1
|
Soltanian F, Nosrati M, Mobayen S, Li CC, Pan T, Ke MT, Skruch P. On-body non-invasive glucose monitoring sensor based on high figure of merit (FoM) surface plasmonic microwave resonator. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17527. [PMID: 37845298 PMCID: PMC10579384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
High-figure of merit (FoM) plasmonic microwave resonator is researched as a non-invasive on-body sensor to monitor the human body's blood glucose variation rate in adults for biomedical applications, e.g., diabetic patients. The resonance frequencies of the proposed sensor are measured to be around [Formula: see text] GHz and [Formula: see text] GHz over the frequency band of DC to 6GHz which are suitable for monitoring interstitial fluid (ISF) changing rate. The [Formula: see text] sensor is experimentally wrapped on the human body arm to monitor the blood glucose changing rate via amplitude and frequency variations of the sensor. Amplitude variation and frequency shift are measured to be around 7 dB and 30 MHz, respectively. The measured results demonstrate the high precision of the proposed approach to depict a valid diagram for glucose changing rate due to good impedance matching of the designed microwave sensor and human body. The sensor is shown to enhance the sensitivity by a factor of 5 compared to the conventional ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Soltanian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mehdi Nosrati
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Manhattan College, New York, USA
| | - Saleh Mobayen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
- Graduate School of Intelligent Data Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, 640301, Yunlin, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Chun Li
- National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan.
| | - Telung Pan
- Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Future, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ta Ke
- Graduate School of Intelligent Data Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, 640301, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Paweł Skruch
- Department of Automatic Control and Robotics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu WR, Yang WT, Chu J, Hsieh TH, Yang FL. Deduction learning for precise noninvasive measurements of blood glucose with a dozen rounds of data for model training. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6506. [PMID: 35444228 PMCID: PMC9021306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized modeling has long been anticipated to approach precise noninvasive blood glucose measurements, but challenged by limited data for training personal model and its unavoidable outlier predictions. To overcome these long-standing problems, we largely enhanced the training efficiency with the limited personal data by an innovative Deduction Learning (DL), instead of the conventional Induction Learning (IL). The domain theory of our deductive method, DL, made use of accumulated comparison of paired inputs leading to corrections to preceded measured blood glucose to construct our deep neural network architecture. DL method involves the use of paired adjacent rounds of finger pulsation Photoplethysmography signal recordings as the input to a convolutional-neural-network (CNN) based deep learning model. Our study reveals that CNN filters of DL model generated extra and non-uniform feature patterns than that of IL models, which suggests DL is superior to IL in terms of learning efficiency under limited training data. Among 30 diabetic patients as our recruited volunteers, DL model achieved 80% of test prediction in zone A of Clarke Error Grid (CEG) for model training with 12 rounds of data, which was 20% improvement over IL method. Furthermore, we developed an automatic screening algorithm to delete low confidence outlier predictions. With only a dozen rounds of training data, DL with automatic screening achieved a correlation coefficient ([Formula: see text]) of 0.81, an accuracy score ([Formula: see text]) of 93.5, a root mean squared error of 13.93 mg/dl, a mean absolute error of 12.07 mg/dl, and 100% predictions in zone A of CEG. The nonparametric Wilcoxon paired test on [Formula: see text] for DL versus IL revealed near significant difference with p-value 0.06. These significant improvements indicate that a very simple and precise noninvasive measurement of blood glucose concentration is achievable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ru Lu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei City, 115-29, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tse Yang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei City, 115-29, Taiwan.,Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Justin Chu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei City, 115-29, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Han Hsieh
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei City, 115-29, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Liang Yang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei City, 115-29, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pullano SA, Greco M, Bianco MG, Foti D, Brunetti A, Fiorillo AS. Glucose biosensors in clinical practice: principles, limits and perspectives of currently used devices. Theranostics 2022; 12:493-511. [PMID: 34976197 PMCID: PMC8692922 DOI: 10.7150/thno.64035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand of glucose monitoring devices and even of updated guidelines for the management of diabetic patients is dramatically increasing due to the progressive rise in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and the need to prevent its complications. Even though the introduction of the first glucose sensor occurred decades ago, important advances both from the technological and clinical point of view have contributed to a substantial improvement in quality healthcare. This review aims to bring together purely technological and clinical aspects of interest in the field of glucose devices by proposing a roadmap in glucose monitoring and management of patients with diabetes. Also, it prospects other biological fluids to be examined as further options in diabetes care, and suggests, throughout the technology innovation process, future directions to improve the follow-up, treatment, and clinical outcomes of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Greco
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Bianco
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniela Foti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Brunetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonino S. Fiorillo
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shang T, Zhang JY, Thomas A, Arnold MA, Vetter BN, Heinemann L, Klonoff DC. Products for Monitoring Glucose Levels in the Human Body With Noninvasive Optical, Noninvasive Fluid Sampling, or Minimally Invasive Technologies. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:168-214. [PMID: 34120487 PMCID: PMC8721558 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211007212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional home blood glucose measurements require a sample of blood that is obtained by puncturing the skin at the fingertip. To avoid the pain associated with this procedure, there is high demand for medical products that allow glucose monitoring without blood sampling. In this review article, all such products are presented. METHODS In order to identify such products, four different sources were used: (1) PubMed, (2) Google Patents, (3) Diabetes Technology Meeting Startup Showcase participants, and (4) experts in the field of glucose monitoring. The information obtained were filtered by using two inclusion criteria: (1) regulatory clearance, and/or (2) significant coverage in Google News starting in the year 2016, unless the article indicated that the product had been discontinued. The identified bloodless monitoring products were classified into three categories: (1) noninvasive optical, (2) noninvasive fluid sampling, and (3) minimally invasive devices. RESULTS In total, 28 noninvasive optical, 6 noninvasive fluid sampling, and 31 minimally invasive glucose monitoring products were identified. Subsequently, these products were characterized according to their regulatory, technological, and consumer features. Products with regulatory clearance are described in greater detail according to their advantages and disadvantages, and with design images. CONCLUSIONS Based on favorable technological features, consumer features, and other advantages, several bloodless products are commercially available and promise to enhance diabetes management. Paths for future products are discussed with an emphasis on understanding existing barriers related to both technical and non-technical issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Shang
- Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, California, USA
| | | | - Andreas Thomas
- AGDT (Working group of Diabetes Technology), Germany, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mark A. Arnold
- University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | | | - David C. Klonoff
- Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, California, USA
- David C. Klonoff, MD, FACP, FRCP (Edin), Fellow AIMBE, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, 100 South San Mateo Drive, Room 5147, San Mateo, California 94401, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheng J, Ji Z, Li M, Dai J. Study of a noninvasive blood glucose detection model using the near-infrared light based on SA-NARX. Biomed Signal Process Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2019.101694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Decaro C, Montanari GB, Molinari R, Gilberti A, Bagnoli D, Bianconi M, Bellanca G. Machine Learning Approach for Prediction of Hematic Parameters in Hemodialysis Patients. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE-JTEHM 2019; 7:4100308. [PMID: 32309060 PMCID: PMC6788674 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2019.2938951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This paper shows the application of machine learning techniques to predict hematic parameters using blood visible spectra during ex-vivo treatments. Methods: A spectroscopic setup was prepared for acquisition of blood absorbance spectrum and tested in an operational environment. This setup is non invasive and can be applied during dialysis sessions. A support vector machine and an artificial neural network, trained with a dataset of spectra, have been implemented for the prediction of hematocrit and oxygen saturation. Results & Conclusion: Results of different machine learning algorithms are compared, showing that support vector machine is the best technique for the prediction of hematocrit and oxygen saturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Bianconi
- 2MIST E-R40129BolognaItaly.,5CNR-IMM-UOS di Bologna40129BolognaItaly
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lipani L, Dupont BGR, Doungmene F, Marken F, Tyrrell RM, Guy RH, Ilie A. Non-invasive, transdermal, path-selective and specific glucose monitoring via a graphene-based platform. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:504-511. [PMID: 29632401 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is no available needle-free approach for diabetics to monitor glucose levels in the interstitial fluid. Here, we report a path-selective, non-invasive, transdermal glucose monitoring system based on a miniaturized pixel array platform (realized either by graphene-based thin-film technology, or screen-printing). The system samples glucose from the interstitial fluid via electroosmotic extraction through individual, privileged, follicular pathways in the skin, accessible via the pixels of the array. A proof of principle using mammalian skin ex vivo is demonstrated for specific and 'quantized' glucose extraction/detection via follicular pathways, and across the hypo- to hyper-glycaemic range in humans. Furthermore, the quantification of follicular and non-follicular glucose extraction fluxes is clearly shown. In vivo continuous monitoring of interstitial fluid-borne glucose with the pixel array was able to track blood sugar in healthy human subjects. This approach paves the way to clinically relevant glucose detection in diabetics without the need for invasive, finger-stick blood sampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lipani
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Centre for Graphene Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Bertrand G R Dupont
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Centre for Graphene Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Floriant Doungmene
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Centre for Graphene Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Rex M Tyrrell
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Richard H Guy
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Centre for Graphene Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Adelina Ilie
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
- Centre for Graphene Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
- Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Noninvasive Continuous Monitoring of Tear Glucose Using Glucose-Sensing Contact Lenses. Optom Vis Sci 2016; 93:426-34. [PMID: 26390345 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000000698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
: The incidence of diabetes mellitus is dramatically increasing in the developed countries. Tight control of blood glucose concentration is crucial to diabetic patients to prevent microvascular complications. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is widely used for controlling blood glucose levels and usually performed by an invasive test using a portable glucometer. Many technologies have been developed over the past decades with the purpose of obtaining a continuous physiological glycemic monitoring. A contact lens is the ideal vehicle for continuous tear glucose monitoring of glucose concentration in tear film. There are several research groups that are working in the development of contact lenses with embedded biosensors for continuously and noninvasively monitoring tear glucose levels. Although numerous aspects must be improved, contact lens technology is one step closer to helping diabetic subjects better manage their condition, and these contact lenses will be able to measure the level of glucose in the wearer's tears and communicate the information to a mobile phone or computer. This article reviews studies on ocular glucose and its monitoring methods as well as the attempts to continuously monitor the concentration of tear glucose by using contact lens-based sensors.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yadav J, Rani A, Singh V, Murari BM. Prospects and limitations of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring using near-infrared spectroscopy. Biomed Signal Process Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
10
|
Jiang J, Zhang K, Qin J, Min X, Zhang L, Zou D, Xu K. Quantitative assessment of the effect of cholesterol on blood glucose measurement using near infrared spectroscopy and a method for error reduction. Lasers Surg Med 2015; 47:88-97. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments; College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Blood Transfusion Department; Tianjin Hospital; Tianjin 300211 P.R. China
| | - Jia Qin
- Ophthalmology; University of California; San Francisco CA 94143 USA
| | - Xiaolin Min
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments; College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments; College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Da Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments; College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Kexin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Falk M, Andoralov V, Silow M, Toscano MD, Shleev S. Miniature biofuel cell as a potential power source for glucose-sensing contact lenses. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6342-8. [PMID: 23735164 DOI: 10.1021/ac4006793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A microscale membrane-less biofuel cell, capable of generating electrical energy from human lachrymal liquid, was developed by utilizing the ascorbate and oxygen naturally present in tears as fuel and oxidant. The biodevice is based on three-dimensional nanostructured gold electrodes covered with abiotic (conductive organic complex) and biological (redox enzyme) materials functioning as efficient anodic and cathodic catalysts, respectively. Three-dimensional nanostructured electrodes were fabricated by modifying 100 μm gold wires with 17 nm gold nanoparticles, which were further modified with tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane conducting complex to create the anode and with Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase to create the biocathode. When operated in human tears, the biodevice exhibited the following characteristics: an open circuit voltage of 0.54 V, a maximal power density of 3.1 μW cm(-2) at 0.25 V and 0.72 μW cm(-2) at 0.4 V, with a stable current density output of over 0.55 μA cm(-2) at 0.4 V for 6 h of continuous operation. These findings support our proposition that an ascorbate/oxygen biofuel cell could be a suitable power source for glucose-sensing contact lenses to be used for continuous health monitoring by diabetes patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Falk
- Biomedical Sciences, Health & Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Italian contributions to the development of continuous glucose monitoring sensors for diabetes management. SENSORS 2012. [PMID: 23202020 PMCID: PMC3545591 DOI: 10.3390/s121013753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring glucose concentration in the blood is essential in the therapy of diabetes, a pathology which affects about 350 million people around the World (three million in Italy), causes more than four million deaths per year and consumes a significant portion of the budget of national health systems (10% in Italy). In the last 15 years, several sensors with different degree of invasiveness have been proposed to monitor glycemia in a quasi-continuous way (up to 1 sample/min rate) for relatively long intervals (up to 7 consecutive days). These continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors have opened new scenarios to assess, off-line, the effectiveness of individual patient therapeutic plans from the retrospective analysis of glucose time-series, but have also stimulated the development of innovative on-line applications, such as hypo/hyper-glycemia alert systems and artificial pancreas closed-loop control algorithms. In this review, we illustrate some significant Italian contributions, both from industry and academia, to the growth of the CGM sensors research area. In particular, technological, algorithmic and clinical developments performed in Italy will be discussed and put in relation with the advances obtained in the field in the wider international research community.
Collapse
|
13
|
So CF, Choi KS, Wong TK, Chung JW. Recent advances in noninvasive glucose monitoring. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2012; 5:45-52. [PMID: 23166457 PMCID: PMC3500977 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s28134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The race for the next generation of painless and reliable glucose monitoring for diabetes mellitus is on. As technology advances, both diagnostic techniques and equipment improve. This review describes the main technologies currently being explored for noninvasive glucose monitoring. The principle of each technology is mentioned; its advantages and limitations are then discussed. The general description and the corresponding results for each device are illustrated, as well as the current status of the device and the manufacturer; internet references for the devices are listed where appropriate. Ten technologies and eleven potential devices are included in this review. Near infrared spectroscopy has become a promising technology, among others, for blood glucose monitoring. Although some reviews have been published already, the rapid development of technologies and information makes constant updating mandatory. While advances have been made, the reliability and the calibration of noninvasive instruments could still be improved, and more studies carried out under different physiological conditions of metabolism, bodily fluid circulation, and blood components are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Fuk So
- Centre for Integrative Digital Health, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vashist SK. Non-invasive glucose monitoring technology in diabetes management: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 750:16-27. [PMID: 23062426 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The frequent monitoring of glucose is an essential part of diabetes management. Despite the fact that almost all the commercially successful blood glucose monitoring devices are invasive, there is an immense need to develop non-invasive glucose monitoring (NGM) devices that will alleviate the pain and suffering of diabetics associated with the frequent pricking of skin for taking the blood sample for glucose testing. There have been numerous developments in the field of NGM during the last decade, which stress the need for a critical review. This manuscript aims to review the various NGM techniques and devices. The challenges and future trends in NGM are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Vashist
- NUS Nanosience and Nanotechnology Initiative NanoCore, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Level 11, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117580, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yao H, Shum AJ, Cowan M, Lähdesmäki I, Parviz BA. A contact lens with embedded sensor for monitoring tear glucose level. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:3290-6. [PMID: 21257302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the design, construction, and testing of a contact lens with an integrated amperometric glucose sensor, proposing the possibility of in situ human health monitoring simply by wearing a contact lens. The glucose sensor was constructed by creating microstructures on a polymer substrate, which was subsequently shaped into a contact lens. Titania sol-gel film was applied to immobilize glucose oxidase, and Nafion® was used to decrease several potential interferences (ascorbic acid, lactate, and urea) present in the tear film. The sensor exhibits a fast response (20s), a high sensitivity (240 μA cm(-2) mM(-1)) and a good reproducibility after testing a number of sensors. It shows good linearity for the typical range of glucose concentrations in the tear film (0.1-0.6 mM), and acceptable accuracy in the presence of interfering agents. The sensor can attain a minimum detection of less than 0.01 mM glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanfen Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kakuta N, Arimoto H, Momoki H, Li F, Yamada Y. Temperature measurements of turbid aqueous solutions using near-infrared spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2008; 47:2227-2233. [PMID: 18449286 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.002227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a method that uses near-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis to measure the temperature of turbid aqueous solutions. The measurement principle is based on the fact that the peak wavelength of the water absorption band, with its center near 1440 nm, shifts with changes in temperature. This principle was used to measure the temperatures of 1 mm thick samples of aqueous solutions containing Intralipid (2%), which are often used as optical phantoms for biological tissues due to similar scattering characteristics. Temperatures of pure water and aqueous solutions containing glucose (100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml) were also measured for comparison. For the turbid Intralipid solutions, the absorbance spectrum varied irregularly with time due to the change in scattering characteristics. However, by making use of the difference between the absorbance at 1412 nm and the temperature-independent absorbance at 1440 nm, we obtained SEPs (standard error of prediction) of 0.3 degrees C and 0.2 degrees C by univariate linear regression and partial least squares regression, respectively. These accuracies were almost the same as those for the transparent samples (pure water and glucose solution).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Kakuta
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ferrante do Amaral CE, Wolf B. Current development in non-invasive glucose monitoring. Med Eng Phys 2007; 30:541-9. [PMID: 17942360 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 05/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Painless control of blood glycemic levels could improve life quality of diabetes patients, enabling a better regulation of hyper- and hypoglycaemia episodes and thereby avoiding physiological complications. Although research groups have been trying for decades to separate non-invasive glucose information from interference compounds, none of the available commercial devices offers enough precision to replace lancet approaches. Many reviews have already been published on this topic, but the great amount of information available and the fast development of technologies require a continuous update in the research status. Besides the description of current in-vivo methods and the analysis of devices available commercially, one also explains treatment algorithms useful for multivariate analysis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Tura A, Maran A, Pacini G. Non-invasive glucose monitoring: assessment of technologies and devices according to quantitative criteria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77:16-40. [PMID: 17141349 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this review was to describe the main technologies for non-invasive glucose monitoring and the corresponding most relevant devices. The review tries to overcome the limitations of previous reviews on this topic, such as the lack of objective criteria for inclusion or exclusion of technologies or devices, and the poor organization of the information, which often does not allow easy comparison between technologies and devices. In this review, the information is concise and organized into specific categories, and hence it becomes easy to compare advantages and disadvantages of the different technologies and devices. For technologies, the categories of information considered are the technology name, the underlying physical principle, the technology limitations and the measurement sites on the human body. For devices, the categories of information are the device name, its approval condition (FDA Approval and/or CE Mark), the technology on which it is based, a device general description, the tests performed on the device, the corresponding results, safety information, aspects affecting usability, current status of the device and the manufacturer, an Internet reference for the device. A total of 14 technologies and 16 devices are included. Conclusions of the review were that, despite some interesting and promising technologies and devices, a satisfactory solution to the non-invasive glucose monitoring problem still requires further efforts.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kondepati VR, Heise HM. Recent progress in analytical instrumentation for glycemic control in diabetic and critically ill patients. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:545-63. [PMID: 17431594 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Implementing strict glycemic control can reduce the risk of serious complications in both diabetic and critically ill patients. For this reason, many different analytical, mainly electrochemical and optical sensor approaches for glucose measurements have been developed. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has been recognised as being an indispensable tool for intensive diabetes therapy. Recent progress in analytical instrumentation, allowing submicroliter samples of blood, alternative site testing, reduced test time, autocalibration, and improved precision, is comprehensively described in this review. Continuous blood glucose monitoring techniques and insulin infusion strategies, developmental steps towards the realization of the dream of an artificial pancreas under closed loop control, are presented. Progress in glucose sensing and glycemic control for both patient groups is discussed by assessing recent published literature (up to 2006). The state-of-the-art and trends in analytical techniques (either episodic, intermittent or continuous, minimal-invasive, or noninvasive) detailed in this review will provide researchers, health professionals and the diabetic community with a comprehensive overview of the potential of next-generation instrumentation suited to either short- and long-term implantation or ex vivo measurement in combination with appropriate body interfaces such as microdialysis catheters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Radhakrishna Kondepati
- ISAS--Institute for Analytical Sciences at the University of Dortmund, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lowery MG, Calfin B, Yeh SJ, Doan T, Shain E, Hanna C, Hohs R, Kantor S, Lindberg J, Khalil OS. Noise contribution to the correlation between temperature-induced localized reflectance of diabetic skin and blood glucose. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:054029. [PMID: 17092178 DOI: 10.1117/1.2360529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We used the effect of temperature on the localized reflectance of human skin to assess the role of noise sources on the correlation between temperature-induced fractional change in optical density of human skin (DeltaOD(T)) and blood glucose concentration [BG]. Two temperature-controlled optical probes at 30 degrees C contacted the skin, one was then cooled by -10 degrees C; the other was heated by +10 degrees C. DeltaOD(T) upon cooling or heating was correlated with capillary [BG] of diabetic volunteers over a period of three days. Calibration models in the first two days were used to predict [BG] in the third day. We examined the conditions where the correlation coefficient (R2) for predicting [BG] in a third day ranked higher than R2 values resulting from fitting permutations of randomized [BG] to the same DeltaOD(T) values. It was possible to establish a four-term linear regression correlation between DeltaOD(T) upon cooling and [BG] with a correlation coefficient higher than that of an established noise threshold in diabetic patients that were mostly females with less than 20 years of diabetes duration. The ability to predict [BG] values with a correlation coefficient above biological and body-interface noise varied between the cases of cooling and heating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Lowery
- Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sieg A, Guy RH, Delgado-Charro MB. Noninvasive and minimally invasive methods for transdermal glucose monitoring. Diabetes Technol Ther 2005; 7:174-97. [PMID: 15738715 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2005.7.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive and minimally invasive techniques for monitoring glucose via the skin are reviewed. These approaches rely either on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the tissue or on the extraction of fluid across the barrier. The structure and physiology of the skin make the technical realization of transdermal glucose monitoring a difficult challenge. The techniques involving transdermal fluid extraction circumvent and/or compromise the barrier function of skin's outermost and least permeable layer, the stratum corneum, by the application of physical energy. While sonophoresis and microporation methods, for example, are in relatively early-stage development, a device using reverse iontophoresis [the GlucoWatch Biographer (Cygnus, Inc., Redwood City, CA)] is already commercially available. Optical techniques to monitor glucose are truly noninvasive. The tissue is irradiated, the absorbed or scattered radiation is analyzed, and the information is processed, to provide a measure proportional to the concentration of glucose in the dermal tissue. These techniques include near-infrared and Raman spectroscopy, polarimetry, light scattering, and photoacoustic spectroscopy. By contrast, impedance spectroscopy measures changes in the dielectric properties of the tissue induced by blood glucose variation. Large-scale studies in support of efficacy of these methodologies are as yet unavailable. At present, therefore, transdermal fluid extraction technologies are offering greater promise in terms of practical and realizable devices for patient use. The truly noninvasive allure of the optical approach assures continued and intense research activity--for the moment, however, an affordable, efficient, and portable system is not on the immediate horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Sieg
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Khalil OS. Non-invasive glucose measurement technologies: an update from 1999 to the dawn of the new millennium. Diabetes Technol Ther 2004; 6:660-97. [PMID: 15628820 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2004.6.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There are three main issues in non-invasive (NI) glucose measurements: namely, specificity, compartmentalization of glucose values, and calibration. There has been progress in the use of near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopy. Recently new glucose measurement methods have been developed, exploiting the effect of glucose on erythrocyte scattering, new photoacoustic phenomenon, optical coherence tomography, thermo-optical studies on human skin, Raman spectroscopy studies, fluorescence measurements, and use of photonic crystals. In addition to optical methods, in vivo electrical impedance results have been reported. Some of these methods measure intrinsic properties of glucose; others deal with its effect on tissue or blood properties. Recent studies on skin from individuals with diabetes and its response to stimuli, skin thermo-optical response, peripheral blood flow, and red blood cell rheology in diabetes shed new light on physical and physiological changes resulting from the disease that can affect NI glucose measurements. There have been advances in understanding compartmentalization of glucose values by targeting certain regions of human tissue. Calibration of NI measurements and devices is still an open question. More studies are needed to understand the specific glucose signals and signals that are due to the effect of glucose on blood and tissue properties. These studies should be performed under normal physiological conditions and in the presence of other co-morbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Khalil
- Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA.
| |
Collapse
|