1
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Ishii G. New insights into cancer pathology learned from the dynamics of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Pathol Int 2024; 74:493-507. [PMID: 38923250 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Paget's "Seed and Soil" theory, proposed in 1889, emphasizes the importance of the microenvironment where cancer cells grow in metastatic sites. Over a century later, this concept remains a cornerstone in comprehending cancer biology and devising treatment strategies. The "Seed and Soil" theory, which initially explained how cancer spreads to distant organs, now also applies to the tumor microenvironment (TME) within primary tumors. This theory emphasizes the critical interaction between cancer cells ("seeds") and their surrounding environment ("soil") and how this interaction affects both tumor progression within the primary site and at metastatic sites. An important point to note is that the characteristics of the TME are not static but dynamic, undergoing substantial changes during tumor progression and after treatment with therapeutic drugs. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), recognized as the principal noncancerous cellular component within the TME, play multifaceted roles in tumor progression including promoting angiogenesis, remodeling the extracellular matrix, and regulating immune responses. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the findings regarding how the dynamics of CAFs contribute to cancer progression and drug sensitivity. Understanding the dynamics of CAFs could provide new insights into cancer pathology and lead to important advancements in cancer research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genichiro Ishii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Innovative Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Wang X, Bai L, Kong L, Guo Z. Advances in circulating tumor cells for early detection, prognosis and metastasis reduction in lung cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1411731. [PMID: 38974237 PMCID: PMC11224453 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1411731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, lung cancer stands as the leading type of cancer in terms of incidence and is the major source of mortality attributed to cancer. We have outlined the molecular biomarkers for lung cancer that are available clinically. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) spread from the original location, circulate in the bloodstream, extravasate, and metastasize, forming secondary tumors by invading and establishing a favorable environment. CTC analysis is considered a common liquid biopsy method for lung cancer. We have enumerated both in vivo and ex vivo techniques for CTC separation and enrichment, examined the advantages and limitations of these methods, and also discussed the detection of CTCs in other bodily fluids. We have evaluated the value of CTCs, as well as CTCs in conjunction with other biomarkers, for their utility in the early detection and prognostic assessment of patients with lung cancer. CTCs engage with diverse cells of the metastatic process, interfering with the interaction between CTCs and various cells in metastasis, potentially halting metastasis and enhancing patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Inner Mongolia Medical University / Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Inner Mongolia Medical University / Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Linghui Kong
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Inner Mongolia Medical University / Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhijuan Guo
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Inner Mongolia Medical University / Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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3
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Steiner D, Sultan L, Sullivan T, Liu H, Zhang S, LeClerc A, Alekseyev YO, Liu G, Mazzilli SA, Zhang J, Rieger-Christ K, Burks EJ, Beane J, Lenburg ME. Identification of a gene expression signature of vascular invasion and recurrence in stage I lung adenocarcinoma via bulk and spatial transcriptomics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597993. [PMID: 38915565 PMCID: PMC11195124 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Microscopic vascular invasion (VI) is predictive of recurrence and benefit from lobectomy in stage I lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) but is difficult to assess in resection specimens and cannot be accurately predicted prior to surgery. Thus, new biomarkers are needed to identify this aggressive subset of stage I LUAD tumors. To assess molecular and microenvironment features associated with angioinvasive LUAD we profiled 162 resected stage I tumors with and without VI by RNA-seq and explored spatial patterns of gene expression in a subset of 15 samples by high-resolution spatial transcriptomics (stRNA-seq). Despite the small size of invaded blood vessels, we identified a gene expression signature of VI from the bulk RNA-seq discovery cohort (n=103) and found that it was associated with VI foci, desmoplastic stroma, and high-grade patterns in our stRNA-seq data. We observed a stronger association with high-grade patterns from VI+ compared with VI- tumors. Using the discovery cohort, we developed a transcriptomic predictor of VI, that in an independent validation cohort (n=60) was associated with VI (AUROC=0.86; p=5.42×10-6) and predictive of recurrence-free survival (HR=1.98; p=0.024), even in VI- LUAD (HR=2.76; p=0.003). To determine our VI predictor's robustness to intra-tumor heterogeneity we used RNA-seq data from multi-region sampling of stage I LUAD cases in TRACERx, where the predictor scores showed high correlation (R=0.87, p<2.2×10-16) between two randomly sampled regions of the same tumor. Our study suggests that VI-associated gene expression changes are detectable beyond the site of intravasation and can be used to predict the presence of VI. This may enable the prediction of angioinvasive LUAD from biopsy specimens, allowing for more tailored medical and surgical management of stage I LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Steiner
- Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lila Sultan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Travis Sullivan
- Department of Translational Research, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Hanqiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sherry Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashley LeClerc
- Boston University Microarray and Sequencing Resource Core Facility, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuriy O Alekseyev
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah A Mazzilli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Rieger-Christ
- Department of Translational Research, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Eric J Burks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Beane
- Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc E Lenburg
- Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Aluksanasuwan S, Somsuan K, Ngoenkam J, Chiangjong W, Rongjumnong A, Morchang A, Chutipongtanate S, Pongcharoen S. Knockdown of heat shock protein family D member 1 (HSPD1) in lung cancer cell altered secretome profile and cancer-associated fibroblast induction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119736. [PMID: 38663552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The crosstalk between lung cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) is pivotal in cancer progression. Heat shock protein family D member 1 (HSPD1) is a potential prognostic biomarker associated with the tumor microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the role of HSPD1 in CAF activation remains unclear. This study established stable HSPD1-knockdown A549 lung cancer cells using a lentivirus-mediated shRNA transduction. A targeted label-free proteomic analysis identified six significantly altered secretory proteins in the shHSPD1-A549 secretome compared to shControl-A549. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted their involvement in cell-to-cell communication and immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, most altered proteins exhibited positive correlations and significant prognostic impacts on LUAD patient survival. Investigations on the effects of lung cancer secretomes on lung fibroblast WI-38 cells revealed that the shControl-A549 secretome stimulated fibroblast proliferation, migration, and CAF marker expression. These effects were reversed upon the knockdown of HSPD1 in A549 cells. Altogether, our findings illustrate the role of HSPD1 in mediating CAF induction through secretory proteins, potentially contributing to the progression and aggressiveness of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siripat Aluksanasuwan
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; Cancer and Immunology Research Unit (CIRU), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand.
| | - Keerakarn Somsuan
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; Cancer and Immunology Research Unit (CIRU), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Ngoenkam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Wararat Chiangjong
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Artitaya Rongjumnong
- Cancer and Immunology Research Unit (CIRU), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Atthapan Morchang
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; Cancer and Immunology Research Unit (CIRU), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
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Kitagawa S, Zenke Y, Taki T, Aokage K, Sakai T, Shibata Y, Izumi H, Nosaki K, Umemura S, Matsumoto S, Yoh K, Sakamoto N, Sakashita S, Kojima M, Tsuboi M, Goto K, Ishii G. Prognostic value of predominant subtype in pathological stage II-III lung adenocarcinoma with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Lung Cancer 2024; 188:107453. [PMID: 38160515 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.107453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study extracted clinicopathological features associated with recurrence and evaluated the tumor microenvironment in consecutive cases with resected pathological stage II-III epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (EGFR-mt). METHODS Between January 2008 and November 2018, we retrospectively reviewed 387 consecutive patients with pathological stage II-III lung adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical resection. We examined the EGFR mutation status (wild-type or mutant) and the evaluated clinicopathological features of all patients. In addition, tumor-promoting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated M2 macrophages (TAMs), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor microenvironment of EGFR-mt cells were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS EGFR-mt (n = 124, 32 %) had more lymph node and pulmonary metastases than EGFR-wild-type lung adenocarcinoma (EGFR-wt) despite the smaller invasive component size. The disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with EGFR-mt tended to be shorter than that of patients with EGFR-wt. In the analysis according to the predominant subtype, EGFR-mt with papillary-predominant subtype had a significantly shorter 5-year DFS than that of EGFR-wt with papillary-predominant subtype (15.3 % vs. 44.1 %, p < 0.01). We observed no significant differences among the other subtypes. Multivariate analysis of DFS in patients with EGFR-mt revealed that male sex, pathological stage III, lymph node metastasis, pulmonary metastasis in the same lobe and non-acinar and non-lepidic predominant subtypes (papillary, solid, or micropapillary) were independent poor prognostic factors. Immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR-mt revealed that non-acinar- and non-lepidic-predominant subtypes were associated with a higher frequency of podoplanin-positive CAFs (36 % vs. 13 %, p = 0.01) and a higher median number of CD204-positive TAMs (61 vs. 49, p = 0.07) compared to the acinar- or lepidic-predominant subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Non-acinar and non-lepidic predominant subtypes were predictors of recurrence and had an aggressive tumor microenvironment in pathological stage II-III EGFR-mt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kitagawa
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan; Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Zenke
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Taki
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakai
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yuji Shibata
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Izumi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kaname Nosaki
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shigeki Umemura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Yoh
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Koichi Goto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.
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Matsubara E, Yano H, Pan C, Komohara Y, Fujiwara Y, Zhao S, Shinchi Y, Kurotaki D, Suzuki M. The Significance of SPP1 in Lung Cancers and Its Impact as a Marker for Protumor Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082250. [PMID: 37190178 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a representative cell type in the tumor microenvironment. Macrophages that infiltrate the cancer microenvironment are referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs exhibit protumor functions related to invasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression, and an increased density of TAMs is associated with a poor clinical course in many cancers. Phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), also known as osteopontin, is a multifunctional secreted phosphorylated glycoprotein. Although SPP1 is produced in a variety of organs, at the cellular level, it is expressed on only a few cell types, such as osteoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and mononuclear cells. SPP1 is also expressed by cancer cells, and previous studies have demonstrated correlations between levels of circulating SPP1 and/or increased SPP1 expression on tumor cells and poor prognosis in many types of cancer. We recently revealed that SPP1 expression on TAMs is correlated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance in lung adenocarcinoma. In this review, we summarize the significance of TAMs in lung cancers and discuss the importance of SPP1 as a new marker for the protumor subpopulation of monocyte-derived TAMs in lung adenocarcinoma. Several studies have shown that the SPP1/CD44 axis contribute to cancer chemoresistance in solid cancers, so the SPP1/CD44 axis may represent one of the most critical mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication between cancer cells and TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Matsubara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yano
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Cheng Pan
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shukang Zhao
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shinchi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurotaki
- Laboratory of Chromatin Organization in Immune Cell Development, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Abstract
The theory that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are immunosuppressive cells has prevailed throughout the past decade. However, recent high-throughput, high-resolution mesenchyme-directed single-cell studies have harnessed computational advances to functionally characterize cell states, highlighting the existence of immunostimulatory CAFs. Our group and others have uncovered and experimentally substantiated key functions of cancer antigen-presenting CAFs in T cell immunity, both in vitro and in vivo, refuting the conventional assumption that CAFs impede adaptive immune rejection of tumours. In this Perspective, I unify the follicular and non-follicular, non-endothelial stroma of tumours under the 'peripheral adaptive immune mesenchyme' framework and position subsets of CAFs as direct positive regulators of the adaptive immune system. Building on the understanding of cancer antigen presentation by CAFs and the second touch hypothesis, which postulates that full T cell polarization requires interaction with antigen-presenting cells in the non-lymphoid tissue where the antigen resides, I re-design the 'cancer-immunity cycle' to incorporate intratumoural activation of cancer-specific CD4+ T cells. Lastly, a road map to therapeutic harnessing of immunostimulatory CAF states is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsoumakidou
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming', Vari, Greece.
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8
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Wong KY, Cheung AH, Chen B, Chan WN, Yu J, Lo KW, Kang W, To KF. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in nonsmall cell lung cancer: From molecular mechanisms to clinical implications. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:1195-1215. [PMID: 35603909 PMCID: PMC9545594 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the common and leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The tumor microenvironment has been recognized to be instrumental in tumorigenesis. To have a deep understanding of the molecular mechanism of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have gained increasing research interests. CAFs belong to the crucial and dominant cell population in the tumor microenvironment to support the cancer cells. The interplay and partnership between cancer cells and CAFs contribute to each stage of tumorigenesis. CAFs exhibit prominent heterogeneity and secrete different kinds of cytokines and chemokines, growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins involved in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. Many studies focused on the protumorigenic functions of CAFs, yet many challenges about the heterogeneity of CAFS remain unresolved. This review comprehensively summarized the tumor-promoting role and molecular mechanisms of CAFs in NSCLC, including their origin, phenotypic changes and heterogeneity and their functional roles in carcinogenesis. Meanwhile, we also highlighted the updated molecular classifications based on the molecular features and functional roles of CAFs. With the development of cutting-edge platforms and further investigations of CAFs, novel therapeutic strategies for accurately targeting CAFs in NSCLC may be developed based on the increased understanding of the relevant molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Yee Wong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Alvin Ho‐Kwan Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Bonan Chen
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Wai Nok Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
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9
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Varghese JR, Saranya D, Kalyanasundaram S, Kalyanaraman S. Role of podoplanin, E-cadherin, Ki-67 in the dissemination of tumor cells in ovarian surface epithelial carcinoma-An immunohistochemical study. Ann Diagn Pathol 2022; 60:151984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.151984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Nong C, Guan P, Li L, Zhang H, Hu H. Tumor immunotherapy: Mechanisms and clinical applications. MEDCOMM – ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/mog2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Nong
- Center for Immunology and Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Pengbo Guan
- Center for Immunology and Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Li Li
- Center for Immunology and Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Center for Immunology and Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Center for Immunology and Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Chongqing International Institution for Immunology Chongqing China
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11
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Ji Q, Huang K, Jiang Y, Lei K, Tu Z, Luo H, Zhu X. Comprehensive analysis of the prognostic and role in immune cell infiltration of MSR1 expression in lower-grade gliomas. Cancer Med 2022; 11:2020-2035. [PMID: 35142109 PMCID: PMC9089222 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic effects of conventional treatment on gliomas are not promising. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has a close association with the invasiveness of multiple types of tumors, including low-grade gliomas (LGG). This study aims to validate the prognostic and immune-related role of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) in LGG patients. METHODS Data in this study were obtained from public databases. The differential expression of MSR1 was analyzed in LGG patients with different clinicopathological characteristics. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, a time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and Cox regression analysis were used to assess the prognostic value of MSR1. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between the high and low expression groups of MSR1. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to annotate the function of these DEGs. Hallmark gene sets were identified based on MSR1 by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Difference analysis and correlation analysis were used to study the relationship between MSR1 and TME-related scores, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs), immune-related gene sets, and immune checkpoints (ICPs). The single-cell sequencing data were processed to identify the cell types expressing MSR1. The quantification of TIICs in TME was calculated by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). The differential expression of MSR1 in LGG and control brain tissues was verified by experiments. RESULTS There were significant differences in the expression level of MSR1 in different types of tissues and cells. MSR1 has a high prognostic value in LGG patients and can be used as an independent prognostic factor. MSR1 is closely related to TME and may play an important role in the immunotherapy of LGG patients. CONCLUSIONS The result of our study demonstrated that MSR1 is an independent prognostic biomarker in LGG patients and may play an important role in the TME of LGGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Ji
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceNanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceNanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Kunjian Lei
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceNanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Zewei Tu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceNanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Haitao Luo
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceNanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceNanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
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12
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Xue Q, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Chen L, Jin Y, Shen X, Li Y. Construction of a prognostic immune-related lncRNA model and identification of the immune microenvironment in middle- or advanced-stage lung squamous carcinoma patients. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09521. [PMID: 35663751 PMCID: PMC9157204 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xue
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuxia Shen
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author.
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13
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Hu D, Li Z, Zheng B, Lin X, Pan Y, Gong P, Zhuo W, Hu Y, Chen C, Chen L, Zhou J, Wang L. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in breast cancer: Challenges and opportunities. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:401-434. [PMID: 35481621 PMCID: PMC9118050 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is proposed to contribute substantially to the progression of cancers, including breast cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant components of the tumor microenvironment. Studies have revealed that CAFs in breast cancer originate from several types of cells and promote breast cancer malignancy by secreting factors, generating exosomes, releasing nutrients, reshaping the extracellular matrix, and suppressing the function of immune cells. CAFs are also becoming therapeutic targets for breast cancer due to their specific distribution in tumors and their unique biomarkers. Agents interrupting the effect of CAFs on surrounding cells have been developed and applied in clinical trials. Here, we reviewed studies examining the heterogeneity of CAFs in breast cancer and expression patterns of CAF markers in different subtypes of breast cancer. We hope that summarizing CAF-related studies from a historical perspective will help to accelerate the development of CAF-targeted therapeutic strategies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengdi Hu
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqing Li
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, P. R. China
| | - Xixi Lin
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Yuehong Pan
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, P. R. China
| | - Peirong Gong
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, P. R. China
| | - Wenying Zhuo
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, P. R. China.,Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Hu
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, P. R. China
| | - Cong Chen
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Lini Chen
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
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14
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Suzuki H, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Roles of Podoplanin in Malignant Progression of Tumor. Cells 2022; 11:575. [PMID: 35159384 PMCID: PMC8834262 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin (PDPN) is a cell-surface mucin-like glycoprotein that plays a critical role in tumor development and normal development of the lung, kidney, and lymphatic vascular systems. PDPN is overexpressed in several tumors and is involved in their malignancy. PDPN induces platelet aggregation through binding to platelet receptor C-type lectin-like receptor 2. Furthermore, PDPN modulates signal transductions that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and stemness, all of which are crucial for the malignant progression of tumor. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), PDPN expression is upregulated in the tumor stroma, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and immune cells. CAFs play significant roles in the extracellular matrix remodeling and the development of immunosuppressive TME. Additionally, PDPN functions as a co-inhibitory molecule on T cells, indicating its involvement with immune evasion. In this review, we describe the mechanistic basis and diverse roles of PDPN in the malignant progression of tumors and discuss the possibility of the clinical application of PDPN-targeted cancer therapy, including cancer-specific monoclonal antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor T technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mika K. Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
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15
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Hasan H, Sohal IS, Soto-Vargas Z, Byappanahalli AM, Humphrey SE, Kubo H, Kitdumrongthum S, Copeland S, Tian F, Chairoungdua A, Kasinski AL. Extracellular vesicles released by non-small cell lung cancer cells drive invasion and permeability in non-tumorigenic lung epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:972. [PMID: 35046472 PMCID: PMC8770483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells are known to promote cancer progression. However, it remains unclear how EVs from various NSCLC cells differ in their secretion profile and their ability to promote phenotypic changes in non-tumorigenic cells. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of EV release from non-tumorigenic cells (HBEC/BEAS-2B) and several NSCLC cell lines (A549, H460, H358, SKMES, and Calu6) and evaluated the potential impact of NSCLC EVs, including EV-encapsulated RNA (EV-RNA), in driving invasion and epithelial barrier impairment in HBEC/BEAS-2B cells. Secretion analysis revealed that cancer cells vary in their secretion level, with some cell lines having relatively low secretion rates. Differential uptake of NSCLC EVs was also observed, with uptake of A549 and SKMES EVs being the highest. Phenotypically, EVs derived from Calu6 and H358 cells significantly enhanced invasion, disrupted an epithelial barrier, and increased barrier permeability through downregulation of E-cadherin and ZO-1. EV-RNA was a key contributing factor in mediating these phenotypes. More nuanced analysis suggests a potential correlation between the aggressiveness of NSCLC subtypes and the ability of their respective EVs to induce cancerous phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humna Hasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ikjot Singh Sohal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zulaida Soto-Vargas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Sean E Humphrey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hana Kubo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Sarah Copeland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Arthit Chairoungdua
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andrea L Kasinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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16
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Nomura K, Nakai T, Nishina Y, Sakamoto N, Miyoshi T, Tane K, Samejima J, Aokage K, Kojima M, Sakashita S, Taki T, Miyazaki S, Watanabe R, Suzuki K, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. FDG uptake in PET is associated with the tumor microenvironment in metastatic lymph nodes and prognosis in N2 lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1488-1496. [PMID: 35023268 PMCID: PMC8990723 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography is a useful technique for diagnosing lymph node (LN) metastasis. This study aimed to elucidate the association between fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation and the microenvironment in metastatic LNs in lung adenocarcinoma. We retrospectively analyzed 62 patients with surgically resected pathological N2 lung adenocarcinoma who underwent preoperative PET. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in the metastatic LNs was measured. Lymph node specimens were immunohistochemically analyzed for CD8+, FoxP3+, and CD79a+ lymphocytes, CD204+ tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs), and alpha‐smooth muscle actin‐positive cancer‐associated fibroblasts (αSMA+ CAFs). We compared the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics between two groups with high and low LN SUVmax. Using novel 3D hybrid spheroid models, we investigated the change in invasiveness of cancer cells in the presence of CAFs. In the multivariate analyses, LN SUVmax was an independent prognostic factor. The overall survival in the LN SUVmax high group was significantly worse than in the low group (P = .034). In the LN SUVmax high group, metastatic cancer cell invasion of extranodal tissue was more frequent (P = .005) and the number of CD204+ TAMs and αSMA+ CAFs in metastatic LNs was significantly higher than in the low group (P < .001 and P = .002, respectively). Hybrid spheroid models revealed that cancer cells coexisting with CAFs were more invasive than those without CAFs. Our results indicated a strong association between LN SUVmax and poor prognosis in patients with N2 lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, LN SUVmax was suggested to be associated with the presence of tumor‐promoting stromal cells in metastatic LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Nomura
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Departments of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tokiko Nakai
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukino Nishina
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenta Tane
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Joji Samejima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Taki
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Saori Miyazaki
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Reiko Watanabe
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Departments of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Integrated Biosciences, Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Innovative Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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17
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Conroy LR, Chang JE, Sun Q, Clarke HA, Buoncristiani MD, Young LEA, McDonald RJ, Liu J, Gentry MS, Allison DB, Sun RC. High-dimensionality reduction clustering of complex carbohydrates to study lung cancer metabolic heterogeneity. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 154:227-251. [PMID: 35459471 PMCID: PMC9273336 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment contains a heterogeneous population of stromal and cancer cells that engage in metabolic crosstalk to ultimately promote tumor growth and contribute to progression. Due to heterogeneity within solid tumors, pooled mass spectrometry workflows are less sensitive at delineating unique metabolic perturbations between stromal and immune cell populations. Two critical, but understudied, facets of glucose metabolism are anabolic pathways for glycogen and N-linked glycan biosynthesis. Together, these complex carbohydrates modulate bioenergetics and protein-structure function, and create functional microanatomy in distinct cell populations within the tumor heterogeneity. Herein, we combine high-dimensionality reduction and clustering (HDRC) analysis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) and demonstrate its ability for the comprehensive assessment of tissue histopathology and metabolic heterogeneity in human FFPE sections. In human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tumor tissues, HDRC accurately clusters distinct regions and cell populations within the tumor microenvironment, including tumor cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and necrotic regions. In-depth pathway enrichment analyses revealed unique metabolic pathways are associated with each distinct pathological region. Further, we highlight the potential of HDRC analysis to study complex carbohydrate metabolism in a case study of lung cancer disparity. Collectively, our results demonstrate the promising potentials of HDRC of pixel-based carbohydrate analysis to study cell-type and regional-specific stromal signaling within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Conroy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States; Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Josephine E Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Harrison A Clarke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Michael D Buoncristiani
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Lyndsay E A Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Robert J McDonald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Derek B Allison
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States.
| | - Ramon C Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States; Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, United States.
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18
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Zhang Y, Yin X, Wang Q, Song X, Xia W, Mao Q, Chen B, Liang Y, Zhang T, Xu L, Jiang F, Xu X, Dong G. A novel gene expression signature-based on B-cell proportion to predict prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1098. [PMID: 34641822 PMCID: PMC8513350 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to develop a reliable immune signature based on B-cell proportion to predict the prognosis and benefit of immunotherapy in LUAD. Methods The proportion of immune cells in the TCGA-LUAD dataset was estimated using MCP-counter. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selector Operation was used to identify a prognostic signature and validated in an independent cohort. We used quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) data and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens immunohistochemistry to illustrate the correlation between prognostic signature and leukocyte migration. Results We found that the relative abundance of B lineage positively correlated with overall survival. Then, we identified a 13-gene risk-score prognostic signature based on B lineage abundance in the testing cohort and validated it in a cohort from the GEO dataset. This model remained strongly predictive of prognoses across clinical subgroups. Further analysis revealed that patients with a low-risk score were characterized by B-cell activation and leukocyte migration, which was also confirmed in FFPE specimens by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Finally, this immune signature was an independent prognostic factor in the composite nomogram of clinical characteristics. Conclusions In conclusion, the 13-gene immune signature based on B-cell proportion may serve as a powerful prognostic tool in LUAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08805-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xuewen Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, P. R. China.,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xuming Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qixing Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yingkuan Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Te Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, P. R. China. .,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China.
| | - Gaochao Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210000, Nanjing, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, P. R. China.
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19
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Ansardamavandi A, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M. The functional cross talk between cancer cells and cancer associated fibroblasts from a cancer mechanics perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119103. [PMID: 34293346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The function of biological tissues in health and disease is regulated at cellular level and is highly influenced by the physical microenvironment, through the interaction of forces between cells and ECM, which are perceived through mechanosensing pathways. In cancer, both chemical and physical signaling cascades and their interactions are involved during cell-cell and cell-ECM communications to meet requirements of tumor growth. Among stroma cells, cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play key role in tumor growth and pave the way for cancer cells to initiate metastasis and invasion to other tissues, and without recruitment of CAFs, the process of cancer invasion is dysfunctional. This is through an intense chemical and physical cross talks with tumor cells, and interactive remodeling of ECM. During such interaction CAFs apply traction forces and depending on the mechanical properties, deform ECM and in return receive physical signals from the micromechanical environment. Such interaction leads to ECM remodeling by manipulating ECM structure and its mechanical properties. The results are in form of deposition of extra fibers, stiffening, rearrangement and reorganization of fibrous structure, and degradation which are due to a complex secretion and expression of different markers triggered by mechanosensing of tumor cells, specially CAFs. Such events define cancer progress and invasion of cancer cells. A systemic knowledge of chemical and physical factors provides a holistic view of how cancer process and enhances the current treatment methods to provide more diversity among targets that involves tumor cells and ECM structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Ansardamavandi
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Abstract
Choosing and optimizing treatment strategies for cancer requires
capturing its complex dynamics sufficiently well for understanding but
without being overwhelmed. Mathematical models are essential to
achieve this understanding, and we discuss the challenge of choosing
the right level of complexity to address the full range of tumor
complexity from growth, the generation of tumor heterogeneity, and
interactions within tumors and with treatments and the tumor
microenvironment. We discuss the differences between conceptual and
descriptive models, and compare the use of predator-prey models,
evolutionary game theory, and dynamic precision medicine approaches in
the face of uncertainty about mechanisms and parameter values.
Although there is of course no one-size-fits-all approach, we conclude
that broad and flexible thinking about cancer, based on combined
modeling approaches, will play a key role in finding creative and
improved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Beckman
- Departments of Oncology and Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, & Biomathematics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, 12231Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Irina Kareva
- Mathematical and Computational Sciences Center, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, 7864Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Frederick R Adler
- School of Biological Sciences, 415772University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Mathematics, 415772University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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21
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Kitano H, Masaoka Y, Mamiya A, Fujiwara Y, Miki T, Hidai C. Combination Cancer Therapy of a Del1 Fragment and Cisplatin Enhanced Therapeutic Efficiency In Vivo. In Vivo 2021; 35:779-791. [PMID: 33622870 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Combination cancer therapy is currently under investigation. This study examined the effect of cancer combination therapy using the E3 and C1 (E3C1) domains of developmental endothelial locus-1 (Del1) and cisplatin (CDDP) in murine transplanted tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice with transplanted tumors (A431, SCCKN or SCC-4 cells) were injected intraperitoneally with CDDP and injected locally with nonviral plasmid vectors encoding E3C1. Histochemical analysis of the transplanted tumors was then performed to assess the effects on prognosis. RESULTS The CDDP+E3C1 injected group had reduced tumor growth and longer survival compared to the CDDP injected group. In addition, cell death was observed in the tumor of the CDDP+E3C1 group.. Furthermore, angiogenesis and increased blood vessels were observed together with stromal development. CONCLUSION The CDDP+E3C1 treatment resulted in improved survival and poor tumor stromal development in mice with transplanted tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kitano
- Division of Oral Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoh Masaoka
- Division of Oral Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mamiya
- Division of Oral Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fujiwara
- Division of Oral Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Miki
- Division of Physiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hidai
- Medical Education Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Baker AT, Abuwarwar MH, Poly L, Wilkins S, Fletcher AL. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and T Cells: From Mechanisms to Outcomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:310-320. [PMID: 33397745 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, T cell immunotherapy has changed the face of cancer treatment, providing robust treatment options for several previously intractable cancers. Unfortunately, many epithelial tumors with high mortality rates respond poorly to immunotherapy, and an understanding of the key impediments is urgently required. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) comprise the most frequent nonneoplastic cellular component in most solid tumors. Far from an inert scaffold, CAFs significantly influence tumor neogenesis, persistence, and metastasis and are emerging as a key player in immunotherapy resistance. In this review, we discuss the physical and chemical barriers that CAFs place between effector T cells and their tumor cell targets, and the therapies poised to target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfie T Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammed H Abuwarwar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lylarath Poly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Wilkins
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Hospital, Malvern 3144, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Anne L Fletcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; .,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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23
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Wang Z, Yang Q, Tan Y, Tang Y, Ye J, Yuan B, Yu W. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Suppress Cancer Development: The Other Side of the Coin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:613534. [PMID: 33614646 PMCID: PMC7890026 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.613534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the main stromal components of cancer, representing a group of heterogeneous cells. Many studies indicate that CAFs promote tumor development. Besides, evidence of the tumor suppression effects of CAFs keeps on merging. In the tumor microenvironment, multiple stimuli can activate fibroblasts. Notably, this does not necessarily mean the activated CAFs become strong tumor promoters immediately. The varying degree of CAFs activation makes quiescent CAFs, tumor-restraining CAFs, and tumor-promoting CAFs. Quiescent CAFs and tumor-restraining CAFs are more present in early-stage cancer, while comparatively, more tumor-promoting CAFs present in advanced-stage cancer. The underlying mechanism that balances tumor promotion or tumor inhibition effects of CAFs is mostly unknown. This review focus on the inhibitory effects of CAFs on cancer development. We describe the heterogeneous origin, markers, and metabolism in the CAFs population. Transgenetic mouse models that deplete CAFs or deplete CAFs activation signaling in the tumor stroma present direct evidence of CAFs protective effects against cancer. Moreover, we outline CAFs subpopulation and CAFs derived soluble factors that act as a tumor suppressor. Single-cell RNA-sequencing on CAFs population provides us new insight to classify CAFs subsets. Understanding the full picture of CAFs will help translate CAFs biology from bench to bedside and develop new strategies to improve precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhuai Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinuo Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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24
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Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals distinct tumor microenvironmental patterns in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:6748-6758. [PMID: 34663877 PMCID: PMC8677623 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in immuno-oncology demonstrate that not only cancer cells, but also the tumor microenvironment can guide precision medicine. A comprehensive and in-depth characterization of the tumor microenvironment is challenging since its cell populations are diverse and can be important even if scarce. To identify clinically relevant microenvironmental and cancer features, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing to ten human lung adenocarcinomas and ten normal control tissues. Our analyses revealed heterogeneous carcinoma cell transcriptomes reflecting histological grade and oncogenic pathway activities, and two distinct microenvironmental patterns. The immune-activated CP²E microenvironment was composed of cancer-associated myofibroblasts, proinflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages, plasmacytoid dendritic cells and exhausted CD8+ T cells, and was prognostically unfavorable. In contrast, the inert N³MC microenvironment was characterized by normal-like myofibroblasts, non-inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages, NK cells, myeloid dendritic cells and conventional T cells, and was associated with a favorable prognosis. Microenvironmental marker genes and signatures identified in single-cell profiles had progonostic value in bulk tumor profiles. In summary, single-cell RNA profiling of lung adenocarcinoma provides additional prognostic information based on the microenvironment, and may help to predict therapy response and to reveal possible target cell populations for future therapeutic approaches.
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25
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Suzuki J, Aokage K, Neri S, Sakai T, Hashimoto H, Su Y, Yamazaki S, Nakamura H, Tane K, Miyoshi T, Sugano M, Kojima M, Fujii S, Kuwata T, Ochiai A, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Relationship between podoplanin-expressing cancer-associated fibroblasts and the immune microenvironment of early lung squamous cell carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2020; 153:1-10. [PMID: 33429158 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) expressing podoplanin (PDPN) harbor a fibrous tumor microenvironment that promotes cancer progression in lung adenocarcinoma. In this study, we investigated whether tumor-promoting PDPN+ CAFs contribute to the immunosuppressive microenvironment in lung squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). M&M: The gene expression profiles of immunosuppressive cytokines were compared using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) microarray lung SqCC data (n = 484) between a PDPN-high group and a PDPN-low group. Further, using patient-derived CAFs from surgically resected lung SqCC, the PDPN+ fraction was sorted and gene and protein expressions were analyzed. Finally, immunohistochemical staining was conducted on 131 surgically resected lung SqCC; CD8+ and FOXP3+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and CD204+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were evaluated in cases with PDPN+ and PDPN- CAFs. RESULTS Analysis of TCGA database revealed that the PDPN-high group exhibited significantly higher expression of interleukin (IL)-1A, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2), colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), galectin 1 (LGALS1), platelet derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA), PDGFB, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFB1) than those in the PDPN-low group. Among them, it was found that TGFB1 expression was higher in patient-derived PDPN+ CAFs. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that more CD204+ TAMs infiltrated the tumor tissues in cases with PDPN+ CAFs than in cases with PDPN- CAFs (P < 0.03), while CD8+ and FOXP3+ TILs did not. Furthermore, in the same tumor, CD204+ TAMs infiltrated more in PDPN+ CAF-rich areas (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION PDPN+ CAFs showed higher expression of TGFB1 and were associated with CD204+ TAM infiltration in stage-I lung SqCC, suggesting that PDPN+ CAFs were associated with the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Suzuki
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinya Neri
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hashimoto
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Yinghan Su
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Shota Yamazaki
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Kenta Tane
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Sugano
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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26
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Ragunathan K, Upfold NLE, Oksenych V. Interaction between Fibroblasts and Immune Cells Following DNA Damage Induced by Ionizing Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228635. [PMID: 33207781 PMCID: PMC7696681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) form the basis of tumor microenvironment and possess immunomodulatory functions by interacting with other cells surrounding tumor, including T lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells. Ionizing radiation is a broadly-used method in radiotherapy to target tumors. In mammalian cells, ionizing radiation induces various types of DNA damages and DNA damage response. Being unspecific, radiotherapy affects all the cells in tumor microenvironment, including the tumor itself, CAFs and immune cells. CAFs are extremely radio-resistant and do not initiate apoptosis even at high doses of radiation. However, following radiation, CAFs become senescent and produce a distinct combination of immunoregulatory molecules. Radiosensitivity of immune cells varies depending on the cell type due to inefficient DNA repair in, for example, monocytes and granulocytes. In this minireview, we are summarizing recent findings on the interaction between CAF, ionizing radiation and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiyarasi Ragunathan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (K.R.); (N.L.E.U.)
| | - Nikki Lyn Esnardo Upfold
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (K.R.); (N.L.E.U.)
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (K.R.); (N.L.E.U.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (BioNuT), Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
- KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
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27
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Ishii G, Ishii T. Review of cancer-associated fibroblasts and their microenvironment in post-chemotherapy recurrence. Hum Cell 2020; 33:938-945. [PMID: 32852669 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer tissue comprises not only cancer cells, but also several types of non-cancerous cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts. These fibroblasts directly and/or indirectly communicate with the cancer cells and other types of stromal cells, to create a specific tumor microenvironment. Cytotoxic chemotherapy plays a central role in treating cancer; however, tumor re-progression (recurrence) is a significant problem for cancer patients. Cytotoxic anticancer drugs act on fibroblasts as well as cancer cells and, after chemotherapy, all surviving cells are in contact with one another in the local environment. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular interactions between surviving cancer cells and fibroblasts is necessary to prevent tumor re-progression and to sustain the effect of cytotoxic agents. After chemotherapy, the number of fibroblasts may increase, some of which are identifiable as tumor-promoting. In this review, we discuss the significance of cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor re-progression after chemotherapy, and the potential value of targeting them to enhance clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genichiro Ishii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
- Division of Innovative Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ishii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
- Division of Innovative Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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28
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Chen C, Li WJ, Weng JJ, Chen ZJ, Wen YY, Deng T, Le HB, Zhang YK, Zhang BJ. Cancer-associated fibroblasts, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and lymphatic vessel density are associated with progression from adenocarcinoma in situ to invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:130. [PMID: 32934699 PMCID: PMC7471727 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) during the progression from adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) to invasive lung adenocarcinoma (IAC). A total of 77 patients with stage 0-IA lung adenocarcinoma were enrolled. The expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin, MMP-9 and D2-40 were immunohistochemically analyzed. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. In the non-invasive component, the proportion of CAFs and the expression levels of MMP-9 increased from AIS to IAC; however, the LVD was not significantly different. CAFs were positively correlated with levels of MMP-9. The LVD had no significant correlation with CAFs and MMP-9. In the invasive component, CAFs, MMP-9 and LVD were significantly higher in IAC compared with in minimally invasive adenocarcinoma. CAFs, MMP-9 and LVD were all positively correlated with each other. The micropapillary subtype in IAC was associated with overall survival (OS). The LVD in IAC, but not MMP-9 and CAFs, was associated with OS. CAFs, MMP-9 and LVD were involved in the progression from AIS to IAC. CAFs exhibited a strong association with MMP-9 levels in the non-invasive and invasive components. The increase in the proportion of CAFs and the expression levels of MMP-9 may have been an early event before the adenocarcinoma became invasive. Once the adenocarcinoma was invasive, the LVD served an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis, and hence may be used as a prognostic marker of poor OS in stage IA IAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P.R. China
| | - Wu-Jun Li
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Weng
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Chen
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wen
- Department of Pathology, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Deng
- Department of Pathology, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P.R. China
| | - Han-Bo Le
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Kui Zhang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Jie Zhang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P.R. China
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29
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Koike Y, Aokage K, Ikeda K, Nakai T, Tane K, Miyoshi T, Sugano M, Kojima M, Fujii S, Kuwata T, Ochiai A, Tanaka T, Suzuki K, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Machine learning-based histological classification that predicts recurrence of peripheral lung squamous cell carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2020; 147:252-258. [PMID: 32763506 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer tissue is composed of both a cancer cell component and a stromal component. The aim of this study was to investigate if the component ratio predicts a prognosis for lung squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) patients by using a machine learning method. METHODS A total of 135 peripheral SqCC cases (tumor size: 3-5 cm) were enrolled in this study. The areas of the cancer cell component, the necrotic component, and the stromal component were accurately measured via a machine learning method. Each case was divided into the following three subtypes: 1) predominant cancer cell, 2) predominant necrosis, and 3) predominant stroma. The study examined if a particular subtype had prognostic significance. RESULTS The number of cases per subtype of predominant cancer cell, predominant necrosis, and predominant stroma was 59, 6, and 70, respectively. Patients with the predominant stroma subtype had a significantly shorter recurrence free survival (RFS) than did those with the predominant cancer cell subtype (5-yr RFS: 42.3 % vs. 84.3 %,p < 0.01). Also, in pathological stage I patients, the 5-year RFS rate for the predominant stroma subtype was significantly shorter (5-yr RFS: 64.3 % vs. 88.4 %, p < 0.01). In the multivariate analysis of p-stage I patients, the predominant stroma subtype was confirmed to be an independent prognostic factor for RFS (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Using machine learning, the study confirmed that the predominant stroma subtype was an independent factor for RFS, suggesting that the ratio of the stromal component correlates with the malignant potential of SqCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Koike
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ikeda
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tokiko Nakai
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kenta Tane
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Sugano
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.
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30
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Oki T, Aokage K, Ueda T, Sugano M, Tane K, Miyoshi T, Kojima M, Fujii S, Kuwata T, Ochiai A, Funai K, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Proportion of goblet cell is associated with malignant potential in invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung. Pathol Int 2020; 69:526-535. [PMID: 31559671 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) is a newly classified variant of lung adenocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between the proportion of goblet cells and the clinicopathological characteristics of IMA. Ninety-nine patients with stage I IMA were included in this study. We estimated prognostic impact of goblet cell proportion. We classified them into two groups: the cases with a high goblet cell proportion (HGP, goblet cell proportion ≥80%) and the cases with a low goblet cell proportion (LGP, goblet cell proportion ≤30%), and compared the expression levels of five cancer progression markers and the number of tumor-promoting stromal cells between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that the goblet cell proportion was a prognostic factor for recurrence free survival (P < 0.01) and overall survival (P = 0.01). The expression levels of the cancer stem cell-related marker, ALDH-1, and proliferation-related marker, geminin were significantly higher in the LGP group than in the HGP group. CD204+ tumor-associated macrophages were significantly more in the LGP stroma than the HGP stroma. Our current study indicated that the proportion of goblet cells was correlated with the malignant potential in surgically resected IMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Oki
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,First Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takuya Ueda
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masato Sugano
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kenta Tane
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Funai
- First Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
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31
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Frafjord A, Skarshaug R, Hammarström C, Stankovic B, Dorg LT, Aamodt H, Woldbaek PR, Helland Å, Brustugun OT, Øynebråten I, Corthay A. Antibody combinations for optimized staining of macrophages in human lung tumours. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12889. [PMID: 32299134 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) has a high potential to predict cancer recurrence and response to immunotherapy. However, the heterogeneity of TAMs poses a challenge for quantitative and qualitative measurements. Here, we critically evaluated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry two commonly used pan-macrophage markers (CD14 and CD68) as well as some suggested markers for tumour-promoting M2 macrophages (CD163, CD204, CD206 and CD209) in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tumour, non-cancerous lung tissue and blood were investigated. For immunohistochemistry, CD68 was confirmed to be a useful pan-macrophage marker although careful selection of antibody was found to be critical. The widely used anti-CD68 antibody clone KP-1 stains both macrophages and neutrophils, which is problematic for TAM quantification because lung tumours contain many neutrophils. For TAM counting in tumour sections, we recommend combined labelling of CD68 with a cell membrane marker such as CD14, CD163 or CD206. In flow cytometry, the commonly used combination of CD14 and HLA-DR was found to not be optimal because some TAMs do not express CD14. Instead, combined staining of CD68 and HLA-DR is preferable to gate all TAMs. Concerning macrophage phenotypic markers, the scavenger receptor CD163 was found to be expressed by a substantial fraction (50%-86%) of TAMs with a large patient-to-patient variation. Approximately 50% of TAMs were positive for CD206. Surprisingly, there was no clear overlap between CD163 and CD206 positivity, and three distinct TAM sub-populations were identified in NSCLC tumours: CD163+ CD206+ , CD163+ CD206- and CD163- CD206- . This work should help develop macrophage-based prognostic tools for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astri Frafjord
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Renate Skarshaug
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Clara Hammarström
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Branislava Stankovic
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda T Dorg
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Aamodt
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ullevål Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Reidar Woldbaek
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ullevål Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Odd Terje Brustugun
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Oncology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Health Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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32
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Tie Y, Zheng H, He Z, Yang J, Shao B, Liu L, Luo M, Yuan X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li H, Wu M, Wei X. Targeting folate receptor β positive tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer with a folate-modified liposomal complex. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:6. [PMID: 32296026 PMCID: PMC6976681 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) facilitate cancer progression by promoting tumor invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammatory responses, and immunosuppression. Folate receptor β (FRβ) is overexpressed in TAMs. However, the clinical significance of FRβ-positive macrophages in lung cancer remains poorly understood. In this study, we verified that FRβ overexpression in lung cancer TAMs was associated with poor prognosis. We utilized a folate-modified lipoplex comprising a folate-modified liposome (F-PLP) delivering a BIM-S plasmid to target both lung cancer cells and FRβ-positive macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Transfection of LL/2 cells and MH-S cells with F-PLP/pBIM induced cell apoptosis. Injection of F-PLP/pBIM into LL/2 and A549 lung cancer models significantly depleted FRβ-positive macrophages and reduced tumor growth. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with F-PLP/pBIM significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo by inducing tumor cell and macrophage apoptosis, reducing tumor proliferation, and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. In addition, a preliminary safety evaluation demonstrated a good safety profile of F-PLP/pBIM as a gene therapy administered intravenously. This work describes a novel application of lipoplexes in lung cancer targeted therapy that influences the tumor microenvironment by targeting TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tie
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Heng Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhiyao He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Bin Shao
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Min Luo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xia Yuan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiangxian Zhang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
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33
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Oleynikova NA, Danilova NV, Mikhailov IA, Semina EV, Malkov PG. [Cancer-associated fibroblasts and their significance in tumor progression]. Arkh Patol 2020; 82:68-77. [PMID: 32096494 DOI: 10.17116/patol20208201168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis and tumor progression are not caused not only by malignant epithelial cells, but also by the tumor stroma around cancer stem cells which performs regulatory, nutritional and 'framework' functions. It is represented by mesenchymal cells of various types predominantly by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). αSMA, FAP-1, desmin, podoplanin, neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), PDGFR-α and -β are used for CAF identification but there is no universal markers due to the plasticity of the cell population that underlies the subpopulation division CAF. CAF subpopulations are not described for many tumor types. Recently, evidence has accumulated that CAFs mediate many adverse processes in the tumor, including can support stromal inflammation and cause fibrosis. By forming a niche in cancer stem cells, CAFs mediate chemoresistance and the appearance of dormant metastases. The study of the role of CAF will allow not only to form a fundamentally new understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, but also to create new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for treating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N V Danilova
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Mikhailov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Semina
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - P G Malkov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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34
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Ichikawa T, Aokage K, Miyoshi T, Tane K, Suzuki K, Makinoshima H, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Correlation between maximum standardized uptake values on FDG-PET and microenvironmental factors in patients with clinical stage IA radiologic pure-solid lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2019; 136:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Teramoto K, Igarashi T, Kataoka Y, Ishida M, Hanaoka J, Sumimoto H, Daigo Y. Clinical significance of PD-L1-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts in pN0M0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019; 137:56-63. [PMID: 31546072 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a dominant cell type in tumor stroma and support the generation of pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. CAFs have frequent opportunities to interact with immune cells infiltrating the tumor stroma, but the process remains to be determined. In this study, we focused on immune checkpoint mechanism. We also examined the induction of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on CAFs by immune cell, and the clinical significance of PD-L1-expressed CAFs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS CAFs were isolated from human NSCLC tissues, and PD-L1 expression levels in CAFs were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow-cytometry. Following immunohistochemical analysis of PD-L1 in surgically resected pN0M0 NSCLC (n = 125, including 88 invasive adenocarcinomas and 37 squamous cell carcinomas), the correlation of PD-L1-positive CAFs with clinicopathological features was investigated. RESULTS PD-L1 mRNA and protein expression on CAFs was upregulated by exogenously supplemented interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and downregulated through the depletion of IFN-γ. PD-L1 expression on CAFs was upregulated by co-culture with activated lymphocytes releasing IFN-γ. Immunohistochemistry revealed that PD-L1-positive CAFs were observed in 31 cases (24.8%). Postoperative relapse-free survival was significantly prolonged in patients with PD-L1-positive CAFs as compared with those with PD-L1-negative CAFs, with 5-year relapse-free probabilities of 84.5% and 66.3%, respectively (P = 0.031). Multivariate analysis revealed that PD-L1 expression on CAFs was an independent prognostic factor of longer relapse-free survival after surgery (hazard ratio: 3.225, P = 0.027). CONCLUSION PD-L1 expression on CAFs is reversibly regulated by environmental stimuli including IFN-γ from activated lymphocytes. In the non-metastatic NSCLC, PD-L1 expression on CAFs suggests the induction of anti-tumor immune responses, contributing to better prognosis after surgery.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/pathology
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- B7-H1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Staging
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Teramoto
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; Center for Advanced Medicine against Cancer, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Igarashi
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoko Kataoka
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ishida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Jun Hanaoka
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sumimoto
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; Center for Advanced Medicine against Cancer, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yataro Daigo
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; Center for Advanced Medicine against Cancer, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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36
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Liao Z, Tan ZW, Zhu P, Tan NS. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment – Accomplices in tumor malignancy. Cell Immunol 2019; 343:103729. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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37
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Liu T, Zhou L, Li D, Andl T, Zhang Y. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Build and Secure the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:60. [PMID: 31106200 PMCID: PMC6492564 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells reside in a highly complex and heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME), which is composed of a myriad of genetically stable non-cancer cells, including fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells, and a tumor-specific extracellular matrix (ECM). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as an abundant and active stromal cell population in the TME, function as the signaling center and remodeling machine to aid the creation of a desmoplastic tumor niche. Although there is no denial that the TME and CAFs may have anti-tumor effects as well, a great deal of findings reported in recent years have convincingly revealed the tumor-promoting effects of CAFs and CAF-derived ECM proteins, enzymes, chemical factors and other downstream effectors. While there is growing enthusiasm for the development of CAF-targeting therapies, a better understanding of the complexities of CAF-ECM and CAF-cancer cell interactions is necessary before novel therapeutic strategies targeting the malignant tumor “soil” can be successfully implemented in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Linli Zhou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Danni Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Thomas Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Nakamura H, Sugano M, Miyashita T, Hashimoto H, Ochiai A, Suzuki K, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Organoid culture containing cancer cells and stromal cells reveals that podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts enhance proliferation of lung cancer cells. Lung Cancer 2019; 134:100-107. [PMID: 31319967 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in tumor progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of podoplanin (+) CAFs on the proliferation of cancer cells using a three-dimensional (3D) organoid model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the success rate of organoid culture containing PC-9 cancer cells and CAFs. Thereafter, we compared the proliferating index (MIB-1 index) of PC-9 cells co-cultured with podoplanin-overexpressing CAFs and control CAFs using organoid specimens. Furthermore, we compared the MIB-1 labeling index of cancer cells in podoplanin (+) CAFs cases (n = 13) and podoplanin (-) CAFs cases (n = 14) using surgically resected adenocarcinoma specimens. RESULTS Without CAFs, PC-9 cells did not form any organoid (success rate: 0%). When PC-9 cells were mixed with CAFs (1:10), the mixed cells generated round and steric aggregates (hybrid cancer organoids, success rate: 100%). In three independent experiments, the MIB-1 index of PC-9 cells in hybrid cancer organoids containing podoplanin-overexpressing CAFs was significantly higher than that of PC-9 cells in organoids containing control CAFs (Exp. 1: 40.4% vs. 24.4%; Exp. 2: 40.0% vs. 24.5%; Exp. 3: 40.3% vs. 25.2%; p < 0.001). Surgically resected human tumors revealed that the MIB-1 index of adenocarcinoma cells was significantly higher in the case of podoplanin (+) CAFs than in the case of podoplanin (-) CAFs (34.8% vs. 16.2%; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our data suggested that the hybrid cancer organoid model might reflect the growth-promoting effect of podoplanin (+) CAFs in cancer cells, and this new system can be a useful tool for evaluating the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Sugano
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyashita
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hashimoto
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Exploratory Oncology research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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Givechian KB, Garner C, Benz S, Song B, Rabizadeh S, Soon-Shiong P. An immunogenic NSCLC microenvironment is associated with favorable survival in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1840-1849. [PMID: 30956762 PMCID: PMC6442995 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment consists of an intricately organized system through which immune cells and cancer cells may communicate to regulate anti-tumor immunogenicity. To this end, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been shown to activate a variety of immunological mechanisms, thereby broadening our understanding of lung cancer immunobiology. However, while recent work has highlighted the importance of NSCLC immunology and prognosis, studies have not yet examined the tumor microenvironment (TME) globally in regards to the survival outcomes between two major NSCLC subtypes: lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). In the present study, we identify an immunogenic tumor microenvironment state in NSCLC that is enriched for the lung adenocarcinoma subtype. By utilizing TME cell enrichment scores and RNA-seq expression data, we show that the inflamed TME is associated with favorable patient survival in lung adenocarcinoma, but this does not hold true for lung squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, differentially regulated pathways between immune-inflamed and immune-excluded tumors within LUAD and LUSC were not subtype specific. Instead, immune-inflamed LUSC samples possessed elevated immune checkpoint marker expression when compared to those of the LUAD samples, thereby offering a putative explanation for our prognostic observations. These results shed light on the immunological prognostic effects within lung cancer and may encourage further TME exploration between these two subtypes as the landscape of NSCLC therapy progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad Garner
- NantHealth, Inc. NantWorks, Culver City, CA 90232, USA
| | - Steve Benz
- NantOmics LLC, Culver City, CA 90232, USA
| | - Bing Song
- NantOmics LLC, Culver City, CA 90232, USA
| | - Shahrooz Rabizadeh
- NantOmics LLC, Culver City, CA 90232, USA
- NantHealth, Inc. NantWorks, Culver City, CA 90232, USA
| | - Patrick Soon-Shiong
- NantOmics LLC, Culver City, CA 90232, USA
- NantHealth, Inc. NantWorks, Culver City, CA 90232, USA
- NantBioscience, Inc. NantWorks, Culver City, CA 90232, USA
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40
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Podoplanin in Inflammation and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030707. [PMID: 30736372 PMCID: PMC6386838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin is a small cell-surface mucin-like glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the development of the alveoli, heart, and lymphatic vascular system. Emerging evidence indicates that it is also involved in the control of mammary stem-cell activity and biogenesis of platelets in the bone marrow, and exerts an important function in the immune response. Podoplanin expression is upregulated in different cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages, T helper cells, and epithelial cells, during inflammation and cancer, where it plays important roles. Podoplanin is implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, promotes inflammation-driven and cancer-associated thrombosis, and stimulates cancer cell invasion and metastasis through a variety of strategies. To accomplish its biological functions, podoplanin must interact with other proteins located in the same cell or in neighbor cells. The binding of podoplanin to its ligands leads to modulation of signaling pathways that regulate proliferation, contractility, migration, epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. In this review, we describe the diverse roles of podoplanin in inflammation and cancer, depict the protein ligands of podoplanin identified so far, and discuss the mechanistic basis for the involvement of podoplanin in all these processes.
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Qiu X, Chen D, Liu Y, Duan S, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Li F, Chen C, Chen Y. Relationship between stromal cells and tumor spread through air spaces in lung adenocarcinoma. Thorac Cancer 2019; 10:256-267. [PMID: 30605235 PMCID: PMC6360243 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism underlying tumor spread through air spaces (STAS) has not been well studied. We investigated the role of tumor stromal cells in the pathogenesis of STAS from a pathological perspective and evaluated the prognostic significance of tumor stromal cells and STAS in postoperative patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 208 postsurgical patients with stage I–IIIA lung adenocarcinoma. The presence of STAS was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (SMA)‐positive cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and CD204‐positive tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. A logistic regression model was applied to confirm the predictive factors of STAS. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of α‐SMA‐positive CAFs, CD204‐positive TAMs, and STAS on prognosis. A nomogram was generated to evaluate the prognosis of postoperative patients. Results Logistic regression suggested that the expression of α‐SMA‐positive CAFs (P < 0.001) and the number of CD204‐positive TAMs (P < 0.001) were related to the presence of STAS. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model suggested that STAS (P = 0.004), α‐SMA‐positive CAFs (P < 0.001), and CD204‐positive TAMs (P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for prognosis. Harrell's c‐indexes for overall and recurrence‐free survival prediction based on nomograms were 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.76–0.91) and 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.76–0.89), respectively. Conclusions The presence of STAS was associated with high expression of α‐SMA and CD204 in lung adenocarcinoma. Nomograms including STAS and stromal cells as variables are recommended as practical models to evaluate the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Qiu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Donglai Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shanzhou Duan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongbing Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Altorki NK, Markowitz GJ, Gao D, Port JL, Saxena A, Stiles B, McGraw T, Mittal V. The lung microenvironment: an important regulator of tumour growth and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:9-31. [PMID: 30532012 PMCID: PMC6749995 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-018-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major global health problem, as it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Major advances in the identification of key mutational alterations have led to the development of molecularly targeted therapies, whose efficacy has been limited by emergence of resistance mechanisms. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies targeting angiogenesis and more recently immune checkpoints have reinvigorated enthusiasm in elucidating the prognostic and pathophysiological roles of the tumour microenvironment in lung cancer. In this Review, we highlight recent advances and emerging concepts for how the tumour-reprogrammed lung microenvironment promotes both primary lung tumours and lung metastasis from extrapulmonary neoplasms by contributing to inflammation, angiogenesis, immune modulation and response to therapies. We also discuss the potential of understanding tumour microenvironmental processes to identify biomarkers of clinical utility and to develop novel targeted therapies against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser K Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey J Markowitz
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dingcheng Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Port
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashish Saxena
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendon Stiles
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy McGraw
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivek Mittal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Sakai T, Aokage K, Neri S, Nakamura H, Nomura S, Tane K, Miyoshi T, Sugano M, Kojima M, Fujii S, Kuwata T, Ochiai A, Iyoda A, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Link between tumor-promoting fibrous microenvironment and an immunosuppressive microenvironment in stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2018; 126:64-71. [PMID: 30527194 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts [PDPN (+) CAFs] play an important role in cancer progression in non-small-cell lung cancer. The aim of this study was to clarify the correlation between a fibrous microenvironment containing PDPN (+) CAFs and an immune microenvironment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 174 patients with pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma were analyzed. We evaluated PDPN (+) CAFs and immune-related cells, CD 204-positive tumor-associated macrophages [CD204 (+) TAMs], CD8-positive T cells, and FOXP3-positive T cells, in cancer stroma by using immunohistochemical staining. We compared the expression levels of immune-regulatory cytokines between the PDPN high and low expression groups by analyzing the gene expression profiles of lung adenocarcinoma (n = 442). RESULTS Presence of PDPN (+) CAFs was a risk factor for recurrence (P = 0.042). The number of CD204 (+) TAMs was significantly higher (P < 0.001) and the CD8/FOXP3 T cell ratio was significantly lower in PDPN (+) CAFs cases than in PDPN (-) CAFs cases (P = 0.027). Within the same tumor, the number of CD 204 (+) TAMs was significantly higher (P < 0.001) and CD8/FOXP3 T cell ratio tended to be lower (P = 0.062) in PDPN (+) CAF areas. Microarray analysis revealed that the PDPN expression-high group had significantly higher gene expression levels of cytokines that inducing M2 macrophage polarization and suppressing immune-related lymphocytes. CONCLUSION The current results show that lung adenocarcinoma with PDPN (+) CAFs is typified by the immunosuppressive microenvironment, suggesting a close link between the tumor-promoting fibrous microenvironment and the immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakai
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1, Omorinishi, Ota, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Shinya Neri
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Shogo Nomura
- Biostatistics Division Center for Research Administration and Support, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Kenta Tane
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Masato Sugano
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Akira Iyoda
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1, Omorinishi, Ota, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
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Hu G, Zhong K, Chen W, Wang S, Huang L. Podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts predict poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:5607-5619. [PMID: 30254454 PMCID: PMC6141120 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s175566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a heterogeneous population, and different subpopulations play differential roles in tumor microenvironment. However, the prognostic role of podoplanin-positive CAFs in human lung cancer still remains controversial. Methods Herein, we performed a meta-analysis including 12 published studies with 1,802 patients identified from PubMed and EBSCO to assess the prognostic impact of podoplanin-positive CAFs in lung cancer patients. Results We found that podoplanin+ fibroblast infiltration significantly decreased overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and progression-free survival in patients. In stratified analyses, podoplanin+ fibroblast infiltration was significantly associated with worse OS and DFS in both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of lung. In addition, high density of podoplanin-positive CAFs significantly correlated with unfavorable clinicopathological features such as lymph node metastasis, and lymphatic, vascular, and pleural invasion of patients. Conclusion Podoplanin+ fibroblast infiltration leads to worse clinical outcome in lung cancer patients, implicating that it is a valuable prognostic biomarker and targeting it may have a potential for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Hu
- Department of General Surgery (Breast and Thyroid Surgery), ;
| | - Kefang Zhong
- Department of General Surgery (Breast and Thyroid Surgery), ;
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of General Surgery (Breast and Thyroid Surgery), ;
| | - Shimin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Zhejiang, China
| | - Liming Huang
- Department of General Surgery (Breast and Thyroid Surgery), ;
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Lo Presti E, Pizzolato G, Corsale AM, Caccamo N, Sireci G, Dieli F, Meraviglia S. γδ T Cells and Tumor Microenvironment: From Immunosurveillance to Tumor Evasion. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1395. [PMID: 29963061 PMCID: PMC6013569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells possess cytotoxic antitumor activity mediated by production of proinflammatory cytokines, direct cytotoxic activity, and regulation of the biological functions of other cell types. Hence, these features have prompted the development of therapeutic strategies in which γδ T cells agonists or ex vivo-expanded γδ T cells are administered to tumor patients. Several studies have shown that γδ T cells are an important component of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients affected by different types of cancer and a recent analysis of ~18,000 transcriptomes from 39 human tumors identified tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells as the most significant favorable cancer-wide prognostic signature. However, the complex and intricate interactions between tumor cells, tumor microenvironment (TME), and tumor-infiltrating immune cells results in a balance between tumor-promoting and tumor-controlling effects, and γδ T cells functions are often diverted or impaired by immunosuppressive signals originating from the TME. This review focuses on the dangerous liason between γδ T cells and tumoral microenvironment and raises the possibility that strategies capable to reduce the immunosuppressive environment and increase the cytotoxic ability of γδ T cells may be the key factor to improve their utilization in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- Department of Biopathology, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pizzolato
- Department of Biopathology, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Università, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Corsale
- Department of Biopathology, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Department of Biopathology, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Guido Sireci
- Department of Biopathology, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Department of Biopathology, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Department of Biopathology, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Differences of tumor microenvironment between stage I lepidic-positive and lepidic-negative lung adenocarcinomas. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 156:1679-1688.e2. [PMID: 30257286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lepidic growth is a noninvasive component of lung adenocarcinoma. Many adenocarcinoma cases contain coexistent lepidic and nonlepidic (invasive) components (lepidic-growth positive [Lep+] adenocarcinoma); however, some cases comprise only nonlepidic components (lepidic-growth negative [Lep-] adenocarcinoma). The aim of this study was to investigate the biological differences between the invasive components of Lep+ and Lep- adenocarcinoma. METHODS We investigated the clinicopathologic characteristics of 232 adenocarcinomas (116 size-matched tumor pairs from Lep+ and Lep- adenocarcinomas). We then evaluated the cancer cell-specific expression levels of cancer stem cell, hypoxia, and invasion molecules in these lesions. The number of tumor-promoting stromal cells, including podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts and CD204-positive tumor-associated macrophages, was also analyzed. RESULTS Among cases with size-matched invasive components, significant differences were shown in total tumor size and predominant subtype in invasive component between Lep+ and Lep- adenocarcinomas. The expression levels of hypoxia-related molecules were significantly lower in Lep+ adenocarcinomas (glucose transporter 1: 0 vs 10, P < .01; carbonic anhydrase IX: 0 vs 0 [mean, 4.7 vs 14.1], P = .01). The number of podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts and CD204-positive tumor-associated macrophages was significantly lower in Lep+ adenocarcinomas (podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts: 0 vs 0 [mean: 1.6 vs 11.6], P < .01; CD204-positive tumor-associated macrophages: 8.7 vs 24.7, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that lower cancer cell-specific expression levels of hypoxia markers and a smaller number of tumor-promoting stromal cells in invasive component were characteristic features of Lep+ adenocarcinomas.
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Chen YY, Huang TW. Prognostic factors of patients with pathologic stage I lung adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:S1115-S1118. [PMID: 29850191 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.04.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yi Chen
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei
| | - Tsai-Wang Huang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei
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Prognostic significance of immune cells in non-small cell lung cancer: meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:24801-24820. [PMID: 29872507 PMCID: PMC5973851 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-associated immune cells are prognostic in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but findings have been conflicting. Objectives To determine the prognostic role of immune cells according to localization in NSCLC patients. Methods A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was performed on dendritic cell (DC), tumor associated macrophages (TAM), mast cells (MC), natural killer (NK) cells, T and B cells and tumor CTLA-4 and PD-L1 studies. Results We analysed 96 articles (n= 21,752 patients). Improved outcomes were seen with increased tumor DCs (overall survival (OS) hazard ratio (HR) 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-0.68), NK cells (OS HR 0.45; 0.31-0.65), TAMs (OS HR 0.33; 0.17-0.62), M1 TAMs (OS HR 0.10; 0.05-0.21), CD3+ T cells (disease specific survival (DSS) HR 0.64; 0.48-0.86), CD8+ T cells (OS HR 0.78; 0.66-0.93), B cells (OS HR 0.65; 0.42-0.99) and with increased stroma DC (DSS HR 0.62; 0.47-0.83), NK cells (DSS HR 0.51; 0.32-0.82), M1 TAMs (OS HR 0.63; 0.42-0.94), CD4+ T cells (OS HR 0.45; 0.21-0.94), CD8+ T cells (OS HR 0.77; 0.69-0.86) and B cells (OS HR 0.74;0.56-0.99). Poor outcomes were seen with stromal M2 TAMs (OS HR 1.44; 1.06-1.96) and Tregs (relapse free survival (RFS) HR 1.80; 1.34-2.43). Tumor PD-L1 was associated with worse OS (1.40; 1.20-1.69), RFS (1.67) and DFS (1.24). Conclusion Tumor and stroma DC, NK cells, M1 TAMs, CD8+ T cells and B cells were associated with improved prognosis and tumor PD-L1, stromal M2 TAMs and Treg cells had poorer prognosis. Higher quality studies are required for confirmation.
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Tumor-Associated CD204-Positive Macrophage Is a Prognostic Marker in Clinical Stage I Lung Adenocarcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8459193. [PMID: 29850577 PMCID: PMC5926519 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8459193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Macrophages are the dominant leukocytes in the tumor microenvironment. Accumulating evidence revealed that CD204-positive (CD204+) tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are associated with the aggressive behavior of various cancers; however, the clinical, pathological, and prognostic associations of CD204+ TAMs with the subtype of lung adenocarcinoma have not been reported. Methods Tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry were constructed from clinical stage I lung adenocarcinomas with radical surgical resection. The intratumoral density of CD204+ cells was calculated using image analysis software for analyses. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results The intratumoral density of CD204 was correlated with T stage, nodal involvement, lymphovascular invasion, and cancer relapse after the surgery, but not with age, gender, or smoking history. The density of CD204 in non-LPD was significantly higher than that in LPD. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate of CD204 high-density group was significantly worse than that of CD204 low-density group. Conclusions The expression of CD204 in TAMs is associated with the aggressiveness of lung adenocarcinoma. Our results suggest that a specific immune microenvironment may be associated with the biological behavior of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblast recruitment within cancer stroma is associated with a higher number of single nucleotide variants in cancer cells in lung adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:893-900. [PMID: 29511884 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an essential role in tumor progression. However, it is still unclear whether specific genomic alterations of cancer cells are required to recruit podoplanin-positive CAFs. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the mutation status of lung adenocarcinoma cells and the presence of podoplanin-positive CAFs. METHODS Ninety-seven lung adenocarcinomas for which whole exome sequencing data were available were enrolled. First, we analyzed the clinicopathological features of the cases, and then, evaluated the relationship between genetic features of cancer cells (major driver mutations and the number of single nucleotide variants, SNVs) and the presence of podoplanin-positive CAFs. RESULTS The presence of podoplanin-positive CAFs was associated with smoking history, solid predominant subtype, and lymph node metastasis. We could not find any significant correlations between major genetic mutations (EGFR, KRAS, TP53, MET, ERBB2, BRAF, and PIC3CA) in cancer cells and the presence of podoplanin-positive CAFs. However, cases with podoplanin-positive CAFs had a significantly higher number of SNVs in cancer cells than the podoplanin-negative CAFs cases (median 84 vs 37, respectively; p = 0.001). This was also detected in a non-smoker subgroup (p = 0.037). Multivariate analyses revealed that the number of SNVs in cancer cells was the only statistically significant independent predictor for the presence of podoplanin-positive CAFs (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS In lung adenocarcinoma, the presence of podoplanin-positive CAFs was associated with higher numbers of SNVs in cancer cells, suggesting a relationship between accumulations of SNVs in cancer cells and the generation of a tumor-promoting microenvironment.
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