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A Rapid, Simple, Trace, Cost-Effective, and High-Throughput Stable Isotope-Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Serum Methylmalonic Acid Quantification and Its Clinical Applications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102273. [PMID: 36291963 PMCID: PMC9600096 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is an essential indicator of vitamin B12 (VB12) deficiency and inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs). The increasing number of requests for MMA testing call for higher requirements for convenient MMA testing methods. This study aims to develop a convenient quantification method for serum MMA. Methods: The method was established based on the stable isotope-dilution liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectroscopy (ID-LC-MS/MS) technique. The LC-MS/MS parameters and sample preparation were optimized. Specificity, sensitivity, robustness, accuracy, and clinical applicability were validated according to CLSI C62-A guidelines. MMA levels in VB12-sufficient subjects and VB12-deficient subjects were measured. Results: MMA and its intrinsic isomer, i.e., succinic acid (SA), were completely separated. The average slope, intercept, and correlation relationship (R) with 95% confidence intervals, during the two months, were 0.992 (0.926−1.059), −0.004 (−0.012−0.004), and 0.997 (0.995−0.999), respectively. The limit of detection and quantification were <0.058 μmol/L and 0.085 μmol/L, respectively. Intra-run, inter-run, and total imprecisions were 1.42−2.69%, 3.09−5.27%, and 3.22−5.47%, respectively. The mean spiked recoveries at the three levels were 101.51%, 92.40%, and 105.95%, respectively. The IS-corrected matrix effects were small. The VB12-deficient subjects showed higher MMA levels than VB12-sufficient subjects. Conclusions: A convenient LC-MS/MS method for serum MMA measurement was developed and validated, which could be suitable for large-scale MMA testing and evaluating MMA levels in VB12-deficient patients.
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Rappold BA. Review of the Use of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Laboratories: Part I-Development. Ann Lab Med 2022; 42:121-140. [PMID: 34635606 PMCID: PMC8548246 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2022.42.2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of method development for a diagnostic assay based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) involves several disparate technologies and specialties. Additionally, method development details are typically not disclosed in journal publications. Method developers may need to search widely for pertinent information on their assay(s). This review summarizes the current practices and procedures in method development. Additionally, it probes aspects of method development that are generally not discussed, such as how exactly to calibrate an assay or where to place quality controls, using examples from the literature. This review intends to provide a comprehensive resource and induce critical thinking around the experiments for and execution of developing a clinically meaningful LC-MS/MS assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Rappold
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Taş Ö, Kontbay T, Dogan O, Kose E, Berberoglu M, Siklar Z, Tumer L, Eminoglu FT. Does Metformin Treatment in Pediatric Population Cause Vitamin B12 Deficiency? KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2022; 234:221-227. [PMID: 35114702 DOI: 10.1055/a-1702-2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM There have been no studies to date examining the effect of metformin treatment on vitamin B12 status in children and adolescents. In this prospective study, the effects of metformin on blood vitamin B12, serum methylmalonic acid (MMA), homocysteine and holo-transcobalamin-II (holo-TC-II) levels were assessed in pediatric age group. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study was conducted at the Pediatric Endocrinology and Adolescent Department between January 2017 and March 2019. Metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosed patients with insulin resistance and/or impaired glucose tolerance, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) treated with metformin were enrolled in study. Blood vitamin B12, MMA, homocysteine, holo-TC-II levels and hemogram values were evaluated. RESULTS Twenty-four patients were enrolled in study. Among these, 15 (62.5%) were female. The mean age of patients was 13.7±2.3 (10-19) years. Sixteen patients were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and 8 patients were type 2 DM. At 6-month follow-up of all patients, there was no statistically significant difference in terms of vitamin B12, homocysteine, MMA and holo-TC-II levels. A 0.6% decline in vitamin B12 levels were revealed. At 12-month follow-up of 11 patients (45.8%) (6 Type 2 DM, 5 metabolic syndrome), no statistically significant difference was determined in vitamin B12, homocysteine, MMA and holo-TC-II levels. There were 6% decline in vitamin B12 levels and 10.9% increase in homocysteine levels, 5.4% decrease was detected in holo-TC-II level. CONCLUSION Although no significant changes in the serum vitamin B12, homocysteine, MMA or holo-TC-II levels with metformin therapy were detected, long-term prospective studies with high-dose metformin treatment in pediatric population are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özen Taş
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Kontbay
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Dogan
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Engin Kose
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merih Berberoglu
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Siklar
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Leyla Tumer
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Liu CT, Karasik D, Xu H, Zhou Y, Broe K, Cupples LA, Cpgm de Groot L, Ham A, Hannan MT, Hsu YH, Jacques P, McLean RR, Paul L, Selhub J, Trajanoska K, van der Velde N, van Schoor N, Kiel DP. Genetic variants modify the associations of concentrations of methylmalonic acid, vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, and folate with bone mineral density. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:578-587. [PMID: 33964857 PMCID: PMC8326042 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma homocysteine has been found to be associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis, especially hip and vertebral fractures. The plasma concentration of homocysteine is dependent on the activities of several B vitamin-dependent enzymes, such as methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase (MTR), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). OBJECTIVES We investigated whether genetic variants in some of the genes involved in 1 carbon metabolism modify the association of B vitamin-related measures with bone mineral density (BMD) and strength. METHODS We measured several B vitamins and biomarkers in participants of the Framingham Offspring Study, and performed analyses of methylmalonic acid (MMA) continuously and <210 nmol/L; pyridoxal-5'-phosphate; vitamin B-12 continuously and ≥258 pmol/L; and folate. The outcomes of interest included areal and volumetric BMD, measured by DXA and quantitative computed tomography (QCT), respectively. We evaluated associations between the bone measures and interactions of single nucleotide polymorphism with a B vitamin or biomarker in Framingham participants (n = 4310 for DXA and n = 3127 for QCT). For analysis of DXA, we validated the association results in the B-PROOF cohort (n = 1072). Bonferroni-corrected locus-wide significant thresholds were defined to account for multiple testing. RESULTS The interactions between rs2274976 and vitamin B-12 and rs34671784 and MMA <210 nmol/L were associated with lumbar spine BMD, and the interaction between rs6586281 and vitamin B-12 ≥258 pmol/L was associated with femoral neck BMD. For QCT-derived traits, 62 interactions between genetic variants and B vitamins and biomarkers were identified. CONCLUSIONS Some genetic variants in the 1-carbon methylation pathway modify the association of B vitamin and biomarker concentrations with bone density and strength. These interactions require further replication and functional validation for a mechanistic understanding of the role of the 1-carbon metabolism pathway on BMD and risks of fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Karasik
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel,Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanfei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanhua Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerry Broe
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Annelies Ham
- Erasmus MC Department of Internal Medicine Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marian T Hannan
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Jacques
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, USA,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, USA
| | - Robert R McLean
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA,Corrona, LLC, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Ligi Paul
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, USA,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, USA
| | - Jacob Selhub
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, USA,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, USA
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Erasmus MC Department of Internal Medicine Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Erasmus MC Department of Internal Medicine Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja van Schoor
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Address correspondence to C-TL (e-mail: ) or DPK (e-mail: )
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Thorsteinsdóttir UA, Thorsteinsdóttir M. Design of experiments for development and optimization of a liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry bioanalytical assay. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4727. [PMID: 33860573 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Design of experiments (DoE) is a valuable tool for the optimization of quantitative bioanalytical methods utilizing liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is composed of several processes, including, liquid introduction and analyte ionization. The goal is to transfer analytes from atmospheric pressure to vacuum and maintain conditions that are compatible for both LC and MS. These processes involve many experimental factors which need to be simultaneously optimized to obtain maximum sensitivity and resolution at minimum retention time. In this tutorial, the basic concepts of DoE will be explained with focus on practical use of DoE. Three case studies optimized with DoE for liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantitative assays will then be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnur Arna Thorsteinsdóttir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- ArcticMass ehf., Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Margrét Thorsteinsdóttir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- ArcticMass ehf., Reykjavík, Iceland
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Boumenna T, Scott TM, Lee JS, Palacios N, Tucker KL. Folate, vitamin B-12, and cognitive function in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 113:179-186. [PMID: 33184638 PMCID: PMC7779227 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that low plasma vitamin B-12 and folate individually, as well as an imbalance of high folic acid and low vitamin B-12 status, may be associated with lower cognitive function. OBJECTIVES We examined dietary and plasma folate and vitamin B-12 status, and their interaction, in relation to cognitive function in a cohort of older Puerto Rican adults. METHODS The design is cross-sectional, with 1408 participants from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (mean ± SD age: 57.1 ± 7.9 y). Cognitive function was assessed with a comprehensive test battery and a global composite score was derived. Plasma folate, vitamin B-12, and methylmalonic acid (MMA) were assessed in fasting blood samples. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, high plasma folate and high plasma vitamin B-12 were each positively associated with global cognitive score (β: 0.063; 95% CI: -0.0008, 0.127; P = 0.053 and β: 0.062; 95% CI: 0.009, 0.12; P = 0.023, respectively, for logged values, and β: 0.002; 95% CI: 0.00005, 0.004; P-trend = 0.044 and β: 0.00018; 95% CI: 0.00001, 0.0003; P-trend = 0.036, respectively, across tertiles). Nine percent of participants had vitamin B-12 deficiency (plasma vitamin B-12 < 148 pmol/L or MMA > 271 nmol/L), but none were folate deficient (plasma folate < 4.53 nmol/L). Deficient compared with higher vitamin B-12 was significantly associated with lower cognitive score (β: -0.119; 95% CI: -0.208, -0.029; P = 0.009). We could not examine the interaction for vitamin B-12 deficiency and high plasma folate, because there were too few individuals (<1% of the cohort) in this category to draw conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Low plasma vitamin B-12 and low plasma folate were each associated with worse cognitive function in this population. Vitamin B-12 deficiency was prevalent and clearly associated with poorer cognitive function. More attention should be given to identification and treatment of vitamin B-12 deficiency in this population. Additional, larger studies are needed to examine the effect of vitamin B-12 deficiency in the presence of high exposure to folic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Boumenna
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Tammy M Scott
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Natalia Palacios
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA
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7
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Liquid-Chromatographic Methods for Carboxylic Acids in Biological Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214883. [PMID: 33105855 PMCID: PMC7660098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxyl-bearing low-molecular-weight compounds such as keto acids, fatty acids, and other organic acids are involved in a myriad of metabolic pathways owing to their high polarity and solubility in biological fluids. Various disease areas such as cancer, myeloid leukemia, heart disease, liver disease, and lifestyle diseases (obesity and diabetes) were found to be related to certain metabolic pathways and changes in the concentrations of the compounds involved in those pathways. Therefore, the quantification of such compounds provides useful information pertaining to diagnosis, pathological conditions, and disease mechanisms, spurring the development of numerous analytical methods for this purpose. This review article addresses analytical methods for the quantification of carboxylic acids, which were classified into fatty acids, tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis-related compounds, amino acid metabolites, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, α-keto acids and their metabolites, thiazole-containing carboxylic acids, and miscellaneous, in biological samples from 2000 to date. Methods involving liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and electrochemical detection were summarized.
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8
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Biomarker profiling of vitamin responsive seizures: a potential tool to detect pediatric seizures of unknown aetiology. Bioanalysis 2019; 12:111-124. [PMID: 31854203 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Certain rare inborn errors of metabolism clinically present with intractable seizures that readily respond to vitamin therapy. If identified early, brain damage due to seizures can be prevented. Methodology: A LC-MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of the biomarkers in selected vitamin responsive pediatric seizures from dried blood spots. Results: Application of the validated method to a seizure cohort of 46 patients indicated strong agreement of the method for clinical validity. Reference intervals for these biomarkers in dried blood spots were also determined for the population, after screening 956 neonates. Conclusion: The developed method was seen to be sensitive, linear, accurate and precise for testing vitamin responsive pediatric seizures.
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Fung AWS, Sugumar V, Ren AH, Kulasingam V. Emerging role of clinical mass spectrometry in pathology. J Clin Pathol 2019; 73:61-69. [PMID: 31690564 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based assays have been increasingly implemented in various disciplines in clinical diagnostic laboratories for their combined advantages in multiplexing capacity and high analytical specificity and sensitivity. It is now routinely used in areas including reference methods development, therapeutic drug monitoring, toxicology, endocrinology, paediatrics, immunology and microbiology to identify and quantify biomolecules in a variety of biological specimens. As new ionisation methods, instrumentation and techniques are continuously being improved and developed, novel mass spectrometry-based clinical applications will emerge for areas such as proteomics, metabolomics, haematology and anatomical pathology. This review will summarise the general principles of mass spectrometry and specifically highlight current and future clinical applications in anatomical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela W S Fung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vijithan Sugumar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie He Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vathany Kulasingam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Mathew EM, Lewis L, Rao P, Nalini K, Kamath A, Moorkoth S. Novel HILIC-ESI-MS method for urinary profiling of MSUD and methylmalonic aciduria biomarkers. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:715-723. [PMID: 31251316 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methyl malonic acid and branched-chain keto acids are important biomarkers for the diagnosis of cobalamin deficiencies and maple syrup urine disease. We report the development and validation of a HILIC-ESI-MS2 method for the quantification of these organic acids from neonatal urine. The samples were 100 times diluted and analyzed on a ZIC-HILIC column with 25-mM formic acid in water: 25-mM formic acid in acetonitrile (45:55) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min with a runtime of only 6 minutes. The method demonstrated a lower limit of detection of 10 ng/mL, Limit of Quantification (LOQ) of 50 ng/mL, linearity of r2 ≥ 0.990 and recoveries of 87-105% for all analytes. The intraday and interday precision CV's were <10% and 12%, respectively. Extensive stability studies demonstrated the analytes to be stable in stock and in matrix with a percent change within ±15%. The Bland-Altman analysis of the developed method with the gold standard GCMS method demonstrated a bias of 0.44, 0.11, 0.009 and -0.19 for methyl malonic acid, 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, 2-hydroxy-3methylbutyric acid and 4-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, respectively, proving the methods are comparable. The newly developed method involves no derivatization and has a simple sample preparation and a low runtime, enabling it to be easily automated with a high sample throughput in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mary Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Leslie Lewis
- Department of Paediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Pragna Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - K Nalini
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Asha Kamath
- Department of Statistics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheer Moorkoth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
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Mak J, Wong BT, Kwan T, Le A, Cowan TM. Rapid Underivatized Method for Quantitative Methylmalonic Acid by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Appl Lab Med 2018; 3:408-417. [PMID: 33636915 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2018.026724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels can aid in assessing vitamin B12 deficiency or abnormal propionate metabolism. MMA analysis by LC-MS/MS is challenging because of both the nanomolar reference range and potential interference from succinic acid, an endogenous isomer. We show that ultrafiltration followed by gradient chromatography permits rapid, sensitive, and selective quantification that is essentially devoid of matrix effects. METHODS Fifty microliters of serum or plasma were mixed with 50 μL of MMA-d3 and deproteinized by ultrafiltration. Filtrates were analyzed by reversed-phase LC-MS/MS. The clinical performance of the MMA assay was validated using guidelines from both the College of American Pathologists and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Matrix effects were examined by postcolumn infusion, phospholipid analysis, and peak area comparisons. RESULTS The analytical measurement range was 0.05 to 100 μmol/L. The resolution between physiological succinic acid and MMA was >2.3. Recovery of MMA averaged 92%, and MMA eluted away from ion suppressants. Direct correlation with our earlier method and with consensus data from external proficiency testing yielded an R2 ≥ 0.9409 and average biases less than ±5%. In the production environment, ongoing correlation with external proficiency testing yielded an R2 of 0.9980 and a mean bias of 0.36%. Over 1.7 years, the imprecision of 2 quality control levels was <6.4%. CONCLUSIONS We combined ultrafiltration, a simple sample extraction method, with gradient chromatography to exclude matrix effects to accurately and precisely quantify MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Mak
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Beverly T Wong
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Tony Kwan
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Anthony Le
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Tina M Cowan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
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12
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Parkes JP, Wood L, Chadburn AJ, Garman E, Abbas R, Modupe A, Whitehead SJ, Ford C, Thomas OL, Chugh S, Deshpande S, Gama R. The effect of the acute phase response on routine laboratory markers of folate and vitamin B12 status. Int J Lab Hematol 2018; 40:e21-e23. [PMID: 29405641 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Parkes
- Blood Sciences, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - L Wood
- Blood Sciences, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - A J Chadburn
- Blood Sciences, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - E Garman
- Blood Sciences, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - R Abbas
- Orthopaedics, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - A Modupe
- Blood Sciences, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - S J Whitehead
- Blood Sciences, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - C Ford
- Blood Sciences, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - O L Thomas
- Orthopaedics, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - S Chugh
- Orthopaedics, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - S Deshpande
- Orthopaedics, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - R Gama
- Blood Sciences, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.,Research Institute, Healthcare Sciences, Wolverhampton University, Wolverhampton, UK
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13
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Ambati CSR, Yuan F, Abu-Elheiga LA, Zhang Y, Shetty V. Identification and Quantitation of Malonic Acid Biomarkers of In-Born Error Metabolism by Targeted Metabolomics. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:929-938. [PMID: 28315235 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1631-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Malonic acid (MA), methylmalonic acid (MMA), and ethylmalonic acid (EMA) metabolites are implicated in various non-cancer disorders that are associated with inborn-error metabolism. In this study, we have slightly modified the published 3-nitrophenylhydrazine (3NPH) derivatization method and applied it to derivatize MA, MMA, and EMA to their hydrazone derivatives, which were amenable for liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS) quantitation. 3NPH was used to derivatize MA, MMA, and EMA, and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions of the corresponding derivatives were determined by product-ion experiments. Data normalization and absolute quantitation were achieved by using 3NPH derivatized isotopic labeled compounds 13C2-MA, MMA-D3, and EMA-D3. The detection limits were found to be at nanomolar concentrations and a good linearity was achieved from nanomolar to millimolar concentrations. As a proof of concept study, we have investigated the levels of malonic acids in mouse plasma with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency (MCD-D), and we have successfully applied 3NPH method to identify and quantitate all three malonic acids in wild type (WT) and MCD-D plasma with high accuracy. The results of this method were compared with that of underivatized malonic acid standards experiments that were performed using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-MRM. Compared with HILIC method, 3NPH derivatization strategy was found to be very efficient to identify these molecules as it greatly improved the sensitivity, quantitation accuracy, as well as peak shape and resolution. Furthermore, there was no matrix effect in LC-MS analysis and the derivatized metabolites were found to be very stable for longer time. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Shekar R Ambati
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Furong Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lutfi A Abu-Elheiga
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yiqing Zhang
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vivekananda Shetty
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Rasheed AS, Al-phalahy BA, Seubert A. Studies on Behaviors of Interactions Between New Polymer-based ZIC-HILIC Stationary Phases and Carboxylic Acids. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:52-59. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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15
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Klupczynska A, Plewa S, Dyszkiewicz W, Kasprzyk M, Sytek N, Kokot ZJ. Determination of low-molecular-weight organic acids in non-small cell lung cancer with a new liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:299-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mineva EM, Zhang M, Rabinowitz DJ, Phinney KW, Pfeiffer CM. An LC-MS/MS method for serum methylmalonic acid suitable for monitoring vitamin B12 status in population surveys. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2955-64. [PMID: 25258283 PMCID: PMC4515767 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acid (MMA), a functional indicator of vitamin B12 insufficiency, was measured in the US population in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004 using a GC/MS procedure that required 275 μL of sample and had a low throughput (36 samples/run). Our objective was to introduce a more efficient yet highly accurate LC-MS/MS method for NHANES 2011-2014. We adapted the sample preparation with some modifications from a published isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS procedure. The procedure utilized liquid-liquid extraction and generation of MMA dibutyl ester. Reversed-phase chromatography with isocratic elution allowed baseline resolution of MMA from its naturally occurring structural isomer succinic acid within 4.5 min. Our new method afforded an increased throughput (≤160 samples/run) and measured serum MMA with high sensitivity (LOD = 22.1 nmol/L) in only 75 μL of sample. Mean (±SD) recovery of MMA spiked into serum (2 d, 4 levels, 2 replicates each) was 94 % ± 5.5 %. Total imprecision (41 d, 2 replicates each) for three serum quality control pools was 4.9 %-7.9 % (97.1-548 nmol/L). The LC-MS/MS method showed excellent correlation (n = 326, r = 0.99) and no bias (Deming regression, Bland-Altman analysis) compared to the previous GC/MS method. Both methods produced virtually identical mean (±SD) MMA concentrations [LC-MS/MS: 18.47 ± 0.71 ng/mL (n = 17), GC/MS: 18.18 ± 0.67 ng/mL (n = 11)] on a future plasma reference material compared with a GC/MS method procedure from the National Institute of Standards and Technology [18.41 ± 0.70 ng/mL (n = 15)]. No adjustment will be necessary to compare previous (1999-2004) to future (2011-2014) NHANES MMA data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M. Mineva
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341; ; 770-488-4836
| | - Mindy Zhang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341; ; 770-488-4836
| | - Daniel J. Rabinowitz
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341; ; 770-488-4836
| | - Karen W. Phinney
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
| | - Christine M. Pfeiffer
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341; ; 770-488-4836
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A coumarin-based fluorescent probe as a central nervous system disease biomarker. SENSORS 2014; 14:21140-50. [PMID: 25390405 PMCID: PMC4279527 DOI: 10.3390/s141121140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine and methylmalonic acid are important biomarkers for diseases associated with an impaired central nervous system (CNS). A new chemoassay utilizing coumarin-based fluorescent probe 1 to detect the levels of homocysteine is successfully implemented using Parkinson's disease (PD) patients' blood serum. In addition, a rapid identification of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels in blood serum of PD patients was also performed using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results obtained from both analyses were in agreement. The new chemoassay utilizing coumarin-based fluorescent probe 1 offers a cost- and time-effective method to identify the biomarkers in CNS patients.
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Recent advances in hydrophilic interaction chromatography for quantitative analysis of endogenous and pharmaceutical compounds in plasma samples. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2421-39. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need for new analytical methods that can handle a large number of analytes in complex matrices. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has recently been demonstrated as an important supplement to reversed-phase liquid chromatography for polar analytes, particularly endogenous compounds. With the increasing popularity of HILIC, progressively more polar phases with diverse functional groups have been developed. In addition, the coupling of HILIC to mass spectrometry offers the advantages of improved sensitivity by employing an organic-rich mobile phase. This article reviews recent applications of HILIC for the analysis of endogenous and pharmaceutical compounds in plasma samples. Furthermore, based on recent studies, we provide a discussion of column selection, sample pretreatment for HILIC analysis, and detection sensitivity.
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Sriboonvorakul N, Leepipatpiboon N, Dondorp AM, Pouplin T, White NJ, Tarning J, Lindegardh N. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for simultaneous determination of small organic acids potentially contributing to acidosis in severe malaria. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 941:116-22. [PMID: 24200840 PMCID: PMC3827507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acidosis is an important cause of mortality in severe falciparum malaria. Lactic acid is a major contributor to metabolic acidosis, but accounts for only one-quarter of the strong anion gap. Other unidentified organic acids have an independent strong prognostic significance for a fatal outcome. In this study, a simultaneous bio-analytical method for qualitative and quantitative assessment in plasma and urine of eight small organic acids potentially contributing to acidosis in severe malaria was developed and validated. High-throughput strong anion exchange solid-phase extraction in a 96-well plate format was used for sample preparation. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled to negative mass spectroscopy was utilized for separation and detection. Eight possible small organic acids; l-lactic acid (LA), α-hydroxybutyric acid (aHBA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (bHBA), p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid (pHPLA), malonic acid (MA), methylmalonic acid (MMA), ethylmalonic acid (EMA) and α-ketoglutaric acid (aKGA) were analyzed simultaneously using a ZIC-HILIC column with an isocratic elution containing acetonitrile and ammonium acetate buffer. This method was validated according to U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines with additional validation procedures for endogenous substances. Accuracy for all eight acids ranged from 93.1% to 104.0%, and the within-day and between-day precisions (i.e. relative standard deviations) were lower than 5.5% at all tested concentrations. The calibration ranges were: 2.5-2500μg/mL for LA, 0.125-125μg/mL for aHBA, 7.5-375μg/mL for bHBA, 0.1-100μg/mL for pHPLA, 1-1000μg/mL for MA, 0.25-250μg/mL for MMA, 0.25-100μg/mL for EMA, and 30-1500μg/mL for aKGA. Clinical applicability was demonstrated by analyzing plasma and urine samples from five patients with severe falciparum malaria; five acids had increased concentrations in plasma (range LA=177-1169μg/mL, aHBA=4.70-38.4μg/mL, bHBA=7.70-38.0μg/mL, pHPLA=0.900-4.30μg/mL and aKGA=30.2-32.0) and seven in urine samples (range LA=11.2-513μg/mL, aHBA=1.50-69.5μg/mL, bHBA=8.10-111μg/mL, pHPLA=4.30-27.7μg/mL, MMA=0.300-13.3μg/mL, EMA=0.300-48.1μg/mL and aKGA=30.4-107μg/mL). In conclusion, a novel bioanalytical method was developed and validated which allows for simultaneous quantification of eight small organic acids in plasma and urine. This new method may be a useful tool for the assessment of acidosis in patients with severe malaria, and other conditions complicated by acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthida Sriboonvorakul
- Chromatography and Separation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Natchanun Leepipatpiboon
- Chromatography and Separation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Pouplin
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Vietnam, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Niklas Lindegardh
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Mutti E, Ruetz M, Birn H, Kräutler B, Nexo E. 4-ethylphenyl-cobalamin impairs tissue uptake of vitamin B12 and causes vitamin B12 deficiency in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75312. [PMID: 24073261 PMCID: PMC3779197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coβ-4-ethylphenyl-cob(III) alamin (EtPhCbl) is an organometallic analogue of vitamin B12 (CNCbl) which binds to transcobalamin (TC), a plasma protein that facilitates the cellular uptake of cobalamin (Cbl). In vitro assays with key enzymes do not convert EtPhCbl to the active coenzyme forms of Cbl suggesting that administration of EtPhCbl may cause cellular Cbl deficiency. Here, we investigate the in vivo effect of EtPhCbl in mice and its ability, if any, to induce Cbl deficiency. We show that EtPhCbl binds to mouse TC and we examined mice that received 3.5 nmol/24h EtPhCbl (n=6), 3.5 nmol/24h CNCbl (n=7) or NaCl (control group) (n=5) through osmotic mini-pumps for four weeks. We analyzed plasma, urine, liver, spleen, submaxillary glands and spinal cord for Cbl and markers of Cbl deficiency including methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine (tHcy). Plasma MMA (mean±SEM) was elevated in animals treated with EtPhCbl (1.01±0.12 µmol/L) compared to controls (0.30±0.02 µmol/L) and CNCbl (0.29±0.01 µmol/L) treated animals. The same pattern was observed for tHcy. Plasma total Cbl concentration was higher in animals treated with EtPhCbl (128.82±1.87 nmol/L) than in CNCbl treated animals (87.64±0.93 nmol/L). However, the organ levels of total Cbl were significantly lower in animals treated with EtPhCbl compared to CNCbl treated animals or controls, notably in the liver (157.07±8.56 pmol/g vs. 603.85±20.02 pmol/g, and 443.09±12.32 pmol/g, respectively). Differences between the three groups was analysed using one-way ANOVA and, Bonferroni post-hoc test. EtPhCbl was present in all tissues, except the spinal cord, accounting for 35-90% of total Cbl. In conclusion, treatment with EtPhCbl induces biochemical evidence of Cbl deficiency. This may in part be caused by a compromised tissue accumulation of Cbl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mutti
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Markus Ruetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Henrik Birn
- Department of Nephrology, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ebba Nexo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Metformin lowers serum cobalamin without changing other markers of cobalamin status: a study on women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Nutrients 2013; 5:2475-82. [PMID: 23857221 PMCID: PMC3738982 DOI: 10.3390/nu5072475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment with the anti-diabetic drug metformin is followed by a decline in plasma cobalamin, but it is unsettled whether this denotes an impaired cobalamin status. This study has explored changes in the markers of cobalamin status in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome treated with metformin (1.5-2.5 g per day) (n = 29) or placebo (n = 23) for six months. Serum samples were collected before and after two, four, and six months of treatment. We found serum cobalamin to decline and reach significant lower levels after six months of treatment (p = 0.003). Despite the decline in serum cobalamin, we observed no reductions in the physiological active part of cobalamin bound to transcobalamin (holotranscobalamin), or increase in the metabolic marker of cobalamin status, methylmalonic acid. Instead, the non-functional part of circulating cobalamin bound to haptocorrin declined (p = 0.0009). Our results have two implications: The data questions whether metformin treatment induces an impaired cobalamin status in PCOS patients, and further suggests that serum cobalamin is a futile marker for judging cobalamin status in metformin-treated patients.
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Maximal load of the vitamin B12 transport system: a study on mice treated for four weeks with high-dose vitamin B12 or cobinamide. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46657. [PMID: 23049711 PMCID: PMC3462184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that the vitamin B12 (B12) transport system can be used for the cellular delivery of B12-conjugated drugs, also in long-term treatment Whether this strategy will affect the endogenous metabolism of B12 is not known. To study the effect of treatment with excess B12 or an inert derivative, we established a mouse model using implanted osmotic minipumps to deliver saline, cobinamide (Cbi) (4.25 nmol/h), or B12 (1.75 nmol/h) for 27 days (n = 7 in each group). B12 content and markers of B12 metabolism were analysed in plasma, urine, kidney, liver, and salivary glands. Both Cbi and B12 treatment saturated the transcobalamin protein in mouse plasma. Cbi decreased the content of B12 in tissues to 33–50% of the level in control animals but did not influence any of the markers examined. B12 treatment increased the tissue B12 level up to 350%. In addition, the transcript levels for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in kidneys and for transcobalamin and transcobalamin receptor in the salivary glands were reduced. Our study confirms the feasibility of delivering drugs through the B12 transport system but emphasises that B12 status should be monitored because there is a risk of decreasing the transport of endogenous B12. This risk may lead to B12 deficiency during prolonged treatment.
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Cobalamin related parameters and disease patterns in patients with increased serum cobalamin levels. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45979. [PMID: 23029349 PMCID: PMC3448722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of serum cobalamin levels is routinely used to diagnose cobalamin deficiency. Surprisingly, approximately 15% of patients have high cobalamin levels and no consensus exists regarding the clinical implications. Methods Hospital-treated patients above 18 years of age referred for serum cobalamin measurement were included in groups of patients [percentage cobalamin supplemented] with low (<200 pmol/L, n = 200 [6%]), normal (200–600, n = 202 [6%]) high (601–1000, n = 217 [27%]) and very high (>1000, n = 199 [53%]) cobalamin levels. Total and cobalamin-saturated (holo) transcobalamin, total haptocorrin, soluble TC receptor, sCD320, and methylmalonic acid were analyzed. Data on diagnoses and medical prescriptions was obtained through medical files and the Aarhus University Prescription Database. Results Among patients not cobalamin supplemented median total haptocorrin and holo transcobalamin levels were markedly higher in the groups with high/very high cobalamin levels compared to groups with low/normal cobalamin levels. Median total transcobalamin and sCD320 levels were similar across the groups. A number of diagnoses were significantly associated to very high Cbl levels (odds ratio (95% confidence interval)): alcoholism (5.74 (2.76–11.96)), liver disease (8.53 (3.59–20.23)), and cancer (5.48 (2.85–10.55)). Elevated haptocorrin levels were seen in patients with alcoholism, cancer, liver-, renal-, autoimmune-, and bronchopulmonary disease. No clinical associations to sCD320 and total and holo transcobalamin levels were found. Conclusion In non-supplemented patients, high cobalamin levels were associated to high haptocorrin levels, and several diagnoses, including alcoholism, liver disease and cancer. Our study emphasizes that clinicians should take high serum cobalamin levels into consideration in the diagnostic process.
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Nelson D, Xu N, Carlson J. Semi-automated quantification of methylmalonic acid in human serum by LC-MS/MS. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2012; 72:441-6. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2012.679963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Highly sensitive and selective measurement of underivatized methylmalonic acid in serum and plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:133-40. [PMID: 22618327 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a functional biomarker of vitamin B12 deficiency. Measurement of plasma MMA is challenging due to its small molecular weight and hydrophilic nature. Several liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods have been developed for measuring plasma MMA. However, these methods involve lengthy sample preparation, long chromatographic run time, inadequate sensitivity, or interference from succinic acid (SA). Here we report a novel LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of underivatized MMA in serum or heparinized plasma with high sensitivity and selectivity. Sample preparation involved only strong anion exchange solid phase extraction. The extract was purified by online turbulent flow and analyzed on an Organic Acids column. MS/MS analysis was performed in negative electrospray mode, and the analytical time was 6 min. The use of ion ratio confirmation in combination with chromatographic resolution from SA greatly enhanced the selectivity. No interference was observed. This method was linear from 26.2 to 26,010.0 nM with an accuracy of 98-111 %. Total coefficient of variation was less than 4.6 % for three concentration levels tested. Comparison with a reference laboratory LC-MS/MS method using leftover patient serum specimens (n = 48) showed a mean bias of -2.3 nM (-0.61 %) with a Deming regression slope of 1.016, intercept of -6.6 nM, standard error of estimate of 25.3 nM, and a correlation coefficient of 0.9945. In conclusion, this LC-MS/MS method offers highly sensitive and selective quantitation of MMA in serum and plasma with simple sample preparation.
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van den Ouweland JMW, Kema IP. The role of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 883-884:18-32. [PMID: 22197607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is increasingly used as a routine methodology in clinical laboratories for the analysis of low molecular weight molecules. The high specificity in combination with high sensitivity and multi-analyte potential makes it an attractive complementary method to traditional methodology used for routine applications. Its strength and weaknesses in this context will be discussed and examples of successful clinical applications will be given. For LC-MS/MS to truly fulfil its promise in clinical diagnosis, the prerequisite steps being sample pre-treatment, chromatographic separation and detection by selected reaction monitoring must become more integrated as they are in conventional clinical analysers. The availability of ready-to-use reagents kits, eliminating efforts needed for method development and extensive validation, are likely to contribute to a wider acceptance of LC-MS/MS in clinical laboratories. Growing applicability of LC-MS/MS in the clinical laboratory field is expected from quantitative protein analysis.
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Rigobello-Masini M, Penteado JCP, Tiba M, Masini JC. Study of photorespiration in marine microalgae through the determination of glycolic acid using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 35:20-8. [PMID: 22128110 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Determination of organic acids in intracellular extracts and in the cultivation media of marine microalgae aid investigations about metabolic routes related to assimilation of atmospheric carbon by these organisms, which are known by their role in the carbon dioxide sink. The separation of these acids was investigated by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) using isocratic elution with a mobile phase composed of 70:30 v/v acetonitrile/20 mmol/L ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.8) and detection at 220 nm. HILIC allowed the determinations of glycolic acid, the most important metabolite for the evaluation of the photorespiration process in algae, to be made with better selectivity than that achieved by reversed phase liquid chromatography, but with less detectability. The concentration of glycolic acid was determined in the cultivation media and in intracellular extracts of the algae Tetraselmis gracilis and Phaeodactylum tricornutum submitted to different conditions of aeration: (i) without forced aeration, (ii) aeration with atmospheric air, and (iii) bubbling with N(2). The concentration of glycolic acid had a higher increase as the cultures were aerated with nitrogen, showing higher photorespiratory flux than that occurring in the cultures aerated with atmospheric air.
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Lamers Y. Indicators and methods for folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 status assessment in humans. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011; 14:445-54. [PMID: 21832901 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328349f9a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nutritional status assessment is a critical tool for the identification of nutrient deficiencies or excesses in individual healthcare and epidemiologic screening. Because low but 'normal' status of folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 have been associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, research has focused on defining sensitive indicators of B-vitamin status and on the development and validation of analytical methods for their quantification. RECENT FINDINGS With the increasing availability and more user-friendly configuration of liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometers (LC-MS/MS), numerous analytical methods for determination of B-vitamin indicators by LC-MS/MS have been developed over the last years. These methods include folate assays for simultaneous determination of numerous folate forms at their specific reduction level. The functional indicators for vitamin B-12 status are plasma methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine and can be measured, either individually or in combination, by high-throughput analysis using LC-MS/MS. Methods for vitamin B-6 status assessment are multianalyte platforms that determine vitamin B-6 forms and functional indicators by the same assay. SUMMARY The high sensitivity, selectivity, and specificity of isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS [and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)] techniques have allowed the development of reference methods and the creation of multianalyte platforms. The additional convenience of automated sample preparation enables high sample throughput and makes those sensitive methods prospective analytical candidates for larger settings including clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lamers
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Food Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Yetley EA, Pfeiffer CM, Phinney KW, Bailey RL, Blackmore S, Bock JL, Brody LC, Carmel R, Curtin LR, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Eckfeldt JH, Green R, Gregory JF, Hoofnagle AN, Jacobsen DW, Jacques PF, Lacher DA, Molloy AM, Massaro J, Mills JL, Nexo E, Rader JI, Selhub J, Sempos C, Shane B, Stabler S, Stover P, Tamura T, Tedstone A, Thorpe SJ, Coates PM, Johnson CL, Picciano MF. Biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status in NHANES: a roundtable summary. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:313S-321S. [PMID: 21593512 PMCID: PMC3127527 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A roundtable to discuss the measurement of vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) status biomarkers in NHANES took place in July 2010. NHANES stopped measuring vitamin B-12-related biomarkers after 2006. The roundtable reviewed 3 biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status used in past NHANES--serum vitamin B-12, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and total homocysteine (tHcy)--and discussed the potential utility of measuring holotranscobalamin (holoTC) for future NHANES. The roundtable focused on public health considerations and the quality of the measurement procedures and reference methods and materials that past NHANES used or that are available for future NHANES. Roundtable members supported reinstating vitamin B-12 status measures in NHANES. They noted evolving concerns and uncertainties regarding whether subclinical (mild, asymptomatic) vitamin B-12 deficiency is a public health concern. They identified the need for evidence from clinical trials to address causal relations between subclinical vitamin B-12 deficiency and adverse health outcomes as well as appropriate cutoffs for interpreting vitamin B-12-related biomarkers. They agreed that problems with sensitivity and specificity of individual biomarkers underscore the need for including at least one biomarker of circulating vitamin B-12 (serum vitamin B-12 or holoTC) and one functional biomarker (MMA or tHcy) in NHANES. The inclusion of both serum vitamin B-12 and plasma MMA, which have been associated with cognitive dysfunction and anemia in NHANES and in other population-based studies, was preferable to provide continuity with past NHANES. Reliable measurement procedures are available, and National Institute of Standards and Technology reference materials are available or in development for serum vitamin B-12 and MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Yetley
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7517, USA.
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Pedersen TL, Keyes WR, Shahab-Ferdows S, Allen LH, Newman JW. Methylmalonic acid quantification in low serum volumes by UPLC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1502-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Frid A, Sterner GN, Löndahl M, Wiklander C, Cato A, Vinge E, Andersson A. Novel assay of metformin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and varying levels of renal function: clinical recommendations. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1291-3. [PMID: 20215446 PMCID: PMC2875440 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study trough levels of metformin in serum and its intra-individual variation in patients using a newly developed assay. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Trough serum levels of metformin were measured once using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS) in 137 type 2 diabetic patients with varying renal function (99 men) and followed repeatedly during 2 months in 20 patients (16 men) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) body surface. RESULTS Patients with eGFR >60, 30-60, and <30 ml/min/1.73 m(2) had median trough metformin concentrations of 4.5 micromol/l (range 0.1-20.7, n = 107), 7.71 micromol/l (0.12-15.15, n = 21), and 8.88 micromol/l (5.99-18.60, n = 9), respectively. The median intra-individual overall coefficient of variation was 29.4% (range 9.8-74.2). CONCLUSIONS Determination of serum metformin with the LCMSMS technique is useful in patients on metformin treatment. Few patients had values >20 micromol/l. Metformin measurement is less suitable for dose titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Frid
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital MAS, Malmö, Sweden.
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Onorato JM, Langish R, Bellamine A, Shipkova P. Applications of HILIC for targeted and non-targeted LC/MS analyses in drug discovery. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:923-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jian W, Edom RW, Xu Y, Weng N. Recent advances in application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography for quantitative bioanalysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:681-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Hammett-Stabler CA, Garg U. The evolution of mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 603:1-7. [PMID: 20077054 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-459-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical laboratories around the world are recognizing the power of mass spectrometry. This technique, especially when coupled to gas chromatography or liquid chromatography, is revolutionizing the analysis of many analytes. Unlike many other techniques which measure one analyte at a time, these techniques can measure multiple analytes (>40) at one time. In recent years the scope of testing using these techniques has expanded from toxicological purposes to newborn screening to hormones, proteins, and enzymes. It is not uncommon any more to see mass spectrometry being used in the routine clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Hammett-Stabler
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
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Chen J, Bennett MJ. Quantitation of methylmalonic acid in serum or plasma using isotope dilution-selected ion gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 603:365-370. [PMID: 20077088 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-459-3_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of plasma or serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) is useful for monitoring therapy in patients with methylmalonic acidemia due to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency, defects of vitamin B12 metabolism, and also for the determination of functional vitamin B12 deficiency. This method utilizes a stable-isotope labeled internal standard (trideuterated MMA), which is added to the standards, controls, and patient samples prior to extraction. MMA is derivatized by butylation and the amount quantified against a seven-point standard curve using specific selected ions from both the labeled and unlabeled MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kirchhoff F, Lorenzl S, Vogeser M. An on-line solid phase extraction procedure for the routine quantification of urinary methylmalonic acid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48:1647-50. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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