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Kim HS, Ahn JW, Ha NR, Damodar K, Jang SK, Yoo YM, Gyoung YS, Joo SS. Antibacterial and Immunosuppressive Effects of a Novel Marine Brown Alga-Derived Ester in Atopic Dermatitis. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:354. [PMID: 39195470 DOI: 10.3390/md22080354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin condition that is characterized by dysregulated immune responses and a heightened risk of Staphylococcus aureus infections, necessitating the advancement of innovative therapeutic methods. This study explored the potential of (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-(2R,3R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate (HSN-S1), a compound derived from the marine alga Hizikia fusiformis, which shows anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. HSN-S1 was isolated and characterized using advanced chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Its efficacy was evaluated via in vitro assays with keratinocytes, macrophages, and T cells to assess cytokine suppression and its immunomodulatory effects; its antibacterial activity against S. aureus was quantified. The in vivo effectiveness was validated using a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced AD mouse model that focused on skin pathology and cytokine modulation. HSN-S1 significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, altered T-helper cell cytokine profiles, and showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus. In vivo, HSN-S1 alleviated AD-like symptoms in mice and reduced skin inflammation, transepidermal water loss, serum immunoglobulin-E levels, and Th2/Th17 cytokine outputs. These findings suggest HSN-S1 to be a promising marine-derived candidate for AD treatment, as it offers a dual-target approach that could overcome the limitations of existing therapies, hence warranting further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Kim
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Ahn
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Reum Ha
- Huscion MAJIC R&D Center, 331 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Kongara Damodar
- Huscion MAJIC R&D Center, 331 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Kil Jang
- Huscion MAJIC R&D Center, 331 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Yoo
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Gyoung
- Huscion MAJIC R&D Center, 331 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo Joo
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
- Huscion MAJIC R&D Center, 331 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
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Korshoj LE, Kielian T. Bacterial single-cell RNA sequencing captures biofilm transcriptional heterogeneity and differential responses to immune pressure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.28.601229. [PMID: 38979200 PMCID: PMC11230364 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.28.601229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is an important mechanism of survival and persistence for many bacterial pathogens. These multicellular communities contain subpopulations of cells that display vast metabolic and transcriptional diversity along with high recalcitrance to antibiotics and host immune defenses. Investigating the complex heterogeneity within biofilm has been hindered by the lack of a sensitive and high-throughput method to assess stochastic transcriptional activity and regulation between bacterial subpopulations, which requires single-cell resolution. We have developed an optimized bacterial single-cell RNA sequencing method, BaSSSh-seq, to study Staphylococcus aureus diversity during biofilm growth and transcriptional adaptations following immune cell exposure. We validated the ability of BaSSSh-seq to capture extensive transcriptional heterogeneity during biofilm compared to planktonic growth. Application of new computational tools revealed transcriptional regulatory networks across the heterogeneous biofilm subpopulations and identification of gene sets that were associated with a trajectory from planktonic to biofilm growth. BaSSSh-seq also detected alterations in biofilm metabolism, stress response, and virulence that were tailored to distinct immune cell populations. This work provides an innovative platform to explore biofilm dynamics at single-cell resolution, unlocking the potential for identifying biofilm adaptations to environmental signals and immune pressure.
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Shahzad MA, Yousaf A, Ahsan A, Irshad H, Riaz A, Khan A, Ullah I, Sattar S, Bostan N, Javed S. Virulence and resistance profiling of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis in the Pakistani Pothohar region. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14569. [PMID: 38914650 PMCID: PMC11196630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is considered one of the most widespread infectious disease of cattle and buffaloes, affecting dairy herds. The current study aimed to characterize the Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from subclinical mastitis animals in Pothohar region of the country. A total of 278 milk samples from 17 different dairy farms around two districts of the Pothohar region, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, were collected and screened for sub clinical mastitis using California Mastitis Test. Positive milk samples were processed for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus using mannitol salt agar. The recovered isolates were analyzed for their antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes using disc diffusion and PCR respectively. 62.2% samples were positive for subclinical mastitis and in total 70 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were recovered. 21% of these isolates were determined to be methicillin resistant, carrying the mecA gene. S. aureus isolates recovered during the study were resistant to all first line therapeutic antibiotics and in total 52% isolates were multidrug resistant. SCCmec typing revealed MRSA SCCmec types IV and V, indicating potential community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) transmission. Virulence profiling revealed high prevalence of key genes associated with adhesion, toxin production, and immune evasion, such as hla, hlb, clfA, clfB and cap5. Furthermore, the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin, that is often associated with recurrent skin and soft tissue infections, was present in 5.7% of isolates. In conclusion, the increased prevalence of MRSA in bovine mastitis is highlighted by this study, which also reveals a variety of virulence factors in S. aureus and emphasizes the significance of appropriate antibiotic therapy in combating this economically burdensome disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Armaghan Shahzad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Arfan Yousaf
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Aitezaz Ahsan
- Animal Health Laboratories, Animal Sciences Institute, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Irshad
- Animal Health Laboratories, Animal Sciences Institute, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aayesha Riaz
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Khan
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Inayat Ullah
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Sattar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sundus Javed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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4
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Lichota A, Gwozdzinski K, Kowalczyk E, Kowalczyk M, Sienkiewicz M. Contribution of staphylococcal virulence factors in the pathogenesis of thrombosis. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127703. [PMID: 38537329 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococci are responsible for many infections in humans, starting with skin and soft tissue infections and finishing with invasive diseases such as endocarditis, sepsis and pneumonia, which lead to high mortality. Patients with sepsis often demonstrate activated clotting pathways, decreased levels of anticoagulants, decreased fibrinolysis, activated endothelial surfaces and activated platelets. This results in disseminated intravascular coagulation and formation of a microthrombus, which can lead to a multiorgan failure. This review describes various staphylococcal virulence factors that contribute to vascular thrombosis, including deep vein thrombosis in infected patients. The article presents mechanisms of action of different factors released by bacteria in various host defense lines, which in turn can lead to formation of blood clots in the vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lichota
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - Edward Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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5
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Bernhardt GV, Bernhardt K, Shivappa P, Pinto JRT. Immunoinformatic prediction to identify Staphylococcus aureus peptides that bind to CD8+ T-cells as potential vaccine candidates. Vet World 2024; 17:1413-1422. [PMID: 39077442 PMCID: PMC11283606 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1413-1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Staphylococcus aureus, with its diverse virulence factors and immune response evasion mechanisms, presents a formidable challenge as an opportunistic pathogen. Developing an effective vaccine against S. aureus has proven elusive despite extensive efforts. Autologous Staphylococcus lysate (ASL) treatment has proven effective in triggering an immune response against bovine mastitis. Peptides that stimulate the immune response can be the subject of further research. The study aimed to use immunoinformatics tools to identify epitopes on S. aureus surface and secretory proteins that can bind to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) and CD8+ T-cells. This method aids in discovering prospective vaccine candidates and elucidating the rationale behind ASL therapy's efficacy. Materials and Methods Proteins were identified using both literature search and the National Center for Biotechnology Information search engine Entrez. Self and non-self peptides, allergenicity predictions, epitope locations, and physicochemical characteristics were determined using sequence alignment, AllerTOP, SVMTriP, and Protein-Sol tools. Hex was employed for simulating the docking interactions between S. aureus proteins and the MHC I + CD8+ T-cells complex. The binding sites of S. aureus proteins were assessed using Computer Atlas of Surface Topography of Proteins (CASTp) while docked with MHC I and CD8+ T-cells. Results Nine potential S. aureus peptides and their corresponding epitopes were identified in this study, stimulating cytotoxic T-cell mediated immunity. The peptides were analyzed for similarity with self-antigens and allergenicity. 1d20, 2noj, 1n67, 1nu7, 1amx, and 2b71, non-self and stable, are potential elicitors of the cytotoxic T-cell response. The energy values from docking simulations of peptide-MHC I complexes with the CD8+ and T-cell receptor (TCR) indicate the stability and strength of the formed complexes. These peptides - 2noj, 1d20, 1n67, 2b71, 1nu7, 1yn3, 1amx, 2gi9, and 1edk - demonstrated robust MHC I binding, as evidenced by their low binding energies. Peptide 2gi9 exhibited the lowest energy value, followed by 2noj, 1nu7, 1n67, and 1d20, when docked with MHC I and CD8 + TCR, suggesting a highly stable complex. CASTp analysis indicated substantial binding pockets in the docked complexes, with peptide 1d20 showing the highest values for area and volume, suggesting its potential as an effective elicitor of immunological responses. These peptides - 2noj, 2gi9, 1d20, and 1n67 - stand out for vaccine development and T-cell activation against S. aureus. Conclusion This study sheds light on the design and development of S. aureus vaccines, highlighting the significance of employing computational methods in conjunction with experimental verification. The significance of T-cell responses in combating S. aureus infections is emphasized by this study. More experiments are needed to confirm the effectiveness of these vaccine candidates and discover their possible medical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grisilda Vidya Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kavitha Bernhardt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Physiology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Shivappa
- Department of Biochemistry, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Janita Rita Trinita Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Kelly AM, McCarthy KN, Claxton TJ, Carlile SR, O'Brien EC, Vozza EG, Mills KH, McLoughlin RM. IL-10 inhibition during immunization improves vaccine-induced protection against Staphylococcus aureus infection. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e178216. [PMID: 38973612 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.178216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen. An effective anti-S. aureus vaccine remains elusive as the correlates of protection are ill-defined. Targeting specific T cell populations is an important strategy for improving anti-S. aureus vaccine efficacy. Potential bottlenecks that remain are S. aureus-induced immunosuppression and the impact this might have on vaccine-induced immunity. S. aureus induces IL-10, which impedes effector T cell responses, facilitating persistence during both colonization and infection. Thus, it was hypothesized that transient targeting of IL-10 might represent an innovative way to improve vaccine efficacy. In this study, IL-10 expression was elevated in the nares of persistent carriers of S. aureus, and this was associated with reduced systemic S. aureus-specific Th1 responses. This suggests that systemic responses are remodeled because of commensal exposure to S. aureus, which negatively implicates vaccine function. To provide proof of concept that targeting immunosuppressive responses during immunization may be a useful approach to improve vaccine efficacy, we immunized mice with T cell-activating vaccines in combination with IL-10-neutralizing antibodies. Blocking IL-10 during vaccination enhanced effector T cell responses and improved bacterial clearance during subsequent systemic and subcutaneous infection. Taken together, these results reveal a potentially novel strategy for improving anti-S. aureus vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen N McCarthy
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group and
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | - Kingston Hg Mills
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Mandelli AP, Magri G, Tortoli M, Torricelli S, Laera D, Bagnoli F, Finco O, Bensi G, Brazzoli M, Chiarot E. Vaccination with staphylococcal protein A protects mice against systemic complications of skin infection recurrences. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355764. [PMID: 38529283 PMCID: PMC10961379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are the most common diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which can progress to threatening conditions due to recurrences and systemic complications. Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) is an immunomodulator antigen of S. aureus, which allows bacterial evasion from the immune system by interfering with different types of immune responses to pathogen antigens. Immunization with SpA could potentially unmask the pathogen to the immune system, leading to the production of antibodies that can protect from a second encounter with S. aureus, as it occurs in skin infection recurrences. Here, we describe a study in which mice are immunized with a mutated form of SpA mixed with the Adjuvant System 01 (SpAmut/AS01) before a primary S. aureus skin infection. Although mice are not protected from the infection under these conditions, they are able to mount a broader pathogen-specific functional immune response that results in protection against systemic dissemination of bacteria following an S. aureus second infection (recurrence). We show that this "hidden effect" of SpA can be partially explained by higher functionality of induced anti-SpA antibodies, which promotes better phagocytic activity. Moreover, a broader and stronger humoral response is elicited against several S. aureus antigens that during an infection are masked by SpA activity, which could prevent S. aureus spreading from the skin through the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greta Magri
- Bacterial Vx Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Tortoli
- Animal Resource Center, GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Bagnoli
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Oretta Finco
- Bacterial Vx Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
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Narongpun P, Chanchaithong P, Yamagishi J, Thapa J, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Whole-Genome Investigation of Zoonotic Transmission of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 Isolated from Pigs and Humans in Thailand. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1745. [PMID: 38136779 PMCID: PMC10741195 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has been widespread globally in pigs and humans for decades. Nasal colonization of LA-MRSA is regarded as an occupational hazard to people who are regularly involved in livestock production. Our previous study suggested pig-to-human transmission caused by LA-MRSA clonal complex (CC) 398, using traditional molecular typing methods. Instead, this study aimed to investigate the zoonotic transmission of LA-MRSA CC398 using whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies. A total of 63 LA-MRSA isolates were identified and characterized in Thailand. Further, the 16 representatives of LA-MRSA CC9 and CC398, including porcine and worker isolates, were subjected to WGS on the Illumina Miseq platform. Core-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based analyses verify the zoonotic transmission caused by LA-MRSA CC398 in two farms. WGS-based characterization suggests the emergence of a novel staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec type, consisting of multiple cassette chromosome recombinase (ccr) gene complexes via genetic recombination. Additionally, the WGS analyses revealed putative multi-resistant plasmids and several cross-resistance genes, conferring resistance against drugs of last resort used in humans such as quinupristin/dalfopristin and linezolid. Significantly, LA-MRSA isolates, in this study, harbored multiple virulence genes that may become a serious threat to an immunosuppressive population, particularly for persons who are in close contact with LA-MRSA carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawarut Narongpun
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (P.N.); (J.T.)
| | - Pattrarat Chanchaithong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (P.N.); (J.T.)
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (P.N.); (J.T.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (P.N.); (J.T.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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9
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Hachem AA, Filkins LM, Kidane YH, Raj P, Tareen NG, Arana CA, Muthukrishnan G, Copley LA. Staphylococcus aureus isolates from children with clinically differentiated osteomyelitis exhibit distinct transcriptomic signatures. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288758. [PMID: 37561761 PMCID: PMC10414669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is substantial genomic heterogeneity among Staphylococcus aureus isolates of children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) but transcriptional behavior of clinically differentiated strains has not been previously described. This study evaluates transcriptional activity of S. aureus isolates of children with AHO that may regulate metabolism, biosynthesis, or virulence during bacterial growth and pathogenesis. In vitro growth kinetics were compared between three S. aureus clinical isolates from children with AHO who had mild, moderate, and severe illness. Total RNA sequencing was performed for each isolate at six separate time points throughout the logarithmic phase of growth. The NASA RNA-Sequencing Consensus Pipeline was used to identify differentially expressed genes allowing for 54 comparisons between the three isolates during growth. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment pathways were used to evaluate transcriptional variation in metabolism, biosynthesis pathways and virulence potential of the isolates. The S. aureus isolates demonstrated differing growth kinetics under standardized conditions with the mild isolate having higher optical densities with earlier and higher peak rates of growth than that of the other isolates (p<0.001). Enrichment pathway analysis established distinct transcriptional signatures according to both sampling time and clinical severity. Moderate and severe isolates demonstrated pathways of bacterial invasion, S. aureus infection, quorum sensing and two component systems. In comparison, the mild strain favored biosynthesis and metabolism. These findings suggest that transcriptional regulation during the growth of S. aureus may impact the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the progression of severity of illness in childhood osteomyelitis. The clinical isolates studied demonstrated a tradeoff between growth and virulence. Further investigation is needed to evaluate these transcriptional pathways in an animal model or during active clinical infections of children with AHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A. Hachem
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine –Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Filkins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern, Children’s Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Yared H. Kidane
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Microbiome Research Laboratory, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Naureen G. Tareen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Arana
- Genomics Core, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Lawson A. Copley
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States of America
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10
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Hsieh RC, Liu R, Burgin DJ, Otto M. Understanding mechanisms of virulence in MRSA: implications for antivirulence treatment strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:911-928. [PMID: 37501364 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2242585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a widespread pathogen, often causing recurrent and deadly infections in the hospital and community. Many S. aureus virulence factors have been suggested as potential targets for antivirulence therapy to decrease the threat of diminishing antibiotic availability. Antivirulence methods hold promise due to their adjunctive and prophylactic potential and decreased risk for selective pressure. AREAS COVERED This review describes the dominant virulence mechanisms exerted by MRSA and antivirulence therapeutics that are currently undergoing testing in clinical or preclinical stages. We also discuss the advantages and downsides of several investigational antivirulence approaches, including the targeting of bacterial transporters, host-directed therapy, and quorum-sensing inhibitors. For this review, a systematic search of literature on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for relevant search terms was performed in April and May 2023. EXPERT OPINION Vaccine and antibody strategies have failed in clinical trials and could benefit from more basic science-informed approaches. Antivirulence-targeting approaches need to be set up better to meet the requirements of drug development, rather than only providing limited results to provide 'proof-of-principle' translational value of pathogenesis research. Nevertheless, there is great potential of such strategies and potential particular promise for novel probiotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Hsieh
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dylan J Burgin
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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11
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Schwermann N, Winstel V. Functional diversity of staphylococcal surface proteins at the host-microbe interface. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1196957. [PMID: 37275142 PMCID: PMC10232760 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1196957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface proteins of Gram-positive pathogens are key determinants of virulence that substantially shape host-microbe interactions. Specifically, these proteins mediate host invasion and pathogen transmission, drive the acquisition of heme-iron from hemoproteins, and subvert innate and adaptive immune cell responses to push bacterial survival and pathogenesis in a hostile environment. Herein, we briefly review and highlight the multi-facetted roles of cell wall-anchored proteins of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a common etiological agent of purulent skin and soft tissue infections as well as severe systemic diseases in humans. In particular, we focus on the functional diversity of staphylococcal surface proteins and discuss their impact on the variety of clinical manifestations of S. aureus infections. We also describe mechanistic and underlying principles of staphylococcal surface protein-mediated immune evasion and coupled strategies S. aureus utilizes to paralyze patrolling neutrophils, macrophages, and other immune cells. Ultimately, we provide a systematic overview of novel therapeutic concepts and anti-infective strategies that aim at neutralizing S. aureus surface proteins or sortases, the molecular catalysts of protein anchoring in Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Schwermann
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Winstel
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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12
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Lin LC, Chang SC, Ou YH, Liu TP, Lu JJ. Clonal Spreading of ST42 Staphylococcus haemolyticus Strains Occurs Possibly Due to fusB and tetK Resistant Genes and Capsule-Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076198. [PMID: 37047168 PMCID: PMC10094739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a frequent nosocomial invasive bacteremia pathogen in hospitals. Our previous analysis showed one of the predominant strains, ST42 originated from ST3, had only one multilocus sequence typing (MLST) variation among seven loci in SH1431; yet no significant differences in biofilm formation observed between ST42 and ST3, suggesting that other factors influence clonal lineage change. Whole genome sequencing was conducted on two isolates from ST42 and ST3 to find phenotypic and genotypic variations, and these variations were further validated in 140 clinical isolates. The fusidic acid- and tetracycline-resistant genes (fusB and tetK) were found only in CGMH-SH51 (ST42). Further investigation revealed consistent resistant genotypes in all isolates, with 46% and 70% of ST42 containing fusB and tetK, respectively. In contrast, only 23% and 4.2% ST3 contained these two genes, respectively. The phenotypic analysis also showed that ST42 isolates were highly resistant to fusidic acid (47%) and tetracycline (70%), compared with ST3 (23% and 4%, respectively). Along with drug-resistant genes, three capsule-related genes were found in higher percentage distributions in ST42 than in ST3 isolates. Our findings indicate that ST42 could become endemic in Taiwan, further constitutive surveillance is required to prevent the spread of this bacterium.
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13
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Dyzenhaus S, Sullivan MJ, Alburquerque B, Boff D, van de Guchte A, Chung M, Fulmer Y, Copin R, Ilmain JK, O'Keefe A, Altman DR, Stubbe FX, Podkowik M, Dupper AC, Shopsin B, van Bakel H, Torres VJ. MRSA lineage USA300 isolated from bloodstream infections exhibit altered virulence regulation. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:228-242.e8. [PMID: 36681080 PMCID: PMC9911362 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) USA300 lineage has recently become a leading cause of hospital-associated bloodstream infections (BSIs). Here, we leveraged this recent introduction into hospitals and the limited genetic variation across USA300 isolates to identify mutations that contribute to its success in a new environment. We found that USA300 BSI isolates exhibit altered virulence regulation. Using comparative genomics to delineate the genes involved in this phenotype, we discovered repeated and independent mutations in the transcriptional regulator sarZ. Mutations in sarZ resulted in increased virulence of USA300 BSI isolates in a murine model of BSI. The sarZ mutations derepressed the expression and production of the surface protein ClfB, which was critical for the pathogenesis of USA300 BSI isolates. Altogether, these findings highlight ongoing evolution of a major MRSA lineage and suggest USA300 strains can optimize their fitness through altered regulation of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dyzenhaus
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mitchell J Sullivan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bremy Alburquerque
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daiane Boff
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana van de Guchte
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marilyn Chung
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yi Fulmer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard Copin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juliana K Ilmain
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anna O'Keefe
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Deena R Altman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - François-Xavier Stubbe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Amy C Dupper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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14
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Pan N, Liu Y, Zhang H, Xu Y, Bao X, Sheng S, Liang Y, Liu B, Lyu Y, Li H, Ma F, Pan H, Wang X. Oral Vaccination with Engineered Probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri Has Protective Effects against Localized and Systemic Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0367322. [PMID: 36723073 PMCID: PMC10100842 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03673-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium responsible for most hospital-acquired (nosocomial) and community-acquired infections worldwide. The only therapeutic strategy against S. aureus-induced infections, to date, is antibiotic treatment. A protective vaccine is urgently needed in view of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains associated with high-mortality cases; however, no such vaccine is currently available. In our previous work, the feasibility of implementing a Lactobacillus delivery system for development of S. aureus oral vaccine was first discussed. Here, we describe systematic screening and evaluation of protective effects of engineered Lactobacillus against S. aureus infection in terms of different delivery vehicle strains and S. aureus antigens and in localized and systemic infection models. Limosilactobacillus reuteri WXD171 was selected as the delivery vehicle strain based on its tolerance of the gastrointestinal environment, adhesion ability, and antimicrobial activities in vitro and in vivo. We designed, constructed, and evaluated engineered L. reuteri strains expressing various S. aureus antigens. Among these, engineered L. reuteri WXD171-IsdB displayed effective protection against S. aureus-induced localized infection (pneumonia and skin infection) and, furthermore, a substantial survival benefit in systemic infection (sepsis). WXD171-IsdB induced mucosal responses in gut-associated lymphoid tissues, as evidenced by increased production of secretory IgA and interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and proliferation of lymphocytes derived from Peyer's patches. The probiotic L. reuteri-based oral vaccine appears to have strong potential as a prophylactic agent against S. aureus infections. Our findings regarding utilization of Lactobacillus delivery system in S. aureus vaccine development support the usefulness of this live vaccination strategy and its potential application in next-generation vaccine development. IMPORTANCE We systematically screened and evaluated protective effects of engineered Lactobacillus against S. aureus infection in terms of differing delivery vehicle strains and S. aureus antigens and in localized and systemic infection models. Engineered L. reuteri was developed and showed strong protective effects against both types of S. aureus-induced infection. Our findings regarding the utilization of a Lactobacillus delivery system in S. aureus vaccine development support the usefulness of this live vaccination strategy and its potential application in next-generation vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Haochi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xuemei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shouxin Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanchen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yueqing Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Haotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fangfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Haiting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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15
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Li J, Wen Q, Gu F, An L, Yu T. Non-antibiotic strategies for prevention and treatment of internalized Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:974984. [PMID: 36118198 PMCID: PMC9471010 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.974984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections are often difficult to cure completely. One of the main reasons for this difficulty is that S. aureus can be internalized into cells after infecting tissue. Because conventional antibiotics and immune cells have difficulty entering cells, the bacteria can survive long enough to cause recurrent infections, which poses a serious burden in healthcare settings because repeated infections drastically increase treatment costs. Therefore, preventing and treating S. aureus internalization is becoming a research hotspot. S. aureus internalization can essentially be divided into three phases: (1) S. aureus binds to the extracellular matrix (ECM), (2) fibronectin (Fn) receptors mediate S. aureus internalization into cells, and (3) intracellular S. aureus and persistence into cells. Different phases require different treatments. Many studies have reported on different treatments at different phases of bacterial infection. In the first and second phases, the latest research results show that the cell wall-anchored protein vaccine and some microbial agents can inhibit the adhesion of S. aureus to host cells. In the third phase, nanoparticles, photochemical internalization (PCI), cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and bacteriophage therapy can effectively eliminate bacteria from cells. In this paper, the recent progress in the infection process and the prevention and treatment of S. aureus internalization is summarized by reviewing a large number of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiangqiang Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lijuan An
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Tiecheng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Tiecheng Yu,
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16
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Afzal M, Vijay AK, Stapleton F, Willcox M. Virulence Genes of Staphylococcus aureus Associated With Keratitis, Conjunctivitis, and Contact Lens-Associated Inflammation. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:5. [PMID: 35802366 PMCID: PMC9279920 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.7.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Staphylococcus aureus, cause a range of ocular diseases in humans, including noninfectious corneal infiltrative events (niCIE), infectious conjunctivitis and sight threatening microbial keratitis (MK). This study aimed to determine the possession of known virulence genes of S. aureus associated with MK and conjunctivitis, in strains isolated from these conditions and niCIE. Methods Sixty-three S. aureus strains—23 from MK, 26 from conjunctivitis, and 14 from niCIE—were evaluated for possession of genes. Polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of mecA and 10 known virulence genes involved in MK (clfA, fnbpA, eap, coa, scpA, sspB, sspA, hla, hld, and hlg), 2 associated with conjunctivitis (pvl and seb). Results mecA was present in 35% of infections and 7% of niCIE strains (P = 0.05). It was not seen in infection strains from Australia. Adhesion genes were found in all strains except clfA, which was found in 75% of infection and 93% of niCIE strains. Invasion genes were found in higher frequency in infections strains—hlg (100% vs. 85%; P = 0.04) and hld (94% vs. 50%; P = 0.005)—compared with niCIE strains. Evasion genes were common in infection strains except scpA, which was found at a significantly higher frequency in niCIE strains (86%) compared with infection strains (45%; P = 0.001). Conclusions The higher rates of hlg and hld in strains isolated from infections than niCIE may have a role in pathogenesis, whereas scpA may be an important virulence factor during niCIEs. Translational Relevance This study has identified virulence factors involved in the ocular pathogenesis of S. aureus infections and niCIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Afzal
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ajay Kumar Vijay
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Berry KA, Verhoef MTA, Leonard AC, Cox G. Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to the host. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1515:75-96. [PMID: 35705378 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathobiont capable of colonizing and infecting most tissues within the human body, resulting in a multitude of different clinical outcomes. Adhesion of S. aureus to the host is crucial for both host colonization and the establishment of infections. Underlying the pathogen's success is a complex and diverse arsenal of adhesins. In this review, we discuss the different classes of adhesins, including a consideration of the various adhesion sites throughout the body and the clinical outcomes of each infection type. The development of therapeutics targeting the S. aureus host-pathogen interaction is a relatively understudied area. Due to the increasing global threat of antimicrobial resistance, it is crucial that innovative and alternative approaches are considered. Neutralizing virulence factors, through the development of antivirulence agents, could reduce bacterial pathogenicity and the ever-increasing burden of S. aureus infections. This review provides insight into potentially efficacious adhesion-associated targets for the development of novel decolonizing and antivirulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Berry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie T A Verhoef
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison C Leonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georgina Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Fibronectin binding protein B binds to loricrin and promotes corneocyte adhesion by Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2517. [PMID: 35523796 PMCID: PMC9076634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonisation of humans by Staphylococcus aureus is a major risk factor for infection, yet the bacterial and host factors involved are not fully understood. The first step during skin colonisation is adhesion of the bacteria to corneocytes in the stratum corneum where the cornified envelope protein loricrin is the main ligand for S. aureus. Here we report a novel loricrin-binding protein of S. aureus, the cell wall-anchored fibronectin binding protein B (FnBPB). Single-molecule force spectroscopy revealed both weak and ultra-strong (2 nN) binding of FnBPB to loricrin and that mechanical stress enhanced the strength of these bonds. Treatment with a peptide derived from fibrinogen decreased the frequency of strong interactions, suggesting that both ligands bind to overlapping sites within FnBPB. Finally, we show that FnBPB promotes adhesion to human corneocytes by binding strongly to loricrin, highlighting the relevance of this interaction to skin colonisation. The first step during skin colonization by is its adhesion to corneocytes. Da Costa et al. show that the cell wall-anchored fibronectin binding protein B (FnBPB) of S. aureus binds to loricrin. Applying single cell force spectroscopy, they demonstrate that this interaction promotes adhesion of S. aureus to human corneocytes.
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19
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Thomas S, Doytchinova I. In Silico Identification of the B-Cell and T-Cell Epitopes of the Antigenic Proteins of Staphylococcus aureus for Potential Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2412:439-447. [PMID: 34918260 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of community-acquired, healthcare-associated, and hospital-acquired infections. S. aureus bacteremia is a common and serious infection with significant morbidity and mortality in older patients. The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus has resulted in substantial loss and effective treatment in hospitalized patients. Thus, there is a need in the development of a vaccine that would provide protection against S. aureus. The antigens of our interest include proteins that are essential for bacterial attachment and colonization (ClfA and ClfB), dermonecrosis-driven toxin (Hla), antigens that are essential for abscess formation (EsxA and EsxB), and antigens that are essential for nutrient acquisition and resistance to phagocytes killing induced by reactive oxygen species (FhuD2 and MntC). Development of a structure-based vaccine based on the antigenic protein epitopes is a novel strategy to provide protection against S. aureus. Using bioinformatic tools, we have determined the B-cell and T-cell epitopes of the antigenic proteins of S. aureus. This chapter reports identification of B-cell and T-cell epitopes of the antigenic protein that could be used in the development of effective structure-based vaccines to protect against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Thomas
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA.
| | - Irini Doytchinova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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20
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Khatun S, Appidi T, Rengan AK. The role played by bacterial infections in the onset and metastasis of cancer. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100078. [PMID: 34841367 PMCID: PMC8610348 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding various responses of cells towards change in their external environment, presence of other species and is important in identifying and correlating the mechanisms leading to malignant transformations and cancer development. Although uncovering and comprehending the association between bacteria and cancer is highly challenging, it promises excellent perspectives and approaches for successful cancer therapy. This review introduces various bacterial species, their virulence factors, and their role in cell transformations leading to cancer (particularly gastric, oral, colon, and breast cancer). Bacterial dysbiosis permutates host cells, causes inflammation, and results in tumorigenesis. This review explored bacterial-mediated host cell transformation causing chronic inflammation, immune receptor hyperactivation/absconding immune recognition, and genomic instability. Bacterial infections downregulate E-cadherin, leading to loosening of epithelial tight junction polarity and triggers metastasis. In addition to understanding the role of bacterial infections in cancer development, we have also reviewed the application of bacteria for cancer therapy. The emergence of bacteriotherapy combined with conventional therapies led to new and effective ways of overcoming challenges associated with available treatments. This review discusses the application of bacterial minicells, microswimmers, and outer cell membrane vesicles (OMV) for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajmina Khatun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Tejaswini Appidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
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21
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Impact of Bicarbonate-β-Lactam Exposures on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Gene Expression in Bicarbonate-β-Lactam-Responsive vs. Non-Responsive Strains. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111650. [PMID: 34828256 PMCID: PMC8619011 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections represent a difficult clinical treatment issue. Recently, a novel phenotype was discovered amongst selected MRSA which exhibited enhanced β-lactam susceptibility in vitro in the presence of NaHCO3 (termed ‘NaHCO3-responsiveness’). This increased β-lactam susceptibility phenotype has been verified in both ex vivo and in vivo models. Mechanistic studies to-date have implicated NaHCO3-mediated repression of genes involved in the production, as well as maturation, of the alternative penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2a, a necessary component of MRSA β-lactam resistance. Herein, we utilized RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify genes that were differentially expressed in NaHCO3-responsive (MRSA 11/11) vs. non-responsive (COL) strains, in the presence vs. absence of NaHCO3-β-lactam co-exposures. These investigations revealed that NaHCO3 selectively repressed the expression of a cadre of genes in strain 11/11 known to be a part of the sigB-sarA-agr regulon, as well as a number of genes involved in the anchoring of cell wall proteins in MRSA. Moreover, several genes related to autolysis, cell division, and cell wall biosynthesis/remodeling, were also selectively impacted by NaHCO3-OXA exposure in the NaHCO3-responsive strain MRSA 11/11. These outcomes provide an important framework for further studies to mechanistically verify the functional relevance of these genetic perturbations to the NaHCO3-responsiveness phenotype in MRSA.
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22
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Ude Z, Flothkötter N, Sheehan G, Brennan M, Kavanagh K, Marmion CJ. Multi-targeted metallo-ciprofloxacin derivatives rationally designed and developed to overcome antimicrobial resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 58:106449. [PMID: 34644603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major global threat to human health due to the rise, spread and persistence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria or 'superbugs'. There is an urgent need to develop novel chemotherapeutics to overcome this overarching challenge. The authors derivatized a clinically used fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Cip), and complexed it to a copper phenanthrene framework. This resulted in the development of two novel metallo-antibiotics of general formula [Cu(N,N)(CipHA)]NO3 where N,N represents a phenanthrene ligand and CipHA represents a hydroxamic acid of Cip derivative. Comprehensive studies, including a detailed proteomic study in which Staphylococcus aureus cells were exposed to the complexes, were undertaken to gain an insight into their mode of action. These new complexes possess potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. In addition, they were found to be well tolerated in vivo in Galleria mellonella larvae, which has both functional and structural similarities to the innate immune system of mammals. These findings suggest that proteins involved in virulence, pathogenesis, and the synthesis of nucleotides and DNA repair mechanisms are most affected. In addition, both complexes affected similar cell pathways when compared with clinically used Cip, including cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance. The Cu-DPPZ-CipHA (DPPZ = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) analogue also induces cell leakage, which leads to an altered proteome indicative of reduced virulence and increased stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziga Ude
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nils Flothkötter
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard Sheehan
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Marian Brennan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Celine J Marmion
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
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23
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Ying YT, Ren WJ, Tan X, Yang J, Liu R, Du AF. Annexin A2-Mediated Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus into Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Requires Its Interaction with Clumping Factor B. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2090. [PMID: 34683411 PMCID: PMC8538401 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of contagious mastitis in dairy cattle. Internalization of S. aureus by bovine mammary gland epithelial cells is thought to be responsible for persistent and chronic intramammary infection, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. METHODS In the present study, we evaluated the role of Annexin A2 (AnxA2), a membrane-binding protein, in S. aureus invasion into bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T). In vitro binding assays were performed to co-immunoprecipitate the binding proteins of AnxA2 in the lysates of S. aureus. RESULTS AnxA2 mediated the internalization but not adherence of S. aureus. Engagement of AnxA2 stimulated an integrin-linked protein kinase (ILK)/p38 MAPK cascade to induce S. aureus invasion. One of the AnxA2-precipitated proteins was identified as S. aureus clumping factor B (ClfB) through use of mass spectrometry. Direct binding of ClfB to AnxA2 was further confirmed by using a pull-down assay. Pre-incubation with recombinant ClfB protein enhanced S. aureus internalization, an effect that was specially blocked by anti-AnxA2 antibody. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that binding of ClfB to AnxA2 has a function in promoting S. aureus internalization. Targeting the interaction of ClfB and AnxA2 may confer protection against S. aureus mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tian Ying
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Jia Ren
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xun Tan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
| | - Ai-Fang Du
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Ben Chehida F, Gharsa H, Tombari W, Selmi R, Khaldi S, Daaloul M, Ben Slama K, Messadi L. First Report of Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Virulence Gene Characterization Associated with Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Healthy Camels from Tunisia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092754. [PMID: 34573722 PMCID: PMC8468875 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) is an important livestock species and is present in more than 46 national entities, with 80% of the camel population inhabiting Africa. In these regions, the role of camels in the livestock economy is highly valuable and a part of this camel herd is valorized on national or international markets for meat production, live animal export or milk production. Even if camels are the species that is most adapted to the harsh conditions of arid/semi-arid rangelands, they can be susceptible to a high number of pathogens, including S. aureus. This latter is often associated with asymptomatic carriage but can also be responsible for several diseases, therefore causing considerable economical losses. Continued monitoring and control assume particular importance in containing the spread of the bacterium since it constitutes an important zoonotic disease. Abstract A total of 318 nasal and rectal swabs were collected from 159 apparently healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius) randomly selected from five regions in southern and central Tunisia and screened for Staphylococcus aureus carriage. Staphylococcus spp. were recovered from 152 of 159 camels studied (95.6%) and in total 258 swabs (81%) were positive. Among these isolates, 16 were coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) (6.2%) and were characterized by biochemical and molecular tests as S. aureus. These were isolated from 14 camels (8.8%) with co-carriage in nasal and rectal mucosa by two camels. All S. aureus isolates recovered were methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and were characterized by spa typing and PFGE. Three different spa types were recovered: t729, t4013 and a spa type newly registered as t19687, which was the most common. PFGE analysis revealed seven different patterns and these were characterized by MLST, which revealed five different sequence types (ST6, ST88, ST3583 and two new sequences, ST6504 and ST6506). All isolates harbored different virulence genes, including hld, encoding delta hemolysin; lukE–lukD, encoding bicomponent leukotoxin LukE–LukD; the clfB gene, encoding clumping factor B; the laminin gene, encoding laminin-binding protein; and cap8, encoding capsule type 8. Fifteen isolates harbored hemolysin beta (hlb) and fourteen encoded hemolysin alpha (hla) and hemolysin G2 (hlgv). Adhesin factors, including clfA and fnbB, were detected in five and four isolates respectively. Binding proteins, including collagen (cbp) and elastin-binding protein (ebp), were detected in two S. aureus isolates while fibrinogen-binding protein (fib) was identified in four isolates. This study provides the first set of genotyping data on the population structure and presence of toxin genes of S. aureus strains in Tunisian camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Ben Chehida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and General Pathology, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia; (W.T.); (R.S.); (M.D.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +216-71-552-200
| | - Haythem Gharsa
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (H.G.); (K.B.S.)
| | - Wafa Tombari
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and General Pathology, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia; (W.T.); (R.S.); (M.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Rachid Selmi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and General Pathology, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia; (W.T.); (R.S.); (M.D.); (L.M.)
- Veterinary Service, General Directorate of Military Health, Ministry of National Defense, Tunis 1008, Tunisia
| | - Sana Khaldi
- Department of Sciences and Pathology of Animal Reproduction, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia;
| | - Monia Daaloul
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and General Pathology, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia; (W.T.); (R.S.); (M.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (H.G.); (K.B.S.)
| | - Lilia Messadi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and General Pathology, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia; (W.T.); (R.S.); (M.D.); (L.M.)
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Suresh MK, Vasudevan AK, Biswas L, Biswas R. Protective efficacy of Alum adjuvanted Amidase protein vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus infection in multiple mouse models. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1422-1434. [PMID: 34487603 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. No commercial vaccine is available to combat S. aureus infections. In this study, we have investigated the protective immune response generated by S. aureus non-covalently associated cell wall surface protein N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (AM) in combination with Alum (Al) and heat-killed S. aureus (hkSA) using murine models. METHODS AND RESULTS BALB/c mice were immunized with increasing concentrations of AM antigen or hkSA to determine their optimum concentration for vaccination. Fifty micrograms of AM and hkSA each were found to generate maximum anti-AM IgG antibody production. BALB/c mice were immunized next with 50 µg of AM, 50 µg of hKSA and 1 mg Al vaccine formulation. Vaccine efficacy was validated by challenging immunized BALB/c mice with S. aureus Newman and three clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. AM-hkSA-Al-immunized mice generated high anti-AM IgG antibody response with IgG1 and IgG2b as the predominant immunoglobulin subtypes. Increased survival (60%-90%) with decreased clinical disease symptoms was observed in the vaccinated BALB/c mice group. A significantly lower bacterial load and decreased kidney abscess formation was observed following the challenge with S. aureus in the vaccinated BALB/c mice group. Furthermore, the efficacy of AM-hkSA-Al vaccine was also validated using C57 BL/6 and Swiss albino mice. CONCLUSIONS Using murine infection models, we have demonstrated that AM-hkSA-Al vaccine would be effective in preventing S. aureus infections. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY AM-hkSA-Al vaccine elicited strong immune response and may be considered for future vaccine design against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesha K Suresh
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Vasudevan
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
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Dey J, Mahapatra SR, Singh P, Patro S, Kushwaha GS, Misra N, Suar M. B and T cell epitope-based peptides predicted from clumping factor protein of Staphylococcus aureus as vaccine targets. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105171. [PMID: 34481860 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infection is emerging as a global threat because of the highly debilitating nature of the associated disease's unprecedented magnitude of its spread and growing global resistance to antimicrobial medicines. Recently WHO has categorized these bacteria under the high global priority pathogen list and is one of the six nosocomial pathogens termed as ESKAPE pathogens which have emerged as a serious threat to public health worldwide. The development of a specific vaccine can stimulate an optimal antibody response, thus providing immunity against it. Therefore, in the present study efforts have been made to identify potential vaccine candidates from the Clumping factor surface proteins (ClfA and ClfB) of S. aureus. Employing the immunoinformatics approach, fourteen antigenic peptides including T-cell, B-cell epitopes were identified which were non-toxic, non-allergenic, high antigenicity, strong binding efficiency with commonly occurring MHC alleles. Consequently, a multi-epitope vaccine chimera was designed by connecting these epitopes with suitable linkers an adjuvant to enhance immunogenicity. Further, homology modeling and molecular docking were performed to construct the three-dimensional structure of the vaccine and study the interaction between the modeled structure and immune receptor (TLR-2) present on lymphocyte cells. Consequently, molecular dynamics simulation for 100 ns period confirmed the stability of the interaction and reliability of the structure for further analysis. Finally, codon optimization and in silico cloning were employed to ensure the successful expression of the vaccine candidate. As the targeted protein is highly antigenic and conserved, hence the designed novel vaccine construct holds potential against emerging multi-drug-resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmayee Dey
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mahapatra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Pratima Singh
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Swadheena Patro
- Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Gajraj Singh Kushwaha
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India; Transcription Regulation group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Namrata Misra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India; KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India; KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
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Clegg J, Soldaini E, McLoughlin RM, Rittenhouse S, Bagnoli F, Phogat S. Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine Research and Development: The Past, Present and Future, Including Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705360. [PMID: 34305945 PMCID: PMC8294057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens worldwide. Its high antibiotic resistance profile reinforces the need for new interventions like vaccines in addition to new antibiotics. Vaccine development efforts against S. aureus have failed so far however, the findings from these human clinical and non-clinical studies provide potential insight for such failures. Currently, research is focusing on identifying novel vaccine formulations able to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Translational science studies are attempting to discover correlates of protection using animal models as well as in vitro and ex vivo models assessing efficacy of vaccine candidates. Several new vaccine candidates are being tested in human clinical trials in a variety of target populations. In addition to vaccines, bacteriophages, monoclonal antibodies, centyrins and new classes of antibiotics are being developed. Some of these have been tested in humans with encouraging results. The complexity of the diseases and the range of the target populations affected by this pathogen will require a multipronged approach using different interventions, which will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Clegg
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Rachel M. McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Chlebicka K, Bonar E, Suder P, Ostyn E, Felden B, Wladyka B, Pinel-Marie ML. Impacts of the Type I Toxin-Antitoxin System, SprG1/SprF1, on Staphylococcus aureus Gene Expression. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050770. [PMID: 34070083 PMCID: PMC8158120 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread genetic modules in bacterial genomes. They express toxic peptides whose overexpression leads to growth arrest or cell death, whereas antitoxins regulate the expression of toxins, acting as labile antisense RNAs. The Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) genome contains and expresses several functional type I TA systems, but their biological functions remain unclear. Here, we addressed and challenged experimentally, by proteomics, if the type I TA system, the SprG1/SprF1 pair, influences the overall gene expression in S. aureus. Deleted and complemented S. aureus strains were analyzed for their proteomes, both intracellular and extracellular, during growth. Comparison of intracellular proteomes among the strains points to the SprF1 antitoxin as moderately downregulating protein expression. In the strain naturally expressing the SprG1 toxin, cytoplasmic proteins are excreted into the medium, but this is not due to unspecific cell leakages. Such a toxin-driven release of the cytoplasmic proteins may modulate the host inflammatory response that, in turn, could amplify the S. aureus infection spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Chlebicka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (K.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Emilia Bonar
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (K.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Piotr Suder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 31-007 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Emeline Ostyn
- Inserm, BRM [Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine]—UMR_S 1230, 35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Brice Felden
- Inserm, BRM [Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine]—UMR_S 1230, 35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Benedykt Wladyka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (K.C.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (M.-L.P.-M.); Tel.: +48-126646511 (B.W.); +33-223234850 (M.-L.P.-M.)
| | - Marie-Laure Pinel-Marie
- Inserm, BRM [Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine]—UMR_S 1230, 35000 Rennes, France;
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (M.-L.P.-M.); Tel.: +48-126646511 (B.W.); +33-223234850 (M.-L.P.-M.)
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Hendriks A, van Dalen R, Ali S, Gerlach D, van der Marel GA, Fuchsberger FF, Aerts PC, de Haas CJ, Peschel A, Rademacher C, van Strijp JA, Codée JD, van Sorge NM. Impact of Glycan Linkage to Staphylococcus aureus Wall Teichoic Acid on Langerin Recognition and Langerhans Cell Activation. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:624-635. [PMID: 33591717 PMCID: PMC8023653 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Staphylococcus
aureus is the leading cause of
skin and soft tissue infections. It remains incompletely understood
how skin-resident immune cells respond to invading S. aureus and contribute to an effective immune response. Langerhans cells
(LCs), the only professional antigen-presenting cell type in the epidermis,
sense S. aureus through their pattern-recognition
receptor langerin, triggering a proinflammatory response. Langerin
recognizes the β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine
(β1,4-GlcNAc) but not α-1,4-linked GlcNAc (α1,4-GlcNAc)
modifications, which are added by dedicated glycosyltransferases TarS
and TarM, respectively, on the cell wall glycopolymer wall teichoic
acid (WTA). Recently, an alternative WTA glycosyltransferase, TarP,
was identified, which also modifies WTA with β-GlcNAc but at
the C-3 position (β1,3-GlcNAc) of the WTA ribitol phosphate
(RboP) subunit. Here, we aimed to unravel the impact of β-GlcNAc
linkage position for langerin binding and LC activation. Using genetically
modified S. aureus strains, we observed that langerin
similarly recognized bacteria that produce either TarS- or TarP-modified
WTA, yet tarP-expressing S. aureus induced increased cytokine production and maturation of in vitro-generated LCs compared to tarS-expressing S. aureus. Chemically synthesized WTA
molecules, representative of the different S. aureus WTA glycosylation patterns, were used to identify langerin-WTA binding
requirements. We established that β-GlcNAc is sufficient to
confer langerin binding, thereby presenting synthetic WTA molecules
as a novel glycobiology tool for structure-binding studies and for
elucidating S. aureus molecular pathogenesis. Overall,
our data suggest that LCs are able to sense all β-GlcNAc-WTA
producing S. aureus strains, likely performing an
important role as first responders upon S. aureus skin invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hendriks
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Glaxo-Smith Kline, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rob van Dalen
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Ali
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Gerlach
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Partner Site Tübingen, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Piet C. Aerts
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla J.C. de Haas
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Partner Site Tübingen, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jos A.G. van Strijp
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D.C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M. van Sorge
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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An SQ, Lopes BS, Connolly JPR, Sharp C, Nguyen TKL, Kirkpatrick CL. Going virtual: a report from the sixth Young Microbiologists Symposium on 'Microbe Signalling, Organisation and Pathogenesis'. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167. [PMID: 33529149 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The sixth Young Microbiologists Symposium on 'Microbe Signalling, Organisation and Pathogenesis' was scheduled to be held at the University of Southampton, UK, in late August 2020. However, due to the health and safety guidelines and travel restrictions as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the symposium was transitioned to a virtual format, a change embraced enthusiastically as the meeting attracted over 200 microbiologists from 40 countries. The event allowed junior scientists to present their work to a broad audience and was supported by the European Molecular Biology Organization, the Federation of European Microbiological Societies, the Society of Applied Microbiology, the Biochemical Society, the Microbiology Society and the National Biofilms Innovation Centre. Sessions covered recent advances in all areas of microbiology including: Secretion and transport across membranes, Gene regulation and signalling, Host-microbe interactions, and Microbial communities and biofilm formation. This report focuses on several of the highlights and exciting developments communicated during the talks and poster presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qi An
- School of Biological Sciences, National Biofilms Innovation Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Connor Sharp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Clare Louise Kirkpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Lienen T, Schnitt A, Hammerl JA, Maurischat S, Tenhagen BA. Genomic Distinctions of LA-MRSA ST398 on Dairy Farms From Different German Federal States With a Low Risk of Severe Human Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:575321. [PMID: 33488532 PMCID: PMC7820121 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.575321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been found on German dairy farms and may be the cause of difficult-to-treat bovine mastitis. Considering the one health approach, MRSA might be transmitted from animals to humans raising the risk for severe infections. On 17 German dairy farms with a history of MRSA detection, MRSA strains were isolated from quarter milk, bulk tank milk, and swab samples of calves, heifers, pigs, and the environment. A selection of 33 isolates was analyzed using whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial resistance testing. All detected MRSA strains were attributed to the livestock-associated sequence type 398. Methicillin-resistance was associated with the mecA gene in the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC)mec types IVa (7/33) or V (26/33). The MRSA strains across the German federal states showed large allelic differences indicating independent development and distribution. On one farm, a clonal MRSA isolate was widely spread among different animals and the milking equipment. Moreover, MRSA transmission between two dairy farms in one federal state seems to be likely. In depth studies indicated that the resistance gene prediction and phenotypic resistance are in good agreement. Twenty eight strains were determined to exhibit a non-wildtype phenotype (resistant) against up to seven antimicrobial substances with an overall resistance to β-lactams and tetracycline. Ten different phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns were found among the MRSA strains. The strains harbored a wide virulence gene repertoire, of which some of them are related to bovine mastitis. However, the isolates lacked typical human infection associated factors such as the immune evasion cluster genes, staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, or Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes leading to the assumption for a low risk for severe human infections and foodborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lienen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Schnitt
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maurischat
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Clegg J, Soldaini E, Bagnoli F, McLoughlin RM. Targeting Skin-Resident Memory T Cells via Vaccination to Combat Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Trends Immunol 2020; 42:6-17. [PMID: 33309137 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells are important in adaptive immunity against many infections, rendering these cells attractive potential targets in vaccine development. Genetic and experimental evidence highlights the importance of cellular immunity in protection from Staphylococcus aureus skin infections, yet skin-resident memory T cells are, thus far, an untested component of immunity during such infections. Novel methods of generating and sampling vaccine-induced skin memory T cells are paralleled by discoveries of global, skin-wide immunosurveillance. We propose skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells as a potential missing link in the search for correlates of protection during S. aureus infections. A better appreciation of their phenotypes and functions could accelerate the development of preventive vaccines against this highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Clegg
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Thompson JM, Miller LS. Preclinical Optical Imaging to Study Pathogenesis, Novel Therapeutics and Diagnostics Against Orthopaedic Infection. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2269-2277. [PMID: 31342546 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical in vivo optical imaging includes bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and fluorescence imaging (FLI), which provide noninvasive and longitudinal monitoring of biological processes in an in vivo context. In vivo BLI involves the detection of photons of light from bioluminescent bacteria engineered to naturally emit light in preclinical animal models of infection. Meanwhile, in vivo FLI involves the detection of photons of a longer emission wavelength of light after exposure of a fluorophore to a shorter excitation wavelength of light. In vivo FLI has been used in preclinical animal models to detect fluorescent-labeled host proteins or cells (often in engineered fluorescent reporter mice) to understand host-related processes, or to detect injectable near-infrared fluorescent probes as a novel approach for diagnosing infection. This review describes the use of in vivo optical imaging in preclinical models of orthopaedic implant-associated infection (OIAI), including (i) pathogenesis of the infectious course, (ii) monitoring efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis and therapy and (iii) evaluating novel near-infrared fluorescent probes for diagnosing infection. Finally, we describe optoacoustic imaging and fluorescence image-guided surgery, which are recent technologies that have the potential to translate to diagnosing and treating OIAI in humans. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2269-2277, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Thompson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218
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Frickmann H, Hahn A, Berlec S, Ulrich J, Jansson M, Schwarz NG, Warnke P, Podbielski A. On the Etiological Relevance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Superficial and Deep Infections - A Hypothesis-Forming, Retrospective Assessment. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2019; 9:124-130. [PMID: 31934364 PMCID: PMC6945993 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2019.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are important causes of severe diseases like blood stream infections. This study comparatively assessed potential differences in their impact on disease severity in local and systemic infections. Methods Over a 5-year interval, patients in whom either E. coli or S. aureus was detected in superficial or primary sterile compartments were assessed for the primary endpoint death during hospital stay and the secondary endpoints duration of hospital stay and infectious disease as the main diagnosis. Results Significance was achieved for the impacts as follows: Superficial infection with S. aureus was associated with an odds ratio of 0.27 regarding the risk of death and of 1.42 regarding infectious disease as main diagnosis. Superficial infection with E. coli was associated with a reduced duration of hospital stay by –2.46 days and a reduced odds ratio of infectious diseases as main diagnosis of 0.04. The hospital stay of patients with E. coli was increased due to third-generation cephalosporin and ciprofloxacin resistance, and in the case of patients with S. aureus due to tetracycline and fusidic acid resistance. Conclusions Reduced disease severity of superficial infections due to both E. coli and S. aureus and resistance-driven prolonged stays in hospital were confirmed, while other outcome parameters were comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Berlec
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Ulrich
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Moritz Jansson
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Norbert Georg Schwarz
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Warnke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Podbielski
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Leonard AC, Petrie LE, Cox G. Bacterial Anti-adhesives: Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1668-1681. [PMID: 31374164 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion to the skin and mucosa is often a fundamental and early step in host colonization, the establishment of bacterial infections, and pathology. This process is facilitated by adhesins on the surface of the bacterial cell that recognize host cell molecules. Interfering with bacterial host cell adhesion, so-called anti-adhesive therapeutics, offers promise for the development of novel approaches to control bacterial infections. In this review, we focus on the discovery of anti-adhesives targeting the high priority pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. This organism remains a major clinical burden, and S. aureus nasal colonization is associated with poor clinical outcomes. We describe the molecular basis of nasal colonization and highlight potentially efficacious targets for the development of novel nasal decolonization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C. Leonard
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Laurenne E. Petrie
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Georgina Cox
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Revisiting Bacterial Interference in the Age of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Insights Into Staphylococcus aureus Carriage, Pathogenicity and Potential Control. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:958-966. [PMID: 31274832 PMCID: PMC6692185 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria compete with each other for local supremacy in biologic and environmental niches. In humans, who host an array of commensal bacteria, the presence of one species or strain can sometimes prevent colonization by another, a phenomenon known as "bacterial interference." We describe how, in the 1960s, infants (and later adults) were actively inoculated with a relatively benign strain of Staphylococcus aureus, 502A, to prevent colonization with an epidemic S. aureus strain, 80/81. This introduced bacterial interference as a clinical approach to disease prevention, but little was known about the mechanisms of interference at that time. Since then, much has been learned about how bacteria interact with each other and the host to establish carriage, compete for niches and shift from harmless commensal to invasive pathogen. We provide an overview of these findings and summarize recent studies in which the genome and function of 502A were compared with those of the current epidemic strain, USA300, providing insight into differences in their invasiveness and immunogenicity. Although staphylococcal vaccines have been developed, none has yet been approved for clinical use. Further studies of staphylococcal strains and the molecular characteristics that lead to exclusion of specific bacteria from some niches may provide an alternative path to disease prevention.
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The MSCRAMM Family of Cell-Wall-Anchored Surface Proteins of Gram-Positive Cocci. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:927-941. [PMID: 31375310 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) are a family of proteins that are defined by the presence of two adjacent IgG-like folded subdomains. These promote binding to ligands by mechanisms that involve major conformational changes exemplified by the binding to fibrinogen by the 'dock-lock-latch' mechanism or to collagen by the 'collagen hug'. Clumping factors A and B are two such MSCRAMMs that have several important roles in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections. MSCRAMM architecture, ligand binding, and roles in infection and colonization are examined with a focus on recent developments with clumping factors.
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The good side of inflammation: Staphylococcus aureus proteins SpA and Sbi contribute to proper abscess formation and wound healing during skin and soft tissue infections. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2657-2670. [PMID: 31299217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most prominent cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) worldwide. Mortality associated with invasive SSTI is a major threat to public health considering the incidence of antibiotic resistant isolates in particular methicillin resistant S. aureus both in the hospital (HA-MRSA) and in the community (CA-MRSA). To overcome the increasing difficulties in the clinical management of SSTI due to MRSA, new prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are urgently needed and a preventive vaccine would be welcome. The rational design of an anti-S. aureus vaccine requires a deep knowledge of the role that the different bacterial virulence factors play according to the type of infection. In the present study, using a set of isogenic deficient mutants and their complemented strains we determined that the staphylococcal surface proteins SpA and Sbi play an important role in the induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the skin during SSTI. SpA and Sbi initiate signaling cascades that lead to the early recruitment of neutrophils, modulate their lifespan in the skin milieu and contribute to proper abscess formation and bacterial eradication. Moreover, the expression of SpA and Sbi appear critical for skin repair and wound healing. Thus, these results indicate that SpA and Sbi can promote immune responses in the skin that are beneficial for the host and therefore, should not be neutralized with vaccine formulations designed to prevent SSTI.
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