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Engel-Rodriguez A, Escabi-Mendoza J, Molina-Lopez VH, Engel-Rodriguez N, Tiru-Vega M. A Case of Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm as a Complication of Late-Presenting ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Cureus 2024; 16:e60026. [PMID: 38854241 PMCID: PMC11162561 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This case report delineates the clinical trajectory and management strategies of a 59-year-old Hispanic male diagnosed with a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm (LVPA) following a delayed presentation of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), for which reperfusion treatment was not administered. Initially, an echocardiogram demonstrated an extensive anterolateral myocardial infarction, severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and an early-stage left ventricular apical aneurysm with thrombus, leading to the initiation of warfarin. Metabolic myocardial perfusion imaging via positron emission tomography indicated a substantial myocardial scar without viability, guiding the decision against revascularization. Post discharge, the patient, equipped with a wearable cardioverter defibrillator for sudden cardiac death prevention, experienced symptomatic ventricular tachycardia, which was resolved with defibrillator shocks. Subsequent imaging revealed an acute LVPA adjacent to the existing left ventricular aneurysm. Given the high surgical risk, conservative management was elected, resulting in thrombosis and closure of the pseudoaneurysm after two weeks. The patient eventually transitioned to home hospice, surviving an additional five months. This report underscores the complexities and therapeutic dilemmas in managing post-MI LVPA patients who are ineligible for surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Escabi-Mendoza
- Cardiovascular Disease, VA (Veterans Affairs) Caribbean Healthcare Systems, San Juan, PRI
| | | | | | - Marilee Tiru-Vega
- Internal Medicine, VA (Veterans Affairs) Caribbean Healthcare Systems, San Juan, PRI
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2
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Singh M, Momah D, Palaniappan D, Nadig V, Mah JW. Therapeutic Dilemma: Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Patient with Traumatic Hepatic and Mesenteric Injuries: A Case Report. A A Pract 2024; 18:e01741. [PMID: 38572854 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a trauma patient with solid abdominal organ or vascular injuries can present complex diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Evidence for managing such demanding cases is scarce, and isolated case reports remain the source of information in treating these patients. We present a patient with traumatic mesenteric and hepatic injuries who developed acute STEMI in the immediate postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manila Singh
- From the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Deandra Momah
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Vidya Nadig
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - John Wesley Mah
- Division of Emergency General Surgery and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
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3
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Darraj A. Effect of Low-Dose Aspirin on the Elderly. Cureus 2024; 16:e54658. [PMID: 38524052 PMCID: PMC10960068 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspirin is a recognized and affordable antiplatelet medicine. Low amounts of aspirin have been used to prevent cardiovascular events, and it is still widely used for primary and secondary stroke prevention. The purpose of this review article is to evaluate the effects of using low doses of aspirin among elderly people. Although taking large dosages of aspirin (500 mg daily) reduces the long-term risk of colorectal cancer, its effectiveness for long-term prevention may be limited by adverse effects. Studies have assessed the relationship between aspirin dosage, incidence, and death in patients with colorectal cancer. Research has indicated that those with diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Low amounts of aspirin have been used to prevent cardiovascular events. However, there is uncertainty regarding the potential benefits and risks associated with preventing the development of cardiovascular problems in individuals with diabetes. The use of aspirin lowers the risk of occlusive vascular events but raises the possibility of bleeding. More attention should be paid to reducing inappropriate aspirin usage in light of its prevalence, particularly among older persons, as the substantial continuous usage of this drug increases the chances of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Darraj
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, SAU
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4
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ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Das SR, Ekhlaspour L, Hilliard ME, Johnson EL, Khunti K, Kosiborod MN, Lingvay I, Matfin G, McCoy RG, Perry ML, Pilla SJ, Polsky S, Prahalad P, Pratley RE, Segal AR, Seley JJ, Stanton RC, Gabbay RA. 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:S179-S218. [PMID: 38078592 PMCID: PMC10725811 DOI: 10.2337/dc24-s010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, an interprofessional expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations and a full list of Professional Practice Committee members, please refer to Introduction and Methodology. Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
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5
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Li W, Wang Y, Li D, Jia Y, Li F, Chen T, Liu Y, Zeng Z, Wan Z, Zeng R, Wu H. The Caprini Risk Score for Early Prediction of Mortality in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2023; 38:472-480. [PMID: 36730880 PMCID: PMC10430676 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Caprini Risk Score (CRS) is a validated predictive instrument for venous thrombosis. Previous investigators have shown that a high CRS is associated with a higher risk of mortality from thrombotic diseases. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the association between the CRS and prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS Secondary analysis of data from a retrospective cohort study was conducted. Patients were classified into 3 CRS-based categories (CRS ≤ 2, CRS = 3-4, and CRS ≥ 5, indicating low, medium, and high, respectively). Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models were used to assess the prognosis of patients with ACS. All-cause mortality and cardiac mortality were the end points. RESULTS Two hundred fifty-four patients (12.8%) died during follow-up. Multivariate Cox regression models identified CRS as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality among patients with ACS (CRS = 3-4 vs CRS ≤ 2, hazard ratio: 3.268, 95% confidence interval: 1.396-7.647, P = .006; CRS ≥ 5 vs CRS ≤ 2, hazard ratio: 4.099, 95% confidence interval: 1.708-9.841, P = .002). Pearson correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between CRS and fibrinogen level ( r = 0.486, R2 = 0.765, P < .001) as well as D-dimer level ( r = 0.480, R2 = 0.465, P < .001). CONCLUSION The CRS is a useful prognostic assessment instrument for patients with ACS, and the risk stratification of patients with ACS can be achieved based on their CRS at admission.
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Hurskainen M, Tynkkynen J, Eskola M, Lehtimäki T, Hernesniemi J. Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke After Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e028787. [PMID: 37421266 PMCID: PMC10382101 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.028787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Stroke incidence is elevated after acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The aim of this study was to characterize risk factors related to ischemic stroke (IS) after ACS. Methods and Results We conducted a retrospective registry study based on the data of 8049 consecutive patients treated for ACS between 2007 and 2018 in Tays Heart Hospital with a follow-up until December 31, 2020. Potential risk factors were identified by in-depth review of written hospital records and causes-of-death registry data maintained by Statistics Finland. The association between individual risk factors, early-onset IS (0-30 days after ACS, n=82), and late-onset IS (31 days to 14 years after ACS, n=419) were analyzed using logistic regression and subdistribution hazard analysis. In multivariable analysis, the most substantial risk factors for early- and late-onset IS were previous stroke, atrial fibrillation or flutter, and heart failure status depicted by the Killip classification. Left ventricular ejection fraction and coronary artery disease severity were significant risk factors for early-onset IS; age and peripheral artery disease were significant risk factors for late-onset IS. The risk of early-onset IS with ≥6 CHA2DS2-VASc score points (odds ratio, 6.63 [95% Cl, 3.63-12.09]; P<0.001) was notable compared with patients with 1 to 3 points as well as the risk of late-onset IS with ≥6 points (subdistribution hazard, 6.03 [95% Cl, 3.71-9.81]; P<0.001) in comparison with patients with 1 point. Conclusions Factors related to high thromboembolic risk also predict IS risk after ACS. CHA2DS2-VASc score and its individual components are strong predictors for both early- and late-onset IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Hurskainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Juho Tynkkynen
- Department of RadiologyTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
- Centre of Vascular Surgery and Interventional RadiologyTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Markku Eskola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
- Tays Heart HospitalTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
- Department of Clinical ChemistryFimlab LaboratoriesTampereFinland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center TampereTampereFinland
| | - Jussi Hernesniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
- Tays Heart HospitalTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center TampereTampereFinland
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7
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Stylianou VV, Tsampasian V, Pavlou M, Georgiou P, Patestos D, Kapetis L, Vassiliou VS, Eftychiou C, Tsielepis M, Bazoukis G. Left ventricular thrombus in a patient with recurrent ischemic stroke events-The role of echocardiography. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7300. [PMID: 37143461 PMCID: PMC10151600 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Cardiac ultrasound is recommended in investigating ischemic stroke events. There is increasing evidence that direct oral anticoagulants can be safely used instead of vitamin K antagonists in the setting of left ventricular thrombus. Abstract Cardioembolic stroke is responsible for an increasing number of ischemic strokes. Compared to other causes of stroke, cardioembolic strokes affect a larger brain area. Left ventricular (LV) thrombi account for up to 10% of cardioembolic strokes. It is essential to identify patients at high risk of LV thrombus formation, such as patients with a history of myocardial infarction, patients with reduced ejection fraction, or patients with cardiomyopathies. We present a patient with an ischemic stroke, and the cardiac ultrasound revealed a reduced ejection fraction and the presence of LV thrombus at the apex. The patient had no prior history of cardiovascular diseases. Even in a resource-limited setting, cardiac ultrasound is recommended to investigate stroke or transient ischemic attack events, especially in patients with a prior history of myocardial infarction. Although patients with LV thrombus should be treated with oral anticoagulants for at least 3 months, the role of direct oral anticoagulants and the optimal period of anticoagulation in this setting needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marios Pavlou
- Department of CardiologyLarnaca General HospitalLarnacaCyprus
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - George Bazoukis
- Department of CardiologyLarnaca General HospitalLarnacaCyprus
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8
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Wada S, Iwanaga Y, Nakai M, Nakao YM, Miyamoto Y, Noguchi T. Significance of coronary artery calcification for predicting major adverse cardiovascular events: results from the NADESICO study in Japan. J Cardiol 2023:S0914-5087(23)00079-5. [PMID: 37085027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to determine the usefulness and sex differences of assessment of coronary artery calcification (CAC) with cardiovascular risk factors and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in Japanese patients. METHODS In a nationwide, multicenter, prospective cohort study, 1187 patients with suspected coronary artery disease who underwent coronary computed tomography were enrolled. MACE included cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization, and hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or aortic disease. The concordance (C)-statistics were used to assess the relationships among the Suita risk score, CAC score, and incident MACE, with emphasis on sex differences. RESULTS The final analysis included 982 patients (mean age, 64.7 ± 6.6 years; 53.9 % male patients). MACE developed in 65 male and 21 female patients during a median follow-up of 1480 days. The C-statistics calculated using Suita score for MACE were 0.650, 0.633, and 0.569 in overall, male, and female patients, respectively. In overall patients, the C-statistic significantly increased in combined models of Agatston CAC scores of ≥100, 200, 300, or 400 and the Suita score. In each sex, the C-statistics significantly increased in the model that added an Agatston CAC score of ≥100 and ≥ 200 (+0.049 and + 0.057) in male patients, and ≥ 400 (+0.119) in females, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Adding assessment of Agatston CAC scores to Suita score was useful to improve the predictive ability for future MACE in Japanese patients. Agatston CAC scores of ≥100 or 200 in male and ≥ 400 in female patients in addition to Suita score improved the MACE risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Wada
- Department of Medical and Health Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Iwanaga
- Department of Medical and Health Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Sakurabashi Watanabe Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Michikazu Nakai
- Department of Medical and Health Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoko M Nakao
- Department of Medical and Health Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Medical and Health Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Teruo Noguchi
- Department of Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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9
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Bose S, Stonko DP, Pappas GM, Drudi LM, Stoner MC, Hicks CW. Females are less likely to receive best medical therapy for stroke prevention before and after carotid revascularization than males. J Vasc Surg 2023; 77:786-794.e2. [PMID: 36241125 PMCID: PMC9974567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2022.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current professional guidelines recommend best medical therapy (BMT) with statin agents and antiplatelet therapy for primary and secondary stroke prevention in patients with carotid artery stenosis. We aimed to assess the association of patient sex with preoperative BMT in patients undergoing carotid revascularization. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of Vascular Quality Initiative patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stenting between January 2003 and February 2022. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association of patient sex with preoperative BMT after adjusting for sociodemographic, comorbidity, and disease severity characteristics. In-hospital outcomes were assessed by sex and preoperative BMT status. RESULTS Of 214,008 patients who underwent carotid revascularization, 38.7% (n = 82,855) were female and 61.3% (n = 131,153) were male. Overall, 77.2% (n = 63,922) of females were on preoperative BMT, compared with 80.4% (n = 105,375) of males (P < .001). After adjusting for baseline differences, females had 11% lower odds of being on BMT compared with males (adjusted odds ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.91). Postoperatively, females had 18% lower odds of being prescribed BMT than males (adjusted odds ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-0.84). In-hospital stroke (1.20% vs 1.51%), death (0.37% vs 0.66%), and stroke/death (1.46% vs 1.98%) were all significantly lower for patients on BMT (all P < .001). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant discrepancy in the proportion of females versus males receiving preoperative BMT for stroke prevention before carotid artery revascularization. In-hospital outcomes are worse in patients without BMT, highlighting the importance of raising awareness and implementing targeted interventions to improve preoperative adherence to stroke prevention guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanuja Bose
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David P. Stonko
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Georgina M. Pappas
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Laura M. Drudi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael C. Stoner
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Caitlin W. Hicks
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Dilemmas in hematology: consults in patients with arterial thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:421-432. [PMID: 36696207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Arterial thrombotic events, particularly ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction, are common, and mostly occur due to atherosclerotic disease or arrhythmias. The diagnosis and management of the majority of such events occurs without the involvement of a hematologist, following established guidelines or pathways. In this review, we discuss 3 scenarios in which optimal management is less certain. These scenarios concern patients with a left ventricular thrombus, in whom the duration and choice of anticoagulant has been debated, patients with ischemic stroke and a patent foramen ovale, in whom the role of patent foramen ovale closure requires careful consideration, and the role of thrombophilia testing in young patients after a stroke or myocardial infarction, which remains an area of contention. We consider the available evidence and published guidelines in order to provide a practical, evidence-based approach to these 3 clinical scenarios.
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11
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Im C, Park YS, Min SH, Kang SH, Lee S, Lee E, Yoo M, Hwang D, Ahn SH, Suh YS, Park DJ, Kim HH. Postoperative major bleeding risk in patients using oral antiplatelets and/or anticoagulants after laparoscopic gastric cancer surgery. Ann Surg Treat Res 2023; 104:80-89. [PMID: 36816732 PMCID: PMC9929431 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2023.104.2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The use of antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant therapies has become common. In rare cases, these therapies may increase the risk of dangerous postoperative bleeding. We investigated the association of antiplatelets and/or anticoagulants with postoperative major bleeding risk in laparoscopic gastric cancer surgery. Methods We retrospectively enrolled 3,663 gastric cancer patients (antiplatelet/anticoagulant group, 518; control group, 3,145) who had undergone laparoscopic surgery between January 2012 and December 2017. To minimize selection bias, 508 patients in each group were matched using propensity score matching (PSM) method. The primary outcome was postoperative major bleeding. Secondary outcomes were intraoperative, postoperative transfusion and early complications. Results After PSM, postoperative major bleeding occurred in 10 (2.0%) and 3 cases (0.6%) in the antiplatelets/anticoagulants and control groups, respectively (P = 0.090). Intraoperative and postoperative transfusions were not significantly different between 2 groups (2.4% vs. 1.4%, P = 0.355 and 5.5% vs. 4.3%, P = 0.469). Early complications developed in 58 (11.4%) and 43 patients (8.5%) in the antiplatelets/anticoagulants and control groups, respectively (P = 0.142). The mean amounts of intraoperative and postoperative transfusions were not significantly different between the groups (366.67 ± 238.68 mL vs. 371.43 ± 138.01 mL, P = 0.962; 728.57 ± 642.25 mL vs. 508.09 ± 468.95 mL, P = 0.185). In multivariable analysis, male (P = 0.008) and advanced stage (III, IV) (P = 0.024) were independent significant risk factors for postoperative major bleeding. Conclusion Preoperative antiplatelets and/or anticoagulants administration did not significantly increase the risk of postoperative major bleeding after laparoscopic gastric cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chami Im
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Suk Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sa-Hong Min
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Hyun Kang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sangjun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunju Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Mira Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Duyeong Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yun Suhk Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Do Joong Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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12
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ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Das SR, Hilliard ME, Isaacs D, Johnson EL, Kahan S, Khunti K, Kosiborod M, Leon J, Lyons SK, Perry ML, Prahalad P, Pratley RE, Seley JJ, Stanton RC, Gabbay RA, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:S158-S190. [PMID: 36507632 PMCID: PMC9810475 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-s010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations and a full list of Professional Practice Committee members, please refer to Introduction and Methodology. Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
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13
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Effect of direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists or warfarin in patients with left ventricular thrombus outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Port Cardiol 2023; 42:63-70. [PMID: 36370988 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Left ventricular thrombus commonly occurs as a complication of acute anterior myocardial infarction and nonischemic cardiomyopathies with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Its frequency is still high despite medical advances. Current guidelines recommend the use of vitamin k antagonists as first-line therapy, however, the off-label use of direct oral anticoagulants is becoming more frequent and attractive, given the better pharmacological and clinical profile, with the improvement of the patient's quality of life. AIM To provide an update on the currently existing evidence regarding the outcomes of efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) as first-line therapy in left ventricular thrombus, in comparison to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the effects of direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists on left ventricular thrombi and on the results was performed. RESULTS Fourteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 2498 patients (n=631 direct oral anticoagulants and n=1867 for VKAs). No significant differences were found in efficacy and safety outcomes (odds ratio (OR) 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.55-1.33; p=0.50; I2=32%) and (OR 1.0; 95% CI, 0.78-1.30; p=0.93; I2=2%) respectively. No difference was noted in all-cause mortality (OR 0.92; 95% CI, 0.58-1.45; p=0.74; I2=0%). Thrombus resolution was observed in 288/416 in direct oral anticoagulants vs. 732/1085 patients treated with VKAs (OR 1.14; 95% CI, 0.77-1.66; p=0.50; I2=33%). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this meta-analysis suggest the potential utility of DOACs as a first-line strategy in patients with left ventricular thrombus.
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14
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Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 3.2: expected advantages should outweigh expected disadvantages. J R Soc Med 2022:1410768221140786. [PMID: 36453865 DOI: 10.1177/01410768221140786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A D Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - I Chalmers
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - A Dahlgren
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
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Rothweiler R, Gerlach V, Voss P, Poxleitner P, Ermer M, Gross C, Schwer C, Vach K, Kalbhenn J, Metzger M. Aspirin, heparin and ischemia time in microvascular free flap surgery - their influence and an optimal anticoagulation protocol. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 123:e556-e562. [PMID: 35272089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular surgery has become a standardized technique for reconstruction of large tissue defects in Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery. However, the main dreaded complications are thrombosis of blood vessels or major bleeding after surgery. Several different anticoagulation protocols have been established in the last decades to overcome these problems with varying degrees of success. METHODS Over a period of six years, a standardized anticoagulation protocol including acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) for direct intraoperative and postoperative administration was established, optimized and compared to a previously used non-standardized protocol. A total of 178 flap surgeries were included in the development and optimization process of the protocol. RESULTS ASA significantly increased the risk of complications when used for longer than 72 h (OR = 2.52; p = 0.002; 95% CI 1.39-4.59). Administration of UFH reduced flap loss (bolus: OR 0.68; p = 0.47; 95% CI 0.24-1.93; continuous UFH administration: OR = 0.61; p = 0.33; 95% CI 0.22-1.66), however doses greater than 500 IU/ h of UFH as continuous infusion increased the risk of complications. Reduction in ischemia time had no effect on the occurrence of complications. CONCLUSION Anticoagulation regimes in microvascular surgery can influence the postoperative complication rate. The optimal protocol should consist of a combination of ASA and UFH for the intraoperative and direct postoperative phase. Prolonged administration of ASA as well as doses >500 IU/ h of UFH are to be avoided due to the increased complication rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Rothweiler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Gerlach
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pit Voss
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Poxleitner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ermer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gross
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schwer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kalbhenn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Metzger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Schaefer JK, Errickson J, Gu X, Alexandris-Souphis T, Ali MA, Haymart B, Kaatz S, Kline-Rogers E, Kozlowski JH, Krol GD, Shah V, Sood SL, Froehlich JB, Barnes GD. Assessment of an Intervention to Reduce Aspirin Prescribing for Patients Receiving Warfarin for Anticoagulation. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2231973. [PMID: 36121653 PMCID: PMC9486454 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE For some patients receiving warfarin, adding aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) increases bleeding risk with unclear treatment benefit. Reducing excess aspirin use could be associated with improved clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE To assess changes in aspirin use, bleeding, and thrombosis event rates among patients treated with warfarin. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This pre-post observational quality improvement study was conducted from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019, at a 6-center quality improvement collaborative in Michigan among 6738 adults taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation and/or venous thromboembolism without an apparent indication for concomitant aspirin. Statistical analysis was conducted from November 26, 2020, to June 14, 2021. INTERVENTION Primary care professionals for patients taking aspirin were asked whether an ongoing combination aspirin and warfarin treatment was indicated. If not, then aspirin was discontinued with the approval of the managing clinician. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Outcomes were assessed before and after intervention for the primary analysis and before and after 24 months before the intervention (when rates of aspirin use first began to decrease) for the secondary analysis. Outcomes included the rate of aspirin use, bleeding, and thrombotic outcomes. An interrupted time series analysis assessed cumulative monthly event rates over time. RESULTS A total of 6738 patients treated with warfarin (3160 men [46.9%]; mean [SD] age, 62.8 [16.2] years) were followed up for a median of 6.7 months (IQR, 3.2-19.3 months). Aspirin use decreased slightly from a baseline mean use of 29.4% (95% CI, 28.9%-29.9%) to 27.1% (95% CI, 26.1%-28.0%) during the 24 months before the intervention (P < .001 for slope before and after 24 months before the intervention) with an accelerated decrease after the intervention (mean aspirin use, 15.7%; 95% CI, 14.8%-16.8%; P = .001 for slope before and after intervention). In the primary analysis, the intervention was associated with a significant decrease in major bleeding events per month (preintervention, 0.31%; 95% CI, 0.27%-0.34%; postintervention, 0.21%; 95% CI, 0.14%-0.28%; P = .03 for difference in slope before and after intervention). No change was observed in mean percentage of patients having a thrombotic event from before to after the intervention (0.21% vs 0.24%; P = .34 for difference in slope). In the secondary analysis, reducing aspirin use (starting 24 months before the intervention) was associated with decreases in mean percentage of patients having any bleeding event (2.3% vs 1.5%; P = .02 for change in slope before and after 24 months before the intervention), mean percentage of patients having a major bleeding event (0.31% vs 0.25%; P = .001 for change in slope before and after 24 months before the intervention), and mean percentage of patients with an emergency department visit for bleeding (0.99% vs 0.67%; P = .04 for change in slope before and after 24 months before the intervention), with no change in mean percentage of patients with a thrombotic event (0.20% vs 0.23%; P = .36 for change in slope before and after 24 months before the intervention). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This quality improvement intervention was associated with an acceleration of a preexisting decrease in aspirin use among patients taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation and/or venous thromboembolism without a clear indication for aspirin therapy. Reductions in aspirin use were associated with reduced bleeding. This study suggests that an anticoagulation clinic-based aspirin deimplementation intervention can improve guideline-concordant aspirin use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan K. Schaefer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Josh Errickson
- Consulting for Statistics, Computing, & Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Xiaokui Gu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Tina Alexandris-Souphis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Mona A. Ali
- Department of Heart and Vascular Services, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Brian Haymart
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Scott Kaatz
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Eva Kline-Rogers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Gregory D. Krol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Vinay Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Suman L. Sood
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - James B. Froehlich
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Geoffrey D. Barnes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Funasaka K, Yamada H, Horiguchi N, Osaki H, Yoshida D, Terada T, Koyama K, Okubo M, Tahara T, Nagasaka M, Nakagawa Y, Shibata T, Ohmiya N. Complete omission of second-look endoscopy after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection in real-world practice. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29386. [PMID: 35839022 PMCID: PMC11132336 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is increasingly performed in patients receiving antithrombotic therapy. Second-look endoscopy (SLE) has been performed empirically in several clinical settings. We investigated whether SLE omission was associated with an increased risk of postESD bleeding in all patients, including those administered antithrombotic agents. Between July 2016 and June 2018, 229 patients were treated with a clinical pathway for gastric ESD that involved SLE on the day after ESD (SLE group). Between September 2018 and May 2020, 215 patients were treated using a clinical pathway that did not include SLE (nonSLE group). We retrospectively compared the incidence of postESD bleeding among the propensity score-matched cohorts and determined the risk factors for postESD bleeding using multivariate analysis. The propensity score-matched cohorts showed no significant differences in the incidence of postESD bleeding between the SLE (3.2%) and nonSLE (5.1%) groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of lesions in the lower gastric body (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-4.35, P.03) was a significant risk factor for postESD bleeding during admission, whereas resected specimen size ≥ 40 mm (adjusted OR 3.21, 95% CI 1.19-8.19, P.02) and antiplatelet therapy (adjusted OR 4.16, 95% CI 1.47-11.80, P.007) were significant risk factors after discharge. Complete omission of SLE after gastric ESD does not increase postESD bleeding in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Funasaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hyuga Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Horiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hayato Osaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Dai Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Terada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Keishi Koyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masaaki Okubo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Tahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kansai Medical University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Nagasaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Naoki Ohmiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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18
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Guerra R, Kawano PR, Amaro MP, Yamamoto HA, Gomes Filho FF, Amaro JL, El Dib RP, Garcia-Perdomo HA, Reis LO. Acute graft thrombosis in patients who underwent renal transplant and received anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents. A systematic review and meta-analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2022; 10:129-141. [PMID: 35874286 PMCID: PMC9301061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thrombosis is a major cause of early allograft loss in renal transplantation. Herein, we assessed the frequency of acute graft thrombosis in patients who underwent renal transplant and received anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents. METHODS We performed a systematic review of all available case series studies of anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet prophylaxis of thrombosis in renal transplantation. The data were pooled in a proportional meta-analysis. RESULTS Twenty-one case series were identified from 7,160 retrieved titles. A total of 3,246 patients were analyzed (1,718 treated with antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant agents and 1,528 non-treated control subjects). Allograft thrombosis occurred in 7.24% (95% CI 3.45 to 12.27%) of the patients receiving no intervention compared with 3.38% (95% CI 1.45 to 6.1%), 1.2% (95% CI 0.6 to 2.1%) and 0.47% (95% CI 0.001 to 1.79%) of the patients in the anticoagulant, aspirin, and aspirin + anticoagulant groups, respectively. The bleeding complication rate for anticoagulants was significantly higher than in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that anticoagulants, and aspirin, either alone or in association with an anticoagulant, seem to have a low frequency of acute allograft thrombosis after kidney transplantation. Higher hemorrhagic complication rates might occur when anticoagulants are used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelo Petean Amaro
- UroScience, University of Campinas, Unicamp and Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC-CampinasCampinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leonardo Oliveira Reis
- UroScience, University of Campinas, Unicamp and Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC-CampinasCampinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Florian A. Predicting LV thrombosis after acute myocardial infarction: From Virchow's triad to state-of-the-art cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiol 2022; 360:99-100. [PMID: 35597498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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High Levels of Thromboxane (TX) Are Associated with the Sex-Dependent Non-Dipping Phenomenon in Ischemic Stroke Patients. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092652. [PMID: 35566778 PMCID: PMC9102581 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and high blood pressure (nondipping profile) during the rest/sleep period have been associated with an effect on the incidence of cardiovascular disorders and a more severe course in the ischemic cerebrovascular event. There are no available data on the relationship between dipping status and the pro-inflammatory metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA); therefore, we undertook a study to investigate the influence of thromboxane on the incidence of nondipping among patients after stroke. METHODS Sixty-two patients with ischemic stroke (including 34 women and 28 men) were tested for the involvement of thromboxane in the nondipping phenomenon. Subjects were analyzed for the presence of the physiological phenomenon of dipping (DIP group) versus its absence-nondipping (NDIP group). Thromboxane (TX) measurements were performed using liquid chromatography, and blood pressure was measured 24 h a day in all subjects. RESULTS The analysis of the thromboxane level in the plasma of patients after ischemic stroke showed significant differences in terms of sex (p = 0.0004). Among women in both groups, the concentration of TX was high, while similar levels were observed in the group of men from the NDIP group. However, when comparing men in the DIP and NDIP groups, a lower TX level was noticeable in the DIP group. CONCLUSIONS A higher level of TX may be associated with a disturbance of the physiological phenomenon of DIP in men and women. However, in our opinion, TX is not the main determinant of the DIP phenomenon and, at the same time, other pro-inflammatory factors may also be involved in the occurrence of this singularity.
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21
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Ruiz-García A, Pallarés-Carratalá V, Serrano-Cumplido A, Escobar-Cervantes C, Barquilla-García A, Divisón-Garrote J, Turégano-Yedro M, Prieto-Díaz M, Cinza-Sanjurjo S, Alonso-Moreno F, Beato-Fernández P, García-Matarín L, Rey-Aldana D, Martín-Rioboó E, Moyá-Amengual A, Crespo-Sabarís R, Piera-Carbonell A, Romero-Vigara J, Carrasco-Carrasco E, Velilla-Zancada S, Seoane-Vicente M, Górriz-Teruel J, Polo-García J, Barrios V. Evaluation of prophylaxis in primary prevention with acetylsalicylic acid in people with diabetes: A scoping review. Semergen 2022; 48:275-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Domaleczny BJ, Lewis SJ, Richardson JL, Eid HR. Impact of pharmacist intervention to deprescribe inappropriate aspirin therapy in an outpatient anticoagulation clinic at a community hospital. AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL PLUS : CARDIOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2022; 17:100165. [PMID: 38559886 PMCID: PMC10978311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2022.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Study objective This study describes a pharmacist-led process to identify and discontinue inappropriate aspirin in patients receiving concomitant anticoagulant therapy and to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Setting The study took place in an outpatient anticoagulation clinic within a small community hospital. Participants Patients ≥40 years old on indefinite anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation and/or venous thromboembolism were included. Design This is a quality improvement initiative. Interventions Utilizing the electronic medical record and patient interview, use and indication for daily aspirin therapy was confirmed. Prospectively collected patient demographics and past medical history were used to determine appropriateness of aspirin therapy. For patients identified as receiving inappropriate aspirin therapy, a fax was sent to the referring provider recommending aspirin discontinuation. Main outcome measures To assess the effectiveness of the intervention, outcomes were retrospectively measured. The primary outcome was the percentage of "accepted" recommendations. Secondary outcomes included the prevalence, dosing, and indications for aspirin therapy. Results Eighty (33 %) of 242 patients were on aspirin. Fifty-two patients with atrial fibrillation and/or venous thromboembolism were assessed and aspirin was deemed inappropriate in 22 patients. The provider agreed with deprescribing aspirin therapy in 45 %. The most common dose and indication of aspirin therapy was 81 mg (98 %) and primary prevention (40 %) respectively. Conclusions In our small practice, pharmacist-led interventions were an effective means to recommend aspirin discontinuation in our identified patients. Further studies are needed to optimize a pharmacist's role and address the long-term effects of deprescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke J. Domaleczny
- Pharmacy Department, Mercy Health - St. Anne Hospital, Toledo, OH, USA
- Outpatient Medication Management, Mercy Health - St. Anne Hospital, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Susan J. Lewis
- Pharmacy Department, Mercy Health - St. Anne Hospital, Toledo, OH, USA
- Pharmacy Practice Department, University of Findlay College of Pharmacy, Findlay, OH, USA
| | | | - Heather R. Eid
- Outpatient Medication Management, Mercy Health - St. Anne Hospital, Toledo, OH, USA
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23
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Camaj A, Fuster V, Giustino G, Bienstock SW, Sternheim D, Mehran R, Dangas GD, Kini A, Sharma SK, Halperin J, Dweck MR, Goldman ME. Left Ventricular Thrombus Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:1010-1022. [PMID: 35272796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of left ventricular (LV) thrombus following acute myocardial infarction has markedly declined in recent decades caused by advancements in reperfusion and antithrombotic therapies. Despite this, embolic events remain the most feared complication of LV thrombus necessitating systemic anticoagulation. Mechanistically, LV thrombus development depends on Virchow's triad (ie, endothelial injury from myocardial infarction, blood stasis from LV dysfunction, and hypercoagulability triggered by inflammation, with each of these elements representing potential therapeutic targets). Diagnostic modalities include transthoracic echocardiography with or without ultrasound-enhancing agents and cardiac magnetic resonance. Most LV thrombi develop within the first 2 weeks post-acute myocardial infarction, and the role of surveillance imaging appears limited. Vitamin K antagonists remain the mainstay of therapy because the efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants is less well established. Only meager data support the routine use of prophylactic anticoagulation, even in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Camaj
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. https://twitter.com/acamajmd
| | - Valentin Fuster
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gennaro Giustino
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. https://twitter.com/g_giustinomd
| | - Solomon W Bienstock
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. https://twitter.com/swbienmd
| | - David Sternheim
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roxana Mehran
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. https://twitter.com/drroxmehran
| | - George D Dangas
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. https://twitter.com/georgedangas
| | - Annapoorna Kini
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. https://twitter.com/doctorkini
| | - Samin K Sharma
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan Halperin
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marc R Dweck
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Martin E Goldman
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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24
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Almalki S, Alhossan A, Alrumayyan B, Alanazi K, Bane Gamea S, Alesikri M, Ahmad A, Alrabiah Z. Aspirin prescribing pattern and guidelines-adherence evaluation for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases at a teaching hospital. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 29:1426-1431. [PMID: 35002380 PMCID: PMC8720798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the aspirin prescribing pattern and guidelines-adherence evaluation for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases at a teaching hospital. A total of 816 patients were included in the study, the patients who received aspirin aged 60–69 (29.65%), followed by patients aged 50–59 years old (29.53%) and 70–79 years old (22.91%). Demographic information shown that the majority of the patients were males (58.55%). The BMI revealed that 85.78% of patients were obese. The majority of the patients have diabetes 78.67%, hypertension 74.38%, and dyslipidemia 65.68%. The mean systolic blood pressure was 136 ± 7.4 and diastolic blood pressure was 74.9 ± 5.2. After applying aspirin candidacy calculation, only 6% patients were highly recommended to be on aspirin, 49% patients had reasonable recommendation of aspirin, 27% patients use aspirin based on “may be considered” recommendation, and 23% patients were on aspirin with no indication or recommendation. The study highlights the importance of following the international recommendations in aspirin prescribing, and flags the inappropriate use and prescribing by our healthcare providers. The current study encourages further investigation to be carried out which should include patient and clinician education, to well understand and alleviate the inequalities in aspirin use and adherence. Further studies are also warranted to understand of the prescribing pattern and to provide solutions to avoid aspirin associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Almalki
- College of Pharmacy, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alhossan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Corporate of Pharmacy Services, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer Alrumayyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khansa Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saja Bane Gamea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Alesikri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad Alrabiah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Colorectal Cancer Survivors' Receptivity toward Genomic Testing and Targeted Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs to Prevent Cancer Recurrence. J Community Genet 2022; 13:201-214. [PMID: 34997901 PMCID: PMC8941057 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-021-00574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic testing and targeted use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may mitigate cancer recurrence risks. This study examines colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors' interest and receptivity to these strategies. Patients diagnosed with stage I-III CRC in 2004-2012 were recruited through the New Mexico Cancer Registry to complete a cancer survivorship experiences survey. We assessed interest in genomic testing, daily aspirin (ASA) and NSAID use, and receptivity to future daily ASA/NSAIDs. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models estimated factors associated with genomic testing interest. Receptivity to future ASA/NSAIDs use was estimated for non-users of ASA/NSAIDs. Among CRC survivors (n = 273), 83% endorsed interest in genomic testing, 25% were ASA users and 47% ASA/NSAIDs users. In our final model, genomic testing interest was associated with being uncoupled [OR = 4.11; 95% CI = 1.49-11.35], low income [OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14-0.88], smoking history [OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14-0.90], low [OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.07-1.43] and moderate [OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.11-0.61] health literacy, and personal CRC risk worry [OR: 2.86, 95% CI: 1.63-5.02, p = 0.0002]. In our final model, ASA use was associated with age [OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.10] and cardiovascular disease history [OR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.23-4.73, p = 0.010]. Among non-users ASA/NSAIDs, 83% reported receptivity to ASA/NSAIDs to reduce cancer risks, and no significant correlates were identified. The majority of survivors' expressed genomic testing interest and endorsed receptivity toward ASA/NSAIDs use for cancer risk management. Further research to optimize ASA/NSAIDs use guided by genomic testing is warranted.
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Abstract
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-SPPC), are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations, please refer to the Standards of Care Introduction (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-SINT). Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
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A comparison of different regression models for the quantitative analysis of the combined effect of P2Y12 and P2Y1 receptor antagonists on ADP-induced platelet activation. Thromb Res 2022; 211:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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The Role of Thromboxane in the Course and Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111644. [PMID: 34769074 PMCID: PMC8584264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are currently among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in many developed countries. They are distinguished by chronic and latent development, a course with stages of worsening of symptoms and a period of improvement, and a constant potential threat to life. One of the most important disorders in cardiovascular disease is ischemic stroke. The causes of ischemic stroke can be divided into non-modifiable and modifiable causes. One treatment modality from a neurological point of view is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), which blocks cyclooxygenase and, thus, thromboxane synthesis. The legitimacy of its administration does not raise any doubts in the case of the acute phase of stroke in patients in whom thrombolytic treatment cannot be initiated. The measurement of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) in serum (a stable metabolic product of TxA2) is the only test that measures the effect of aspirin on the activity of COX-1 in platelets. Measurement of thromboxane B2 may be a potential biomarker of vascular disease risk in patients treated with aspirin. The aim of this study is to present the role of thromboxane B2 in ischemic stroke and to present effective therapies for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Scientific articles from the PubMed database were used for the work, which were selected on the basis of a search for “thromboxane and stroke”. Subsequently, a restriction was introduced for works older than 10 years, those concerning animals, and those without full text access. Ultimately, 58 articles were selected. It was shown that a high concentration of TXB2 may be a risk factor for ischemic stroke or ischemic heart disease. However, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that thromboxane could be used in clinical practice as a marker of ischemic stroke. The inclusion of ASA in the prevention of stroke has a beneficial effect that is associated with the effect on thromboxane. However, its insufficient power in 25% or even 50% of the population should be taken into account. An alternative and/or additional therapy could be a selective antagonist of the thromboxane receptor. Thromboxane A2 production is inhibited by estrogen; therefore, the risk of CVD after the menopause and among men is higher. More research is needed in this area.
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Hada G, Zhang S, Song Y, Jaiswar M, Xie Y, Jian F, Lei W. Safety of Inguinal Hernia Repair in the Elderly with Perioperative Continuation of Antithrombotic Therapy. Visc Med 2021; 37:315-322. [PMID: 34540948 DOI: 10.1159/000509895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to evaluate the safety of an inguinal hernia repair (IHR) under local anesthesia (LA) in the elderly with a perioperative continuation of antithrombotic therapy (AT). Methods A total of 120 patients undergoing elective primary IHR between August 2018 and August 2019 at the West China Hospital of China were prospectively studied, among which 60 patients also had coexisting cardiovascular diseases and had a continuation of AT perioperatively (antithrombotic group); the other 60 patients were not on any prior AT (control group). The primary endpoints were intra- and postoperative hemorrhagic complications, the required interventions for complications based on the Clavien-Dindo classification, and postoperative thromboembolic complications. The secondary endpoints were nonhemorrhagic complications, intraoperative duration, and postoperative length of stay (LOS). Results None of the patients in both groups had significant intraoperative bleeding >10 mL, and there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of the postoperative hemorrhagic complications: bruising (2 vs. 0%, p = 1.000), serosanguinous soakage (7 vs. 3%, p = 0.679), and no hematoma was observed. Interventions required for encountered complications based on the Clavien-Dindo classification grade I (7 vs. 5%, p = 1.000) were assessed. There were no episodes of postoperative thromboembolic complications within 60 days in both groups. There were also no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of nonhemorrhagic complications, intraoperative duration, and postoperative LOS (p > 0.05 in all). Conclusions The perioperative continuation of AT did not increase the risk of intra- and postoperative hemorrhagic complications following IHR in the elderly. Thus, IHR under LA seems to be safe and feasible in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonish Hada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hernia Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hernia Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinghan Song
- Department of Day Care Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mukesh Jaiswar
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hernia Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyan Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hernia Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fushan Jian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hernia Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenzhang Lei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hernia Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Matsuzaki S, Miller H, Takiuchi T, Klar M, Matsuo K. Effects of aspirin and statin use on venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and survival in patients with endometrial cancer. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:335-347. [PMID: 34437828 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1973427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and statins are commonly used to manage and prevent cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have suggested the benefits of aspirin or statin use in venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis and survival outcome improvement in women with endometrial cancer. AREAS COVERED In this study, we reviewed the effects of aspirin or statin use on VTE prophylaxis and survival outcome in women with endometrial cancer. EXPERT OPINION Among women with endometrial cancer, aspirin use exerted a modest effect on VTE prophylaxis, whereas statin use was associated with a decreased prevalence of VTE, especially in women with obesity and type II cancer, compared with those in non-users. Aspirin use improved cause-specific survival in women with endometrial cancer, aged less than 60 years, who were obese and presented with type I cancer. Statin use was associated with better cause-specific survival in women with type II cancer. The combination of aspirin and statins may be the most effective strategy in improving on VTE prophylaxis and survival outcomes in obese women with type II cancer. Targeting of the appropriate population with endometrial cancer may enhance the efficacy of aspirin or statins on VTE prophylaxis and survival outcomes in women with endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Matsuzaki
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Gynecology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Heather Miller
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Takiuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maximilian Klar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Koji Matsuo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Goto S, Goto S. Safety of antithrombotic therapy in East Asian patients. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16:1443-1450. [PMID: 33683537 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombotic agents are widely used on the globe for prevention of thrombotic events such as atherothrombotic events and thromboembolic stroke in atrial fibrillation or for prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. However, the net clinical benefit of antithrombotic intervention may differ substantially in various sub-population of patients. Here, the authors attempt to address the risk of serious bleeding in East Asian as compared to the other regions of the world. The community-based epidemiological data suggest numerically higher risk of hemorrhage stroke in East Asian as compared to the globe. Importantly, the life-time risk of ischemic stroke in East Asia is higher than that of the globe. Regarding the serious bleeding risk in East Asians with the use of antithrombotic agents, various clinical trials and international registries provided conflicting information. It is hard to draw generalized conclusion, but there are some specific sub-population in East Asian with higher risk of specific serious bleeding events with the use of specific antithrombotic agents such as the risk of intra-cranial bleeding (ICH) with Vitamin K antagonists. Specific characteristics in East Asian such as higher prevalence of lacunar stroke may contribute higher risk of ICH in East Asian, but the detailed mechanism is still to be elucidated. In conclusion, further investigations are necessary to clarify the specific conditions where the risk of serious bleeding events in East Asian patients differ substantially compared to the global. In addition, further understanding of the mechanisms causing the different bleeding response in specific conditions in East Asian is awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Goto
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Goto
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
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Metal-based nanoparticles: Promising tools for the management of cardiovascular diseases. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 36:102433. [PMID: 34171467 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. A search for more effective treatments of CVD is increasingly needed. Major advances in nanotechnology opened new avenues in CVD therapeutics. Owing to their special properties, iron oxide, gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs) could exert various effects in the management and treatment of CVD. The role of iron oxide NPs in the detection and identification of atherosclerotic plaques is receiving increased attention. Moreover, these NPs enhance targeted stem cell delivery, thereby potentiating the regenerative capacity at the injured sites. In addition to their antioxidative and antihypertrophic capacities, gold NPs have also been shown to be useful in the identification of plaques and recognition of inflammatory markers. Contrary to first reports suggestive of their cardio-vasculoprotective role, silver NPs now appear to exert negative effects on the cardiovascular system. Indeed, these NPs appear to negatively modulate inflammation and cholesterol uptake, both of which exacerbate atherosclerosis. Moreover, silver NPs may precipitate bradycardia, conduction block and sudden cardiac death. In this review, we dissect the cellular responses and toxicity profiles of these NPs from various perspectives including cellular and molecular ones.
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Dizon K, Ng PCK, Battistella M. A retrospective study of antithrombotic therapy use in an outpatient haemodialysis unit. J Clin Pharm Ther 2021; 46:1387-1394. [PMID: 34129239 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Patients on haemodialysis (HD) are at increased risk of both bleeding and thrombotic events, due to comorbidities and nature of dialysis treatment. However, there is a lack of research on evidence-based treatment strategies and prescribing patterns for antithrombotic therapies (ATT) in this population. To characterize ATT use and its main indications in an outpatient HD unit. METHODS A single-centre retrospective chart review was conducted in a Toronto outpatient HD unit (n = 329). Medical histories, number of ATTs and corresponding indications were collected from adult patients prescribed at least one ATT from 1 October 2019 to 31 December 2019, inclusive. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Of 329 patients in the unit, a total of 135 (41%) patients were on at least one ATT. Of these 135 patients, 80% were on monotherapy (55% antiplatelet, 25.1% anticoagulant), 12.6% were on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), and 7.4% were on a antiplatelet and anticoagulant combination. Primary indications for ATT in our cohort were coronary artery disease (CAD; 55%), atrial fibrillation (18.5%) and venous thromboembolism (VTE; 17%). Described ATT use was in-line with current clinical guidelines. Monotherapy was primarily used in our HD cohort, whereas few patients were on dual therapy. Low-dose aspirin was the most common antiplatelet prescribed for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Warfarin monotherapy was primarily indicated for VTE, and DAPT aspirin/clopidogrel was the most commonly prescribed for CAD. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Our characterization of ATT use in this HD cohort demonstrates that ATT is often prescribed for a number of different CVD reasons. Overlapping and confounding indications for prescribing ATTs, lack of randomized controlled trials and unclear clinical guidelines mean that individualized risk-benefit assessments for ATT use are still needed to provide care for these high-risk patients. More research to address the safety and efficacy of ATTs is warranted to develop more robust evidence-based treatment guidelines for the HD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaye Dizon
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick C K Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marisa Battistella
- Department of Pharmacy, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Schaefer JK, Errickson J, Li Y, Kong X, Alexandris-Souphis T, Ali MA, Decamillo D, Haymart B, Kaatz S, Kline-Rogers E, Kozlowski JH, Krol GD, Shankar SR, Sood SL, Froehlich JB, Barnes GD. Adverse Events Associated With the Addition of Aspirin to Direct Oral Anticoagulant Therapy Without a Clear Indication. JAMA Intern Med 2021; 181:817-824. [PMID: 33871544 PMCID: PMC8056309 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE It is unclear how many patients treated with a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) are using concomitant acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, or aspirin) and how this affects clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the frequency and outcomes of prescription of concomitant ASA and DOAC therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) or venous thromboembolic disease (VTE). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This registry-based cohort study took place at 4 anticoagulation clinics in Michigan from January 2015 to December 2019. Eligible participants were adults undergoing treatment with a DOAC for AF or VTE, without a recent myocardial infarction (MI) or history of heart valve replacement, with at least 3 months of follow-up. EXPOSURES Use of ASA concomitant with DOAC therapy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Rates of bleeding (any, nonmajor, major), rates of thrombosis (stroke, VTE, MI), emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and death. RESULTS Of the study cohort of 3280 patients (1673 [51.0%] men; mean [SD] age 68.2 [13.3] years), 1107 (33.8%) patients without a clear indication for ASA were being treated with DOACs and ASA. Two propensity score-matched cohorts, each with 1047 patients, were analyzed (DOAC plus ASA and DOAC only). Patients were followed up for a mean (SD) of 20.9 (19.0) months. Patients taking DOAC and ASA experienced more bleeding events compared with DOAC monotherapy (26.0 bleeds vs 31.6 bleeds per 100 patient years, P = .01). Specifically, patients undergoing combination therapy had significantly higher rates of nonmajor bleeding (26.1 bleeds vs 21.7 bleeds per 100 patient years, P = .02) compared with DOAC monotherapy. Major bleeding rates were similar between the 2 cohorts. Thrombotic event rates were also similar between the cohorts (2.5 events vs 2.3 events per 100 patient years for patients treated with DOAC and ASA compared with DOAC monotherapy, P = .80). Patients were more often hospitalized while undergoing combination therapy (9.1 vs 6.5 admissions per 100 patient years, P = .02). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Nearly one-third of patients with AF and/or VTE who were treated with a DOAC received ASA without a clear indication. Compared with DOAC monotherapy, concurrent DOAC and ASA use was associated with increased bleeding and hospitalizations but similar observed thrombosis rate. Future research should identify and deprescribe ASA for patients when the risk exceeds the anticipated benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan K Schaefer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Josh Errickson
- Consulting for Statistics, Computing, & Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Xiaowen Kong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Tina Alexandris-Souphis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Mona A Ali
- Department of Heart and Vascular Services, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Deborah Decamillo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Brian Haymart
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Scott Kaatz
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Eva Kline-Rogers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Jay H Kozlowski
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Huron Valley Sinai Hospital, Commerce Township, Michigan
| | - Gregory D Krol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sahana R Shankar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Suman L Sood
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - James B Froehlich
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Geoffrey D Barnes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Grant JK, Ebner B, Vincent L, Maning J, Olorunfemi O, Olarte NI, Colombo R, Munagala M, Chaparro S. Assessing in-hospital cardiovascular, thrombotic and bleeding outcomes in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation. Thromb Res 2021; 202:184-190. [PMID: 33892219 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic liver disease (CLD) and advanced heart failure (HF) often co-exist with coagulopathy and hematologic abnormalities being major concerns in this cohort. Perioperative outcomes of patients undergoing LVAD implantation can be affected by coagulopathy, associated with a higher International Normalized Ratio (INR) and cytopenias, as well as pre-operative use of antiplatelet therapy and systemic anticoagulation. Our study is aimed at evaluating the in-hospital mortality and clinical outcomes of patients with CLD who underwent LVAD implantation compared to patients who underwent LVAD implantation without CLD. METHODS The National Inpatient Sample Database was queried from 2012 to 2017 for relevant International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 procedural and diagnostic codes. Baseline characteristics and in-hospital outcomes were compared in patients with chronic liver disease and those without, who underwent LVAD implantation. RESULTS A total of 22,955 patients underwent LVAD implantation, 2200 of which had CLD. There was no difference in mean age between those with and without CLD (52.8 ± 14.2 vs. 55.7 ± 15.4 years old, p < 0.001), and 23.7% of patients were female. The proportion of patients with CLD undergoing LVAD implantation trended downward between 2012 and 2017 (average annual growth rate: "-14.8%"). In-hospital post-LVAD outcomes revealed: all-cause inpatient mortality (14.8% vs. 11.1%), major bleeding (34.3% vs. 30.2%), transfusion of platelets (18.0% vs. 14.0%), subarachnoid hemorrhage (1.6% vs. 0.7%) and hospital length of stay were greater in patients with CLD (p < 0.001 for all values). LVAD thrombosis (6.6% vs. 9.4%) and postoperative ischemic stroke (3.4% vs. 6.1%) occurred less in patients with CLD (p < 0.001 for both). There were no statistically significant differences in occurrence of post-LVAD gastrointestinal bleeding and transfusion of fresh frozen plasma or packed red blood cells (p > 0.05 for all). Using a multivariate logistic regression model to adjust for confounding factors, CLD was predictive of increased in-hospital all-cause mortality in patients undergoing LVAD implantation (adjusted odds ratio: 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.06 to 1.56, p = 0.010). CONCLUSION LVAD implantation in patients with chronic liver disease was associated with increased mortality and post-LVAD major bleeding with increased utilization of platelet products yet comparable thrombotic complications. Further studies are needed to evaluate the balance and pathophysiology of bleeding risks when compared to thrombosis, as well as predictors in patients with chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelani K Grant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, United States of America.
| | - Bertrand Ebner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, United States of America
| | - Louis Vincent
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Maning
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, United States of America
| | - Odunayo Olorunfemi
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital, United States of America
| | - Neal I Olarte
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital, United States of America
| | - Rosario Colombo
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital, United States of America
| | - Mrudula Munagala
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital, United States of America
| | - Sandra Chaparro
- Miami Cardiac and Vascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, United States of America
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Gusdon AM, Farrokh S, Grotta JC. Antithrombotic Therapy for Stroke Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Semin Neurol 2021; 41:365-387. [PMID: 33851394 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of ischemic stroke relies on the use of antithrombotic medications comprising antiplatelet agents and anticoagulation. Stroke risk is particularly high in patients with cardiovascular disease. This review will focus on the role of antithrombotic therapies in the context of different types of cardiovascular disease. We will discuss oral antiplatelet medications and both IV and parental anticoagulants. Different kinds of cardiovascular disease contribute to stroke via distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, and the optimal treatment for each varies accordingly. We will explore the mechanism of stroke and evidence for antithrombotic therapy in the following conditions: atrial fibrillation, prosthetic heart values (mechanical and bioprosthetic), aortic arch atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure (CHF), endocarditis (infective and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis), patent foramen ovale (PFO), left ventricular assist devices (LVAD), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). While robust data exist for antithrombotic use in conditions such as atrial fibrillation, optimal treatment in many situations remains under active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Gusdon
- Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth Neurosciences, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Salia Farrokh
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James C Grotta
- Mobile Stroke Unit, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston
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Naushad SM, Vattam KK, Devi YKD, Hussain T, Alrokayan S, Kutala VK. Mechanistic insights into the CYP2C19 genetic variants prevalent in the Indian population. Gene 2021; 784:145592. [PMID: 33766706 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CYP2C19 metabolizes the antiplatelet and antiepileptic drugs. Any alteration in CYP2C19 activity might influence the therapeutic efficacy. The objective of this study was to identify CYP2C19 variants prevalent in Indians and perform their in silico characterization. METHODS Infinium global screening array (GSA) was used for CYP2C19 genotyping in 2000 healthy Indians. In addition, we performed in silico characterization of the identified variants. RESULTS Out of the 11 variants covered (*2, *3, *4,*5,*6, *7,*8, *9,*10,*11, and *17), five were identified in Indians (*2, *3, *6,*8 and *17). The *2 and *17 were the most prevalent alleles (minor allele frequencies, MAF: 32.0% and 13.95%). The *3, *6 and *8 were rare (MAFs: 0.425%, 0.025% and 0.05%). The *2 variant is shown to affect the splicing at the fifth exon-intron boundary. The *3 variant is a non-sense variant that is predicted to be deleterious. On the otherhand, the *17 variant showed more binding affinity for GATA binding protein 1 (GATA1), myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) and ectotropic viral integration site 1 (EVI1). The *6 and *8 variants predicted to be deleterious. The *2, *3 and *7 variants showed lesser probability of exon skipping, while *17 showed more probability. The genotype distribution of Indian subjects is comparable with that of South Asians (SAS) (1000 genome project, phase 3). CONCLUSION The *2, *3 and *17 variants are the key pharmacogenetic determinants in Indians. The *2 and *3 are loss-of-function variants. The *17 is a gain-of-function variant with increased binding of transcriptional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik Mohammad Naushad
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Sandor Speciality Diagnostics Pvt Ltd, Banjara Hills, Road No 3, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Kiran Kumar Vattam
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Sandor Speciality Diagnostics Pvt Ltd, Banjara Hills, Road No 3, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yadamreddy Kanaka Durga Devi
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Sandor Speciality Diagnostics Pvt Ltd, Banjara Hills, Road No 3, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tajamul Hussain
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Research Chair for Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Alrokayan
- Research Chair for Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijay Kumar Kutala
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India.
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Abstract
More than a century after its synthesis, daily aspirin, given at a low dose, is a milestone treatment for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Its role in primary prevention of CVD is still debated. Older randomized controlled trials showed that aspirin reduced the low incidence of myocardial infarction but correspondingly increased the low incidence of serious gastrointestinal bleeds without altering mortality. More recent trials see the benefit attenuated, perhaps obscured by other cardioprotective practices, while the bleeding risk remains, especially in older patients. Indirect evidence, both preclinical and clinical, suggests that aspirin may protect against sporadic colorectal cancer and perhaps other cancers. However, further studies are still necessary to warrant the consumption of aspirin for primary prevention of CVD and cancer by apparently healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Ricciotti
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , .,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , .,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Abstract
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-SPPC), are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations, please refer to the Standards of Care Introduction (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-SINT). Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
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Secondary Stroke Prevention and Management for the Neuro-Ophthalmologist. J Neuroophthalmol 2020; 40:463-471. [DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wein T, Lindsay MP, Gladstone DJ, Poppe A, Bell A, Casaubon LK, Foley N, Coutts SB, Cox J, Douketis J, Field T, Gioia L, Habert J, Lang E, Mehta SR, Papoushek C, Semchuk W, Sharma M, Udell JA, Lawrence S, Mountain A, Gubitz G, Dowlatshahi D, Simard A, de Jong A, Smith EE. Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations, seventh edition: acetylsalicylic acid for prevention of vascular events. CMAJ 2020; 192:E302-E311. [PMID: 32392513 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.191599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Wein
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - M Patrice Lindsay
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.
| | - David J Gladstone
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Alexandre Poppe
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Alan Bell
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Leanne K Casaubon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Norine Foley
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Jafna Cox
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - James Douketis
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Thalia Field
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Laura Gioia
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Jeffrey Habert
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Eddy Lang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Shamir R Mehta
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Christine Papoushek
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - William Semchuk
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Mikul Sharma
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Jacob A Udell
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Stephanie Lawrence
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Anita Mountain
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Gord Gubitz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Dar Dowlatshahi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Anne Simard
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Andrea de Jong
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Eric E Smith
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
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Al-Sadawi M, Francois J, Rodriguez Ortega R, Capric V, Budzikowski AS. Novel oral anticoagulants in intracardiac thrombosis resolution: a case series. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2020; 4:1-6. [PMID: 33204959 PMCID: PMC7649461 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have been regarded as the therapy of choice for intracardiac thrombosis for decades based mostly on observational data. The advent of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has displaced VKAs as the first-line therapy for multiple thrombotic disorders but not for intracardiac thrombosis. Although limited, there is growing evidence that DOACs are effective for intracardiac thrombosis and some data suggest that thrombus resolution might be superior to that with warfarin. Case summary Here, we present a series of six patients with left atrial appendage thrombi were treated with a venous thromboembolic dose of DOACs with resolution within 2–6 months with no reported complications. Discussion This case series adds to the accumulating evidence supporting the efficacy of DOACs in the treatment of intracardiac thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Sadawi
- Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Downstate, 450 Clarkson Ave Box 1199, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Jonathan Francois
- Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Downstate, 450 Clarkson Ave Box 1199, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Romy Rodriguez Ortega
- Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Downstate, 450 Clarkson Ave Box 1199, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Violeta Capric
- Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Downstate, 450 Clarkson Ave Box 1199, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Adam S Budzikowski
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Electrophysiology Section, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate, 450 Clarkson Ave Box 1199, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The current light transmission aggregation method is a recognized conventional method for platelet function evaluation, but it is time-consuming and poor in parallelism and cannot simultaneously monitor multiple inducers at multiple levels. The microtiter plate method has been established because of the high-throughput characteristic, but it needs more practical applications. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the microtiter plate method by using aspirin and clopidogrel in vivo and in vitro. METHODS In vitro, the platelet aggregations inhibited by aspirin (0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, 90 μM) and clopidogrel (1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 μM) were evaluated with the presence of arachidonic acid (AA) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) agonists. Using the combination index (CI), the effect of the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel on platelet aggregation was evaluated. In vivo, New Zealand rabbits (n = 18) were randomly divided into 3 groups, aspirin group (5 mg/kg, intragastrical gavage [i.g.]), clopidogrel group (14 mg/kg at the first day, followed by 4 mg/kg, i.g.), and the combination of these two drugs, administered (i.g.) continuously for 7 days. Then, the blood was collected to measure platelet aggregation. RESULTS Different concentrations of AA (12.5, 25, 50, 100 μM) and ADP (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 μM) could promote platelet aggregation in concentration-dependent manner, and the most stable induction concentrations of AA and ADP were 50 and 5 μM. In vitro, with the above optimized detection system, aspirin and clopidogrel alone or in combination had concentration-dependent antiplatelet aggregation. The combination of aspirin and clopidogrel also showed synergistic inhibition effect within the concentration range studied. In vivo, aspirin and clopidogrel alone or in combination inhibited platelet aggregation induced by multiple concentrations of AA and ADP agonists, and the combined inhibition was more significant during the administration than aspirin or clopidogrel alone. CONCLUSIONS The improved microtiter plate method combining the use of multiple levels of multiple agonists avoids the variation of the effective inducer concentrations due to individual different response of platelets to agonists. It may be a potential approach in the detection of platelet aggregation.
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Sedhom R, Abdelmaseeh P, Megaly M, Asinger R. Use of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in the Treatment of Left Ventricular Thrombi: A Systematic Review. Am J Med 2020; 133:1266-1273.e6. [PMID: 32565258 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The off-label use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for the treatment of left ventricular thrombi has grown over the past several years given the ease of administration, absence of a requirement for international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring, and freedom from dietary restrictions; however, the evidence for their safety and efficacy is contradictory. We systematically searched PubMed and Google Scholar from January 1, 2009, to April 25, 2020, for studies of DOACs for treatment of left ventricular thrombi. Fifty-three articles (of 1,168 patients) met our inclusion criteria. We found that the studies have reached conflicting results; based on our findings, their routine use for the treatment of left ventricular thrombi cannot be recommended. Adequately powered randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the safest and most effective treatment for left ventricular thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Sedhom
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Penn.
| | - Peter Abdelmaseeh
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Penn
| | - Michael Megaly
- Department of Cardiology, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minn; Minneapolis Heart Institute, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis
| | - Richard Asinger
- Department of Cardiology, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minn
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Alahdab F, Zuhri Yafi R, Chaar A, Alrstom A, Alzuabi M, Alhalabi O, Hasan S, Mallak M, Jazayerli ML, Haydour Q, Alkhouli M, Alfarkh W, Murad MH. Aspirin dosage for the prevention of graft occlusion in people undergoing coronary surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Avicenna J Med 2020; 10:198-207. [PMID: 33437691 PMCID: PMC7791283 DOI: 10.4103/ajm.ajm_17_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aspirin is almost always used after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery; however, it is unclear what optimal dose should be prescribed. In this systematic review, we evaluated the effects of high versus low-dose aspirin in patients after CABG. Methods: A comprehensive database search was conducted in several databases from date of inception until February 2018. There were no language restrictions. We included studies that compared different doses of aspirin in patients that had undergone CABG surgery. We included studies that evaluated patient-important outcomes (mortality, cardiovascular events, and gastrointestinal bleeding); and if not reported, we collected data on the surrogate outcome thromboxane B2 (TXB2). We collected relevant data and performed a meta-analysis. Results: We identified 5903 references, and after two levels of screening by two independent reviewers, we included three randomized controlled trials in the meta-analysis with a total number of 122 participants. Mean age of trial participants was 65.63 years, and 88.68% were male. We planned to analyze all possible clinical outcomes, including mortality, recurrence, and hospitalization. However, no clinical outcomes are reported by the literature. The surrogate biochemical outcome of serum TXB2 was the only outcome reported by the eligible studies. High-dose aspirin (162–325mg once daily) achieved better suppression of TXB2 than low-dose aspirin (75–100mg once daily) (mean difference [MD], 2.00ng/mL, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72–3.32; participants = 122; studies = 3; I2 = 0%). Conclusions: We found no clinical trials addressing any of the clinical outcomes of interest. High-dose aspirin was superior to low-dose aspirin in suppressing platelet function, a surrogate outcome. Trials evaluating clinical and patient-important outcomes are needed to better inform medical practice and fill this gap in clinical knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Alahdab
- Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruba Zuhri Yafi
- Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Abdelkader Chaar
- Department of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ali Alrstom
- Department of Medicine, Damascus University, Almwasat Hospital, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Muayad Alzuabi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Omar Alhalabi
- Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Somar Hasan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Mallak
- Children's University Hospital, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | | | - Qusay Haydour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, USA
| | - Mohamad Alkhouli
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Wedad Alfarkh
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan, USA
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46
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Wein T, Lindsay MP, Gladstone DJ, Poppe A, Bell A, Casaubon LK, Foley N, Coutts SB, Cox J, Douketis J, Field T, Gioia L, Habert J, Lang E, Mehta SR, Papoushek C, Semchuk W, Sharma M, Udell JA, Lawrence S, Mountain A, Gubitz G, Dowlatshahi D, Simard A, de Jong A, Smith EE. Recommandations canadiennes pour les pratiques optimales de soins de l’AVC, septième édition : l’acide acétylsalicylique pour la prévention d’événements vasculaires. CMAJ 2020; 192:E1174-E1184. [PMID: 33020129 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.191599-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Wein
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - M Patrice Lindsay
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.).
| | - David J Gladstone
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Alexandre Poppe
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Alan Bell
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Leanne K Casaubon
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Norine Foley
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Jafna Cox
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - James Douketis
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Thalia Field
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Laura Gioia
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Jeffrey Habert
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Eddy Lang
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Shamir R Mehta
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Christine Papoushek
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - William Semchuk
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Mikul Sharma
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Jacob A Udell
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Stephanie Lawrence
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Anita Mountain
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Gord Gubitz
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Dar Dowlatshahi
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Anne Simard
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Andrea de Jong
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Eric E Smith
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
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Gresele P, Paciullo F, Migliacci R. Antithrombotic treatment of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: a medical dilemma. Intern Emerg Med 2020; 15:1169-1181. [PMID: 32405817 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carotid artery atherosclerosis (CAAS) is a common finding in asymptomatic subjects evaluated for cardiovascular (CV)-risk stratification. Besides the careful control of CV-risk factors, antithrombotic agents, and in particular aspirin, may be considered for primary prevention in patients at CV-risk. However, there is strong controversy on the use of aspirin in primary prevention. Even if several studies confirmed the association between CAAS and CV-events, CAAS is not universally recognized as an independent risk factor and the choice to use aspirin as primary prevention in these patients remains a medical dilemma. Here we review the available evidence on the prognostic value of asymptomatic CAAS for major CV-events and on the utility of antithrombotic agents in this population. We conclude that the detection of asymptomatic CAAS can not be considered as a direct indication to carry out primary prophylaxis with antithrombotic drugs, and the choice to use aspirin should be made only after the careful estimate of the individual's CV-and hemorrhagic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gresele
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Strada Vicinale Via Delle Corse, S. Andrea della Fratte, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Paciullo
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Strada Vicinale Via Delle Corse, S. Andrea della Fratte, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rino Migliacci
- Division of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Della Valdichiana "S. Margherita", Cortona, Italy
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48
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Wang J, Zeng Z, Dong R, Sheng J, Lai Y, Yu J, Zuo H. Efficacy of a WeChat based intervention to adherence to secondary prevention in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft in China: A randomized controlled trial. J Telemed Telecare 2020; 28:653-661. [PMID: 32996349 DOI: 10.1177/1357633x20960639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We assessed whether the social media-based (WeChat) intervention integrated with follow-up care could improve adherence to drugs, lifestyle changes and clinical risk markers in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) in China. METHODS We randomized patients at hospital discharge following CABG to intervention group or control care in China. The intervention is a structured programme of cardiac health education, medication reminders and cardiologist-based follow-up service using WeChat platform. The control group maintains a routine practice pattern. The primary outcome is adherence to cardioprotective medications measured for 12 months after discharge. We also evaluated the lifestyle modifications and clinical risk markers at 12 months. RESULTS A total of 164 participants completed the trial for analysis. The intervention group had significantly greater adherence to statins use 98.6% vs. 75.0% (p < 0.01), beta-blockers 93.4% vs. 69.3% (p < 0.01) and aspirin 98.8% vs. 87.8% (p < 0.001). The intervention group had significantly greater adherence to regular physical activity (64.2% vs. 48.2%; p < 0.039). Furthermore, intervention versus standard group at 12 months had significantly lower mean systolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION A WeChat-based intervention strategy in post-CABG patients improved adherence to medications, including statin, aspirin and beta-blockers, and regular physical activity and resulted in an improvement in systolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Wang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhechun Zeng
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Dong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Sheng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Lai
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Yu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Zuo
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, People's Republic of China
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49
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Zhang L, Song J, Kong L, Yuan T, Li W, Zhang W, Hou B, Lu Y, Du G. The strategies and techniques of drug discovery from natural products. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107686. [PMID: 32961262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been the main sources of new drugs. The different strategies have been developed to find the new drugs based on natural products. The traditional and ethic medicines have provided information on the therapeutic effects and resulted in some notable drug discovery of natural products. The special activities of the medicine plants such as the side effects have inspired scientists to develop the novel small molecular. The microorganisms and the endogenous active substances from human or animal also become the important approaches to the drug discovery. The tremendous progress in technology led to the new strategies in drug discovery from natural products. The bioinformation and artificial intelligence have facilitated the research and development of natural products. We will provide a scene of strategies and technologies for drug discovery from natural products in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; General Office, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Junke Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Linglei Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tianyi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Biyu Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drug, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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50
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Yan Y, Wang X, Guo J, Li Y, Ai H, Gong W, Que B, Zhen L, Lu J, Ma C, Montalescot G, Nie S. Rationale and design of the RIGHT trial: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulation prolongation versus no anticoagulation after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2020; 227:19-30. [PMID: 32663660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current guidelines recommend anticoagulation therapy during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, whether anticoagulation should be continued after pPCI has not been well investigated. METHODS/DESIGN The RIGHT trial is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in STEMI patients treated with pPCI evaluating the prolongation of anticoagulation after the procedure. Patients are randomized in a 1:1 fashion to receive either prolonged anticoagulant or matching placebo (no anticoagulation) for at least 48 hours after the procedure. When randomized to anticoagulation prolongation, the patient is assigned to intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) or subcutaneous enoxaparin or intravenous bivalirudin (same drug and same regimen at each center). The primary efficacy endpoint is the composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, stent thrombosis (definite) or urgent revascularization (any vessel) at 30 days. The primary safety endpoint is major bleeding (BARC 3-5) at 30 days. Based on a superiority design and assuming a 35% relative risk reduction (from 7% to 4.5%), 2856 patients will be enrolled, accounting for a 5% drop-out rate (α = 0.05 and power = 80%). CONCLUSION The RIGHT trial tests the hypothesis that post-procedural anticoagulation is superior to no anticoagulation in reducing ischemic events in STEMI patients undergoing pPCI.
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