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Hartmann JA, Cardoso MR, Talarico MCR, Kenney DJ, Leone MR, Reese DC, Turcinovic J, O'Connell AK, Gertje HP, Marino C, Ojeda PE, De Paula EV, Orsi FA, Velloso LA, Cafiero TR, Connor JH, Ploss A, Hoelzemer A, Carrington M, Barczak AK, Crossland NA, Douam F, Boucau J, Garcia-Beltran WF. Evasion of NKG2D-mediated cytotoxic immunity by sarbecoviruses. Cell 2024; 187:2393-2410.e14. [PMID: 38653235 PMCID: PMC11088510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and other sarbecoviruses continue to threaten humanity, highlighting the need to characterize common mechanisms of viral immune evasion for pandemic preparedness. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are vital for antiviral immunity and express NKG2D, an activating receptor conserved among mammals that recognizes infection-induced stress ligands (e.g., MIC-A/B). We found that SARS-CoV-2 evades NKG2D recognition by surface downregulation of MIC-A/B via shedding, observed in human lung tissue and COVID-19 patient serum. Systematic testing of SARS-CoV-2 proteins revealed that ORF6, an accessory protein uniquely conserved among sarbecoviruses, was responsible for MIC-A/B downregulation via shedding. Further investigation demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells efficiently killed SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and limited viral spread. However, inhibition of MIC-A/B shedding with a monoclonal antibody, 7C6, further enhanced NK-cell activity toward SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Our findings unveil a strategy employed by SARS-CoV-2 to evade cytotoxic immunity, identify the culprit immunevasin shared among sarbecoviruses, and suggest a potential novel antiviral immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Hartmann
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Devin J Kenney
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madison R Leone
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dagny C Reese
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Turcinovic
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aoife K O'Connell
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hans P Gertje
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pedro E Ojeda
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erich V De Paula
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Orsi
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Licio Augusto Velloso
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas R Cafiero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - John H Connor
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Infection and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Crossland
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florian Douam
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Vlachava VM, Seirafian S, Fielding CA, Kollnberger S, Aicheler RJ, Hughes J, Baker A, Weekes MP, Forbes S, Wilkinson GWG, Wang ECY, Stanton RJ. HCMV-secreted glycoprotein gpUL4 inhibits TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and NK cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309077120. [PMID: 38011551 PMCID: PMC10710050 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309077120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a paradigm of pathogen immune evasion and sustains lifelong persistent infection in the face of exceptionally powerful host immune responses through the concerted action of multiple immune-evasins. These reduce NK cell activation by inhibiting ligands for activating receptors, expressing ligands for inhibitory receptors, or inhibiting synapse formation. However, these functions only inhibit direct interactions with the infected cell. To determine whether the virus also expresses soluble factors that could modulate NK function at a distance, we systematically screened all 170 HCMV canonical protein-coding genes. This revealed that UL4 encodes a secreted and heavily glycosylated protein (gpUL4) that is expressed with late-phase kinetics and is capable of inhibiting NK cell degranulation. Analyses of gpUL4 binding partners by mass spectrometry identified an interaction with TRAIL. gpUL4 bound TRAIL with picomolar affinity and prevented TRAIL from binding its receptor, thus acting as a TRAIL decoy receptor. TRAIL is found in both soluble and membrane-bound forms, with expression of the membrane-bound form strongly up-regulated on NK cells in response to interferon. gpUL4 inhibited apoptosis induced by soluble TRAIL, while also binding to the NK cell surface in a TRAIL-dependent manner, where it blocked NK cell degranulation and cytokine secretion. gpUL4 therefore acts as an immune-evasin by inhibiting both soluble and membrane-bound TRAIL and is a viral-encoded TRAIL decoy receptor. Interestingly, gpUL4 could also suppress NK responses to heterologous viruses, suggesting that it may act as a systemic virally encoded immunosuppressive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia-Maria Vlachava
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Sepehr Seirafian
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kollnberger
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J. Aicheler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, CardiffCF5 2YB, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hughes
- Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection & Immunity, Glasgow University, GlasgowG61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Baker
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Forbes
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W. G. Wilkinson
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Eddie C. Y. Wang
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Klussmeier A, Putke K, Klasberg S, Kohler M, Sauter J, Schefzyk D, Schöfl G, Massalski C, Schäfer G, Schmidt AH, Roers A, Lange V. High population frequencies of MICA copy number variations originate from independent recombination events. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1297589. [PMID: 38035108 PMCID: PMC10684724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
MICA is a stress-induced ligand of the NKG2D receptor that stimulates NK and T cell responses and was identified as a key determinant of anti-tumor immunity. The MICA gene is located inside the MHC complex and is in strong linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B. While an HLA-B*48-linked MICA deletion-haplotype was previously described in Asian populations, little is known about other MICA copy number variations. Here, we report the genotyping of more than two million individuals revealing high frequencies of MICA duplications (1%) and MICA deletions (0.4%). Their prevalence differs between ethnic groups and can rise to 2.8% (Croatia) and 9.2% (Mexico), respectively. Targeted sequencing of more than 70 samples indicates that these copy number variations originate from independent nonallelic homologous recombination events between segmental duplications upstream of MICA and MICB. Overall, our data warrant further investigation of disease associations and consideration of MICA copy number data in oncological study protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kol I, Rishiq A, Cohen M, Kahlon S, Pick O, Dassa L, Stein N, Bar-On Y, Wolf DG, Seidel E, Mandelboim O. CLPTM1L is a GPI-anchoring pathway component targeted by HCMV. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202207104. [PMID: 37389656 PMCID: PMC10316631 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202207104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The GPI-anchoring pathway plays important roles in normal development and immune modulation. MHC Class I Polypeptide-related Sequence A (MICA) is a stress-induced ligand, downregulated by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to escape immune recognition. Its most prevalent allele, MICA*008, is GPI-anchored via an uncharacterized pathway. Here, we identify cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein 1-like protein (CLPTM1L) as a GPI-anchoring pathway component and show that during infection, the HCMV protein US9 downregulates MICA*008 via CLPTM1L. We show that the expression of some GPI-anchored proteins (CD109, CD59, and MELTF)-but not others (ULBP2, ULBP3)-is CLPTM1L-dependent, and further show that like MICA*008, MELTF is downregulated by US9 via CLPTM1L during infection. Mechanistically, we suggest that CLPTM1L's function depends on its interaction with a free form of PIG-T, normally a part of the GPI transamidase complex. We suggest that US9 inhibits this interaction and thereby downregulates the expression of CLPTM1L-dependent proteins. Altogether, we report on a new GPI-anchoring pathway component that is targeted by HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Kol
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ahmed Rishiq
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mevaseret Cohen
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Kahlon
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ophir Pick
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Dassa
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Natan Stein
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yotam Bar-On
- Department of Immunology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dana G. Wolf
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einat Seidel
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Rubina A, Patel M, Nightingale K, Potts M, Fielding CA, Kollnberger S, Lau B, Ladell K, Miners KL, Nichols J, Nobre L, Roberts D, Trinca TM, Twohig JP, Vlahava VM, Davison AJ, Price DA, Tomasec P, Wilkinson GWG, Weekes MP, Stanton RJ, Wang ECY. ADAM17 targeting by human cytomegalovirus remodels the cell surface proteome to simultaneously regulate multiple immune pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303155120. [PMID: 37561786 PMCID: PMC10438378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303155120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major human pathogen whose life-long persistence is enabled by its remarkable capacity to systematically subvert host immune defenses. In exploring the finding that HCMV infection up-regulates tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), a ligand for the pro-inflammatory antiviral cytokine TNFα, we found that the underlying mechanism was due to targeting of the protease, A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17). ADAM17 is the prototype 'sheddase', a family of proteases that cleaves other membrane-bound proteins to release biologically active ectodomains into the supernatant. HCMV impaired ADAM17 surface expression through the action of two virally-encoded proteins in its UL/b' region, UL148 and UL148D. Proteomic plasma membrane profiling of cells infected with an HCMV double-deletion mutant for UL148 and UL148D with restored ADAM17 expression, combined with ADAM17 functional blockade, showed that HCMV stabilized the surface expression of 114 proteins (P < 0.05) in an ADAM17-dependent fashion. These included reported substrates of ADAM17 with established immunological functions such as TNFR2 and jagged1, but also numerous unreported host and viral targets, such as nectin1, UL8, and UL144. Regulation of TNFα-induced cytokine responses and NK inhibition during HCMV infection were dependent on this impairment of ADAM17. We therefore identify a viral immunoregulatory mechanism in which targeting a single sheddase enables broad regulation of multiple critical surface receptors, revealing a paradigm for viral-encoded immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzelika Rubina
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mihil Patel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Nightingale
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Potts
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kollnberger
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Betty Lau
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L. Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna Nichols
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn Roberts
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Terrence M. Trinca
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Jason P. Twohig
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia-Maria Vlahava
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Tomasec
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W. G. Wilkinson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Eddie C. Y. Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CardiffCF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Ashley CL, McSharry BP, McWilliam HEG, Stanton RJ, Fielding CA, Mathias RA, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Villadangos JA, Rossjohn J, Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Suppression of MR1 by human cytomegalovirus inhibits MAIT cell activation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107497. [PMID: 36845106 PMCID: PMC9950634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The antigen presentation molecule MHC class I related protein-1 (MR1) is best characterized by its ability to present bacterially derived metabolites of vitamin B2 biosynthesis to mucosal-associated invariant T-cells (MAIT cells). Methods Through in vitro human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the presence of MR1 ligand we investigate the modulation of MR1 expression. Using coimmunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, expression by recombinant adenovirus and HCMV deletion mutants we investigate HCMV gpUS9 and its family members as potential regulators of MR1 expression. The functional consequences of MR1 modulation by HCMV infection are explored in coculture activation assays with either Jurkat cells engineered to express the MAIT cell TCR or primary MAIT cells. MR1 dependence in these activation assays is established by addition of MR1 neutralizing antibody and CRISPR/Cas-9 mediated MR1 knockout. Results Here we demonstrate that HCMV infection efficiently suppresses MR1 surface expression and reduces total MR1 protein levels. Expression of the viral glycoprotein gpUS9 in isolation could reduce both cell surface and total MR1 levels, with analysis of a specific US9 HCMV deletion mutant suggesting that the virus can target MR1 using multiple mechanisms. Functional assays with primary MAIT cells demonstrated the ability of HCMV infection to inhibit bacterially driven, MR1-dependent activation using both neutralizing antibodies and engineered MR1 knockout cells. Discussion This study identifies a strategy encoded by HCMV to disrupt the MR1:MAIT cell axis. This immune axis is less well characterized in the context of viral infection. HCMV encodes hundreds of proteins, some of which regulate the expression of antigen presentation molecules. However the ability of this virus to regulate the MR1:MAIT TCR axis has not been studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L. Ashley
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P. McSharry
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamish E. G. McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology (Bio21), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rommel A. Mathias
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jose A. Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology (Bio21), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Deciphering the Potential Coding of Human Cytomegalovirus: New Predicted Transmembrane Proteome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052768. [PMID: 35269907 PMCID: PMC8911422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CMV is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals that will benefit from the availability of a vaccine. Despite the efforts made during the last decade, no CMV vaccine is available. An ideal CMV vaccine should elicit a broad immune response against multiple viral antigens including proteins involved in virus-cell interaction and entry. However, the therapeutic use of neutralizing antibodies targeting glycoproteins involved in viral entry achieved only partial protection against infection. In this scenario, a better understanding of the CMV proteome potentially involved in viral entry may provide novel candidates to include in new potential vaccine design. In this study, we aimed to explore the CMV genome to identify proteins with putative transmembrane domains to identify new potential viral envelope proteins. We have performed in silico analysis using the genome sequences of nine different CMV strains to predict the transmembrane domains of the encoded proteins. We have identified 77 proteins with transmembrane domains, 39 of which were present in all the strains and were highly conserved. Among the core proteins, 17 of them such as UL10, UL139 or US33A have no ascribed function and may be good candidates for further mechanistic studies.
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microRNA, a Subtle Indicator of Human Cytomegalovirus against Host Immune Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020144. [PMID: 35214602 PMCID: PMC8874957 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the β-herpesvirus family and infects 40–90% of the adult population worldwide. HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic in healthy individuals but causes serious problems in immunocompromised people. We restricted this narrative review (PubMed, January 2022) to demonstrate the interaction and molecular mechanisms between the virus and host immune cells with a focus on HCMV-encoded miRNAs. We found a series of HCMV-encoded miRNAs (e.g., miR-UL112 and miR-UL148D) are explicitly involved in the regulation of viral DNA replication, immune evasion, as well as host cell fate. MiRNA-targeted therapies have been explored for the treatment of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and hepatitis C virus infection. It is feasible to develop an alternative vaccine to restart peripheral immunity or to inhibit HCMV activity, which may contribute to the antiviral intervention for serious HCMV-related diseases.
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Campos-Silva C, López-Borrego S, Felgueres MJ, Esteso G, Vales-Gomez M. NKG2D Ligands in Liquid Biopsy: The Importance of Soluble and Vesicle-Bound Proteins for Immune Modulation. Crit Rev Immunol 2022; 42:21-40. [PMID: 36374819 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2022045263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers allowing diagnostics, prognostics and patient classification is still a challenge in oncological research for patient management. Improvements in patient survival achieved with immunotherapies substantiate that biomarker studies rely not only on cellular pathways contributing to the pathology, but also on the immune competence of the patient. If these immune molecules can be studied in a non-invasive manner, the benefit for patients and clinicians is obvious. The immune receptor Natural Killer Group 2 Member D (NKG2D) represents one of the main systems involved in direct recognition of tumor cells by effector lymphocytes (T and Natural Killer cells), and in immune evasion. The biology of NKG2D and its ligands comprises a complex network of cellular pathways leading to the expression of these tumor-associated ligands on the cell surface or to their release either as soluble proteins, or in extracellular vesicles that potently inhibit NKG2D-mediated responses. Increased levels of NKG2D-ligands in patient serum correlate with tumor progression and poor prognosis; however, most studies did not test the biochemical form of these molecules. Here we review the biology of the NKG2D receptor and ligands, their role in cancer and in patient response to immunotherapies, as well as the changes provoked in this system by non-immune cancer therapies. Further, we discuss the use of NKG2D-L in liquid biopsy, including methods to analyse vesicle-associated proteins. We propose that the evaluation in cancer patients of the whole NKG2D system can provide crucial information about patient immune competence and risk of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Campos-Silva
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia López-Borrego
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Felgueres
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Esteso
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Vales-Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Evasion of the Host Immune Response by Betaherpesviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147503. [PMID: 34299120 PMCID: PMC8306455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immune system boasts a diverse array of strategies for recognizing and eradicating invading pathogens. Human betaherpesviruses, a highly prevalent subfamily of viruses, include human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus (HHV) 6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7. These viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms for evading the host response. In this review, we will highlight the complex interplay between betaherpesviruses and the human immune response, focusing on protein function. We will explore methods by which the immune system first responds to betaherpesvirus infection as well as mechanisms by which viruses subvert normal cellular functions to evade the immune system and facilitate viral latency, persistence, and reactivation. Lastly, we will briefly discuss recent advances in vaccine technology targeting betaherpesviruses. This review aims to further elucidate the dynamic interactions between betaherpesviruses and the human immune system.
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