1
|
Taghat N, Mossberg K, Lingström P, Petzold M, Östberg AL. Impact of Medical and Surgical Obesity Treatment on Dental Caries: A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study. Caries Res 2023; 57:231-242. [PMID: 37586350 DOI: 10.1159/000533609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to study the long-term effects on oral health of bariatric surgery compared with medical treatment of obesity. Swedish females with morbid obesity (n = 66; 18-35 years at baseline) were followed prospectively from before obesity treatment until 2 years after treatment. The main response variable was dental caries registered according to the ICDAS-II system. Possible confounding factors, such as sociodemographic characteristics, general health, oral health habits, and oral hygiene, were controlled for. The statistical methods included χ2 tests, Student's t tests, one-way ANOVA, Wilcoxon's nonparametric tests, and linear regression models. In the surgically treated patients (n = 40), a significant increase over time in enamel caries (mean increase 4.13 tooth surfaces ICDAS1-2), dentine caries (mean increase 2.18 tooth surfaces ICDAS3-6), and total caries (mean increase 6.30 tooth surfaces ICDAS1-6) was registered (all p < 0.001), which was not seen in the medically treated patients (n = 26). However, the difference between the treatment groups (surgical or medical) was only statistically significant for enamel caries (crude β 4.89, p = 0.003) and total caries (crude β 6.53, p < 0.001). The relationships were stable and independent of differences in confounders as socioeconomy, general health, and oral health behaviors. In conclusion, 2 years after obesity treatment, a significant increase in dental caries was registered in the surgically treated but not in the medically treated women. The dental service should intensify its preventive efforts in individuals undergoing obesity treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negin Taghat
- Department of Behavioural and Community Dentistry, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Mossberg
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Lingström
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Max Petzold
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Östberg
- Department of Behavioural and Community Dentistry, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng X, Zan G, Wei Y, Ge X, Cai H, Long T, Xie L, Tong L, Liu C, Li L, Huang L, Wang F, Chen X, Zhang H, Zou Y, Zhang Z, Yang X. Relationship of multiple metals mixture and osteoporosis in older Chinese women: An aging and longevity study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120699. [PMID: 36403877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis has become a major health problem in older women. Previous studies have linked individual metals exposure with osteoporosis, but combined effects remain inconclusive. We aimed to explore the individual and combined association between multiple metals mixture and osteoporosis risk in older Chinese women. A total of 2297 older women (aged ≥60) from the Hongshuihe region of Guangxi, southern China included. We measured 22 blood metal levels through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. And osteoporosis was defined as a T score ≤ -2.5. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalized regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were performed to explore the association between blood metals and osteoporosis risk. Of 2297 older women, there were 829 osteoporosis and 1468 non-osteoporosis participants. The median age was 71 and 68 years old in the osteoporosis and the non-osteoporosis group, respectively. In the single-metal model, rubidium and vanadium were negatively associated with osteoporosis (P for trend = 0.02 and 0.002, respectively), and lead presented the reverse trend (P for trend = 0.01). The LASSO penalized regression model selected nine metals (calcium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, magnesium, rubidium, strontium, vanadium and zinc), which were included in the subsequent analysis. And the multiple-metal model presented a consistent trend with the single-metal model using the selected metals. Furthermore, we performed BKMR to explore the combined effect, and found an overall negative effect between metals mixture and osteoporosis risk when all the metals were fixed at 50th, and rubidium and vanadium were the main contributors. In addition, blood Rb and V were significantly negatively related to OP risk with other metals at different levels (25th, 50th and 75th percentiles). The study suggests metal mixture exposure and osteoporosis risk in older Chinese women, and further studies need to be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Feng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Gaohui Zan
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yue Wei
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoting Ge
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiqing Cai
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tianzhu Long
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lianguang Xie
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chaoqun Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Longman Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Zou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rattan S, Flaws JA. The epigenetic impacts of endocrine disruptors on female reproduction across generations†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:635-644. [PMID: 31077281 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals are repeatedly exposed to endocrine disruptors, many of which are ubiquitous in the environment. Endocrine disruptors interfere with hormone action; thus, causing non-monotonic dose responses that are atypical of standard toxicant exposures. The female reproductive system is particularly susceptible to the effects of endocrine disruptors. Likewise, exposures to endocrine disruptors during developmental periods are particularly concerning because programming during development can be adversely impacted by hormone level changes. Subsequently, developing reproductive tissues can be predisposed to diseases in adulthood and these diseases can be passed down to future generations. The mechanisms of action by which endocrine disruptors cause disease transmission to future generations are thought to include epigenetic modifications. This review highlights the effects of endocrine disruptors on the female reproductive system, with an emphasis on the multi- and transgenerational epigenetic effects of these exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Rattan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oral ethinyl estradiol treatment in women with cystic fibrosis is associated with lower bone mineral density. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2020; 20:100223. [PMID: 32257821 PMCID: PMC7109452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether estrogen supplementation primarily from oral contraceptive pills compared to no estrogen supplementation is associated with differences in mean bone mineral density (BMD) measured by DXA in a cross-sectional study of women with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods In this cross-sectional study of women with CF followed at a single center, we analyzed 49 women with CF ages 18–50 years with a documented DXA. BMD of women with CF taking estrogen supplementation was compared to BMD of women with CF not taking estrogen supplementation. Results Twelve women with CF were taking estrogen supplementation with mean dose of 23.3 mcg/day (SD 6.9 mcg/day) of ethinyl estradiol. There were no statistically significant differences between demographics of the 12 women with CF taking estrogen supplementation compared to the 37 women with CF not taking estrogen supplementation. Women taking estrogen had lower mean lumbar spine Z-score: −0.7 ± 0.7, compared to women not taking estrogen, Z-score: −0.04 ± 1.0 (p-value 0.046). Women taking estrogen had lower mean BMD at the lumbar spine: 0.952 ± 0.086 g/cm2, compared to women not taking estrogen: 1.023 ± 0.105 g/cm2 (p-value 0.038). Similar trends were seen at the total hip and femoral neck. Conclusion Low-dose estrogen supplementation in premenopausal women with CF was associated with lower BMD compared to no estrogen supplementation in a similar group of premenopausal young women with CF. Future studies are needed to investigate the optimal formulation, route of administration, and dose to accrue and preserve bone mass in premenopausal women with CF.
Collapse
|
5
|
Naftolin F, Friedenthal J, Nachtigall R, Nachtigall L. Cardiovascular health and the menopausal woman: the role of estrogen and when to begin and end hormone treatment. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31543950 PMCID: PMC6733383 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15548.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports have correlated the use of estrogen for the treatment of menopausal symptoms with beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. Molecular, biochemical, preclinical, and clinical studies have furnished a wealth of evidence in support of this outcome of estrogen action. The prospective randomized Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and the Early Versus Late Intervention Trial (ELITE) showed that starting menopausal hormone treatment (MHT) within 5 to 10 years of menopause is fundamental to the success of estrogen's cardioprotection in post-menopausal women without adverse effects. Age stratification of the WHI data has shown that starting hormone treatment within the first decade after menopause is both safe and effective, and the long-term WHI follow-up studies are supportive of cardioprotection. This is especially true in estrogen-treated women who underwent surgical menopause. A critique of the WHI and other relevant studies is presented, supporting that the timely use of estrogens protects against age- and hormone-related cardiovascular complications. Salutary long-term hormone treatment for menopausal symptoms and prevention of complications has been widely reported, but there are no prospective trials defining the correct length to continue MHT. At present, women undergoing premature menopause receive estrogen treatment (ET) until evidence of hormone-related complications intervenes. Normal women started on MHT who receive treatment for decades without hormone-related complications have been reported, and the WHI follow-up studies are promising of long-term post-treatment cardioprotection. A prevention-based holistic approach is proposed for timely and continuing MHT/ET administration as part of the general management of the menopausal woman. But this should be undertaken only with scheduled, annual patient visits including evaluations of cardiovascular status. Because of the continued occurrence of reproductive cancers well into older ages, these visits should include genital and breast cancer screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Naftolin
- Interdisciplinary Program in Menopausal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenna Friedenthal
- Interdisciplinary Program in Menopausal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Nachtigall
- Interdisciplinary Program in Menopausal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lila Nachtigall
- Interdisciplinary Program in Menopausal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lizneva D, Rahimova A, Kim SM, Atabiekov I, Javaid S, Alamoush B, Taneja C, Khan A, Sun L, Azziz R, Yuen T, Zaidi M. FSH Beyond Fertility. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:136. [PMID: 30941099 PMCID: PMC6433784 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional view of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) as a reproductive hormone is changing. It has been shown that FSH receptors (FSHRs) are expressed in various extra-gonadal tissues and mediate the biological effects of FSH at those sites. Molecular, animal, epidemiologic, and clinical data suggest that elevated serum FSH may play a significant role in the evolution of bone loss and obesity, as well as contributing to cardiovascular and cancer risk. This review summarizes recent data on FSH action beyond reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Lizneva
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alina Rahimova
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Se-Min Kim
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ihor Atabiekov
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Seher Javaid
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bateel Alamoush
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charit Taneja
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ayesha Khan
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Li Sun
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ricardo Azziz
- Academic Health and Hospital Affairs, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Tony Yuen
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mone Zaidi
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou LP, Wong KY, Yeung HT, Dong XL, Xiao HH, Gong AGW, Tsim KWK, Wong MS. Bone Protective Effects of Danggui Buxue Tang Alone and in Combination With Tamoxifen or Raloxifene in vivo and in vitro. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:779. [PMID: 30150931 PMCID: PMC6099153 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), a traditional Chinese Medicine decoction containing Astragali Radix (AR) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR), is commonly prescribed for women in China as a remedy for menopausal symptoms. Previous study indicated that DBT stimulated cell growth and differentiation of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells and exhibited estrogenic properties via estrogen receptors (ERs). The present study aimed to study the bone protective effects of DBT and its potential interactions with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs, tamoxifen and raloxifene) in both in vivo and in vitro models as they act via similar ERs. Six-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following treatments for 12 weeks: (1) sham-operated control group with vehicle (sham), (2) ovariectomized group with vehicle (OVX), (3) OVX with 17β-estradiol (E2, 2.0 mg/kg day), (4) OVX with tamoxifen (Tamo, 1.0 mg/kg day), (5) OVX with raloxifene (Ralo, 3.0 mg/kg day), (6) OVX with DBT (DBT, 3.0 g/kg day), (7) OVX with DBT+Tamoxifen (DBT+Tamo), and (8) OVX with DBT+Raloxifene (DBT+Ralo). Effects of DBT and potential interactions between DBT and SERMs were also evaluated in MG-63 cells. DBT, tamoxifen, raloxifene, and their combinations significantly increased bone mineral density (BMD) and improved trabecular bone properties, including bone surface (BS), trabecular bone number (Tb.N), and trabecular bone separation (Tb.Sp), as well as restored changes in bone turnover biomarkers and mRNA expression of genes involved in bone metabolism in OVX rats. Furthermore, DBT, SERMs, and their combinations significantly increased serum estradiol and suppressed follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in OVX rats, suggesting the possible involvement of the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis in mediating their bone protective effects. However, SERMs, but not DBT, significantly increased uterus index in OVX rats. DBT significantly induced ALP activity and estrogen response element-dependent transcription in MG-63 cells. Our study demonstrated that DBT alone and in combinations with SERMs could exert bone protective effects in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Zhou
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Ying Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi-Ting Yeung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao-Li Dong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hui-Hui Xiao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Amy G-W Gong
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine R&D, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Karl W-K Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine R&D, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cervellati C, Bergamini CM. Oxidative damage and the pathogenesis of menopause related disturbances and diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 54:739-53. [PMID: 26544103 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The postmenopausal phase of life is frequently associated in women with subjective symptoms (e.g. vasomotor) and real diseases (atherosclerosis with coronary ischemia, osteoporosis, Alzheimer-type neurodegeneration, urogenital dystrophy), which together determine the post-menopausal syndrome. Observations that oxidative damage by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in experimental models can contribute to the pathogenesis of these disturbances stimulated research on the relationships between menopause, its endocrine deficiency, oxidative balance and the "wellness" in postmenopausal life. The connection among these events is probably due to the loss of protective actions exerted by estrogens during the fertile life. Most recent studies have revealed that estrogens exert an antioxidant action not by direct chemical neutralization of reactants as it was expected until recently but by modulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes that control levels of biological reducing agents. Also nutritional antioxidants apparently act by a similar mechanism. From this perspective it is conceivable that a cumulative control of body oxidant challenges and biological defenses could help in monitoring between "normal" and "pathological" menopause. However, as clinical studies failed to confirm this scenario in vivo, we have decided to review the existing literature to understand the causes of this discrepancy and whether this was due to methodologic reasons or to real failure of the basic hypothesis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tudpor K, Charoenphandhu N, Saengamnart W, Krishnamra N. Long-Term Prolactin Exposure Differentially Stimulated the Transcellular and Solvent Drag-Induced Calcium Transport in the Duodenum of Ovariectomized Rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 230:836-44. [PMID: 16339748 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin, having been shown to stimulate transcellular active and solvent drag-induced calcium transport in the duodenum of female rats, was postulated to improve duodenal calcium transport in estrogen-deficient rats. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to demonstrate the effects of long-term prolactin exposure produced by anterior pituitary (AP) transplantation on the duodenal calcium transport in young (9-week-old) and adult (22-week-old) ovariectomized rats. We found that ovariectomy did not alter the transcellular active duodenal calcium transport in young and adult rats fed normal calcium diet (1.0% w/w Ca) but decreased the solvent drag-induced duodenal calcium transport from 75.50 ± 10.12 to 55.75 ± 4.77 nmol·hr–1 cm–2 (P < 0.05) only in adult rats. Long-term prolactin exposure stimulated the transcellular active calcium transport in young and adult AP-grafted ovariectomized rats fed with normal calcium diet by more than 2-fold from 7.56 ± 0.79 to 16.54 ± 2.05 (P < 0.001) and 9.78 ± 0.72 to 15.99 ± 1.75 (P < 0.001) nmol·hr–1 cm–2, respectively. However, only the solvent drag-induced duodenal calcium transport in young rats was enhanced by prolactin from 95.51 ± 10.64 to 163.20 ± 18.03 nmol·hr–1 cm–2 (P < 0.001) whereas that in adult rats still showed a decreased flux from 75.50 ± 10.12 to 47.77 ± 5.42 nmol·hr–1 cm–2 (P < 0.05). Because oral calcium supplement has been widely used to improve calcium balance in estrogen-deficient animals, the effect of a high-calcium diet (2.0% w/w Ca) was also investigated. The results showed that stimulatory action of long-term prolactin on the transcellular active duodenal calcium transport in both young and adult rats was diminished after being fed a high-calcium diet. The same diet also abolished prolactin-enhanced solvent drag-induced duodenal calcium transport in young and further decreased that in adult AP-grafted ovariectomized rats. We concluded that the solvent drag-induced duodenal calcium transport in adult rats was decreased after ovariectomy. Long-term prolactin exposure stimulated the transcellular active duodenal calcium transport in both young and adult rats whereas enhancing the solvent drag-induced duodenal calcium transport only in young rats. Effects of prolactin were abolished by a high-calcium diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kukiat Tudpor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liang HD, Yu F, Lv P, Zhao ZN, Tong ZH. Role of Sost in Wnt signal pathway in osteoporosis rats and regulating effect of soybean isoflavones on Wnt signal pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4447-54. [PMID: 24760368 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To explore the mechanism of soybean isoflavones (SI) on OVX-induced osteoporosis, we investigated the effect of SI on Wnt signaling that emerged as a novel key pathway for promoting bone formation. Results showed that SI decreased bone mineral elements loss, improved biomechanics parameters in OVX rats. Wnt3a activation can promote the dissociation of β-catenin complexes, release of β-catenin monomer and inhibition of β-catenin monomer degradation. SI decreased sost mRNA and sclerosteosis protein expression in a dose-dependent manner, and increased β-catenin proteins expression in femur of OVX rats. These data suggest that SI suppresses the canonical Wnt signal in OVX rats, partially through the enhancement of the dickkopf-1 production. OVX results in decreased estrogen level in rats. SI act as inhibitors of Wnt-mediated activation of by competitively binding to LRP5, and subsequently downregulating β-catenin gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Dong Liang
- Hands and Feet Microsurgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen L, Zhu Z, Peng X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen M, Wang Q, Jin J. Hepatic magnetic resonance imaging with T2* mapping of ovariectomized rats: correlation between iron overload and postmenopausal osteoporosis. Eur Radiol 2014; 24:1715-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
12
|
Ouyang L, Zhang Q, Ruan X, Feng Y, Wang X. Treatment effect of Bushen Huayu extract on postmenopausal osteoporosis in vivo.. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1687-1690. [PMID: 24926367 PMCID: PMC4043592 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bushen Huayu extract (BSHY), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been demonstrated to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis, however, the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of BSHY and the mechanisms underlying this effect in an in vivo postmenopausal osteoporosis animal model. A total of 1 g BSHY containing 7.12 μg icariin was prepared. Low-dose BSHY (BSHY-L; 11.1 g/kg), medium-dose BSHY (BSHY-M; 22.2 g/kg) and high-dose BSHY (BSHY-H; 44.4 g/kg) was administered to oophorectomized rats using intragastric infusion. Estradiol (E2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, as well as bone density, were determined. It was found that the levels of serum ALP in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (197.75±41.74, 166.63±44.83 and 165.63±44.90 IU/l, respectively) were significantly decreased compared with the model group (299.13±45.79 IU/l; P<0.05), whilst the levels of E2 (16.89±1.71, 17.95±1.40 and 18.34±1.43 pg/ml, respectively) increased compared with the model group (14.54±1.61; P<0.05). In addition, the levels of IL-6 decreased in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (91.85±14.81, 82.99±15.65 and 80.54±14.61 pg/ml, respectively) compared with the model group (105.93±16.50 pg/ml; P<0.05). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that BSHY increased the bone density in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (0.20±0.014, 0.22±0.016 and 0.22±0.017 g/cm2, respectively) compared with the model group (0.19±0.011 g/cm2; P<0.05). BSHY was also found to increase the number of osteoblasts in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (25.38±2.17, 29.25±2.12 and 30.00±2.39, respectively), compared with in the model group (14.75±2.38; P<0.05), and decrease the number of osteoclasts in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (4.00±1.85, 4.25±1.39 and 5.75±1.49, respectively) compared with 9.50±1.60 observed in the model group (P<0.05). These results suggest that BSHY is a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of osteoporosis in vivo. Furthermore, these results suggest that the mechanism by which BSHY decreases the serum levels of IL-6 may be by regulating E2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ouyang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China ; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Qiufang Zhang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China ; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China ; Basic School of Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xuzhi Ruan
- Basic School of Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China ; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Geng W, Yan X, Du H, Cui J, Li L, Chen F. Immunization with FSHβ fusion protein antigen prevents bone loss in a rat ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:280-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
14
|
Seitz S, Keller J, Schilling AF, Jeschke A, Marshall RP, Stride BD, Wintermantel T, Beil FT, Amling M, Schütz G, Tuckermann J, Schinke T. Pharmacological estrogen administration causes a FSH-independent osteo-anabolic effect requiring ER alpha in osteoblasts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50301. [PMID: 23209701 PMCID: PMC3507728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is characterized by declining estrogen levels, and estrogen replacement therapy has been proven beneficial for preventing bone loss in affected women. While the physiological functions of estrogen in bone, primarily the inhibition of bone resorption, have been studied extensively, the effects of pharmacological estrogen administration are still poorly characterized. Since elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) have been suggested to be involved in postmenopausal bone loss, we investigated whether the skeletal response to pharmacological estrogen administration is mediated in a FSH-dependent manner. Therefore, we treated wildtype and FSHβ-deficicent (Fshb−/−) mice with estrogen for 4 weeks and subsequently analyzed their skeletal phenotype. Here we observed that estrogen treatment resulted in a significant increase of trabecular and cortical bone mass in both, wildtype and Fshb−/− mice. Unexpectedly, this FSH-independent pharmacological effect of estrogen was not caused by influencing bone resorption, but primarily by increasing bone formation. To understand the cellular and molecular nature of this osteo-anabolic effect we next administered estrogen to mouse models carrying cell specific mutant alleles of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Here we found that the response to pharmacological estrogen administration was not affected by ERα inactivation in osteoclasts, while it was blunted in mice lacking the ERα in osteoblasts or in mice carrying a mutant ERα incapable of DNA binding. Taken together, our findings reveal a previously unknown osteo-anabolic effect of pharmacological estrogen administration, which is independent of FSH and requires DNA-binding of ERα in osteoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Seitz
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arndt F. Schilling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anke Jeschke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert P. Marshall
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brenda D. Stride
- Division Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Wintermantel
- Division Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank T. Beil
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schütz
- Division Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail: (JT); (TS)
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (JT); (TS)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yoldemir T, Erenus M, Durmusoglu F. The impact of serum FSH and estradiol on postmenopausal osteoporosis related to time since menopause. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:884-8. [PMID: 22731753 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2012.683066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the impact on osteopenia/osteoporosis of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol levels and time since menopause in a group of Turkish postmenopausal women. METHODS Four hundred and thirty-three healthy postmenopausal women seen at the Marmara University Menopause Outpatient Clinic were enrolled for this prospective cohort study. The women were allocated to one of three groups according to the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae and total hip, as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Serum FSH, estradiol levels, age and time since menopause were compared between the groups. RESULTS The mean serum FSH, LH, estradiol and testosterone levels for women with normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic BMD at lumbar vertrebra L1-L4 and total hip were comparable. Time since menopause had a stronger predictive value for low BMD (osteopenia or osteoporosis) in the lumbar and hip areas than did serum FSH or estradiol levels. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that neither FSH nor E2 has a strong impact on postmenopausal BMD. However it appears that time since menopause has a weak non-significant association with postmenopausal osteopenia and osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tevfik Yoldemir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marmara University , School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Casarini L, Pignatti E, Simoni M. Effects of polymorphisms in gonadotropin and gonadotropin receptor genes on reproductive function. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2011; 12:303-21. [PMID: 21912887 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-011-9192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropins, the action of which is mediated at the level of their gonadal receptors, play a key role in sexual development, reproductive functions and in metabolism. The involvement of the gonadotropins and their receptor genotypes on reproductive function are widely studied. A large number of gonadotropins and their receptors gene polymorphisms are known, but the only one considerable as a clear, absolute genetic marker of reproductive features or disfunctions is the FSHR Asn680Ser polymorphism, since it modulates ovarian response to FSH. The aim of these studies would to be the prediction of the genetic causes of sex-related diseases to enable a customized clinical setting based on individual response of patients undergoing gonadotropin stimulation. In this review we discuss the latest information about the effects of polymorphisms of the gonadotropins and their receptor genes on reproductive functions of both male and female, and discuss their patho-physiological implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cruz Júnior AF, Buchpiguel C, Guarniero R, Barbieri A. Pamidronate and zoledronate effects in the increment of bone mineral density and histomorphometry in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2011; 26:114-20. [PMID: 21445473 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502011000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare increment of bone mineral density (BMD) with pamidronate, zoledronate and the isolated effect of proteinous diet in undernourished oophorectomized and non-oophorectomized female rats, besides validating BMD's indexes. METHODS 60 young female Lewis rats were divided into five experimental groups and a control group, oophorectomized and non-oophorectomized. The administration of drugs were submitted to proteinous and aproteinous diets. The variables analyzed were weight, bone densitometry, histomorphometry and biochemical evolution. RESULTS In weight evaluation, the first interval showed a statistically meaningful increase in oophorectomized sample. In densitometry evaluation, the first interval showed statistically meaningful decrease in four medicated groups and third showed a statistically meaningful increase in 2 non-oophorectomized groups. In laboratory evaluation, there were an increase of total proteins and globulin, decrease of alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus and calcium (except for the oophorectomized) in four medicated groups and increase of phosphorus and calcium in 2 not medicated groups. In histomorphometric evaluation, the oophorectomized groups had smaller increment of BMD. CONCLUSIONS The pamidronate and zoledronate have shown effectives in the increment of BMD. The proteinous diet itself possesses therapeutic effect in BMD though not significant compared with medicated animals. The results of histomorphometry allow validating BMD's indexes in this experimental model.
Collapse
|
18
|
Differential effects of 17beta-estradiol and raloxifene on bone and lipid metabolism in rats with chronic kidney disease and estrogen insufficiency. Menopause 2010; 17:766-71. [PMID: 20386345 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181ce6874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 17beta-estradiol, raloxifene, and 1-alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol on bone and lipid metabolism in chronic kidney disease and estrogen insufficiency. METHODS Six-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) were ovariectomized and nephrectomized (seven eighths). One week after surgery, the rats were divided into six groups and treated with (1) placebo, (2) 17beta-estradiol 10 microg kg day, (3) raloxifene 1 mg kg day, (4) calcitriol 10 ng kg day, (5) 17beta-estradiol + calcitriol, and (6) raloxifene + calcitriol. A group of untreated animals with chronic kidney disease and normal ovarian function was used as a control group (n = 5). The rats were killed after 8 weeks of treatment. Blood samples were drawn for serum analyses; the right tibia was removed to perform histomorphometric analyses, uteri were used as tissue markers of estrogen replacement, and paraffin-embedded sections of the uterus and the fourth breast were used for histopathologic evaluation. RESULTS Raloxifene, alone or combined with calcitriol, and 17beta-estradiol combined with calcitriol significantly diminished total cholesterol level compared with placebo. Qualitative histological and histomorphometric analyses showed that both the single treatments and their combinations were able to increase the trabecular connectivity compared with placebo. The less beneficial results were obtained with 17beta-estradiol alone, whereas the more beneficial results were obtained with the combined treatments, particularly with raloxifene and calcitriol. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this experimental study demonstrates the advantages of replacing both hormonal deficiencies together. The combination of calcitriol and raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, showed a better lipid, uterus, and bone profile.
Collapse
|
19
|
Sanchis J, Canal F, Lucas R, Vicent MJ. Polymer–drug conjugates for novel molecular targets. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:915-35. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer therapeutics can be already considered as a promising field in the human healthcare context. The discovery of the enhanced permeability and retention effect by Maeda, together with the modular model for the polymer–drug conjugate proposed by Ringsdorf, directed the early steps of polymer therapeutics towards cancer therapy. Orthodox anticancer drugs were preferentially chosen in the development of the first conjugates. The fast evolution of polymer chemistry and bioconjugation techniques, and a deeper understanding of cell biology has opened up exciting new challenges and opportunities. Four main directions have to be considered to develop this ‘platform technology’ further: the control of the synthetic process, the exhaustive characterization of the conjugate architectures, the conquest of combination therapy and the disclosure of new therapeutic targets. We illustrate in this article the exciting approaches offered by polymer–drug conjugates beyond classical cancer therapy, focusing on new, more effective and selective targets in cancer and in their use as treatments for other major human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rut Lucas
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Medicinal Chemistry Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe. Av. Autopista del Saler, 16. E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - María J Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Medicinal Chemistry Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe. Av. Autopista del Saler, 16. E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Leppänen OV, Sievänen H, Jokihaara J, Pajamäki I, Kannus P, Cooper DM, Järvinen TLN. The effects of loading and estrogen on rat bone growth. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:1737-44. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00989.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the contributions of locomotive loading and estrogen to the development of diaphysis of rat femur. A randomized 2 × 2 study design was used. Altogether, 70 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used, of which 10 were euthanized at entry. Of the remaining rats, 16 served as controls, and the rest, 44, underwent a unilateral sciatic neurectomy. The effect of estrogen was removed by ovariectomizing one-half of the neurectomized rats. After 27 wk, the animals were euthanized, and the femora were excised. Irrespective of loading or estrogen, the femur length and mineral mass increased by 142 and 687%, respectively. Axial growth was not modulated either by locomotive loading or estrogen, but the loading resulted in direction-specific changes in the cross-sectional geometry. The estrogen-related gains were evident on the endocortical surface, while the loading-related gains occurred on the periosteal surface. The loading and estrogen were significantly associated with increased bone strength (21 and 15%, respectively) in the mediolateral direction, but not in the anteroposterior direction. Axial growth and accrual of bone mineral mass of the rat femur are largely independent of locomotive loading or estrogen, whereas these factors specifically account for the femur function, as either a mechanical lever or a mineral reservoir for reproduction, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olli V. Leppänen
- Medical School and the Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere,
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Trauma, Musculoskeletal Surgery and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, and
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The Bone Research Group, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jarkko Jokihaara
- Medical School and the Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere,
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Trauma, Musculoskeletal Surgery and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, and
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and
| | - Ilari Pajamäki
- Medical School and the Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere,
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Trauma, Musculoskeletal Surgery and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, and
| | - Pekka Kannus
- Medical School and the Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere,
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Trauma, Musculoskeletal Surgery and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, and
- The Bone Research Group, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - David M. Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Teppo L. N. Järvinen
- Medical School and the Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere,
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Trauma, Musculoskeletal Surgery and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, and
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mansell JP. Bone phenotypes in response to gonadotropin misexpression: the role for gonadotropins in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Int J Gen Med 2008; 1:51-7. [PMID: 20428406 PMCID: PMC2840536 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scant attention has been paid to the potential role of gonadotropins in bone tissue homeostasis. The focus on estrogen and estrogen replacement therapy for osteoporosis as far back as the 1940's may account for the paucity of gonadotropin studies in bone biology. It is conceivable that prevailing dogma may have subconsciously steered us away from addressing whether gonadotropins have a place in skeletal physiology. However an examination of bone tissue catabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist (Zoladex((R)))-treated rats generated some interesting and conflicting data; Zoladex-treated rats, unlike the OVX group, failed to exhibit increased bone collagen catabolism despite clear evidence for estrogen deficiency. The findings, although controversial, supported the possibility that elevated gonadotropins in the OVX model were in some way accountable for increased bone catabolism. In response to these initial findings further studies were performed to determine if altered LH status may in some way impact on the skeleton To this end an investigation of bone mass and histomorphometry were conducted in LH receptor nullizygous mice and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) overexpressing mice. There were clear phenotypic differences; the LH receptor knockout mice displayed reduced bone mass whereas the hCG overexpressing animals had stark increases in bone mass. Much more recently the team of the Mount Sinai Bone Program have made a significant discovery that bone-resorbing osteoclasts express receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and that mice nullizygous for FSH receptor are resistant to bone loss despite severe estrogen deficiency. Details of these fascinating models will be presented together with additional findings that give credence for exploring gonadotropin action on the skeleton as we enter the twilight of this Decade of the Bone and Joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Mansell
- Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Division of Oral Medicine, University of Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pan H, Kopecková P, Wang D, Yang J, Miller S, Kopecek J. Water-soluble HPMA copolymer—prostaglandin E1conjugates containing a cathepsin K sensitive spacer. J Drug Target 2008; 14:425-35. [PMID: 17092842 DOI: 10.1080/10611860600834219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel bone targeting, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer based, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) delivery system was designed, synthesized and characterized. PGE1 was bound to the polymer backbone via a spacer, composed of a cathepsin K sensitive tetrapeptide (Gly-Gly-Pro-Nle) and a self-eliminating 4-aminobenzyl alcohol structure. The HPMA copolymer conjugates were prepared by photo-initiated free radical copolymerization of HPMA, PGE1-containing macromonomer, and optionally a comonomer containing a reactive p-nitrophenyl ester group. The latter group was used as attachment points for the D-aspartic acid octapeptide targeting moieties. Incubation of the PGE1-containing macromonomer and HPMA copolymer-PGE1 conjugates with cathepsin K resulted in release of unmodified PGE1. The rate of release depended on the composition of the conjugate. The higher the PGE1 content in the conjugate, the slower the PGE1 release. This appeared to be the result of association of hydrophobic side-chains in aqueous media, which rendered the formation of the enzyme substrate complex more difficult. The data seems to indicate that HPMA copolymer-PGE1 conjugates have a potential in the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5820, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Bone-active agents that decrease bone turnover (the anti-resorptive agents) have been, to date, the most thoroughly studied pharmacological agents for the management of osteoporosis in a variety of populations - postmenopausal, male, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis - and have received both Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) as well as other worldwide registrations for the management of these conditions. While the mechanisms of action of 'anti-resorptives' as a class differ, their effect on increasing bone strength and reducing the risk of fragility fractures share common pathways: an increase in bone mineral content, and a reduction in bone turnover. Within the category of anti-resorptives: estrogen, selective estrogen receptor modulators, tibolone, calcitonin, bisphosphonates and denosumab all reduce vertebral fractures risk, but differ in their ability to reduce the risk of non-vertebral fractures in randomized clinical trials. This chapter will discuss the data on these effects for each class of anti-resorptive agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Miller
- Colorado Center for Bone Research, Lakewood, Colorado 80227, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pan H, Liu J, Dong Y, Sima M, Kopečková P, Brandi ML, Kopeček J. Release of prostaglandin E(1) from N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer conjugates by bone cells. Macromol Biosci 2008; 8:599-605. [PMID: 18401866 PMCID: PMC4605216 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200700338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bone-targeting N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-PGE(1) conjugates, containing cathepsin K sensitive spacers, were incubated with induced osteoclasts and osteoblasts, their precursors, and control non-skeletal cells. The release of PGE(1) was monitored by an HPLC assay. In both murine and human cell lines, osteoclasts appeared to be the most active cells in the cleavage (PGE(1) release). Incubation with osteoblasts also resulted in fast PGE(1) release, whereas precursor and control cells released PGE(1) with a substantially slower rate than bone cells (apparently through ester bond cleavage). Experiments in the presence of inhibitors revealed that other enzymes, in addition to cathepsin K, were participating in the cleavage of the conjugate. Confocal fluorescence studies exposed internalization of the conjugate by endocytosis with ultimate localization in the lysosomal/endosomal compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jihua Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Yuanyi Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Monika Sima
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Pavla Kopečková
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bone-protecting effect of Rubus coreanus by dual regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Menopause 2008; 15:676-83. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31815bb687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Journé F, Body JJ, Leclercq G, Laurent G. Hormone therapy for breast cancer, with an emphasis on the pure antiestrogen fulvestrant: mode of action, antitumor efficacy and effects on bone health. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2008; 7:241-58. [PMID: 18462183 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.7.3.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major health problem in women of developed Western countries. Whereas estrogen receptor (ER) may be involved in many cases in breast carcinogenesis, its expression in breast tumors may predict a favorable response to hormone therapy. In this review, we report the role played by ER in breast cancer and compare the effects and mechanisms of action of partial (tamoxifen) and pure (fulvestrant) antiestrogens, as well as of aromatase inhibitors. Moreover, as ER also has a critical role in bone metabolism, we review the beneficial and adverse effects of breast cancer hormone therapy on bone health, with a particular emphasis on fulvestrant, the only pure antiestrogen recently approved by the FDA for Phase III clinical trials. We conclude that, because of its therapeutic efficacy and its seemingly minimal effect on bone integrity, fulvestrant represents a new option for the hormonal treatment of breast cancer that deserves further clinical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Journé
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Laboratory of Endocrinology and Bone Diseases, Institut Jules Bordet, Rue Héger-Bordet 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pan H, Sima M, Kopecková P, Wu K, Gao S, Liu J, Wang D, Miller SC, Kopecek J. Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies of bone-targeting N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer-alendronate conjugates. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:548-58. [PMID: 18505266 DOI: 10.1021/mp800003u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of bone-targeting N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-alendronate conjugates were evaluated following intravenous administration of radioiodinated conjugates to young healthy BALB/c mice. The synthesis of a polymerizable and cathepsin K cleavable alendronate derivative, N-methacryloylglycylglycylprolylnorleucylalendronate, enabled the preparation of HPMA copolymer-alendronate conjugates with varying composition. Using the RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) polymerization technique, four conjugates with different molecular weight and alendronate content and two control HPMA copolymers (without alendronate) with different molecular weight were prepared. The results of biodistribution studies in mice demonstrated a strong binding capacity of alendronate-targeted HPMA copolymer conjugates to bone. Conjugates with low (1.5 mol%) alendronate content exhibited a similar bone deposition capacity as conjugates containing 8.5 mol % of alendronate. The molecular weight was an important factor in the biodistribution of the HPMA copolymer conjugates. More conjugate structures need to be evaluated, but the data suggest that medium molecular weights (50-100 kDa) might be effective drug carriers for bone delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Castelo-Branco C, León M, Durán M, Balasch J. Follicle-stimulating hormone does not directly regulate bone mass in human beings: evidence from nature. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:2211-6. [PMID: 18191857 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of FSH levels in the development of human osteoporosis. DESIGN Case-series study. SETTING Gynecology department in a teaching hospital. PATIENT(S) A total of 8 women diagnosed with Kallman syndrome (KS) were compared with 11 with Turner syndrome and 11 with pure gonadal dysgenesia (GD, karyotype 46,XX). INTERVENTION(S) We assessed the pituitary-gonadal axis, bone turnover markers, bone mass, and patient characteristics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Bone mineral density as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, plasma FSH, LH, E(2), osteocalcin (BGP), and urinary type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptide. Other biochemical markers included 25-hydroxyvitamin D, as well as parathyroid hormone and urine concentration of calcium and creatinine. RESULT(S) In girls with Turner syndrome and GD, FSH (64.03 +/- 29.2 and 90.08 +/- 22.41 mIU/mL, respectively) and LH (45.29 +/- 11.90 and 48.83 +/- 12.44 mIU/mL, respectively) levels were significantly higher compared with those observed in girls with KS (FSH: 1.87 +/- 0.64 and LH: 1.02 +/- 0.57), whereas no differences were detected in E(2) or bone marker levels. Bone mineral density correlated positively with FSH levels but not with E(2); however, after adjusting for previous growth-hormone therapy, these differences were not found. In addition, bone mineral density in spine and total hip was significantly lower in patients with KS. CONCLUSION(S) Follicle-stimulating hormone does not appear to have a major role in the development of bone loss in young women with primary amenorrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camil Castelo-Branco
- Faculty of Medicine, Institut Clinic of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Neonatology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Carr JJ, Register TC, Hsu FC, Lohman K, Lenchik L, Bowden DW, Langefeld CD, Xu J, Rich SS, Wagenknecht LE, Freedman BI. Calcified atherosclerotic plaque and bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes: the diabetes heart study. Bone 2008; 42:43-52. [PMID: 17964237 PMCID: PMC2239236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationships between atherosclerotic calcified plaque (CP) and bone mineral density (BMD) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). CP in the coronary arteries, carotid bifurcation, and abdominal aorta was measured using computed tomography (CT) in 1023 diabetic subjects from 453 families. Trabecular volumetric BMD in thoracic (T-vBMD) and lumbar (L-vBMD) spine was measured with quantitative CT (QCT), while areal BMD (aBMD) in the lumbar spine and hip was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Correlation coefficients were computed to assess the magnitude of associations and generalized estimating equations (GEE1) were used to make statistical inferences while accounting for familial correlation. Subjects were 53.8% female, 85% European American (EA) and 15% African American (AA). After adjustment for age, significant inverse associations between CP and vBMD persisted in EA men (correlations between -0.11 and -0.16, all p<0.05 with the exception of carotid CP vs. T-vBMD, p=0.076) and in AA women, excluding aortic CP (correlations between -0.16 and -0.25, all p<0.05). Estrogen use in AA but not EA women was consistently associated with an inverse relation between CP and vBMD. Significant inverse relationships between CP and vBMD were observed in EA men and AA women with DM2 after adjusting for age and other covariates. QCT determined vBMD was more strongly related to CP than aBMD by DXA. The relation between CP and BMD in diabetes is influenced by age, sex, and ethnicity, with further effect modification by hormone replacement therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jeffrey Carr
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pinkerton JV, Dalkin AC. Combination therapy for treatment of osteoporosis: A review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197:559-65. [PMID: 18060937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Combination therapy for osteoporosis has been tested in small trials of short duration with various combinations. Pertinent human and animal randomized clinical trial data were identified through Medline and reviewed with a focus on the risks and benefits of different types of combination therapies. Improvements in bone density were found in some, but not all, combinations. There are no large trials of adequate length or numbers to determine fracture efficacy. Consider combination therapy if monotherapy is unsuccessful, if there is an added nonskeletal benefit to the proposed combination or as sequential treatment with an anabolic agent followed by an antiresorptive agent. Although combination therapy, in general, has limitations based on cost, concern about potential oversuppression of bone, and lack of long-term safety and fracture efficacy, selected patients may benefit.
Collapse
|
31
|
Haraldsen IR, Haug E, Falch J, Egeland T, Opjordsmoen S. Cross-sex pattern of bone mineral density in early onset gender identity disorder. Horm Behav 2007; 52:334-43. [PMID: 17604029 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hormonally controlled differences in bone mineral density (BMD) between males and females are well studied. The effects of cross-sex hormones on bone metabolism in patients with early onset gender identity disorder (EO-GID), however, are unclear. We examined BMD, total body fat (TBF) and total lean body mass (TLBM) in patients prior to initiation of sex hormone treatment and during treatment at months 3 and 12. The study included 33 EO-GID patients who were approved for sex reassignment and a control group of 122 healthy Norwegians (males, n=77; females, n=45). Male patients (n=12) received an oral dose of 50 mug ethinylestradiol daily for the first 3 months and 100 mug daily thereafter. Female patients (n=21) received 250 mg testosterone enantate intramuscularly every third week. BMD, TBF and TLBM were estimated using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In male patients, the DXA measurements except TBF were significantly lower compared to their same-sex control group at baseline and did not change during treatment. In female patients, the DXA measurements were slightly higher than in same-sex controls at baseline and also remained unchanged during treatment. In conclusion, this study reports that body composition and bone density of EO-GID patients show less pronounced sex differences compared to controls and that bone density was unaffected by cross-sex hormone treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I R Haraldsen
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Oslo, The National Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gao J, Tiwari-Pandey R, Samadfam R, Yang Y, Miao D, Karaplis AC, Sairam MR, Goltzman D. Altered ovarian function affects skeletal homeostasis independent of the action of follicle-stimulating hormone. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2613-21. [PMID: 17332067 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a leading public health problem. Although a major cause in women is thought to be a decline in estrogen, it has recently been proposed that FSH or follitropin is required for osteoporotic bone loss. We examined the FSH receptor null mouse (FORKO mouse) to determine whether altered ovarian function could induce bone loss independent of FSH action. By 3 months of age, FORKO mice developed age-dependent declines in bone mineral density and trabecular bone volume of the lumbar spine and femur, which could be partly reversed by ovarian transplantation. Bilateral ovariectomy reduced elevated circulating testosterone levels in FORKO mice and decreased bone mass to levels indistinguishable from those in ovariectomized wild-type controls. Androgen receptor blockade and especially aromatase inhibition each produced bone volume reductions in the FORKO mouse. The results indicate that ovarian secretory products, notably estrogen, and peripheral conversion of ovarian androgen to estrogen can alter bone homeostasis independent of any bone resorptive action of FSH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Gao
- Calcium Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wierman ME. Sex steroid effects at target tissues: mechanisms of action. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2007; 31:26-33. [PMID: 17327579 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00086.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the mechanisms of sex hormone action has changed dramatically over the last 10 years. Estrogens, progestins, and androgens are the steroid hormones that modulate reproductive function. Recent data have shown that many other tissues are targets of sex hormones in addition to classical reproductive organs. This review outlines new advances in our understanding of the spectrum of steroid hormone ligands, newly recognized target tissues, structure-function relationships of steroid receptors, and, finally, their genomic and nongenomic actions. Sex-based specific effects are often related to the different steroid hormone mileu in men compared with women. Understanding the mechanisms of sex steroid action gives insight into the differences in normal physiology and disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Wierman
- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hamed A, Kim P, Cho M. Synthesis of Nitric Oxide in Human Osteoblasts in Response to Physiologic Stimulation of Electrotherapy. Ann Biomed Eng 2006; 34:1908-16. [PMID: 17066323 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-006-9206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrotherapy for bone healing, remodeling and wound healing may be mediated by modulation of nitric oxide (NO). Using NO-specific fluorophore (DAF-2), we report here that application of non-invasive, physiologic electrical stimulation induces NO synthesis in human osteoblasts, and that such NO generation is comparable to that induced by estrogen treatment. For example, application of a sinusoidal 1 Hz, 2 V/cm (peak to peak) electrical stimulation (ES) increases NO-bound DAF-2 fluorescence intensity by a 2-fold within 60 min exposure by activating nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Increase in the NO level is found to depend critically on the frequency and strength of ES. While the frequency of 1 Hz ES seems optimal, the ES strength >0.5 V/cm is required to induce significant NO increase, however. Nitric oxide synthesis in response to ES is completely prevented by blocking estrogen receptors using a competitive inhibitor, suggesting that NO generation is likely initiated by activation of estrogen receptors at the cell surface. Based on these findings, physiologic stimulation of electrotherapy appears to represent a potential non-invasive, non-genomic, and novel physical technique that could be used to regulate NO-mediated bone density and facilitate bone remodeling without adverse effects associated with hormone therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Hamed
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan St. (M/C 063), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Do SH, Hwa SY, Jeong WI, Lee JW, Kim HJ, Lee IS, Jeong KS. ENA Actimineral Resource A restores bone loss and bone quality in ovariectomized rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 295:35-43. [PMID: 16838105 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ENA Actimineral Resource A (ENA-A), seaweed origin alkaline water, on postmenopausal osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The 12-week old Wistar rats were divided randomly into 4 groups: ovariectomized (OVX), OVX plus 0.5% ENA-A, OVX plus 5% ENA-A and OVX plus 10% ENA-A. A histopathological analysis indicated that ENA-A could prevent OVX-induced bone loss by increasing femur trabecular bone area in a dose-dependent manner. ENA-A significantly (p<0.05) increased serum estradiol levels, decreased serum osteocalcin activity and suppressed serum pyridinoline (PYD) levels. The in vitro effects of ENA-A were also studied using MC3T3-E1 cells. ENA-A significantly stimulated cell proliferation and increased both ALP activity and calcium deposition in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the treatment of ovariectomized rats with ENA-A not only prevents bone resorption but also appears to maintain the cancellous bone structure of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Do
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, #1370 Sangyeok-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sun L, Peng Y, Sharrow AC, Iqbal J, Zhang Z, Papachristou DJ, Zaidi S, Zhu LL, Yaroslavskiy BB, Zhou H, Zallone A, Sairam MR, Kumar TR, Bo W, Braun J, Cardoso-Landa L, Schaffler MB, Moonga BS, Blair HC, Zaidi M. FSH Directly Regulates Bone Mass. Cell 2006; 125:247-60. [PMID: 16630814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis, a global public health problem, has for decades been attributed solely to declining estrogen levels. Although FSH levels rise sharply in parallel, a direct effect of FSH on the skeleton has never been explored. We show that FSH is required for hypogonadal bone loss. Neither FSHbeta nor FSH receptor (FSHR) null mice have bone loss despite severe hypogonadism. Bone mass is increased and osteoclastic resorption is decreased in haploinsufficient FSHbeta+/- mice with normal ovarian function, suggesting that the skeletal action of FSH is estrogen independent. Osteoclasts and their precursors possess G(i2alpha)-coupled FSHRs that activate MEK/Erk, NF-kappaB, and Akt to result in enhanced osteoclast formation and function. We suggest that high circulating FSH causes hypogonadal bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine and Department of Orthopedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|