile between their two terminal monosaccharides because of a change in the linkage from β(1-3) to β(1-4). The molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) calculations yielded the highest binding affinity for LNFPI(β)/P[6] (-13.93 kcal/mol) due to the formation of numerous hydrogen bonds between VP8* and HBGAs. LNnT binds more strongly to P[11] (-12.88 kcal/mol) than LNT (-4.41 kcal/mol), suggesting a single change in the glycan linkage might impact its binding profile significantly. We have also identified critical amino acids and monosaccharides (Gal and GlcNAc) that contributed significantly to the protein-ligand binding through the per-residue decomposition of binding free energy. Moreover, we found that the interaction between the same glycan and different protein receptors within the same rotavirus genogroup influenced the micro-level dynamics of the glycan. Overall, our study helps a deeper understanding of the H-type HBGA and rotavirus spike protein interaction.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Poddar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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Xia M, Vago F, Han L, Huang P, Nguyen L, Boons GJ, Klassen JS, Jiang W, Tan M. The αTSR Domain of Plasmodium Circumsporozoite Protein Bound Heparan Sulfates and Elicited High Titers of Sporozoite Binding Antibody After Displayed by Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3087-3107. [PMID: 37312932 PMCID: PMC10259582 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s406314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Malaria is a devastating infectious illness caused by protozoan Plasmodium parasites. The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) on Plasmodium sporozoites binds heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptors for liver invasion, a critical step for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Methods In this study, we characterized the αTSR domain that covers region III and the thrombospondin type-I repeat (TSR) of the CSP using various biochemical, glycobiological, bioengineering, and immunological approaches. Results We found for the first time that the αTSR bound heparan sulfate (HS) glycans through support by a fused protein, indicating that the αTSR is a key functional domain and thus a vaccine target. When the αTSR was fused to the S domain of norovirus VP1, the fusion protein self-assembled into uniform S60-αTSR nanoparticles. Three-dimensional structure reconstruction revealed that each nanoparticle consists of an S60 nanoparticle core and 60 surface displayed αTSR antigens. The nanoparticle displayed αTSRs retained the binding function to HS glycans, indicating that they maintained authentic conformations. Both tagged and tag-free S60-αTSR nanoparticles were produced via the Escherichia coli system at high yield by scalable approaches. They are highly immunogenic in mice, eliciting high titers of αTSR-specific antibody that bound specifically to the CSPs of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites at high titer. Discussion and Conclusion Our data demonstrated that the αTSR is an important functional domain of the CSP. The S60-αTSR nanoparticle displaying multiple αTSR antigens is a promising vaccine candidate potentially against attachment and infection of Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Frank Vago
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Raev S, Amimo J, Saif L, Vlasova A. Intestinal mucin-type O-glycans: the major players in the host-bacteria-rotavirus interactions. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2197833. [PMID: 37020288 PMCID: PMC10078158 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2197833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes severe diarrhea in young children and animals worldwide. Several glycans terminating in sialic acids (SAs) and histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) surface have been recognized to act as attachment sites for RV. IECs are protected by the double layer of mucus of which O-glycans (including HBGAs and SAs) are a major organic component. Luminal mucins, as well as bacterial glycans, can act as decoy molecules removing RV particles from the gut. The composition of the intestinal mucus is regulated by complex O-glycan-specific interactions among the gut microbiota, RV and the host. In this review, we highlight O-glycan-mediated interactions within the intestinal lumen prior to RV attachment to IECs. A better understanding of the role of mucus is essential for the development of alternative therapeutic tools including the use of pre- and probiotics to control RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - J.O. Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - L.J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - A.N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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6
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Lalithamaheswari B, Anu Radha C. Structural and conformational dynamics of human milk oligosaccharides, lacto- N-fucopentaose I and II, through molecular dynamics simulation. J Carbohydr Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2022.2150203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Lalithamaheswari
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C. Anu Radha
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Bensing BA, Stubbs HE, Agarwal R, Yamakawa I, Luong K, Solakyildirim K, Yu H, Hadadianpour A, Castro MA, Fialkowski KP, Morrison KM, Wawrzak Z, Chen X, Lebrilla CB, Baudry J, Smith JC, Sullam PM, Iverson TM. Origins of glycan selectivity in streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins suggest mechanisms of receptor adaptation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2753. [PMID: 35585145 PMCID: PMC9117288 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial binding to host receptors underlies both commensalism and pathogenesis. Many streptococci adhere to protein-attached carbohydrates expressed on cell surfaces using Siglec-like binding regions (SLBRs). The precise glycan repertoire recognized may dictate whether the organism is a strict commensal versus a pathogen. However, it is currently not clear what drives receptor selectivity. Here, we use five representative SLBRs and identify regions of the receptor binding site that are hypervariable in sequence and structure. We show that these regions control the identity of the preferred carbohydrate ligand using chimeragenesis and single amino acid substitutions. We further evaluate how the identity of the preferred ligand affects the interaction with glycoprotein receptors in human saliva and plasma samples. As point mutations can change the preferred human receptor, these studies suggest how streptococci may adapt to changes in the environmental glycan repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Bensing
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Haley E Stubbs
- Graduate Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Rupesh Agarwal
- University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Center for Molecular Biophysics, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6309, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Izumi Yamakawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- School of Nursing, Belmont University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Kelvin Luong
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kemal Solakyildirim
- Department of Chemistry, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, 24100, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Azadeh Hadadianpour
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Manuel A Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kevin P Fialkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - KeAndreya M Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Zdzislaw Wawrzak
- LS-CAT Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jerome Baudry
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Center for Molecular Biophysics, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6309, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Paul M Sullam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - T M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Amimo JO, Raev SA, Chepngeno J, Mainga AO, Guo Y, Saif L, Vlasova AN. Rotavirus Interactions With Host Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:793841. [PMID: 35003114 PMCID: PMC8727603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the foremost enteric pathogen associated with severe diarrheal illness in young children (<5years) and animals worldwide. RV primarily infects mature enterocytes in the intestinal epithelium causing villus atrophy, enhanced epithelial cell turnover and apoptosis. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) being the first physical barrier against RV infection employs a range of innate immune strategies to counteract RVs invasion, including mucus production, toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine/chemokine production. Conversely, RVs have evolved numerous mechanisms to escape/subvert host immunity, seizing translation machinery of the host for effective replication and transmission. RV cell entry process involve penetration through the outer mucus layer, interaction with cell surface molecules and intestinal microbiota before reaching the IECs. For successful cell attachment and entry, RVs use sialic acid, histo-blood group antigens, heat shock cognate protein 70 and cell-surface integrins as attachment factors and/or (co)-receptors. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the existing knowledge of mechanisms underlying RV-IECs interactions, including the role of gut microbiota, during RV infection is presented. Understanding these mechanisms is imperative for developing efficacious strategies to control RV infections, including development of antiviral therapies and vaccines that target specific immune system antagonists within IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Oluoch Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sergei Alekseevich Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Alfred Omwando Mainga
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yusheng Guo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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Peña-Gil N, Santiso-Bellón C, Gozalbo-Rovira R, Buesa J, Monedero V, Rodríguez-Díaz J. The Role of Host Glycobiology and Gut Microbiota in Rotavirus and Norovirus Infection, an Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13473. [PMID: 34948268 PMCID: PMC8704558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Several studies have demonstrated that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have a role in NoV and RV infections since their presence on the gut epithelial surfaces is essential for the susceptibility to many NoV and RV genotypes. Polymorphisms in genes that code for enzymes required for HBGAs synthesis lead to secretor or non-secretor and Lewis positive or Lewis negative individuals. While secretor individuals appear to be more susceptible to RV infections, regarding NoVs infections, there are too many discrepancies that prevent the ability to draw conclusions. A second factor that influences enteric viral infections is the gut microbiota of the host. In vitro and animal studies have determined that the gut microbiota limits, but in some cases enhances enteric viral infection. The ways that microbiota can enhance NoV or RV infection include virion stabilization and promotion of virus attachment to host cells, whereas experiments with microbiota-depleted and germ-free animals point to immunoregulation as the mechanism by which the microbiota restrict infection. Human trials with live, attenuated RV vaccines and analysis of the microbiota in responder and non-responder individuals also allowed the identification of bacterial taxa linked to vaccine efficacy. As more information is gained on the complex relationships that are established between the host (glycobiology and immune system), the gut microbiota and intestinal viruses, new avenues will open for the development of novel anti-NoV and anti-RV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazaret Peña-Gil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
| | - Cristina Santiso-Bellón
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
| | - Vicente Monedero
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
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10
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Swevers L, Kontogiannatos D, Kolliopoulou A, Ren F, Feng M, Sun J. Mechanisms of Cell Entry by dsRNA Viruses: Insights for Efficient Delivery of dsRNA and Tools for Improved RNAi-Based Pest Control. Front Physiol 2021; 12:749387. [PMID: 34858204 PMCID: PMC8632066 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.749387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While RNAi is often heralded as a promising new strategy for insect pest control, a major obstacle that still remains is the efficient delivery of dsRNA molecules within the cells of the targeted insects. However, it seems overlooked that dsRNA viruses already have developed efficient strategies for transport of dsRNA molecules across tissue barriers and cellular membranes. Besides protecting their dsRNA genomes in a protective shell, dsRNA viruses also display outer capsid layers that incorporate sophisticated mechanisms to disrupt the plasma membrane layer and to translocate core particles (with linear dsRNA genome fragments) within the cytoplasm. Because of the perceived efficiency of the translocation mechanism, it is well worth analyzing in detail the molecular processes that are used to achieve this feat. In this review, the mechanism of cell entry by dsRNA viruses belonging to the Reoviridae family is discussed in detail. Because of the large amount of progress in mammalian versus insect models, the mechanism of infections of reoviruses in mammals (orthoreoviruses, rotaviruses, orbiviruses) will be treated as a point of reference against which infections of reoviruses in insects (orbiviruses in midges, plant viruses in hemipterans, insect-specific cypoviruses in lepidopterans) will be compared. The goal of this discussion is to uncover the basic principles by which dsRNA viruses cross tissue barriers and translocate their cargo to the cellular cytoplasm; such knowledge subsequently can be incorporated into the design of dsRNA virus-based viral-like particles for optimal delivery of RNAi triggers in targeted insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kontogiannatos
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Feifei Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Tenge VR, Hu L, Prasad BVV, Larson G, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Ramani S. Glycan Recognition in Human Norovirus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:2066. [PMID: 34696500 PMCID: PMC8537403 DOI: 10.3390/v13102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of cell-surface glycans is an important step in the attachment of several viruses to susceptible host cells. The molecular basis of glycan interactions and their functional consequences are well studied for human norovirus (HuNoV), an important gastrointestinal pathogen. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), a family of fucosylated carbohydrate structures that are present on the cell surface, are utilized by HuNoVs to initially bind to cells. In this review, we describe the discovery of HBGAs as genetic susceptibility factors for HuNoV infection and review biochemical and structural studies investigating HuNoV binding to different HBGA glycans. Recently, human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) were developed as a laboratory cultivation system for HuNoV. We review how the use of this novel culture system has confirmed that fucosylated HBGAs are necessary and sufficient for infection by several HuNoV strains, describe mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization of infection that involve blocking of HuNoV binding to HBGAs, and discuss the potential for using the HIE model to answer unresolved questions on viral interactions with HBGAs and other glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R. Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - B. V. Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
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12
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Structural basis of P[II] rotavirus evolution and host ranges under selection of histo-blood group antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107963118. [PMID: 34475219 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107963118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses cause severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide, with P[II] genogroup rotaviruses (RVs) responsible for >90% of global cases. RVs have diverse host ranges in different human and animal populations determined by host histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) receptor polymorphism, but details governing diversity, host ranges, and species barriers remain elusive. In this study, crystal structures of complexes of the major P[II] genogroup P[4] and P[8] genotype RV VP8* receptor-binding domains together with Lewis epitope-containing LNDFH I glycans in combination with VP8* receptor-glycan ligand affinity measurements based on NMR titration experiments revealed the structural basis for RV genotype-specific switching between ββ and βα HBGA receptor-binding sites that determine RV host ranges. The data support the hypothesis that P[II] RV evolution progressed from animals to humans under the selection of type 1 HBGAs guided by stepwise host synthesis of type 1 ABH and Lewis HBGAs. The results help explain disease burden, species barriers, epidemiology, and limited efficacy of current RV vaccines in developing countries. The structural data has the potential to impact the design of future vaccine strategies against RV gastroenteritis.
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13
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Sun X, Li D, Duan Z. Structural Basis of Glycan Recognition of Rotavirus. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:658029. [PMID: 34307449 PMCID: PMC8296142 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.658029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is an important pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis in young humans and animals. Attachment to the host receptor is a crucial step for the virus infection. The recent advances in illustrating the interactions between RV and glycans promoted our understanding of the host range and epidemiology of RVs. VP8*, the distal region of the RV outer capsid spike protein VP4, played a critical role in the glycan recognition. Group A RVs were classified into different P genotypes based on the VP4 sequences and recognized glycans in a P genotype-dependent manner. Glycans including sialic acid, gangliosides, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and mucin cores have been reported to interact with RV VP8*s. The glycan binding specificities of VP8*s of different RV genotypes have been studied. Here, we mainly discussed the structural basis for the interactions between RV VP8*s and glycans, which provided molecular insights into the receptor recognition and host tropism, offering new clues to the design of RV vaccine and anti-viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Sun
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Dandi Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
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14
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Li C, Palma AS, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Gao C, Silva LM, Li Z, Trovão F, Weishaupt M, Seeberger PH, Likhosherstov LM, Piskarev V, Yu J, Westerlind U, Chai W. Non-Covalent Microarrays from Synthetic Amino-Terminating Glycans-Implications in Expanding Glycan Microarray Diversity and Platform Comparison. Glycobiology 2021; 31:931-946. [PMID: 33978739 PMCID: PMC8434801 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan microarrays have played important roles in detection and specificity assignment of glycan-recognition by proteins. However, the size and diversity of glycan libraries in current microarray systems are small compared to estimated glycomes, and these may lead to missed detection or incomplete assignment. For microarray construction, covalent and non-covalent immobilization are the two types of methods used, but a direct comparison of results from the two platforms is required. Here we develop a chemical strategy to prepare lipid-linked probes from both naturally-derived aldehyde-terminating and synthetic amino-terminating glycans that addresses the two aspects: expansion of sequence-defined glycan libraries and comparison of the two platforms. We demonstrate the specific recognition by plant and mammalian lectins, carbohydrate-binding modules and antibodies, and the overall similarities from the two platforms. Our results provide new knowledge on unique glycan-binding specificities for the immune-receptor Dectin-1 towards β-glucans and the interaction of rotavirus P[19] adhesive protein with mucin O-glycan cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy and Shandong Provincial Key laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Angelina S Palma
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pengtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy and Shandong Provincial Key laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yibing Zhang
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Chao Gao
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Lisete M Silva
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Zhen Li
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Trovão
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Markus Weishaupt
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Leonid M Likhosherstov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Piskarev
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jin Yu
- Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, KBC-building, Linneaus väg 6, S-907 36 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Westerlind
- Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, KBC-building, Linneaus väg 6, S-907 36 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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15
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Cárcamo-Calvo R, Muñoz C, Buesa J, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Gozalbo-Rovira R. The Rotavirus Vaccine Landscape, an Update. Pathogens 2021; 10:520. [PMID: 33925924 PMCID: PMC8145439 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute childhood gastroenteritis, responsible for more than 128,500 deaths per year, mainly in low-income countries. Although the mortality rate has dropped significantly since the introduction of the first vaccines around 2006, an estimated 83,158 deaths are still preventable. The two main vaccines currently deployed, Rotarix and RotaTeq, both live oral vaccines, have been shown to be less effective in developing countries. In addition, they have been associated with a slight risk of intussusception, and the need for cold chain maintenance limits the accessibility of these vaccines to certain areas, leaving 65% of children worldwide unvaccinated and therefore unprotected. Against this backdrop, here we review the main vaccines under development and the state of the art on potential alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cárcamo-Calvo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Carlos Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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16
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Arias CF, López S. Rotavirus cell entry: not so simple after all. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 48:42-48. [PMID: 33887683 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are important agents of severe gastroenteritis in young children, and show a very selective cell and tissue tropism, as well as significant age and host restriction. In the last few years, these properties have been associated with the initial interaction of the virus with histo-blood group antigens on the cell surface, although post-attachment interactions have also been found to define the susceptibility to infection of human enteroids. These initial interactions seem also to determine the virus entry pathway, as well as the induction of signaling cascades that influence the virus intracellular vesicular traffic and escape from endosomes. Here we review the current knowledge of the different stages of the virus entry journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Arias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Susana López
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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17
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Zhao D, Liu Y, Huang P, Xia M, Li W, Tan M, Zhang X, Jiang X. Histo-blood group antigens as divergent factors of groups A and C rotaviruses circulating in humans and different animal species. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1609-1617. [PMID: 32543972 PMCID: PMC7473324 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1782270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been found to be important host susceptibility factors or receptors for human rotavirus (RVs) with genotype-specific host ranges, impacting the disease patterns, epidemiology, and strategy development against RV diseases in humans. However, how the glycan factors contribute to RV diversity and host ranges to different animal species remains unclear. In this study using recombinant VP8* proteins as probes to perform glycan array analyses of RVs, we observed a wide range of glycan-binding profiles, including those binding to sialic acid-containing glycans, among group A (RVA) and group C (RVC) RVs that mainly infect different animal species. A tri-saccharide glycan Galα1-3Galβ1-4Glc containing a terminal α-Gal was recognised by multiple RVA/RVC genotypes, providing valuable information on RV evolution under selection of the step-wisely synthesised HBGAs in many animals before they were introduced to humans to be human pathogens. Saliva binding studies of VP8* also revealed strain-specific host ranges or species barriers between humans and these animal RV genotypes, further improved our understanding on RV host ranges, disease burdens, epidemiology, and vaccine strategy against RVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Weiwei Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - XuFu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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18
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Abstract
The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract harbors a diverse community of microbes, fungi, archaea, and viruses. In addition to occupying the same enteric niche, recent evidence suggests that microbes and viruses can act synergistically and, in some cases, promote disease. In this review, we focus on the disease-promoting interactions of the gut microbiota and rotavirus, norovirus, poliovirus, reovirus, and astrovirus. Microbes and microbial compounds can directly interact with viruses, promote viral fitness, alter the glycan structure of viral adhesion sites, and influence the immune system, among other mechanisms. These interactions can directly and indirectly affect viral infection. By focusing on microbe–virus interplay, we hope to identify potential strategies for targeting offending microbes and minimizing viral infection.
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19
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Infection of porcine small intestinal enteroids with human and pig rotavirus A strains reveals contrasting roles for histo-blood group antigens and terminal sialic acids. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009237. [PMID: 33513201 PMCID: PMC7846020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are a leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in young children and livestock worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that host cellular glycans, such as histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and sialic acids (SA), are recognized by the RV surface protein VP4. However, a mechanistic understanding of these interactions and their effects on RV infection and pathogenesis is lacking. Here, we established a porcine crypt-derived 3Dintestinalenteroids (PIEs) culture system which contains all intestinal epithelial cells identified in vivo and represents a unique physiologically functional model to study RV-glycan interactions in vitro. PIEs expressing different HBGAs (A+, H+, and A+/H+) were established and isolation, propagation, differentiation and RV infection conditions were optimized. Differentiated PIEs were infected with human RV (HRV) G1P[8] Wa, porcine RV (PRV) G9P[13], PRV Gottfried G4P[6] or PRV OSU G5P[7] virulent and attenuated strains and virus replication was measured by qRT-PCR. Our results indicated that virulent HRV G1P[8] Wa replicated to the highest titers in A+ PIEs, while a distinct trend was observed for PRV G9P[13] or G5P[7] with highest titers in H+ PIEs. Attenuated Wa and Gottfried strains replicated poorly in PIEs while the replication of attenuated G9P[13] and OSU strains in PIEs was relatively efficient. However, the replication of all 4 attenuate strains was less affected by the PIE HBGA phenotypes. HBGA synthesis inhibitor 2-F-Peracetyl-Fucose (2F) treatment demonstrated that HBGAs are essential for G1P[8] Wa replication; however, they may only serve as a cofactor for PRVs G9P[13] and OSU G5P[7]. Interestingly, contrasting outcomes were observed following sialidase treatment which significantly enhanced G9P[13] replication, but inhibited the growth of G5P[7]. These observations suggest that some additional receptors recognized by G9P[13] become unmasked after removal of terminal SA. Overall, our results confirm that differential HBGAs-RV and SA-RV interactions determine replication efficacy of virulent group A RVs in PIEs. Consequently, targeting individual glycans for development of therapeutics may not yield uniform results for various RV strains. Cell surface glycans, including histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) and sialic acids (SAs), have been shown to serve as receptors/attachment factors for many pathogens including RVs. However, how those glycans affect RV replication remains largely unknown due the lack of reliable in vitro models. To solve this problem, we established a 3D porcine intestinal enteroid (PIE) model that recapitulates the complex intestinal morphology better than conventional cell lines. By utilizing PIEs expressing different types of HBGAs, we found that several RV strains including Wa G1P[8], OSU G5P[7] and G9P[13] show preference for certain HBGA types. Interestingly, only Wa replication was reduced when HBGAs synthesis was inhibited, while that of OSU and G9P[13] was only marginally affected, which indicates that they may utilize alternative attachment factors for infection. Sialidase treatment strongly inhibited the growth of OSU, while G9P[13] replication was significantly enhanced. These findings suggest that SAs play contrasting roles in the infection of PRV OSU and G9P[13] strains. Overall, our studies demonstrate that PIEs can serve as a model to study pathogen-glycan interactions and suggest that genetically distinct RVs have evolved diverse mechanisms of cell attachment and/or entry.
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20
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Human group A rotavirus P[25] VP8* specifically binds to A-type histo-blood group antigen. Virology 2021; 555:56-63. [PMID: 33453651 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. While P[8] and P[4] are the most prevalent RV genotypes in humans, other genotypes are also reported in human infections occasionally, including human P[25]. The glycan binding and structural characteristics of human P[25] were explored in our study. Human P[25] VP8* recognized type A histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) in the glycan microarray/oligosaccharide binding assay and could specifically hemagglutinate type A blood cells. Moreover, the P[25] VP8* structure was determined at 2.6 Å, revealing a similar conformation and a conserved putative glycan binding site as that of P[14] VP8*. This study provided further knowledge of the glycan binding and structural features of P[25] RV VP8*, promoting our understanding of the infection, prevalence, and host range of the P[III] RVs.
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21
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22
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Engevik MA, Banks LD, Engevik KA, Chang-Graham AL, Perry JL, Hutchinson DS, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF, Hyser JM. Rotavirus infection induces glycan availability to promote ileum-specific changes in the microbiome aiding rotavirus virulence. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1324-1347. [PMID: 32404017 PMCID: PMC7524290 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1754714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have identified changes within the gut microbiome in response to diarrheal-inducing bacterial pathogens. However, examination of the microbiome in response to viral pathogens remains understudied. Compounding this, many studies use fecal samples to assess microbiome composition; which may not accurately mirror changes within the small intestine, the primary site for most enteric virus infections. As a result, the functional significance of small intestinal microbiome shifts during infection is not well defined. To address these gaps, rotavirus-infected neonatal mice were examined for changes in bacterial community dynamics, host gene expression, and tissue recovery during infection. Profiling bacterial communities using 16S rRNA sequencing suggested significant and distinct changes in ileal communities in response to rotavirus infection, with no significant changes for other gastrointestinal (GI) compartments. At 1-d post-infection, we observed a loss in Lactobacillus species from the ileum, but an increase in Bacteroides and Akkermansia, both of which exhibit mucin-digesting capabilities. Concomitant with the bacterial community shifts, we observed a loss of mucin-filled goblet cells in the small intestine at d 1, with recovery occurring by d 3. Rotavirus infection of mucin-producing cell lines and human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) stimulated release of stored mucin granules, similar to in vivo findings. In vitro, incubation of mucins with Bacteroides or Akkermansia members resulted in significant glycan degradation, which altered the binding capacity of rotavirus in silico and in vitro. Taken together, these data suggest that the response to and recovery from rotavirus-diarrhea is unique between sub-compartments of the GI tract and may be influenced by mucin-degrading microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A. Engevik
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lori D. Banks
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristen A. Engevik
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Chang-Graham
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacob L. Perry
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diane S. Hutchinson
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nadim J. Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph F. Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M. Hyser
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,CONTACT Joseph M. Hyser 1 Baylor Plaza, HoustonTX77030, USA
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23
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Sero-epidemiological study of the rotavirus VP8* protein from different P genotypes in Valencia, Spain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7753. [PMID: 32385405 PMCID: PMC7210269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present work were to determine the prevalence and titer of serum antibodies against several rotavirus VP8* proteins from different P genotypes in children and adults in Valencia, Spain; and to determine the role of the secretor status (FUT2G428A polymorphism) in the antibody response. The VP8* protein from the P[4], P[6], P[8], P[9], P[11], P[14] and P[25] genotypes were produced in E. coli. These proteins were tested with 88 serum samples from children (n = 41, 3.5 years old in average) and from adults (n = 47, 58 years old in average) by ELISA. A subset of 55 samples were genotyped for the FUT2G428A polymorphism and the antibody titers compared. The same subset of samples was also analysed by ELISA using whole rotavirus Wa particles (G1P[8]) as antigen. Ninety-three per cent of the samples were positive for at least one of the VP8* antigens. Differences in the IgG seroprevalence were found between children and adults for the P[4], P[8] and P[11] genotypes. Similarly, significant differences were found between adults and children in their antibody titers against the P[4], P[8], and P[11] VP8* genotypes, having the children higher antibody titers than adults. Interestingly, positive samples against rare genotypes such as P[11] (only in children), P[14] and P[25] were found. While no statistical differences in the antibody titers between secretors and non-secretors were found for any of the tested P genotypes studied, a higher statistic significant prevalence for the P[25] genotype was found in secretors compared to non-secretors. Significant differences in the antibody titers between secretors and non-secretors were found when the whole viral particles from the Wa rotavirus strain (G1P[8]) were used as the antigen.
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Guo Y, Wentworth DE, Stucker KM, Halpin RA, Lam HC, Marthaler D, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Amino Acid Substitutions in Positions 385 and 393 of the Hydrophobic Region of VP4 May Be Associated with Rotavirus Attenuation and Cell Culture Adaptation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040408. [PMID: 32272747 PMCID: PMC7232350 DOI: 10.3390/v12040408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are the leading cause of the acute viral gastroenteritis in young children and livestock animals worldwide. Although live attenuated vaccines have been applied to control RV infection for many years, the underlying mechanisms of RV attenuation following cell culture adaption are unknown. To study these mechanisms at the genomic level, we have sequenced and conducted a comparative analysis of two virulent human (Wa, G1P[8] and M, G3P[8]) and two virulent porcine (Gottfried, G4P[6] and OSU, G5P[7]) RV strains maintained in gnotobiotic piglets for 22, 11, 12 and 9 serial passages, respectively, with their attenuated counterparts serially passaged in MA-104 cell cultures for 25, 43, 54 and 43 passages, respectively. We showed that most of the mutations were clustered in the VP4 gene, with a relatively high nonsynonymous substitution rate (81.2%). Moreover, two amino acid substitutions observed in the VP4 gene were conserved between two or more strain pairs. D385N substitution was found in M, Wa and Gottfried strains, and another one, S471H/L was present in Wa and Gottfried strains. Importantly, D385 was reported previously in another study and may be involved in regulation of virus entry. Of interest, although no 385 substitution was found in OSU strains, the attenuated OSU strain contained a unique D393H substitution within the same VP4 hydrophobic domain. Collectively, our data suggest that the VP4 hydrophobic region may play an important role in RV attenuation and aa385 and aa393 may represent potential targets for RV vaccine development using reverse genetics and site-specific mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Guo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | | | - Karla M. Stucker
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (K.M.S.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Rebecca A. Halpin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (K.M.S.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Ham Ching Lam
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
- Correspondence: (L.J.S.); (A.N.V.)
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
- Correspondence: (L.J.S.); (A.N.V.)
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Sun X, Dang L, Li D, Qi J, Wang M, Chai W, Zhang Q, Wang H, Bai R, Tan M, Duan Z. Structural Basis of Glycan Recognition in Globally Predominant Human P[8] Rotavirus. Virol Sin 2020; 35:156-170. [PMID: 31620994 PMCID: PMC7198667 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes acute gastroenteritis in infants and children worldwide. Recent studies showed that glycans such as histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) function as cell attachment factors affecting RV host susceptibility and prevalence. P[8] is the predominant RV genotype in humans, but the structural basis of how P[8] RVs interact with glycan ligands remains elusive. In this study, we characterized the interactions between P[8] VP8*s and glycans which showed that VP8*, the RV glycan binding domain, recognized both mucin core 2 and H type 1 antigens according to the ELISA-based oligosaccharide binding assays. Importantly, we determined the structural basis of P[8] RV-glycans interaction from the crystal structures of a Rotateq P[8] VP8* in complex with core 2 and H type 1 glycans at 1.8 Å and 2.3 Å, respectively, revealing a common binding pocket and similar binding mode. Structural and sequence analysis demonstrated that the glycan binding site is conserved among RVs in the P[II] genogroup, while genotype-specific amino acid variations determined different glycan binding preference. Our data elucidated the detailed structural basis of the interactions between human P[8] RVs and different host glycan factors, shedding light on RV infection, epidemiology, and development of anti-viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Sun
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lei Dang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhehaote, 010059, China
| | - Dandi Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mengxuan Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Qing Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ruixia Bai
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhehaote, 010059, China
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China.
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Xu S, Ahmed LU, Stuckert MR, McGinnis KR, Liu Y, Tan M, Huang P, Zhong W, Zhao D, Jiang X, Kennedy MA. Molecular basis of P[II] major human rotavirus VP8* domain recognition of histo-blood group antigens. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008386. [PMID: 32208455 PMCID: PMC7122821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial cell attachment of rotavirus (RV) to specific cell surface glycan receptors, which is the essential first step in RV infection, is mediated by the VP8* domain of the spike protein VP4. Recently, human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been identified as receptors or attachment factors for human RV strains. RV strains in the P[4] and P[8] genotypes of the P[II] genogroup share common recognition of the Lewis b (Leb) and H type 1 antigens, however, the molecular basis of receptor recognition by the major human P[8] RVs remains unknown due to lack of experimental structural information. Here, we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based titration experiments and NMR-derived high ambiguity driven docking (HADDOCK) methods to elucidate the molecular basis for P[8] VP8* recognition of the Leb (LNDFH I) and type 1 HBGAs. We also used X-ray crystallography to determine the molecular details underlying P[6] recognition of H type 1 HBGAs. Unlike P[6]/P[19] VP8*s that recognize H type 1 HBGAs in a binding surface composed of an α-helix and a β-sheet, referred as the “βα binding site”, the P[8] and P[4] VP8*s bind Leb HBGAs in a previously undescribed pocket formed by the edges of two β-sheets, referred to as the “ββ binding site”. Importantly, the P[8] and P[4] VP8*s retain binding capability to non-Leb type 1 HBGAs using the βα binding site. The presence of two distinct binding sites for Leb and non-Leb HBGA glycans in the P[8] and P[4] VP8* domains suggests host-pathogen co-evolution under structural and functional adaptation of RV pathogens to host glycan polymorphisms. Assessment and understanding of the precise impact of this co-evolutionary process in determining RV host ranges and cross-species RV transmission should facilitate improved RV vaccine development and prediction of future RV strain emergence and epidemics. Rotaviruses (RV)s are the main cause of severe diarrhea in humans and animals. Significant advances in understanding RV diversity, evolution and epidemiology have been made after discovering that RVs recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as host cell receptors or attachment factors. While different RV strains are known to have distinct binding preferences for HBGA receptor ligands, their molecular basis in controlling strain-specific host ranges remains unclear. In this study, we used solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography to determine the molecular-level details for interactions of the human P[8] and P[6] RV VP8* domains with their HBGA receptors ligands. The distinct binding patterns observed between these major human RVs and their respective glycan ligands provide insight into the evolutionary relationships between different P[II] genotypes that ultimately determine host ranges, disease burden, zoonosis and epidemiology, which may impact future strategies for development of vaccines to protect against RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Luay U. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael Robert Stuckert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kristen Rose McGinnis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XJ); (MAK)
| | - Michael A. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XJ); (MAK)
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The Impact of Human Genetic Polymorphisms on Rotavirus Susceptibility, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Take. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030324. [PMID: 32192193 PMCID: PMC7150750 DOI: 10.3390/v12030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate resistance to viral infections can be attributed to mutations in genes involved in the immune response, or to the receptor/ligand. A remarkable example of the latter is the recently described Mendelian trait resistance to clinically important and globally predominating genotypes of rotavirus, the most common agent of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis in children worldwide. This resistance appears to be rotavirus genotype-dependent and is mainly mediated by histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which function as a receptor or attachment factors on gut epithelial surfaces. HBGA synthesis is mediated by fucosyltransferases and glycosyltransferases under the genetic control of the FUT2 (secretor), FUT3 (Lewis), and ABO (H) genes on chromosome 19. Significant genotypic and phenotypic diversity of HBGA expression exists between different human populations. This genetic diversity has an effect on genotype-specific susceptibility, molecular epidemiology, and vaccine take. Here, we will discuss studies on genetic susceptibility to rotavirus infection and place them in the context of population susceptibility, rotavirus epidemiology, vaccine take, and public health impact.
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28
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Influence of histo blood group antigen expression on susceptibility to enteric viruses and vaccines. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2019; 32:445-452. [DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Xia M, Huang P, Jiang X, Tan M. Immune response and protective efficacy of the S particle presented rotavirus VP8* vaccine in mice. Vaccine 2019; 37:4103-4110. [PMID: 31201052 PMCID: PMC6668625 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses cause severe diarrhea in infants and young children, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Despite implementation of current rotavirus vaccines, severe diarrhea caused by rotaviruses still claims ∼200,000 lives of children with great economic loss worldwide each year. Thus, new prevention strategies with high efficacy are highly demanded. Recently, we have developed a polyvalent protein nanoparticle derived from norovirus VP1, the S particle, and applied it to display rotavirus neutralizing antigen VP8* as a vaccine candidate (S-VP8*) against rotavirus, which showed promise as a vaccine based on mouse immunization and in vitro neutralization studies. Here we further evaluated this S-VP8* nanoparticle vaccine in a mouse rotavirus challenge model. S-VP8* vaccines containing the murine rotavirus (EDIM strain) VP8* antigens (S-mVP8*) were constructed and immunized mice, resulting in high titers of anti-EDIM VP8* IgG. The S-mVP8* nanoparticle vaccine protected immunized mice against challenge of the homologous murine EDIM rotavirus at a high efficacy of 97% based on virus shedding reduction in stools compared with unimmunized controls. Our study further supports the polyvalent S-VP8* nanoparticles as a promising vaccine candidate against rotavirus and warrants further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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30
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Unraveling the role of the secretor antigen in human rotavirus attachment to histo-blood group antigens. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007865. [PMID: 31226167 PMCID: PMC6609034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading agent causing acute gastroenteritis in young children, with the P[8] genotype accounting for more than 80% of infections in humans. The molecular bases for binding of the VP8* domain from P[8] VP4 spike protein to its cellular receptor, the secretory H type-1 antigen (Fuc-α1,2-Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc; H1), and to its precursor lacto-N-biose (Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc; LNB) have been determined. The resolution of P[8] VP8* crystal structures in complex with H1 antigen and LNB and site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that both glycans bind to the P[8] VP8* protein through a binding pocket shared with other members of the P[II] genogroup (i.e.: P[4], P[6] and P[19]). Our results show that the L-fucose moiety from H1 only displays indirect contacts with P[8] VP8*. However, the induced conformational changes in the LNB moiety increase the ligand affinity by two-fold, as measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), providing a molecular explanation for the different susceptibility to rotavirus infection between secretor and non-secretor individuals. The unexpected interaction of P[8] VP8* with LNB, a building block of type-1 human milk oligosaccharides, resulted in inhibition of rotavirus infection, highlighting the role and possible application of this disaccharide as an antiviral. While key amino acids in the H1/LNB binding pocket were highly conserved in members of the P[II] genogroup, differences were found in ligand affinities among distinct P[8] genetic lineages. The variation in affinities were explained by subtle structural differences induced by amino acid changes in the vicinity of the binding pocket, providing a fine-tuning mechanism for glycan binding in P[8] rotavirus. The interaction of viruses with host glycans has become an important topic in the study of enteric virus infectivity. This interaction modulates several aspects of the viral cycle, including viral attachment, which in most cases depends on the host glycobiology dictated by the secretor and Lewis genotypes. The capacity to synthesize secretory type-I antigen H (fucose-α1,2-galactose-β1,3-N-acetylglucosamine; H1) at the mucosae, dictated by the presence of one or two functional copies of the fucosyl-transferase FUT2 gene (secretor status), has been clearly linked to infectivity in important enteric viruses such as the noroviruses. However, a big controversy existed about the contribution of H1 antigen to infection in the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in young children (rotavirus). It has not been until recently that epidemiological data evidenced a diminished incidence of rotavirus in non-secretor individuals unable to produce H1. In the present manuscript we offer the evidence that P[8] RV bind H1 via a binding site common for the P[II] RV genogroup and that the H1 precursor lacto-N-biose (galactose-β1,3-N-acetylglucosamine; LNB) is also bound to this pocket with diminished affinity. The P[8] VP8* structures show a marginal role for the L-fucose moiety from H1 in protein interaction. However, its presence provides conformational changes in the LNB moiety that increase the affinity of VP8* for the H1 ligand and would account for a stronger RV binding to mucosa in individuals expressing H1 (secretors). We thus offer a mechanistic explanation for the different incidence of P[8] RV infection in different secretor phenotypes.
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Rodríguez JM, Luque D. Structural Insights into Rotavirus Entry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1215:45-68. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Pang LL, Wang MX, Sun XM, Yuan Y, Qing Y, Xin Y, Zhang JY, Li DD, Duan ZJ. Glycan binding patterns of human rotavirus P[10] VP8* protein. Virol J 2018; 15:161. [PMID: 30340611 PMCID: PMC6195756 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major cause of acute children gastroenteritis. The rotavirus P [10] belongs to P[I] genogroup of group A rotaviruses that mainly infect animals, while the rotavirus P [10] was mainly identified from human infection. The rotavirus P [10] is an unusual genotype and the recognition pattern of cellular receptors remains unclear. Methods We expressed and purified the RV P [10] VP8* protein and investigated the saliva and oligosaccharide binding profiles of the protein. A homology model of the P [10] VP8* core protein was built and the superimposition structural analysis of P [10] VP8* protein on P [19] VP8* in complex with mucin core 2 was performed to explore the possible docking structural basis of P [10] VP8* and mucin cores. Results Our data showed that rotavirus P [10] VP8* protein bound to all ABO secretor and non-secretor saliva. The rotavirus P [10] could bind strongly to mucin core 2 and weakly to mucin core 4. The homology modeling indicated that RV P [10] VP8* binds to mucin core 2 using a potential glycan binding site that is the same to P [19] VP8* belonging to P[II] genogroup. Conclusion Our results suggested an interaction of rotavirus P [10] VP8* protein with mucin core 2 and mucin core 4. These findings offer potential for elucidating the mechanism of RV A host specificity, evolution and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Pang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Meng-Xuan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Lushan College of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545616, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Yu Qing
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Lushan College of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545616, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Xin
- Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Jia-Yan Zhang
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Lushan College of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545616, Guangxi, China
| | - Dan-di Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zhao-Jun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China.
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33
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Saliva as a source of reagent to study human susceptibility to avian influenza H7N9 virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:156. [PMID: 30228261 PMCID: PMC6143562 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza H7N9 viruses are an important public health concern due to their high mortality rate and potentials for future pandemics. We investigated human susceptibility to H7N9 viruses using recombinant H7N9 hemagglutinin (HA) proteins as a probe and found a strong association between H7N9 infections and HA binding among saliva samples from 32 patients and 60 uninfected controls in Jiangsu province, China, during the 2016 epidemic season. We also found that sialyl Lex (SLex) antigen that was recognized by H7N9 HA was associated with H7N9 virus infection. Further analysis suggested that additional saccharide residues adjacent to the SLex moiety may affect the H7N9-binding specificity. Our data suggested that saliva may be a useful reagent to study human susceptibility to avian influenza H7N9 virus, which may impact the disease control and prevention of avian influenza viruses as important human pathogens.
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Fushinobu S. Conformations of the type-1 lacto-N-biose I unit in protein complex structures. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:473-479. [PMID: 30084396 PMCID: PMC6096478 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18006568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The lacto-N-biose I (Galβ1-3GlcNAc; LNB) disaccharide is present as a core unit of type-1 blood group antigens of animal glycoconjugates and milk oligosaccharides. Type-1 antigens often serve as cell-surface receptors for infection by pathogens. LNB in human milk oligosaccharides functions as a prebiotic for bifidobacteria and plays a key role in the symbiotic relationship of commensal gut microbes in infants. Protein Data Bank (PDB) entries exhibiting the LNB unit were investigated using the GlycoMapsDB web tool. There are currently 159 β-LNB and nine α-LNB moieties represented in ligands in the database. β-LNB and α-LNB moieties occur in 74 and six PDB entries, respectively, as NCS copies. The protein and enzyme structures are from various organisms including humans (galectins), viruses (haemagglutinin and capsid proteins), a pathogenic fungus, a parasitic nematode and protist, pathogenic bacteria (adhesins) and a symbiotic bacterium (a solute-binding protein of an ABC transporter). The conformations of LNB-containing glycans in enzymes vary significantly according to their mechanism of substrate recognition and catalysis. Analysis of glycosidic bond conformations indicated that the binding modes are significantly different in proteins adapted for modified or unmodified glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Hu L, Sankaran B, Laucirica DR, Patil K, Salmen W, Ferreon ACM, Tsoi PS, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Ramani S, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Ferreon JC, Prasad BVV. Glycan recognition in globally dominant human rotaviruses. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2631. [PMID: 29980685 PMCID: PMC6035239 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) cause life-threatening diarrhea in infants and children worldwide. Recent biochemical and epidemiological studies underscore the importance of histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) as both cell attachment and susceptibility factors for the globally dominant P[4], P[6], and P[8] genotypes of human RVs. How these genotypes interact with HBGA is not known. Here, our crystal structures of P[4] and a neonate-specific P[6] VP8*s alone and in complex with H-type I HBGA reveal a unique glycan binding site that is conserved in the globally dominant genotypes and allows for the binding of ABH HBGAs, consistent with their prevalence. Remarkably, the VP8* of P[6] RVs isolated from neonates displays subtle structural changes in this binding site that may restrict its ability to bind branched glycans. This provides a structural basis for the age-restricted tropism of some P[6] RVs as developmentally regulated unbranched glycans are more abundant in the neonatal gut. Human rotaviruses (RV) bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) for attachment, but how different viral genotypes interact with HBGA isn’t known. Here, Hu et al. report crystal structures of a prevalent and a neonate-specific RV in complex with HBGA and provide insights into glycan recognition and age-restricted tropism of RVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Daniel R Laucirica
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ketki Patil
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wilhelm Salmen
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Phoebe S Tsoi
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Josephine C Ferreon
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Glycan Binding Specificity and Mechanism of Human and Porcine P[6]/P[19] Rotavirus VP8*s. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00538-18. [PMID: 29720519 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00538-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs), which cause severe gastroenteritis in infants and children, recognize glycan ligands in a genotype-dependent manner via the distal VP8* head of the spike protein VP4. However, the glycan binding mechanisms remain elusive for the P[II] genogroup RVs, including the widely prevalent human RVs (P[8], P[4], and P[6]) and a rare P[19] RV. In this study, we characterized the glycan binding specificities of human and porcine P[6]/P[19] RV VP8*s and found that the P[II] genogroup RV VP8*s could commonly interact with mucin core 2, which may play an important role in RV evolution and cross-species transmission. We determined the first P[6] VP8* structure, as well as the complex structures of human P[19] VP8*, with core 2 and lacto-N-tetraose (LNT). A glycan binding site was identified in human P[19] VP8*. Structural superimposition and sequence alignment revealed the conservation of the glycan binding site in the P[II] genogroup RV VP8*s. Our data provide significant insight into the glycan binding specificity and glycan binding mechanism of the P[II] genogroup RV VP8*s, which could help in understanding RV evolution, transmission, and epidemiology and in vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Rotaviruses (RVs), belonging to the family Reoviridae, are double-stranded RNA viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in children and animals worldwide. Depending on the phylogeny of the VP8* sequences, P[6] and P[19] RVs are grouped into genogroup II, together with P[4] and P[8], which are widely prevalent in humans. In this study, we characterized the glycan binding specificities of human and porcine P[6]/P[19] RV VP8*s, determined the crystal structure of P[6] VP8*, and uncovered the glycan binding pattern in P[19] VP8*, revealing a conserved glycan binding site in the VP8*s of P[II] genogroup RVs by structural superimposition and sequence alignment. Our data suggested that mucin core 2 may play an important role in P[II] RV evolution and cross-species transmission. These data provide insight into the cell attachment, infection, epidemiology, and evolution of P[II] genogroup RVs, which could help in developing control and prevention strategies against RVs.
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Human Group C Rotavirus VP8*s Recognize Type A Histo-Blood Group Antigens as Ligands. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00442-18. [PMID: 29593033 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00442-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Group/species C rotaviruses (RVCs) have been identified as important pathogens of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children, family-based outbreaks, as well as animal infections. However, little is known regarding their host-specific interaction, infection, and pathogenesis. In this study, we performed serial studies to characterize the function and structural features of a human G4P[2] RVC VP8* that is responsible for the host receptor interaction. Glycan microarrays demonstrated that the human RVC VP8* recognizes type A histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which was confirmed by synthetic glycan-/saliva-based binding assays and hemagglutination of red blood cells, establishing a paradigm of RVC VP8*-glycan interactions. Furthermore, the high-resolution crystal structure of the human RVC VP8* was solved, showing a typical galectin-like structure consisting of two β-sheets but with significant differences from cogent proteins of group A rotaviruses (RVAs). The VP8* in complex with a type A trisaccharide displays a novel ligand binding site that consists of a particular set of amino acid residues of the C-D, G-H, and K-L loops. RVC VP8* interacts with type A HBGAs through a unique mechanism compared with that used by RVAs. Our findings shed light on the host-virus interaction and the coevolution of RVCs and will facilitate the development of specific antivirals and vaccines.IMPORTANCE Group/species C rotaviruses (RVCs), members of Reoviridae family, infect both humans and animals, but our knowledge about the host factors that control host susceptibility and specificity is rudimentary. In this work, we characterized the glycan binding specificity and structural basis of a human RVC that recognizes type A HBGAs. We found that human RVC VP8*, the rotavirus host ligand binding domain that shares only ∼15% homology with the VP8* domains of RVAs, recognizes type A HBGA at an as-yet-unknown glycan binding site through a mechanism distinct from that used by RVAs. Our new advancements provide insights into RVC-cell attachment, the critical step of virus infection, which will in turn help the development of control and prevention strategies against RVs.
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