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Yang W, Zhang C, Liu LB, Bian ZZ, Chang JT, Fan DY, Gao N, Wang PG, An J. Immunocompetent mouse models revealed that S100A4 + monocytes/macrophages facilitate long-term Zika virus infection in the testes. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2300466. [PMID: 38164719 PMCID: PMC10773650 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2300466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
During its global epidemic, Zika virus (ZIKV) attracted widespread attention due to its link with various severe neurological symptoms and potential harm to male fertility. However, the understanding of how ZIKV invades and persists in the male reproductive system is limited due to the lack of immunocompetent small animal models. In this study, immunocompetent murine models were generated by using anti-IFNAR antibody blocked C57BL/6 male mice and human STAT2 (hSTAT2) knock in (KI) male mice. After infection, viral RNA could persist in the testes even after the disappearance of viremia. We also found a population of ZIKV-susceptible S100A4+ monocytes/macrophages that were recruited into testes from peripheral blood and played a crucial role for ZIKV infection in the testis. By using single-cell RNA sequencing, we also proved that S100A4+ monocytes/macrophages had a great impact on the microenvironment of ZIKV-infected testes, thus promoting ZIKV-induced testicular lesions. In conclusion, this study proposed a novel mechanism of long-term ZIKV infection in the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Bo Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Zhan Bian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Tong Chang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Ying Fan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei-Gang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Campos RK, Liang Y, Azar SR, Ly J, Camargos VN, Hager-Soto EE, Eyzaguirre E, Sun J, Rossi SL. CD8 + T cell response promotes viral clearance and reduces chances of severe testicular damage in mouse models of long-term Zika virus infection of the testes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.575592. [PMID: 38328060 PMCID: PMC10849515 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.575592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) causes human testicular inflammation and alterations in sperm parameters and causes testicular damage in mouse models. The involvement of individual immune cells in testicular damage is not fully understood. We detected virus in the testes of the interferon (IFN) α/β receptor -/- A129 mice three weeks post-infection and found elevated chemokines in the testes, suggesting chronic inflammation and long-term infection play a role in testicular damage. In the testes, myeloid cells and CD4 + T cells were absent at 7 dpi but were present at 23 days post-infection (dpi), and CD8 + T cell infiltration started at 7 dpi. CD8 -/- mice with an antibody-depleted IFN response had a significant reduction in spermatogenesis, indicating that CD8 + T cells are essential to prevent testicular damage during long-term ZIKV infections. Our findings on the dynamics of testicular immune cells and importance of CD8 + T cells functions as a framework to understand mechanisms underlying observed inflammation and sperm alterations in humans.
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Ly J, Campos RK, Hager-Soto EE, Camargos VN, Rossi SL. Testicular pathological alterations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2023; 5:1229622. [PMID: 37457430 PMCID: PMC10338913 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2023.1229622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which caused one of the pandemics with the highest mortalities with millions of deaths and hundreds of millions of cases to date. Due to its potential for airborne transmission, many studies have focused on SARS-CoV-2 primarily as a respiratory disease. However, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 to non-respiratory organs has been experimentally demonstrated and clinically observed. During autopsy studies, histopathological lesions, and disruption of the blood-testes barrier (BTB) have been observed in the male reproductive tract. Here, we review findings from both autopsy cases and animal models that demonstrate testicular disease due to COVID-19 and present an overview of the pathological alterations that occur in the testes resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection and explore its potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Ly
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Rafael K. Campos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - E. Eldridge Hager-Soto
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Vidyleison N. Camargos
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Hau RK, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Drug Transporters at the Human Blood-Testis Barrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:560-571. [PMID: 36732077 PMCID: PMC10158500 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporters are involved in the movement of many physiologically important molecules across cell membranes and have a substantial impact on the pharmacological and toxicological effect of xenobiotics. Many transporters have been studied in the context of disposition to, or toxicity in, organs such as the kidney and liver; however, transporters in the testes are increasingly gaining recognition for their role in drug transport across the blood-testis barrier (BTB). The BTB is an epithelial membrane barrier formed by adjacent Sertoli cells (SCs) in the seminiferous tubules that form intercellular junctional complexes to protect developing germ cells from the external environment. Consequently, many charged or large polar molecules cannot cross this barrier without assistance from a transporter. SCs express a variety of drug uptake and efflux transporters to control the flux of endogenous and exogenous molecules across the BTB. Recent studies have identified several transport pathways in SCs that allow certain drugs to circumvent the human BTB. These pathways may exist in other species, such as rodents and nonhuman primates; however, there is (1) a lack of information on their expression and/or localization in these species, and (2) conflicting reports on localization of some transporters that have been evaluated in rodents compared with humans. This review outlines the current knowledge on the expression and localization of pharmacologically relevant drug transporters in human testes and calls attention to the insufficient and contradictory understanding of testicular transporters in other species that are commonly used in drug disposition and toxicity studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: While the expression, localization, and function of many xenobiotic transporters have been studied in organs such as the kidney and liver, the characterization of transporters in the testes is scarce. This review summarizes the expression and localization of common pharmacologically-relevant transporters in human testes that have significant implications for the development of drugs that can cross the blood-testis barrier. Potential expression differences between humans and rodents highlighted here suggest rodents may be inappropriate for some testicular disposition and toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond K Hau
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology (R.K.H., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen H Wright
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology (R.K.H., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology (R.K.H., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Zika Virus Infection Damages the Testes in Pubertal Common Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri collinsi). Viruses 2023; 15:v15030615. [PMID: 36992324 PMCID: PMC10051343 DOI: 10.3390/v15030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak and after evidence of its sexual transmission was obtained, concerns arose about the impact of the adverse effects of ZIKV infection on human fertility. In this study, we evaluated the clinical-laboratory aspects and testicular histopathological patterns of pubertal squirrel monkeys (Saimiri collinsi) infected with ZIKV, analyzing the effects at different stages of infection. The susceptibility of S. collinsi to ZIKV infection was confirmed by laboratory tests, which detected viremia (mean 1.63 × 106 RNA copies/µL) and IgM antibody induction. Reduced fecal testosterone levels, severe testicular atrophy and prolonged orchitis were observed throughout the experiment by ultrasound. At 21 dpi, testicular damage associated with ZIKV was confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. Tubular retraction, the degeneration and necrosis of somatic and germ cells in the seminiferous tubules, the proliferation of interstitial cells and an inflammatory infiltrate were observed. ZIKV antigen was identified in the same cells where tissue injuries were observed. In conclusion, squirrel monkeys were found to be susceptible to the Asian variant of ZIKV, and this model enabled the identification of multifocal lesions in the seminiferous tubules of the infected group evaluated. These findings may suggest an impact of ZIKV infection on male fertility.
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Wang HW, Li HH, Wu SC, Tang CK, Yu HY, Chang YC, Sung PS, Liu WL, Su MP, Yu GY, Huang LR, Chen CH, Hsieh SL. CLEC5A mediates Zika virus-induced testicular damage. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:12. [PMID: 36803804 PMCID: PMC9936774 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is clinically known to induce testicular swelling, termed orchitis, and potentially impact male sterility, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous reports suggested that C-type lectins play important roles in mediating virus-induced inflammatory reactions and pathogenesis. We thus investigated whether C-type lectins modulate ZIKV-induced testicular damage. METHODS C-type lectin domain family 5 member A (CLEC5A) knockout mice were generated in a STAT1-deficient immunocompromised background (denoted clec5a-/-stat1-/-) to enable testing of the role played by CLEC5A after ZIKV infection in a mosquito-to-mouse disease model. Following ZIKV infection, mice were subjected to an array of analyses to evaluate testicular damage, including ZIKV infectivity and neutrophil infiltration estimation via quantitative RT-PCR or histology and immunohistochemistry, inflammatory cytokine and testosterone detection, and spermatozoon counting. Furthermore, DNAX-activating proteins for 12 kDa (DAP12) knockout mice (dap12-/-stat1-/-) were generated and used to evaluate ZIKV infectivity, inflammation, and spermatozoa function in order to investigate the potential mechanisms engaged by CLEC5A. RESULTS Compared to experiments conducted in ZIKV-infected stat1-/- mice, infected clec5a-/-stat1-/- mice showed reductions in testicular ZIKV titer, local inflammation and apoptosis in testis and epididymis, neutrophil invasion, and sperm count and motility. CLEC5A, a myeloid pattern recognition receptor, therefore appears involved in the pathogenesis of ZIKV-induced orchitis and oligospermia. Furthermore, DAP12 expression was found to be decreased in the testis and epididymis tissues of clec5a-/-stat1-/- mice. As for CLEC5A deficient mice, ZIKV-infected DAP12-deficient mice also showed reductions in testicular ZIKV titer and local inflammation, as well as improved spermatozoa function, as compared to controls. CLEC5A-associated DAP12 signaling appears to in part regulate ZIKV-induced testicular damage. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses reveal a critical role for CLEC5A in ZIKV-induced proinflammatory responses, as CLEC5A enables leukocytes to infiltrate past the blood-testis barrier and induce testicular and epididymal tissue damage. CLEC5A is thus a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of injuries to male reproductive organs in ZIKV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wei Wang
- grid.59784.370000000406229172National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan ,grid.59784.370000000406229172National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Han Li
- grid.59784.370000000406229172National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan ,grid.59784.370000000406229172National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Shih-Cheng Wu
- grid.59784.370000000406229172National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan ,grid.19188.390000 0004 0546 0241Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10048 Taiwan ,grid.412094.a0000 0004 0572 7815Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10021 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kang Tang
- grid.59784.370000000406229172National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Program of Plant Protection and Health, Academy of Circular Economy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202 Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ying Yu
- grid.59784.370000000406229172National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan ,grid.19188.390000 0004 0546 0241Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Chang
- grid.59784.370000000406229172National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Sung
- grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Liu
- grid.59784.370000000406229172National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan
| | - Matthew P. Su
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan ,grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XInstitute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- grid.59784.370000000406229172National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan
| | - Li-Rung Huang
- grid.59784.370000000406229172Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- grid.59784.370000000406229172National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan ,grid.59784.370000000406229172National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350401 Taiwan
| | - Shie-Liang Hsieh
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Santacroce L, Imbimbo C, Ballini A, Crocetto F, Scacco S, Cantore S, Di Zazzo E, Colella M, Jirillo E. Testicular Immunity and Its Connection with the Microbiota. Physiological and Clinical Implications in the Light of Personalized Medicine. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1335. [PMID: 36013286 PMCID: PMC9409709 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is a complex process, which is based on the cooperation between the endocrine-immune system and the microbiota. Testicular immunity is characterized by the so-called immune privilege, a mechanism that avoids autoimmune attacks against proteins expressed by spermatozoa. Testicular microbiota is connected with the gut microbiota, the most prevalent site of commensals inthe body. Both microbiotas take part inthe development of the immune system and protection againstpathogen invasion. Dysbiosis is caused by concurrent pathologies, such as obesity, diabetes, infections and trauma. The substitution of beneficial bacteria with pathogens may lead to destruction of spermatozoa directly or indirectly and, ultimately, to male infertility. Novel therapeutic interventions, i.e., nutritional interventions and supplementation of natural products, such as, probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants and polyphenols, may lead to the restoration of the otherwise-impaired male reproductive potential, even if experimental and clinical results are not always concordant. In this review, the structure and immune function of the testis will be described with special reference to the blood-testisbarrier. The regulatory role of both the gut and testicular microbiota will be illustrated in health and disease, also emphasizing therapeutic attempts with natural products for the correction of male infertility, in the era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santacroce
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ciro Imbimbo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Scacco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Cantore
- Independent Researcher, Sorriso & Benessere—Ricerca e Clinica, 70129 Bari, Italy
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Marica Colella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Hau RK, Klein RR, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Localization of Xenobiotic Transporters Expressed at the Human Blood-Testis Barrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:770-780. [PMID: 35307651 PMCID: PMC9190233 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier (BTB) is formed by basal tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells (SCs) of the seminiferous tubules and acts as a physical barrier to protect developing germ cells in the adluminal compartment from reproductive toxicants. Xenobiotics, including antivirals, male contraceptives, and cancer chemotherapeutics, are known to cross the BTB, although the mechanisms that permit barrier circumvention are generally unknown. This study used immunohistological staining of human testicular tissue to determine the site of expression for xenobiotic transporters that facilitate transport across the BTB. Organic anion transporter (OAT) 1, OAT2, and organic cation transporter, novel (OCTN) 1 primarily localized to the basal membrane of SCs, whereas OCTN2, multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 3, MRP6, and MRP7 localized to SC basal membranes and peritubular myoid cells (PMCs) surrounding the seminiferous tubules. Concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) 2 localized to Leydig cells (LCs), PMCs, and SC apicolateral membranes. Organic cation transporter (OCT) 1, OCT2, and OCT3 mostly localized to PMCs and LCs, although there was minor staining in developing germ cells for OCT3. Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2A1, OATP2B1, and OATP3A1-v2 localized to SC basal membranes with diffuse staining for some transporters. Notably, OATP1C1 and OATP4A1 primarily localized to LCs. Positive staining for multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE) 1 was only observed throughout the adluminal compartment. Definitive staining for CNT1, OAT3, MATE2, and OATP6A1 was not observed. The location of these transporters is consistent with their involvement in the movement of xenobiotics across the BTB. Altogether, the localization of these transporters provides insight into the mechanisms of drug disposition across the BTB and will be useful in developing tools to overcome the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic difficulties presented by the BTB. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the total mRNA and protein expression of drug transporters in the testes has been explored, the localization of many transporters at the blood-testis barrier (BTB) has not been determined. This study applied immunohistological staining in human testicular tissues to identify the cellular localization of drug transporters in the testes. The observations made in this study have implications for the development of drugs that can effectively use transporters expressed at the basal membranes of Sertoli cells to bypass the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond K Hau
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Departments of Pathology (R.R.K.) and Physiology (S.H.W.), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Robert R Klein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Departments of Pathology (R.R.K.) and Physiology (S.H.W.), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Departments of Pathology (R.R.K.) and Physiology (S.H.W.), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Departments of Pathology (R.R.K.) and Physiology (S.H.W.), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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9
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Hypertension Induces Gonadal Macrophage Imbalance, Inflammation, Lymphangiogenesis, and Dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:879-894. [PMID: 35532133 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is associated with gonadal dysfunction and impaired reproductive health in both men and women. An imbalance in the systemic and renal pro-inflammatory (M1)/anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophage ratio, increased inflammation, and inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis have been observed in animals with HTN. However, the impact of HTN on gonadal macrophages, inflammation, and lymphatics remains obscure. We hypothesized that salt-sensitive HTN (SSHTN) and HTN alters gonadal macrophage polarization, which is associated with inflammation, inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis and reproductive dysfunction. Flow cytometry analyses revealed a significant increase in M1 macrophages in the testes of SSHTN and nitric oxide synthase inhibition-induced HTN (LHTN) mice, with a concurrent decrease in M2 macrophages in SSHTN mice yet an increase in M2 macrophages in LHTN mice. Ovaries from SSHTN mice exhibited increase in M1 and a decrease in M2 macrophages, while ovaries from LHTN mice had a significant increase in M2 and a decrease in M1 macrophages. Gene expression patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines revealed gonadal inflammation in all hypertensive mice. Increased lymphatic vessel density in the gonads of both male and female hypertensive mice was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining for LYVE-1. HTN adversely affected the expression pattern of steroidogenic enzymes, hormone receptors, and secretory proteins in both the testes and ovaries. In line with these results, male hypertensive mice also presented with decreased sperm concentration, and increased percentage of sperm with abnormal morphology, damaged acrosome, and non-functional mitochondrial activity. These data demonstrate that HTN alters gonadal macrophage polarization, which is associated with gonadal inflammation, inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis, and dysfunction.
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10
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Wu Z, Zhu S, Qian J, Hu Y, Ji W, Li D, Zhu P, Liang R, Jin Y. Analysis of miRNAs Involved in Mouse Heart Injury Upon Coxsackievirus A2 Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:765445. [PMID: 35155276 PMCID: PMC8831793 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.765445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A2 (CVA2) has recently been constantly detected, and is associated with viral myocarditis in children. Our previous study demonstrated that CVA2 led to heart damage in a neonatal murine model. However, the molecular mechanism of heart injury caused by CVA2 remains largely unknown. Emerging evidence suggests the significant functions of miRNAs in Coxsackievirus infection. To investigate potential miRNAs involved in heart injury caused by CVA2, our study, for the first time, conducted a RNA-seq in vivo employing infected mice hearts. In total, 87, 101 and 76 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified at 3 days post infection (dpi), 7 dpi and 7 dpi vs 3 dpi. Importantly, above 3 comparison strategies shared 34 differentially expressed miRNAs. These results were confirmed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Next, we did GO, KEGG, and miRNA-mRNA integrated analysis of differential miRNAs. The dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed the miRNA-mRNA pairs. To further confirm the above enriched pathways and processes, we did Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Our results suggest that inflammatory responses, T cell activation, apoptosis, autophagy, antiviral immunity, NK cell infiltration, and the disruption of tight junctions are involved in the pathogenesis of heart injury caused by CVA2. The dysregulated miRNAs and pathways recognized in the current study can improve the understanding of the intricate interactions between CVA2 and the heart injury, opening a novel avenue for the future study of CVA2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoke Wu
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shenshen Zhu
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juanfeng Qian
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Hu
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peiyu Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruonan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yuefei Jin,
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Hasan H, Bhushan S, Fijak M, Meinhardt A. Mechanism of Inflammatory Associated Impairment of Sperm Function, Spermatogenesis and Steroidogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:897029. [PMID: 35574022 PMCID: PMC9096214 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.897029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection and inflammation are relevant entities of male reproductive disorders that can lead to sub-/infertility. Associated damage of the testis of affected men and in rodent models include leukocytic infiltration, edema formation, fibrosis, germ cell loss and reduced androgen levels. Negative effects on spermatogenesis are thought to be elicited by oxidative stress sustained mostly by increased levels of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Under normal conditions these cytokines have physiological functions. However, increased levels as seen in inflammation and infection, but also in obesity and cancer are harmful for germ cells and impair steroidogenesis. As a summary, there is mounting evidence that the activation of inflammatory pathways is a rather common feature in various forms of male testicular disorders that extends beyond established infectious/inflammatory cues. This mini review will focus on relevant entities and the mechanisms of how a dysbalance of local testicular factors contributes to disturbances of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika Fijak
- *Correspondence: Andreas Meinhardt, ; Monika Fijak,
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12
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Meinhardt A, Dejucq-Rainsford N, Bhushan S. Testicular macrophages: development and function in health and disease. Trends Immunol 2021; 43:51-62. [PMID: 34848166 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages comprise a heterogeneous immune cell population and display niche-specific phenotypes and functions in almost all organs. Testicular macrophages (TMs) perform essential immune and non-immune functions in the mammalian male gonads. Here, we discuss the most recent findings on TM ontogeny, heterogeneity, and function under steady state and inflammatory conditions. We also highlight new discoveries regarding the functions of macrophages during bacterial and viral infections of the testes and how macrophages may indirectly help the establishment of a reservoir through virus seeding. Understanding TM function and macrophage-related mechanisms of disease might assist in developing new opportunities for intervention in male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Meinhardt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sudhanshu Bhushan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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13
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Bhardwaj U, Singh SK. Zika Virus NS1 Suppresses VE-Cadherin and Claudin-5 via hsa-miR-101-3p in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6290-6303. [PMID: 34487317 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurotropic virus that causes microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in adults. ZIKV is known to transmigrate through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by utilizing different strategies. NS1 is a conserved flavivirus protein, which is secreted extracellularly. ZIKV-NS1 has been shown to target adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs) to disrupt the endothelial barrier integrity. The microRNAs are short non-coding RNAs, which post-transcriptionally regulate the gene expression by binding to 3' UTR of the target gene. In the present study, we studied the ZIKV-NS1-mediated effect through hsa-miR-101-3p on the junctional barrier integrity in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. We exposed hBMVECs and hCMEC/D3 cells with ZIKV-NS1 at different time points (12 h and 24 h) with the doses 500 ng/mL and 1000 ng/mL. The change in the expression of VE-cadherin and claudin-5 was quantified using immunoblotting. The expression of the hsa-miR-101-3p was quantified using qRT-PCR. To prove the targeting of hsa-miR-101-3p to VE-cadherin, we transfected hsa-miR-101-3p mimic, scramble, hsa-miR-101-3p inhibitor, and Cy3 in the ZIKV-NS1-exposed hCMEC/D3 cells. The distribution and expression of the VE-cadherin and claudin-5 were observed using immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. The ZIKV-NS1 compromises the endothelial barrier integrity by disrupting the VE-cadherin and claudin-5 protein expression via hsa-miR-101-3p. The findings of this study suggest that ZIKV-NS1 dysregulates the adherens junction and tight junction proteins through hsa-miR-101-3p, which compromises the barrier integrity of human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Bhardwaj
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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14
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BAF45b Is Required for Efficient Zika Virus Infection of HAP1 Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102007. [PMID: 34696437 PMCID: PMC8540262 DOI: 10.3390/v13102007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic illustrates the impact of flaviviruses as emerging human pathogens. For unknown reasons, ZIKV replicates more efficiently in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) than in postmitotic neurons. Here, we identified host factors used by ZIKV using the NCI-60 library of cell lines and COMPARE analysis, and cross-analyzed this library with two other libraries of host factors with importance for ZIKV infection. We identified BAF45b, a subunit of the BAF (Brg1/Brm-associated factors) protein complexes that regulate differentiation of NPCs to post-mitotic neurons. ZIKV (and other flaviviruses) infected HAP1 cells deficient in expression of BAF45b and other BAF subunits less efficiently than wildtype (WT) HAP1 cells. We concluded that subunits of the BAF complex are important for infection of ZIKV and other flavivirus. Given their function in cell and tissue differentiation, such regulators may be important determinants of tropism and pathogenesis of arthropod-borne flaviviruses.
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15
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Are the Organoid Models an Invaluable Contribution to ZIKA Virus Research? Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101233. [PMID: 34684182 PMCID: PMC8537471 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to prevent new pathogen outbreaks and avoid possible new global health threats, it is important to study the mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis, screen new antiviral agents and test new vaccines using the best methods. In the last decade, organoids have provided a groundbreaking opportunity for modeling pathogen infections in human brains, including Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. ZIKV is a member of the Flavivirus genus, and it is recognized as an emerging infectious agent and a serious threat to global health. Organoids are 3D complex cellular models that offer an in-scale organ that is physiologically alike to the original one, useful for exploring the mechanisms behind pathogens infection; additionally, organoids integrate data generated in vitro with traditional tools and often support those obtained in vivo with animal model. In this mini-review the value of organoids for ZIKV research is examined and sustained by the most recent literature. Within a 3D viewpoint, tissue engineered models are proposed as future biological systems to help in deciphering pathogenic processes and evaluate preventive and therapeutic strategies against ZIKV. The next steps in this field constitute a challenge that may protect people and future generations from severe brain defects.
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16
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Campos RK, Camargos VN, Azar SR, Haines CA, Eyzaguirre EJ, Rossi SL. SARS-CoV-2 Infects Hamster Testes. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1318. [PMID: 34204370 PMCID: PMC8235703 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect millions of people worldwide. Although SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus, there is growing concern that the disease could cause damage and pathology outside the lungs, including in the genital tract. Studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection can damage the testes and reduce testosterone levels, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown and evidence of virus replication in testicular cells is lacking. We infected golden Syrian hamsters intranasally, a model for mild human COVID-19, and detected viral RNA in testes samples without histopathological changes up to one month post-infection. Using an ex vivo infection model, we detected SARS-CoV-2 replication in hamster testicular cells. Taken together, our data raise the possibility that testes damage observed in severe cases of COVID-19 could be partly explained by direct SARS-CoV-2 infection of the testicular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael K. Campos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (R.K.C.); (C.A.H.)
| | - Vidyleison N. Camargos
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; (V.N.C.); (S.R.A.); (E.J.E.)
| | - Sasha R. Azar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; (V.N.C.); (S.R.A.); (E.J.E.)
| | - Clint A. Haines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (R.K.C.); (C.A.H.)
| | - Eduardo J. Eyzaguirre
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; (V.N.C.); (S.R.A.); (E.J.E.)
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (R.K.C.); (C.A.H.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; (V.N.C.); (S.R.A.); (E.J.E.)
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Duarte G, Miranda AE, Bermudez XPD, Saraceni V, Martinez-Espinosa FE. Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: Zika virus infection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e2020609. [PMID: 34008724 PMCID: PMC8210481 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-609-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article addresses the vector, sexual and vertical transmissions of the Zika virus, a topic covered in the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Although in Brazil Zika virus is transmitted more predominantly by Aedes aegypti, the vertical and sexual transmission routes are of significant importance for reproductive health. Sexual transmission demands specific prophylactic interventions, including the use of male or female condoms, especially among couples in a risk situation and planning pregnancy. Vertical transmission is linked to severe structural abnormalities of the central nervous system, and there is still no vaccine or known pharmacological resources that can prevent it. As the disease is predominantly asymptomatic, failure to comply with the basic principles of care and guidelines associated with the spread of the infection transcends the severity of the disease's symptoms. Although in Brazil Zika virus is predominantly transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, vertical and sexual transmission routes are important for reproductive health. Vertical transmission causes severe central nervous system structural abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Duarte
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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18
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Gist of Zika Virus pathogenesis. Virology 2021; 560:86-95. [PMID: 34051478 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne neurotropic flavivirus. ZIKV infection may lead to microcephaly in developing fetus and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) like symptoms in adults. ZIKV was first reported in humans in 1952 from Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Later, ZIKV outbreak was reported in 2007 from the Yap Island. ZIKV re-emerged as major outbreak in the year 2013 from French Polynesia followed by second outbreak in the year 2015 from Brazil. ZIKV crosses the blood-tissue barriers to enter immune-privileged organs. Clinical manifestations in ZIKV disease includes rash, fever, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, headache, transverse myelitis, meningoencephalitis, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM). The understanding of the molecular mechanism of ZIKV pathogenesis is very important to develop potential diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for ZIKV infected patients.
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19
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Pletnev AG, Maximova OA, Liu G, Kenney H, Nagata BM, Zagorodnyaya T, Moore I, Chumakov K, Tsetsarkin KA. Epididymal epithelium propels early sexual transmission of Zika virus in the absence of interferon signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2469. [PMID: 33927207 PMCID: PMC8084954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of Zika virus (ZIKV) sexual transmission (ST) among humans challenges our understanding of the maintenance of mosquito-borne viruses in nature. Here we dissected the relative contributions of the components of male reproductive system (MRS) during early male-to-female ZIKV transmission by utilizing mice with altered antiviral responses, in which ZIKV is provided an equal opportunity to be seeded in the MRS tissues. Using microRNA-targeted ZIKV clones engineered to abolish viral infectivity to different parts of the MRS or a library of ZIKV genomes with unique molecular identifiers, we pinpoint epithelial cells of the epididymis (rather than cells of the testis, vas deferens, prostate, or seminal vesicles) as a most likely source of the sexually transmitted ZIKV genomes during the early (most productive) phase of ZIKV shedding into the semen. Incorporation of this mechanistic knowledge into the development of a live-attenuated ZIKV vaccine restricts its ST potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olga A Maximova
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guangping Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather Kenney
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bianca M Nagata
- Infectious Disease and Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tatiana Zagorodnyaya
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ian Moore
- Infectious Disease and Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Konstantin Chumakov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Konstantin A Tsetsarkin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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20
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Duarte G, Miranda AE, Bermúdez XPD, Saraceni V, Martínez-Espinosa FE. [Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: Zika virus infection]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e2020609. [PMID: 33729407 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-4974202100017.esp1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article addresses vector, sexual and vertical transmission of Zika virus, a topic covered in the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Although in Brazil Zika virus is transmitted most predominantly by Aedes aegypti, the vertical and sexual transmission routes are of significant importance for reproductive health. Sexual transmission demands the use of specific prophylactic interventions, including the use of male or female condoms, especially among couples planning pregnancy. Vertical transmission is linked to severe structural abnormalities of the central nervous system and there is still no vaccine or known pharmacological resources that can prevent it. As the disease is predominantly asymptomatic, failure to comply with basic principles of care and guidelines related to the spread of infection transcends the severity of the symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Duarte
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Valeria Saraceni
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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21
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Blitvich BJ, Magalhaes T, Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Foy BD. Sexual Transmission of Arboviruses: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090933. [PMID: 32854298 PMCID: PMC7552039 DOI: 10.3390/v12090933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are primarily maintained in nature in transmission cycles between hematophagous arthropods and vertebrate hosts, but an increasing number of arboviruses have been isolated from or indirectly detected in the urogenital tract and sexual secretions of their vertebrate hosts, indicating that further investigation on the possibility of sexual transmission of these viruses is warranted. The most widely recognized sexually-transmitted arbovirus is Zika virus but other arboviruses, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and dengue virus, might also be transmitted, albeit occasionally, by this route. This review summarizes our current understanding on the ability of arboviruses to be sexually transmitted. We discuss the sexual transmission of arboviruses between humans and between vertebrate animals, but not arthropod vectors. Every taxonomic group known to contain arboviruses (Asfarviridae, Bunyavirales, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Togaviridae) is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-515-294-9861; Fax: +1-515-294-8500
| | - Tereza Magalhaes
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
| | - S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Brian D. Foy
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
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