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Chen W, Wang S, Xiang H, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Du T, Shan L. Microvesicles derived from human Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate acute lung injury partly mediated by hepatocyte growth factor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 112:114-122. [PMID: 31100425 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the underlying role of mesenchymal stem cells microvesicles (MSC-MVs) in acute lung injury (ALI). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) derived from MSC-MVs is partly involved in their therapeutic effects; however, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. MVs were isolated from human Wharton's Jelly MSCs. The rat model of ALI was established by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM). A co-culture model of alveolar epithelial cells or pulmonary endothelial cells and MSC-MVs was utilized. Total protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was determined by bicinchoninic acid method. White blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil in BALF were counted. ELISA was used for the determination of cytokines and HGF in BALF. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining as well as caspase-3 activity detection. HE and Masson staining of lung tissues was used for histopathology analysis. The expression of HGF and proteins involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were measured by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. Treatment with MSC-MVs significantly inhibited BLM-induced apoptosis and fibrosis in lung tissues and PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation, which was reversed by HGF mRNA deficient MVs. Intriguingly, these effects were completely abrogated by PI3K inhibitor. The therapeutic effect of MSC-MVs in ALI was partly mediated through HGF mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hengjie Xiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Urology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yudan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shasha Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Du
- Department of Urology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Lei Shan
- Department of Urology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
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Pasula R, Azad AK, Gardner JC, Schlesinger LS, McCormack FX. Keratinocyte growth factor administration attenuates murine pulmonary mycobacterium tuberculosis infection through granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-dependent macrophage activation and phagolysosome fusion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7151-9. [PMID: 25605711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Augmentation of innate immune defenses is an appealing adjunctive strategy for treatment of pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, especially those caused by drug-resistant strains. The effect of intranasal administration of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), an epithelial mitogen and differentiation factor, on M. tuberculosis infection in mice was tested in prophylaxis, treatment, and rescue scenarios. Infection of C57BL6 mice with M. tuberculosis resulted in inoculum size-dependent weight loss and mortality. A single dose of KGF given 1 day prior to infection with 10(5) M. tuberculosis bacilli prevented weight loss and enhanced pulmonary mycobacterial clearance (compared with saline-pretreated mice) for up to 28 days. Similar effects were seen when KGF was delivered intranasally every third day for 15 days, but weight loss and bacillary growth resumed when KGF was withdrawn. For mice with a well established M. tuberculosis infection, KGF given every 3 days beginning on day 15 postinoculation was associated with reversal of weight loss and an increase in M. tuberculosis clearance. In in vitro co-culture experiments, M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages exposed to conditioned medium from KGF-treated alveolar type II cell (MLE-15) monolayers exhibited enhanced GM-CSF-dependent killing through mechanisms that included promotion of phagolysosome fusion and induction of nitric oxide. Alveolar macrophages from KGF-treated mice also exhibited enhanced GM-CSF-dependent phagolysosomal fusion. These results provide evidence that administration of KGF promotes M. tuberculosis clearance through GM-CSF-dependent mechanisms and enhances host defense against M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamouli Pasula
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - Abul K Azad
- the Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jason C Gardner
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- the Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Francis X McCormack
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
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Impairment of alveolar type-II cells involved in the toxicity of Aflatoxin G1 in rat lung. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3222-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wu H, Suzuki T, Carey B, Trapnell BC, McCormack FX. Keratinocyte growth factor augments pulmonary innate immunity through epithelium-driven, GM-CSF-dependent paracrine activation of alveolar macrophages. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14932-40. [PMID: 21343299 PMCID: PMC3083236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.182170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is an epithelial mitogen that has been reported to protect the lungs from a variety of insults. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that KGF augments pulmonary host defense. We found that a single dose of intrapulmonary KGF enhanced the clearance of Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa instilled into the lungs 24 h later. KGF augmented the recruitment, phagocytic activity, and oxidant responses of alveolar macrophages, including lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide release and zymosan-induced superoxide production. Less robust alveolar macrophage recruitment and activation was observed in mice treated with intraperitoneal KGF. KGF treatment was associated with increased levels of MIP1γ, LIX, VCAM, IGFBP-6, and GM-CSF in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Of these, only GM-CSF recapitulated in vitro the macrophage activation phenotype seen in the KGF-treated animals. The KGF-stimulated increase in GM-CSF levels in lung tissue and alveolar lining fluid arose from the epithelium, peaked within 1 h, and was associated with STAT5 phosphorylation in alveolar macrophages, consistent with epithelium-driven paracrine activation of macrophage signaling through the KGF receptor/GM-CSF/GM-CSF receptor/JAK-STAT axis. Enhanced bacterial clearance did not occur in response to KGF administration in GM-CSF(-/-) mice, or in mice treated with a neutralizing antibody to GM-CSF. We conclude that KGF enhances alveolar host defense through GM-CSF-stimulated macrophage activation. KGF administration may constitute a promising therapeutic strategy to augment innate immune defenses in refractory pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Wu
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0564
| | - Brenna Carey
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0564
| | - Bruce C. Trapnell
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0564
| | - Francis X. McCormack
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
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Miura TA, Holmes KV. Host-pathogen interactions during coronavirus infection of primary alveolar epithelial cells. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1145-51. [PMID: 19638499 PMCID: PMC2774885 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0209078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses in coronavirus infections of the respiratory tract are analyzed in primary differentiated airway and alveolar epithelial cells. Viruses that infect the lung are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in animals and humans worldwide. Coronaviruses are being associated increasingly with severe diseases in the lower respiratory tract. Alveolar epithelial cells are an important target for coronavirus infection in the lung, and infected cells can initiate innate immune responses to viral infection. In this overview, we describe in vitro models of highly differentiated alveolar epithelial cells that are currently being used to study the innate immune response to coronavirus infection. We have shown that rat coronavirus infection of rat alveolar type I epithelial cells in vitro induces expression of CXC chemokines, which may recruit and activate neutrophils. Although neutrophils are recruited early in infection in several coronavirus models including rat coronavirus. However, their role in viral clearance and/or immune‐mediated tissue damage is not understood. Primary cultures of differentiated alveolar epithelial cells will be useful for identifying the interactions between coronaviruses and alveolar epithelial cells that influence the innate immune responses to infection in the lung. Understanding the molecular details of these interactions will be critical for the design of effective strategies to prevent and treat coronavirus infections in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya A Miura
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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Matsuzaki Y, Besnard V, Clark JC, Xu Y, Wert SE, Ikegami M, Whitsett JA. STAT3 regulates ABCA3 expression and influences lamellar body formation in alveolar type II cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:551-8. [PMID: 18096869 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0311oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-Binding Cassette A3 (ABCA3) is a lamellar body associated lipid transport protein required for normal synthesis and storage of pulmonary surfactant in type II cells in the alveoli. In this study, we demonstrate that STAT3, activated by IL-6, regulates ABCA3 expression in vivo and in vitro. ABCA3 mRNA and immunostaining were decreased in adult mouse lungs in which STAT3 was deleted from the respiratory epithelium (Stat3(Delta/Delta) mice). Consistent with the role of STAT3, intratracheal IL-6 induced ABCA3 expression in vivo. Decreased ABCA3 and abnormalities in the formation of lamellar bodies, the intracellular site of surfactant lipid storage, were observed in Stat3(Delta/Delta) mice. Expression of SREBP1a and 1c, SCAP, ABCA3, and AKT mRNAs was inhibited by deletion of Stat3 in type II cells isolated from Stat3(Delta/Delta) mice. The activities of PI3K and AKT were required for normal Abca3 gene expression in vitro. AKT activation induced SREBP expression and increased the activity of the Abca3 promoter in vitro, consistent with the role of STAT3 signaling, at least in part via SREBP, in the regulation of ABCA3. ABCA3 expression is regulated by IL-6 in a pathway that includes STAT3, PI3K, AKT, SCAP, and SREBP. Activation of STAT3 after exposure to IL-6 enhances ABCA3 expression, which, in turn, influences pulmonary surfactant homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Matsuzaki
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Wang J, Wang S, Manzer R, McConville G, Mason RJ. Ozone induces oxidative stress in rat alveolar type II and type I-like cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1914-28. [PMID: 16716893 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ozone is a highly reactive gas present in urban air, which penetrates deep into the lung and causes lung injury. The alveolar epithelial cells are among the first cell barriers encountered by ozone. To define the molecular basis of the cellular response to ozone, primary cultures of rat alveolar type II and type I-like cells were exposed to 100 ppb ozone or air for 1 h. The mRNA from both phenotypes was collected at 4 and 24 h after exposure for gene expression profiling. Ozone produced extensive alterations in gene expression involved in stress and inflammatory responses, transcription factors, antioxidant defenses, extracellular matrix, fluid transport, and enzymes of lipid metabolism and cell differentiation. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis verified changes in mRNA and protein levels of selected genes. Besides the increased stress response, ozone exposure downregulated genes of cellular differentiation. The changes were more prominent at 4 h in the type I-like phenotype and at 24 h in the type II phenotype. The type I-like cells were more sensitive to ozone than type II cells. The genome-wide changes observed provide insight into signal pathways activated by ozone and how cellular protection mechanisms are initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Wang
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish and Medical Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Bassères DS, Levantini E, Ji H, Monti S, Elf S, Dayaram T, Fenyus M, Kocher O, Golub T, Wong KK, Halmos B, Tenen DG. Respiratory failure due to differentiation arrest and expansion of alveolar cells following lung-specific loss of the transcription factor C/EBPalpha in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:1109-23. [PMID: 16428462 PMCID: PMC1347037 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.3.1109-1123.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The leucine zipper family transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) inhibits proliferation and promotes differentiation in various cell types. In this study, we show, using a lung-specific conditional mouse model of C/EBPalpha deletion, that loss of C/EBPalpha in the respiratory epithelium leads to respiratory failure at birth due to an arrest in the type II alveolar cell differentiation program. This differentiation arrest results in the lack of type I alveolar cells and differentiated surfactant-secreting type II alveolar cells. In addition to showing a block in type II cell differentiation, the neonatal lungs display increased numbers of proliferating cells and decreased numbers of apoptotic cells, leading to epithelial expansion and loss of airspace. Consistent with the phenotype observed, genes associated with alveolar maturation, survival, and proliferation were differentially expressed. Taken together, these results identify C/EBPalpha as a master regulator of airway epithelial maturation and suggest that the loss of C/EBPalpha could also be an important event in the multistep process of lung tumorigenesis. Furthermore, this study indicates that exploring the C/EBPalpha pathway might have therapeutic benefits for patients with respiratory distress syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Bassères
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Zhang F, Pan T, Nielsen LD, Mason RJ. Lipogenesis in fetal rat lung: importance of C/EBPalpha, SREBP-1c, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30:174-83. [PMID: 12896875 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0235oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II cells increase lipogenesis and convert glycogen into the phospholipids of surfactant in the late term fetal lung. Recent studies suggest that CCAAT/enhancing-binding protein (C/EBP) isoforms and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c regulate fatty acid synthesis in adult type II cells in vitro. To define the temporal relationships and enzymes involved in lipogenesis in fetal rat lung, the mRNA levels of selected transcription factors and enzymes were determined. There was an increase in the mRNA levels of C/EBPalpha, C/EBPbeta, C/EBPdelta, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and SREBP-1c, but not SREBP-1a or SREBP-2 from fetal Days 19-21. There was also an increase in the mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1), fatty acid translocase, glycerol-3-P acyl transferase, and phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase. By in situ hybridization, there was detectible expression of fatty acid synthase, SCD-1, and C/EBPalpha along the alveolar septae with the same distribution pattern as surfactant protein-C, whereas PPARgamma expression appeared to be restricted to macrophages. Regulation of lipogenesis at the mRNA level is predominately on enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and appears to be regulated by C/EBPalpha and SREBP-1c. SCD-1 and phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase are important components of the lipogenic response in the fetal lung that have not been recognized previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feijie Zhang
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Fehrenbach A, Bube C, Hohlfeld JM, Stevens P, Tschernig T, Hoymann HG, Krug N, Fehrenbach H. Surfactant homeostasis is maintained in vivo during keratinocyte growth factor-induced rat lung type II cell hyperplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:1264-70. [PMID: 12574070 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200112-132oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) induces transient proliferation of alveolar type II cells (AEII) associated with surfactant alterations. To test the hypothesis that homeostasis of intracellular phospholipid stores is maintained under KGF-induced hyperplasia, we (1) collected tissue from adult rat lungs, fixed for light and electron microscopy 3 days after intratracheal instillation of 5 mg recombinant human (rHu) KGF/kg body weight or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and from untreated control animals (five animals/group) for design-based stereology of AEII and lamellar body (LB) ultrastructure; and (2) we analyzed uptake and distribution of instilled radiolabeled phospholipids. After rHuKGF, AEII-coverage of alveolar walls (PBS:8.3 +/- 3.0%; rHuKGF:30.6 +/- 4.8%) and number of AEII/ml lung volume (PBS:28.5 +/- 6.5 x 10(6); rHuKGF:48.2 +/- 5.8 x 10(6)) were increased (p < 0.008). Number (PBS:97 +/- 25; rHuKGF:54 +/- 7) and volume (PBS:45.3 +/- 13.8 microm(3); rHuKGF:21.0 +/- 4.7 microm(3)) of LBs per cell were decreased (p < 0.008), but not total amount/ml lung volume (PBS:128 +/- 46. 4 x 10(7) microm(3); rHuKGF:103 +/- 34. 7 x 10(7) microm(3)). This was paralleled by a shift to larger LBs. After rHuKGF, radiolabeled phospholipids accumulated in whole lung tissue relative to lavage fluid (p < 0.01). However, less radiolabel was incorporated per cell (p < 0.01). We conclude that under rHuKGF-induced AEII proliferation intracellular surfactant was decreased per single cell, whereas a constant amount was maintained per unit lung volume. We suggest that surfactant homeostasis is regulated at the level of phospholipid transport processes, for example, secretion and reuptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Fehrenbach
- Division of Electron Microscopy, Center of Anatomy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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