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Li Y, Xu X, Wu X, Li J, Chen S, Chen D, Li G, Tang Z. Cell polarization in ischemic stroke: molecular mechanisms and advances. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:632-645. [PMID: 38886930 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a cerebrovascular disease associated with high mortality and disability rates. Since the inflammation and immune response play a central role in driving ischemic damage, it becomes essential to modulate excessive inflammatory reactions to promote cell survival and facilitate tissue repair around the injury site. Various cell types are involved in the inflammatory response, including microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils, each exhibiting distinct phenotypic profiles upon stimulation. They display either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory states, a phenomenon known as 'cell polarization.' There are two cell polarization therapy strategies. The first involves inducing cells into a neuroprotective phenotype in vitro, then reintroducing them autologously. The second approach utilizes small molecular substances to directly affect cells in vivo. In this review, we elucidate the polarization dynamics of the three reactive cell populations (microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils) in the context of ischemic stroke, and provide a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms involved in their phenotypic switching. By unraveling the complexity of cell polarization, we hope to offer insights for future research on neuroinflammation and novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Liu C, Guo Y, Deng S, Zhou S, Wu S, Chen T, Shi X, Mamtilahun M, Xu T, Liu Z, Li H, Zhang Z, Tian H, Chung WS, Wang J, Yang GY, Tang Y. Hemorrhagic stroke-induced subtype of inflammatory reactive astrocytes disrupts blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:1102-1116. [PMID: 38388375 PMCID: PMC11179611 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241235008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes undergo disease-specific transcriptomic changes upon brain injury. However, phenotypic changes of astrocytes and their functions remain unclear after hemorrhagic stroke. Here we reported hemorrhagic stroke induced a group of inflammatory reactive astrocytes with high expression of Gfap and Vimentin, as well as inflammation-related genes lipocalin-2 (Lcn2), Complement component 3 (C3), and Serpina3n. In addition, we demonstrated that depletion of microglia but not macrophages inhibited the expression of inflammation-related genes in inflammatory reactive astrocytes. RNA sequencing showed that blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption-related gene matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) was highly upregulated in inflammatory reactive astrocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of MMP3 in astrocytes or specific deletion of astrocytic MMP3 reduced BBB disruption and improved neurological outcomes of hemorrhagic stroke mice. Our study demonstrated that hemorrhagic stroke induced a group of inflammatory reactive astrocytes that were actively involved in disrupting BBB through MMP3, highlighting a specific group of inflammatory reactive astrocytes as a critical driver for BBB disruption in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyan Guo
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyu Deng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyi Zhou
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengju Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Shi
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muyassar Mamtilahun
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanlai Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengli Tian
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jixian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Liu XH, Zhang LY, Liu XY, Zhang JG, Hu YY, Zhao CG, Xian XH, Li WB, Zhang M. Transformation of A1/A2 Astrocytes Participates in Brain Ischemic Tolerance Induced by Cerebral Ischemic Preconditioning via Inhibiting NDRG2. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1665-1676. [PMID: 38411782 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP) has been shown to improve brain ischemic tolerance against subsequent lethal ischemia. Reactive astrocytes play important roles in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Recent studies have shown that reactive astrocytes can be polarized into neurotoxic A1 phenotype (C3d) and neuroprotective A2 phenotype (S100A10). However, their role in CIP remains unclear. Here, we focused on the role of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) in regulating the transformation of A1/A2 astrocytes and promoting to brain ischemic tolerance induced by CIP. A Sprague Dawley rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) was used. Rats were divided into the following six groups: (1) sham group; (2) CIP group: left middle cerebral artery was blocked for 10 min; (3) MCAO/R group: left middle cerebral artery was blocked for 90 min; (4) CIP + MCAO/R group: CIP was performed 72 h before MCAO/R; (5) AAV-NDRG2 + CIP + MCAO/R group: adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying NDRG2 was administered 14 days before CIP + MCAO/R; (6) AAV-Ctrl + CIP + MCAO/R group: empty control group. The rats were subjected to neurological evaluation 24 h after the above treatments, and then were sacrificed for 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetraolium chloride staining, thionin staining, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. In CIP + MCAO/R group, the neurological deficit scores decreased, infarct volume reduced, and neuronal density increased compared with MCAO/R group. Notably, CIP significantly increased S100A10 expression and the number of S100A10+/GFAP+ cells, and also increased NDRG2 expression. MCAO/R significantly decreased S100A10 expression and the number of S100A10+/GFAP+ cells yet increased C3d expression and the number of C3d+/GFAP+ cells and NDRG2 expression, and these trends were reversed by CIP + MCAO/R. Furthermore, over-expression of NDRG2 before CIP + MCAO/R, the C3d expression and the number of C3d+/GFAP+ cells increased, while S100A10 expression and the number of S100A10+/GFAP+ cells decreased. Meanwhile, over-expression of NDRG2 blocked the CIP-induced brain ischemic tolerance. Taken together, these results suggest that CIP exerts neuroprotective effects against ischemic injury by suppressing A1 astrocyte polarization and promoting A2 astrocyte polarization via inhibiting NDRG2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physiology, Shijiazhuang Medical College, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Yun Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ge Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Yan Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Guang Zhao
- Department of foreign language, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang F, Xu C, Fan X, Yang S, Fan W, Li M, Song J, Wei W, Chen H, Zhong D, Li G. MyD88 Inhibition Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Regulating the Inflammatory Response and Reducing Blood-brain Barrier Damage. Neuroscience 2024; 549:121-137. [PMID: 38754722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), a downstream molecule directly linked to Toll-like receptor (TLRs) and IL1 receptor, has been implicated in ischemia-reperfusion injury across various organs. However, its role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) remains unclear. Five transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) microarray datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We screened these datasets for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the GSE35338 and GSE58720 datasets and performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) using the GSE30655, GSE28731, and GSE32529 datasets to identify the core module related to tMCAO. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the intersecting DEGs and genes in the core module. Finally, we identified Myd88 was the core gene. In addition, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) validated that TNFα, IL17, and MyD88 signaling pathways were significantly enriched in tMCAO. Subsequently, we investigated the mechanistic role of MyD88 in the tMCAO model using male C57BL/6 mice. MyD88 expression increased significantly 24 h after reperfusion. After intraperitoneal administration of TJ-M2010-5, a MyD88-specific inhibitor, during reperfusion, the infarction volumes in the mice were ameliorated. TJ-M2010-5 inhibits the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, it attenuates the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL17, and MMP9 while preserving the expression level of ZO1 after tMCAO, thereby safeguarding against blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Finally, our findings suggest that MyD88 regulates the IRAK4/IRF5 signaling pathway associated with microglial activation. MyD88 participates in CIRI by regulating the inflammatory response and BBB damage following tMCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangchao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jihe Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guozhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Department of Neurology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China.
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Yang Y, Li Z, Fan X, Jiang C, Wang J, Rastegar-Kashkooli Y, Wang TJ, Wang J, Wang M, Cheng N, Yuan X, Chen X, Jiang B, Wang J. Nanozymes: Potential Therapies for Reactive Oxygen Species Overproduction and Inflammation in Ischemic Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38897929 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Nanozymes, which can selectively scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), have recently emerged as promising candidates for treating ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) in preclinical models. ROS overproduction during the early phase of these diseases leads to oxidative brain damage, which has been a major cause of mortality worldwide. However, the clinical application of ROS-scavenging enzymes is limited by their short in vivo half-life and inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Nanozymes, which mimic the catalytic function of natural enzymes, have several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, high stability, and easy storage. These advantages render them superior to natural enzymes for disease diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. This review highlights recent advancements in nanozyme applications for ischemic stroke and TBI, emphasizing their potential to mitigate the detrimental effect of ROS overproduction, oxidative brain damage, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier compromise. Therefore, nanozymes represent a promising treatment modality for ROS overproduction conditions in future medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Li
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochong Fan
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yousef Rastegar-Kashkooli
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
- School of International Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Tom J Wang
- Program in Behavioral Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Junyang Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Menglu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Cheng
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiqian Yuan
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Nanozyme Laboratory in Zhongyuan, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
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Song SN, Dong WP, Dong XX, Guo F, Ren L, Li CX, Wang JM. Cerebral endothelial cells mediated enhancement of brain pericyte number and migration in oxygen-glucose deprivation involves the HIF-1α/PDGF-β signaling. Brain Res 2024; 1832:148849. [PMID: 38452844 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The present study focused on whether hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) and platelet-derived factor-beta (PDGF-β) are involved in the crosstalk between brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and brain vascular pericytes (BVPs) under ischaemic-hypoxic conditions. Mono-cultures or co-cultures of BVPs and BMECs were made for the construction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) model in vitro and then exposed to control and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions. BBB injury was determined by assessing the ability, apoptosis, and migration of BVPs and the transendothelial electrical resistance and horseradish peroxidase permeation of BMECs. Relative mRNA and protein levels of HIF-1α and PDGF-β, as well as tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin-5 were analyzed by western blotting, reverse transcription quantitative PCR, and/or immunofluorescence staining. Dual-luciferase reporter assays assessed the relationship between PDGF-β and HIF-1α. Co-culturing with BMECs alleviated OGD-induced reduction in BVP viability, elevation in BVP apoptosis, and repression in BVP migration. Co-culturing with BVPs protected against OGD-induced impairment on BMEC permeability. OGD-induced HIF-1α upregulation enhanced PDGF-β expression in mono-cultured BMECs and co-cultured BMECs with BVPs. Knockdown of HIF-1α impaired the effect of BMECs on BVPs under OGD conditions, and PDGFR-β silencing in BVPs blocked the crosstalk between BMECs and BVPs under OGD conditions. The crosstalk between BMECs and BVPs was implicated in OGD-induced BBB injury through the HIF-1α/PDGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Na Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China; Department of Geriatrics, General Hospital of TISCO, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Wen-Ping Dong
- Department of Geriatrics, General Hospital of TISCO, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xin-Xin Dong
- Department of Geriatrics, General Hospital of TISCO, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, General Hospital of TISCO, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Lin Ren
- Department of Geriatrics, General Hospital of TISCO, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Chang-Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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Cao Y, Xu W, Liu Q. Alterations of the blood-brain barrier during aging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:881-895. [PMID: 38513138 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241240843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex and dynamic interface that regulates the exchange of molecules and cells between the blood and the central nervous system. It undergoes structural and functional changes during aging, which may compromise its integrity and contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, advances in microscopy and high-throughput bioinformatics have allowed a more in-depth investigation of the aging mechanisms of BBB. This review summarizes age-related alterations of the BBB structure and function from six perspectives: endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, basement membrane, microglia and perivascular macrophages, and fibroblasts, ranging from the molecular level to the human multi-system level. These basic components are essential for the proper functioning of the BBB. Recent imaging methods of BBB were also reviewed. Elucidation of age-associated BBB changes may offer insights into BBB homeostasis and may provide effective therapeutic strategies to protect it during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Cao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weihai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Tipa RO, Balan DG, Georgescu MT, Ignat LA, Vacaroiu IA, Georgescu DE, Raducu L, Mihai DA, Chiperi LV, Balcangiu-Stroescu AE. A Systematic Review of Semaglutide's Influence on Cognitive Function in Preclinical Animal Models and Cell-Line Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4972. [PMID: 38732190 PMCID: PMC11084700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Since we aim to test new options to find medication for cognitive disorders, we have begun to assess the effect of semaglutide and to conduct a review gathering studies that have attempted this purpose. This systematic review focuses on the cognitive effects of semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), in the context of neurological and cognitive impairment. Semaglutide, a synthetic GLP-1 analog, showcased neuroprotective effects beyond metabolic regulation. It mitigated apoptosis and improved cognitive dysfunction in cerebrovascular disease, suggesting broader implications for neurological well-being. Also, studies highlighted GLP-1 RAs' positive impact on olfactory function in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes, on neurodegenerative disorders, multiple sclerosis, and endotoxemia. In order to analyze current studies that assess the impact of semaglutide on cognitive function, a literature search was conducted up to February 2024 on two online databases, MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Web of Science Core Collection, as well as various websites. Fifteen studies on mice populations and two studies on cell lines were included, analyzed, and assessed with bias-specific tools. The neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic properties of GLP-1 and its analogs were emphasized, with animal models and cell line studies demonstrating enhanced cognitive function. While promising, limitations include fewer studies, highlighting the need for extensive research, particularly in the human population. Even though this medication seems promising, there are significant limitations, one of which is the lack of studies on human subjects. Therefore, this review aims to gather current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Oana Tipa
- Department of Psychiatry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia” Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela-Gabriela Balan
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania (A.-E.B.-S.)
| | - Mihai-Teodor Georgescu
- Discipline of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luciana Angela Ignat
- “Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia” Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Ileana Adela Vacaroiu
- Discipline of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Eugen Georgescu
- Discipline of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Laura Raducu
- Discipline of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Doina Andrada Mihai
- Discipline of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liviu-Vasile Chiperi
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania (A.-E.B.-S.)
| | - Andra-Elena Balcangiu-Stroescu
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania (A.-E.B.-S.)
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9
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Rahman MS, Islam R, Bhuiyan MIH. Ion transporter cascade, reactive astrogliosis and cerebrovascular diseases. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1374408. [PMID: 38659577 PMCID: PMC11041382 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1374408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases and their sequalae, such as ischemic stroke, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and vascular dementia are significant contributors to adult disability and cognitive impairment in the modern world. Astrocytes are an integral part of the neurovascular unit in the CNS and play a pivotal role in CNS homeostasis, including ionic and pH balance, neurotransmission, cerebral blood flow, and metabolism. Astrocytes respond to cerebral insults, inflammation, and diseases through unique molecular, morphological, and functional changes, collectively known as reactive astrogliosis. The function of reactive astrocytes has been a subject of debate. Initially, astrocytes were thought to primarily play a supportive role in maintaining the structure and function of the nervous system. However, recent studies suggest that reactive astrocytes may have both beneficial and detrimental effects. For example, in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, reactive astrocytes can cause oligodendrocyte death and demyelination. In this review, we will summarize the (1) roles of ion transporter cascade in reactive astrogliosis, (2) role of reactive astrocytes in vascular dementia and related dementias, and (3) potential therapeutic approaches for dementing disorders targeting reactive astrocytes. Understanding the relationship between ion transporter cascade, reactive astrogliosis, and cerebrovascular diseases may reveal mechanisms and targets for the development of therapies for brain diseases associated with reactive astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | | | - Mohammad Iqbal H. Bhuiyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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10
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Fan B, Lin J, Luo Q, Liao W, Hao C. Enriched Environment Inhibits Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes via JAK2-STAT3 to Promote Glutamatergic Synaptogenesis and Cognitive Improvement in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Rats. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:22. [PMID: 38564082 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a primary contributor to cognitive decline in the elderly. Enriched environment (EE) is proved to improve cognitive function. However, mechanisms involved remain unclear. The purpose of the study was exploring the mechanisms of EE in alleviating cognitive deficit in rats with CCH. To create a rat model of CCH, 2-vessel occlusion (2-VO) surgery was performed. All rats lived in standard or enriched environments for 4 weeks. Cognitive function was assessed using the novel object recognition test and Morris water maze test. The protein levels of glutamatergic synapses, neurotoxic reactive astrocytes, reactive microglia, and JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway were measured using Western blot. The mRNA levels of synaptic regulatory factors, C1q, TNF-α, and IL-1α were identified using quantitative PCR. Immunofluorescence was used to detect glutamatergic synapses, neurotoxic reactive astrocytes, and reactive microglia, as well as the expression of p-STAT3 in astrocytes in the hippocampus. The results demonstrated that the EE mitigated cognitive impairment in rats with CCH and enhanced glutamatergic synaptogenesis. EE also inhibited the activation of neurotoxic reactive astrocytes. Moreover, EE downregulated microglial activation, levels of C1q, TNF-α and IL-1α and phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3. Our results suggest that inhibition of neurotoxic reactive astrocytes may be one of the mechanisms by which EE promotes glutamatergic synaptogenesis and improves cognitive function in rats with CCH. The downregulation of reactive microglia and JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junbin Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qihang Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijing Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chizi Hao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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11
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Yu Y, Liao X, Xie X, Li Q, Chen X, Liu R. The role of neuroglial cells communication in ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2024; 209:110910. [PMID: 38423190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability globally, but its treatment options are limited due to therapeutic window and reperfusion injury constraints. Microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes are the major components of the neurovascular unit, and there is substantial evidence suggesting their contributions to maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system. Neuroglial cells participate in neuronal physiological functions and the repair of damaged neurons through various communication methods, including gap junctions, chemical signaling, and extracellular vesicles, in conjunction with other components of the neurovascular unit. Ischemia-induced microglia and astrocytes polarize into "M1/M2" and "A1/A2" phenotypes and exert neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects by releasing soluble factors, secreting extracellular vesicles, and forming syncytia networks in the acute (<72 h), subacute (>72 h), and chronic phases (>6 weeks). Apoptosis of oligodendrocytes due to ischemic hypoxia leads to white matter injury, causing long-term cognitive dysfunction, and promoting oligodendrogenesis is a crucial direction for achieving functional recovery in ischemic stroke. In this article, we summarize the cellular interactions following cerebral ischemia, analyze the roles of neuroglial cells through gap junctions, chemical signaling, and extracellular vesicles in different stages of ischemic stroke, and further explore strategies for intervening in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xinglan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xinyu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qihua Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xuehong Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Ruizhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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12
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Zhang LY, Hu YY, Liu XY, Wang XY, Li SC, Zhang JG, Xian XH, Li WB, Zhang M. The Role of Astrocytic Mitochondria in the Pathogenesis of Brain Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2270-2282. [PMID: 37870679 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The morbidity rate of ischemic stroke is increasing annually with the growing aging population in China. Astrocytes are ubiquitous glial cells in the brain and play a crucial role in supporting neuronal function and metabolism. Increasing evidence shows that the impairment or loss of astrocytes contributes to neuronal dysfunction during cerebral ischemic injury. The mitochondrion is increasingly recognized as a key player in regulating astrocyte function. Changes in astrocytic mitochondrial function appear to be closely linked to the homeostasis imbalance defects in glutamate metabolism, Ca2+ regulation, fatty acid metabolism, reactive oxygen species, inflammation, and copper regulation. Here, we discuss the role of astrocytic mitochondria in the pathogenesis of brain ischemic injury and their potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yan Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Yun Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Chao Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ge Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Wang D, Wang Y, Shi J, Jiang W, Huang W, Chen K, Wang X, Zhang G, Li Y, Cao C, Lee KY, Lin L. Edaravone dexborneol alleviates ischemic injury and neuroinflammation by modulating microglial and astrocyte polarization while inhibiting leukocyte infiltration. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111700. [PMID: 38382262 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Poststroke inflammation is essential in the mechanism of secondary injury, and it is orchestrated by resident microglia, astrocytes, and circulating immune cells. Edaravone dexborneol (EDB) is a combination of edaravone and borneol that has been identified as a clinical protectant for stroke management. In this study, we verified the anti-inflammatory effect of EDB in the mouse model of ischemia and investigated its modulatory action on inflammation-related cells. C57BL/6 male mice, which had the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), were treated (i.p.) with EDB (15 mg/kg). EDB administration significantly reduced the brain infarction and improved the sensorimotor function after stroke. And EDB alleviated the neuroinflammation by restraining the polarization of microglia/macrophages and astrocyte toward proinflammatory phenotype and inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and chemokines (including MCP-1 and CXCL1). Furthermore, EDB ameliorated the MCAO-induced impairment of Blood-brain barrier (BBB) by suppressing the degradation of tight junction protein and attenuated the accumulation of peripheral leukocytes in the ischemic brain. Additionally, systemic EDB administration inhibited the macrophage phenotypic shift toward the M1 phenotype and the macrophage-dependent inflammatory response in the spleen and blood. Collectively, EDB protects against ischemic stroke injury by inhibiting the proinflammatory activation of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes and through reduction by invasion of circulating immune cells, which reduces central and peripheral inflammation following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yutao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenyi Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Gongchun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuankuan Li
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chengkun Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Kwang-Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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14
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He L, Zhang R, Yang M, Lu M. The role of astrocyte in neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166992. [PMID: 38128844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a significant contributor to mortality and morbidity worldwide, is a devastating condition characterized by initial mechanical damage followed by subsequent biochemical processes, including neuroinflammation. Astrocytes, the predominant glial cells in the central nervous system, play a vital role in maintaining brain homeostasis and supporting neuronal function. Nevertheless, in response to TBI, astrocytes undergo substantial phenotypic alternations and actively contribute to the neuroinflammatory response. This article explores the multifaceted involvement of astrocytes in neuroinflammation subsequent to TBI, with a particular emphasis on their activation, release of inflammatory mediators, modulation of the blood-brain barrier, and interactions with other immune cells. A comprehensive understanding the dynamic interplay between astrocytes and neuroinflammation in the condition of TBI can provide valuable insights into the development of innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at mitigating secondary damage and fostering neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming 650051, China.
| | - Ruqiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming 650051, China
| | - Maiqiao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming 650051, China
| | - Meilin Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China.
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15
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Wang H, Ma W, Hu W, Li X, Shen N, Li Z, Kong X, Lin T, Gao J, Zhu T, Che F, Chen J, Wan Q. Cathodal bilateral transcranial direct-current stimulation regulates selenium to confer neuroprotection after rat cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury. J Physiol 2024; 602:1175-1197. [PMID: 38431908 DOI: 10.1113/jp285806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) is a safe ischaemic stroke therapy. Cathodal bilateral tDCS (BtDCS) is a modified tDCS approach established by us recently. Because selenium (Se) plays a crucial role in cerebral ischaemic injury, we investigated whether cathodal BtDCS conferred neuroprotection via regulating Se-dependent signalling in rat cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We first showed that the levels of Se and its transport protein selenoprotein P (SEPP1) were reduced in the rat cortical penumbra following I/R, whereas cathodal BtDCS prevented the reduction of Se and SEPP1. Interestingly, direct-current stimulation (DCS) increased SEPP1 level in cultured astrocytes subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation reoxygenation (OGD/R) but had no effect on SEPP1 level in OGD/R-insulted neurons, indicating that DCS may increase Se in ischaemic neurons by enhancing the synthesis and secretion of SEPP1 in astrocytes. We then revealed that DCS reduced the number of injured mitochondria in OGD/R-insulted neurons cocultured with astrocytes. DCS and BtDCS prevented the reduction of the mitochondrial quality-control signalling, vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) and syntaxin-4 (STX4), in OGD/R-insulted neurons cocultured with astrocytes and the ischaemic brain respectively. Under the same experimental conditions, downregulation of SEPP1 blocked DCS- and BtDCS-induced upregulation of VAMP2 and STX4. Finally, we demonstrated that cathodal BtDCS increased Se to reduce infract volume following I/R. Together, the present study uncovered a molecular mechanism by which cathodal BtDCS confers neuroprotection through increasing SEPP1 in astrocytes and subsequent upregulation of SEPP1/VAMP2/STX4 signalling in ischaemic neurons after rat cerebral I/R injury. KEY POINTS: Cathodal bilateral transcranial direct-current stimulation (BtDCS) prevents the reduction of selenium (Se) and selenoprotein P in the ischaemic penumbra. Se plays a crucial role in cerebral ischaemia injury. Direct-current stimulation reduces mitochondria injury and blocks the reduction of vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) and syntaxin-4 (STX4) in oxygen-glucose deprivation reoxygenation-insulted neurons following coculturing with astrocytes. Cathodal BtDCS regulates Se/VAMP2/STX4 signalling to confer neuroprotection after ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenlong Ma
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjie Hu
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Shen
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingchen Gao
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Central Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Qingdao University, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Gui-Hong Intelligent Medical Technology Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
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16
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Zhou S, Liu C, Wang J, Ye J, Lian Q, Gan L, Deng S, Xu T, Guo Y, Li W, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Tang Y. CCL5 mediated astrocyte-T cell interaction disrupts blood-brain barrier in mice after hemorrhagic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:367-383. [PMID: 37974301 PMCID: PMC10870968 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231214838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between reactive astrocytes and infiltrated immune cells plays a critical role in maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. However, how astrocytes interact with immune cells and the effect of their interaction on BBB integrity after hemorrhagic stroke are still unclear. By performing RNA sequencing in astrocytes that were activated by interleukin-1α (IL-1α), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and complement component 1q (C1q) treatment, we found CCL5 was among the top upregulated genes. Immunostaining and western blot results demonstrated that CCL5 was increased in mice brain after hemorrhagic stroke. Flow cytometry showed that knockout of astrocytic CCL5 reduced the infiltration of CD8+ but not CD4+ T and myeloid cells into the brain (p < 0.05). In addition, knockout CCL5 in astrocytes increased tight junction-related proteins ZO-1 and Occludin expression; reduced Evans blue leakage, perforin and granzyme B expression; improved neurobehavioral outcomes in hemorrhagic stroke mice (p < 0.05), while transplantation of CD8+ T cells reversed these protective effects. Moreover, co-culture of CD8+ T cells with bEnd.3 cells induced the apoptosis of bEnd.3 cells, which was rescued by inhibiting perforin. In conclusion, our study suggests that CCL5 mediated crosstalk between astrocytes and CD8+ T cells represents an important therapeutic target for protecting BBB in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Zhou
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianyuan Lian
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyu Deng
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyan Guo
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanlu Li
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Lu W, Wen J. Crosstalk Among Glial Cells in the Blood-Brain Barrier Injury After Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03939-6. [PMID: 38279077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is comprised of brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs), astrocytes, perivascular microglia, pericytes, neuronal processes, and the basal lamina. As a complex and dynamic interface between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS), BBB is responsible for transporting nutrients essential for the normal metabolism of brain cells and hinders many toxic compounds entering into the CNS. The loss of BBB integrity following stroke induces tissue damage, inflammation, edema, and neural dysfunction. Thus, BBB disruption is an important pathophysiological process of acute ischemic stroke. Understanding the mechanism underlying BBB disruption can uncover more promising biological targets for developing treatments for ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke-induced activation of microglia and astrocytes leads to increased production of inflammatory mediators, containing chemokines, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), etc., which are important factors in the pathological process of BBB breakdown. In this review, we discussed the current knowledges about the vital and dual roles of astrocytes and microglia on the BBB breakdown during ischemic stroke. Specifically, we provided an updated overview of phenotypic transformation of microglia and astrocytes, as well as uncovered the crosstalk among astrocyte, microglia, and oligodendrocyte in the BBB disruption following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Medical Branch, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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18
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Yang J, Dong J, Li H, Gong Z, Wang B, Du K, Zhang C, Bi H, Wang J, Tian X, Chen L. Circular RNA HIPK2 Promotes A1 Astrocyte Activation after Spinal Cord Injury through Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Modulating miR-124-3p-Mediated Smad2 Repression. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:781-797. [PMID: 38222662 PMCID: PMC10785321 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Glial scarring formed by reactive astrocytes after spinal cord injury (SCI) is the primary obstacle to neuronal regeneration within the central nervous system, making them a promising target for SCI treatment. Our previous studies have demonstrated the positive impact of miR-124-3p on neuronal repair, but it remains unclear how miR-124-3p is involved in autophagy or ER stress in astrocyte activation. To answer this question, the expression of A1 astrocyte-related markers at the transcriptional and protein levels after SCI was checked in RNA-sequencing data and verified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting in vitro and in vivo. The potential interactions among circHIPK2, miR-124-3p, and Smad2 were analyzed and confirmed by bioinformatics analyses and a luciferase reporter assay. In the end, the role of miR-124-3p in autophagy, ER stress, and SCI was investigated by using Western blotting to measure key biomarkers (C3, LC3, and Chop) in the absence or presence of corresponding selective inhibitors (siRNA, 4-PBA, TG). As a result, SCI caused the increase of A1 astrocyte markers, in which the upregulated circHIPK2 directly targeted miR-124-3p, and the direct downregulating effect of Smad2 by miR-124-3p was abolished, while Agomir-124 treatment reversed this effect. Injury caused a significant change of markers for ER stress and autophagy through the circHIPK2/miR-124-3p/Smad2 pathway, which might activate the A1 phenotype, and ER stress might promote autophagy in astrocytes. In conclusion, circHIPK2 may play a functional role in sequestering miR-124-3p and facilitating the activation of A1 astrocytes through regulating Smad2-mediated downstream autophagy and ER stress pathways, providing a new perspective on potential targets for functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haotian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaili Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Hangchuan Bi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Junfei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinpeng Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Lingqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
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19
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Prescott K, Münch AE, Brahms E, Weigel MK, Inoue K, Buckwalter MS, Liddelow SA, Peterson TC. Blocking of microglia-astrocyte proinflammatory signaling is beneficial following stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1305949. [PMID: 38240014 PMCID: PMC10794541 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1305949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes play an important role in the neuroinflammatory response and contribute to both the destruction of neighboring tissue as well as the resolution of inflammation following stroke. These reactive glial cells are highly heterogeneous at both the transcriptomic and functional level. Depending upon the stimulus, microglia and astrocytes mount a complex, and specific response composed of distinct microglial and astrocyte substates. These substates ultimately drive the landscape of the initiation and recovery from the adverse stimulus. In one state, inflammation- and damage-induced microglia release tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1α (IL1α), and complement component 1q (C1q), together "TIC." This cocktail of cytokines drives astrocytes into a neurotoxic reactive astrocyte (nRA) substate. This nRA substate is associated with loss of many physiological astrocyte functions (e.g., synapse formation and maturation, phagocytosis, among others), as well as a gain-of-function release of neurotoxic long-chain fatty acids which kill neighboring cells. Here we report that transgenic removal of TIC led to reduction of gliosis, infarct expansion, and worsened functional deficits in the acute and delayed stages following stroke. Our results suggest that TIC cytokines, and likely nRAs play an important role that may maintain neuroinflammation and inhibit functional motor recovery after ischemic stroke. This is the first report that this paradigm is relevant in stroke and that therapies against nRAs may be a novel means to treat patients. Since nRAs are evolutionarily conserved from rodents to humans and present in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and injuries, further identification of mechanistic role of nRAs will lead to a better understanding of the neuroinflammatory response and the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Prescott
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Alexandra E. Münch
- Neuroscience Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Evan Brahms
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maya K. Weigel
- Neuroscience Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kenya Inoue
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Marion S. Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Shane A. Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Todd C. Peterson
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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20
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Chen P, Liu XY, Lin MH, Li YX, Kang DZ, Ye ZC, Lin QS. NeuroD1 administration ameliorated neuroinflammation and boosted neurogenesis in a mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:261. [PMID: 37953259 PMCID: PMC10641988 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes significant long-term neurocognitive dysfunction, which is associated with hippocampal neuroinflammation. Growing evidences have shown that astrocytes played a significant role in mediating neuroinflammation. Recently, in vivo reprogramming of astrocytes to neurons by NeuroD1 or PTBP1 administration has generated a lot of interests and controversies. While the debates centered on the source of neurogenesis, no attention has been paid to the changes of the astrocytes-mediated neuroinflammation and its impact on endogenous neurogenesis after NeuroD1 administration. METHODS 80 adult male C57BL/6 mice were used in this study. SAH was established by pre-chiasmatic injection of 100 μl blood. AAV-NeuroD1-GFP virus was injected to the hippocampus 3 day post-SAH. Neurocognitive function, brain water content, in vivo electrophysiology, Golgi staining, western blot and immunofluorescent staining were assessed at day 14 post-virus injection. RESULTS NeuroD1 administration markedly attenuated reactive astrocytes-mediated neuroinflammation by reversing neurotoxic A1 astrocytes transformation, decreasing the secretion of neuroinflammatory cytokines, and reducing the activation of harmful microglia. NeuroD1 treatment significantly reversed the brain-blood barrier impairment and promoted the release of neurotrophic factors pleiotrophin (PTN), all of which contributed to the improvement of cellular microenvironment and made it more suitable for neurogenesis. Interestingly, besides neurogenesis in the hippocampus from cells transfected with NeuroD1 at the early phase of SAH, NeuroD1 administration significantly boosted the endogenous neurogenesis at the late phase of SAH, which likely benefited from the improvement of the neuroinflammatory microenvironment. Functionally, NeuroD1 treatment significantly alleviated neurocognitive dysfunction impaired by SAH. CONCLUSIONS NeuroD1 significantly promoted neurofunctional recovery by attenuating reactive astrocytes-mediated neuroinflammation and boosting neurogenesis decimated by SAH. Specifically, NeuroD1 efficiently converted transfected cells, most likely astrocytes, to neurons at the early phase of SAH, suppressed astrocytes-mediated neuroinflammation and boosted endogenous neurogenesis at the late phase of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xue-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Mou-Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu-Xi Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - De-Zhi Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Rd, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Binhai Branch of National Regional Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350209, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Institutes of Brain Disorders and Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Zu-Cheng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Qing-Song Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Rd, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Binhai Branch of National Regional Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350209, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Provincial Institutes of Brain Disorders and Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
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21
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Hou W, Yao J, Liu J, Lin X, Wei J, Yin X, Huang H, Chen X, Yang G, He X. USP14 inhibition promotes recovery by protecting BBB integrity and attenuating neuroinflammation in MCAO mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3612-3623. [PMID: 37269080 PMCID: PMC10580339 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is one of the hallmarks of ischemic stroke. USP14 has been reported to play a detrimental role in ischemic brain injury. However, the role of USP14 in BBB dysfunction after ischemic stroke is unclear. METHODS In this study, we tested the role of USP14 in disrupting BBB integrity after ischemic stroke. The USP14-specific inhibitor IU1 was injected into middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice once a day. The Evans blue (EB) assay and IgG staining were used to assess BBB leakage 3 days after MCAO. FITC-detran test was slected to examine the BBB leakage in vitro. Behavior tests were conducted to evaluate recovery from ischemic stroke. RESULTS Middle cerebral artery occlusion increased endothelial cell USP14 expression in the brain. Furthermore, the EB assay and IgG staining showed that USP14 inhibition through IU1 injection protected against BBB leakage after MCAO. Analysis of protein expression revealed a reduction in the inflammatory response and chemokine release after IU1 treatment. In addition, IU1 treatment was found to rescue neuronal loss resulting from ischemic stroke. Behavior tests showed a positive effect of IU1 in attenuating brain injury and improving motor function recovery. In vitro study showed that IU1 treatment could alleviate endothelial cell leakage induced by OGD in cultured bend.3 cells through modulating ZO-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a role for USP14 in disrupting the integrity of the BBB and promoting neuroinflammation after MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Hou
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityQingyuan People's HospitalQianyuanChina
| | - Jianping Yao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical ScienceGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Junjie Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical ScienceGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaohong Lin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical ScienceGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - JueXian Wei
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaofan Yin
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hongbiao Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guo‐Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaosong He
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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22
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Gao HM, Chen H, Cui GY, Hu JX. Damage mechanism and therapy progress of the blood-brain barrier after ischemic stroke. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:196. [PMID: 37915036 PMCID: PMC10619327 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a defensive line protecting the central nervous system, while also maintaining micro-environment homeostasis and inhibiting harmful materials from the peripheral blood. However, the BBB's unique physiological functions and properties make drug delivery challenging for patients with central nervous system diseases. In this article, we briefly describe the cell structure basis and mechanism of action of the BBB, as well as related functional proteins involved. Additionally, we discuss the various mechanisms of BBB damage following the onset of an ischemic stroke, and lastly, we mention several therapeutic strategies accounting for impairment mechanisms. We hope to provide innovative ideas for drug delivery research via the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Gao
- Institute of Stroke Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gui-Yun Cui
- Institute of Stroke Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Xia Hu
- Institute of Stroke Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
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23
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Prescott K, Münch AE, Brahms E, Weigel MM, Inoue K, Buckwalter MS, Liddelow SA, Peterson TC. Blocking Formation of Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes is Beneficial Following Stroke. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.11.561918. [PMID: 37905154 PMCID: PMC10614742 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.11.561918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes play an important role in the neuroinflammatory response and contribute to both the destruction of neighboring tissue as well as the resolution of inflammation following stroke. These reactive glial cells are highly heterogeneous at both the transcriptomic and functional level. Depending upon the stimulus, microglia and astrocytes mount a complex, and specific response composed of distinct microglial and astrocyte substates. These substates ultimately drive the landscape of the initiation and recovery from the adverse stimulus. In one state, inflammation- and damage-induced microglia release tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1α (IL1α), and complement component 1q (C1q), together 'TIC'. This cocktail of cytokines drives astrocytes into a neurotoxic reactive astrocyte (nRA) substate. This nRA substate is associated with loss of many physiological astrocyte functions (e.g., synapse formation and maturation, phagocytosis, among others), as well as a gain-of-function release of neurotoxic long-chain fatty acids which kill neighboring cells. Here we report that transgenic removal of TIC led to reduction of gliosis, infarct expansion, and worsened functional deficits in the acute and delayed stages following stroke. Our results suggest that TIC cytokines, and likely nRAs play an important role that may maintain neuroinflammation and inhibit functional motor recovery after ischemic stroke. This is the first report that this paradigm is relevant in stroke and that therapies against nRAs may be a novel means to treat patients. Since nRAs are evolutionarily conserved from rodents to humans and present in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and injuries, further identification of mechanistic role of nRAs will lead to a better understanding of the neuroinflammatory response and the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Prescott
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 28428
| | | | - Evan Brahms
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, 94305
| | | | - Kenya Inoue
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 28428
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, 94305
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, 94305
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 10016
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 10016
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 10016
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 10016
| | - Todd C Peterson
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 28428
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, 94305
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24
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Wang Y, Liu W, Geng P, Du W, Guo C, Wang Q, Zheng GQ, Jin X. Role of Crosstalk between Glial Cells and Immune Cells in Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Protection after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1010. [PMID: 37962453 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage is the main pathological basis for acute ischemic stroke (AIS)-induced cerebral vasogenic edema and hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)/oligodendrocytes (OLs) play critical roles in BBB damage and protection. Recent evidence indicates that immune cells also have an important role in BBB damage, vasogenic edema and HT. Therefore, regulating the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells would hold the promise to alleviate AIS-induced BBB damage. In this review, we first introduce the roles of glia cells, pericytes, and crosstalk between glial cells in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS, emphasizing the polarization, inflammatory response and crosstalk between microglia, astrocytes, and other glia cells. We then describe the role of glial cell-derived exosomes in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS. Next, we specifically discuss the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells after AIS. Finally, we propose that glial cells could be a potential target for alleviating BBB damage after AIS and we discuss some molecular targets and potential strategies to alleviate BBB damage by regulating glial cells after AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wencao Liu
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Panpan Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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25
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Suo Q, Deng L, Chen T, Wu S, Qi L, Liu Z, He T, Tian HL, Li W, Tang Y, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Optogenetic Activation of Astrocytes Reduces Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption via IL-10 In Stroke. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1870-1886. [PMID: 37196130 PMCID: PMC10529757 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has been used to regulate astrocyte activity and modulate neuronal function after brain injury. Activated astrocytes regulate blood-brain barrier functions and are thereby involved in brain repair. However, the effect and molecular mechanism of optogenetic-activated astrocytes on the change in barrier function in ischemic stroke remain obscure. In this study, adult male GFAP-ChR2-EYFP transgenic Sprague-Dawley rats were stimulated by optogenetics at 24, 36, 48, and 60 h after photothrombotic stroke to activate ipsilateral cortical astrocytes. The effects of activated astrocytes on barrier integrity and the underlying mechanisms were explored using immunostaining, western blotting, RT-qPCR, and shRNA interference. Neurobehavioral tests were performed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. The results demonstrated that IgG leakage, gap formation of tight junction proteins, and matrix metallopeptidase 2 expression were reduced after optogenetic activation of astrocytes (p<0.05). Moreover, photo-stimulation of astrocytes protected neurons against apoptosis and improved neurobehavioral outcomes in stroke rats compared to controls (p<0.05). Notably, interleukin-10 expression in optogenetic-activated astrocytes significantly increased after ischemic stroke in rats. Inhibition of interleukin-10 in astrocytes compromised the protective effects of optogenetic-activated astrocytes (p<0.05). We found for the first time that interleukin-10 derived from optogenetic-activated astrocytes protected blood-brain barrier integrity by decreasing the activity of matrix metallopeptidase 2 and attenuated neuronal apoptosis, which provided a novel therapeutic approach and target in the acute stage of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Suo
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lidong Deng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tingting Chen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengju Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Qi
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ze Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng-Li Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wanlu Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Song Y, Shi R, Liu Y, Cui F, Han L, Wang C, Chen T, Li Z, Zhang Z, Tang Y, Yang GY, Guan Y. M2 Microglia Extracellular Vesicle miR-124 Regulates Neural Stem Cell Differentiation in Ischemic Stroke via AAK1/NOTCH. Stroke 2023; 54:2629-2639. [PMID: 37586072 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.041611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from M2 microglia (M2-microglia-derived small extracellular vesicles [M2-sEVs]) contribute to central nervous system repair, although the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify the mechanism through which microRNA-124 (miR-124) carried in sEVs promotes neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the ischemic mouse brain. METHODS M2-sEVs with or without miR-124 knockdown were injected intravenously for 7 consecutive days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery. The atrophy volume, neurological score, and degree of neurogenesis were examined at different time points after ischemic attack. NSCs treated with different sEVs were subjected to proteomic analysis. Target protein concentrations were quantified, and subsequent bioinformatic analysis was conducted to explore the key signaling pathways. RESULTS M2-sEV transplantation promoted functional neurological recovery following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion injury. M2-sEV treatment decreased the brain atrophy volume, neurological score, and mortality rate. The effect was reserved by knockdown of miR-124 in M2-sEVs. M2-sEVs promoted proliferation and differentiation of mature neuronal NSCs in vivo. Proteomic analysis of NSC samples treated with M2-sEVs with and without miR-124 knockdown revealed that AAK1 (adaptor-associated protein kinase 1) was the key responding protein in NSCs. The binding of AAK1 to Notch promoted the differentiation of NSCs into neurons rather than astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that AAK1/Notch is the key pathway in NSCs that responds to the miR-124 carried within M2-sEVs in the ischemic brain. M2-sEVs carrying ample quantities of miR-124 promote functional recovery after ischemic stroke by enhancing NSC proliferation and differentiation. Targeting of M2-sEVs could represent a potential therapeutic strategy for brain recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaying Song
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.S., L.H., Y.G.)
| | - Rubing Shi
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (R.S., F.C., T.C., Z.L., Z.Z., Y.T., G.-Y.Y.)
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China (Y.L.)
| | - Fengzhen Cui
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (R.S., F.C., T.C., Z.L., Z.Z., Y.T., G.-Y.Y.)
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.S., L.H., Y.G.)
| | - Chuandong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), China (C.W.)
| | - Tingting Chen
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (R.S., F.C., T.C., Z.L., Z.Z., Y.T., G.-Y.Y.)
| | - Zongwei Li
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (R.S., F.C., T.C., Z.L., Z.Z., Y.T., G.-Y.Y.)
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (R.S., F.C., T.C., Z.L., Z.Z., Y.T., G.-Y.Y.)
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (R.S., F.C., T.C., Z.L., Z.Z., Y.T., G.-Y.Y.)
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (R.S., F.C., T.C., Z.L., Z.Z., Y.T., G.-Y.Y.)
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.S., L.H., Y.G.)
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Yao ZM, Sun XR, Huang J, Chen L, Dong SY. Astrocyte-Neuronal Communication and Its Role in Stroke. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2996-3006. [PMID: 37329448 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system. These cells are an important hub for intercellular communication. They participate in various pathophysiological processes, including synaptogenesis, metabolic transformation, scar production, and blood-brain barrier repair. The mechanisms and functional consequences of astrocyte-neuron signaling are more complex than previously thought. Stroke is a disease associated with neurons in which astrocytes also play an important role. Astrocytes respond to the alterations in the brain microenvironment after stroke, providing required substances to neurons. However, they can also have harmful effects. In this review, we have summarized the function of astrocytes, their association with neurons, and two paradigms of the inflammatory response, which suggest that targeting astrocytes may be an effective strategy for treating stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Meng Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shu-Ying Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
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Hung YW, Lu GL, Chen HH, Tung HH, Lee SL. Gliptins normalize posttraumatic hippocampal neurogenesis and restore cognitive function after controlled cortical impact on sensorimotor cortex. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115270. [PMID: 37544280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to long-term neurocognitive dysfunctions. Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) serves critical functions in cognition but can be disrupted by brain injury and insult in serval forms. In the present study, we explore the cellular and molecular targets of DPP-4 inhibitors (or gliptins) as related to hippocampal function and TBI cognitive sequelae. Two structurally different gliptins, sitagliptin and vildagliptin, were examined using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of moderate TBI in mice. Sensorimotor CCI, although distal from the hippocampus, impaired hippocampal-dependent cognition without obvious hippocampal tissue destruction. Neurogenic cell proliferation in the DG was increased accompanied by large numbers of reactive astrocyte. Increased numbers of immature granule cells with abnormal dendritic outgrowth were ectopically localized in the outer granule cell layer (GCL) and hilus. Long-term potentiation of dentate immature granule cells was also impaired. Both sitagliptin and vildagliptin attenuated the CCI-induced ectopic migration of doublecortin-positive immature neurons into the outer GCL and hilus, restored the normal dendritic branching pattern of the immature neurons and prevented astrocyte reactivation. Both gliptins prevented loss of normal synaptic integration in the DG after sensorimotor CCI and improved cognitive behavior. Sensorimotor cortical injury thus results in an abnormal neurogenesis pattern and astrocyte reactivation in the distal hippocampus which appears to contribute to the development of cognitive dysfunction after TBI. DPP-4 inhibitors prevent astrocyte reactivation, normalize the posttraumatic hippocampal neurogenesis and help to maintain normal electrophysiology in the DG with positive behavioral effect in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Hung
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Guan-Ling Lu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Maioli County, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hwei-Hsien Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Maioli County, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiu-Hui Tung
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sheau-Ling Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, Taiwan, R.O.C; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C; Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Zeng M, Peng M, Liang J, Sun H. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03512-7. [PMID: 37498481 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has proved that alterations in the gut microbiota have been linked to neurological disorders including stroke. Structural and functional disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is observed after stroke. In this context, there is pioneering evidence supporting that gut microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of stroke by regulating the BBB function. However, only a few experimental studies have been performed on stroke models to observe the BBB by altering the structure of gut microbiota, which warrant further exploration. Therefore, in order to provide a novel mechanism for stroke and highlight new insights into BBB modification as a stroke intervention, this review summarizes existing evidence of the relationship between gut microbiota and BBB integrity and discusses the mechanisms of gut microbiota on BBB dysfunction and its role in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Zeng
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, China
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Meichang Peng
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, China
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Jianhao Liang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, China
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, China.
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Centre for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Abstract
Astrocyte endfeet enwrap the entire vascular tree within the central nervous system, where they perform important functions in regulating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), cerebral blood flow, nutrient uptake, and waste clearance. Accordingly, astrocyte endfeet contain specialized organelles and proteins, including local protein translation machinery and highly organized scaffold proteins, which anchor channels, transporters, receptors, and enzymes critical for astrocyte-vascular interactions. Many neurological diseases are characterized by the loss of polarization of specific endfoot proteins, vascular dysregulation, BBB disruption, altered waste clearance, or, in extreme cases, loss of endfoot coverage. A role for astrocyte endfeet has been demonstrated or postulated in many of these conditions. This review provides an overview of the development, composition, function, and pathological changes of astrocyte endfeet and highlights the gaps in our knowledge that future research should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Díaz-Castro
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK;
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA;
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;
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31
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Pang QM, Zhang Q, Wu XC, Yang RL, Fu SP, Fan ZH, Liu J, Yu LM, Peng JC, Zhang T. Mechanism of M2 macrophages modulating astrocyte polarization through the TGF-β/PI3K/Akt pathway. Immunol Lett 2023; 259:1-8. [PMID: 37244460 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that activated astrocytes (AS) are divided into two distinct types, termed A1 and A2. A2 astrocytes are neuroprotective and promote tissue repair and regeneration following spinal cord injury. Whereas, the specific mechanism for the formation of the A2 phenotype remains unclear. This study focused on the PI3K/Akt pathway and examined whether TGF-β secreted by M2 macrophages could mediate A2 polarization by activating this pathway. In this study, we revealed that both M2 macrophages and their conditioned medium (M2-CM) could facilitate the secretion of IL-10, IL-13 and TGF-β from AS, and this effect was significantly reversed after the administration of SB431542 (a TGF-β receptor inhibitor) or LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor). Moreover, immunofluorescence results demonstrated that TGF-β secreted by M2 macrophages could facilitate the expression of A2 biomarker S100A10 in AS; combined with the results of western blot, it was found that this effect was closely related to the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway in AS. In conclusion, TGF-β secreted by M2 macrophages may induce the conversion of AS to the A2 phenotype through the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Pang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiang-Chong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Sheng-Ping Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhen-Hai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Li-Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jia-Chen Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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32
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Xingi E, Koutsoudaki PN, Thanou I, Phan MS, Margariti M, Scheller A, Tinevez JY, Kirchhoff F, Thomaidou D. LPS-Induced Systemic Inflammation Affects the Dynamic Interactions of Astrocytes and Microglia with the Vasculature of the Mouse Brain Cortex. Cells 2023; 12:1418. [PMID: 37408252 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Neurovascular Unit (NVU), composed of glia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia), neurons, pericytes and endothelial cells, is a dynamic interface ensuring the physiological functioning of the central nervous system (CNS), which gets affected and contributes to the pathology of several neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases and is primarily related to the activation state of perivascular microglia and astrocytes, which constitute two of its major cellular components. Our studies focus on monitoring in real time the morphological changes of perivascular astrocytes and microglia, as well as their dynamic interactions with the brain vasculature, under physiological conditions and following systemic neuroinflammation triggering both microgliosis and astrogliosis. To this end, we performed 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) for intravital imaging of the cortex of transgenic mice visualizing the dynamics of microglia and astroglia following neuroinflammation induced by systemic administration of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results indicate that following neuroinflammation the endfeet of activated perivascular astrocytes lose their close proximity and physiological cross-talk with vasculature, an event that most possibly contributes to a loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. At the same time, microglial cells become activated and exhibit a higher extent of physical contact with the blood vessels. These dynamic responses of perivascular astrocytes and microglia are peaking at 4 days following LPS administration; however, they still persist at a lower level at 8 days after LPS injection, revealing incomplete reversal of inflammation affecting the glial properties and interactions within the NVU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Xingi
- Light Microscopy Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi N Koutsoudaki
- Neural Stem Cells and Neuroimaging Group, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Irini Thanou
- Neural Stem Cells and Neuroimaging Group, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Minh-Son Phan
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Image Analysis Hub, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Maria Margariti
- Neural Stem Cells and Neuroimaging Group, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Image Analysis Hub, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Dimitra Thomaidou
- Light Microscopy Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Neural Stem Cells and Neuroimaging Group, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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Dergunova LV, Filippenkov IB, Limborska SA, Myasoedov NF. Neuroprotective Peptides and New Strategies for Ischemic Stroke Drug Discoveries. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050953. [PMID: 37239313 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke continues to be one of the leading causes of death and disability in the adult population worldwide. The currently used pharmacological methods for the treatment of ischemic stroke are not effective enough and require the search for new tools and approaches to identify therapeutic targets and potential neuroprotectors. Today, in the development of neuroprotective drugs for the treatment of stroke, special attention is paid to peptides. Namely, peptide action is aimed at blocking the cascade of pathological processes caused by a decrease in blood flow to the brain tissues. Different groups of peptides have therapeutic potential in ischemia. Among them are small interfering peptides that block protein-protein interactions, cationic arginine-rich peptides with a combination of various neuroprotective properties, shuttle peptides that ensure the permeability of neuroprotectors through the blood-brain barrier, and synthetic peptides that mimic natural regulatory peptides and hormones. In this review, we consider the latest achievements and trends in the development of new biologically active peptides, as well as the role of transcriptomic analysis in identifying the molecular mechanisms of action of potential drugs aimed at the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V Dergunova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan B Filippenkov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Limborska
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay F Myasoedov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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Sepehrinezhad A, Stolze Larsen F, Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Shahbazi A, Sahab Negah S. The Glymphatic System May Play a Vital Role in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070979. [PMID: 37048052 PMCID: PMC10093707 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication of liver disease resulting in cognitive, psychiatric, and motor symptoms. Although hyperammonemia is a key factor in the pathogenesis of HE, several other factors have recently been discovered. Among these, the impairment of a highly organized perivascular network known as the glymphatic pathway seems to be involved in the progression of some neurological complications due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins and waste substances in the brain interstitial fluids (ISF). The glymphatic system plays an important role in the clearance of brain metabolic derivatives and prevents aggregation of neurotoxic agents in the brain ISF. Impairment of it will result in aggravated accumulation of neurotoxic agents in the brain ISF. This could also be the case in patients with liver failure complicated by HE. Indeed, accumulation of some metabolic by-products and agents such as ammonia, glutamine, glutamate, and aromatic amino acids has been reported in the human brain ISF using microdialysis technique is attributed to worsening of HE and correlates with brain edema. Furthermore, it has been reported that the glymphatic system is impaired in the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus in an experimental model of HE. In this review, we discuss different factors that may affect the function of the glymphatic pathways and how these changes may be involved in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepehrinezhad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
| | - Fin Stolze Larsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 999017 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
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Valenzuela-Arzeta IE, Soto-Rojas LO, Flores-Martinez YM, Delgado-Minjares KM, Gatica-Garcia B, Mascotte-Cruz JU, Nava P, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Reyes-Corona D, Martínez-Dávila IA, Gutierrez-Castillo ME, Espadas-Alvarez AJ, Orozco-Barrios CE, Martinez-Fong D. LPS Triggers Acute Neuroinflammation and Parkinsonism Involving NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway and Mitochondrial CI Dysfunction in the Rat. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054628. [PMID: 36902058 PMCID: PMC10003606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether neuroinflammation leads to dopaminergic nigrostriatal system neurodegeneration is controversial. We addressed this issue by inducing acute neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra (SN) with a single local administration (5 µg/2 µL saline solution) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neuroinflammatory variables were assessed from 48 h to 30 days after the injury by immunostaining for activated microglia (Iba-1 +), neurotoxic A1 astrocytes (C3 + and GFAP +), and active caspase-1. We also evaluated NLRP3 activation and Il-1β levels by western blot and mitochondrial complex I (CI) activity. Fever and sickness behavior was assessed for 24 h, and motor behavior deficits were followed up until day 30. On this day, we evaluated the cellular senescence marker β-galactosidase (β-Gal) in the SN and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the SN and striatum. After LPS injection, Iba-1 (+), C3 (+), and S100A10 (+) cells were maximally present at 48 h and reached basal levels on day 30. NLRP3 activation occurred at 24 h and was followed by a rise of active caspase-1 (+), Il-1β, and decreased mitochondrial CI activity until 48 h. A significant loss of nigral TH (+) cells and striatal terminals was associated with motor deficits on day 30. The remaining TH (+) cells were β-Gal (+), suggesting senescent dopaminergic neurons. All the histopathological changes also appeared on the contralateral side. Our results show that unilaterally LPS-induced neuroinflammation can cause bilateral neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and are relevant for understanding Parkinson's disease (PD) neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irais E. Valenzuela-Arzeta
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico
| | - Yazmin M. Flores-Martinez
- Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico
| | - Karen M. Delgado-Minjares
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico
| | - Bismark Gatica-Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Nanoparticle Therapy Institute, Aguascalientes 20120, Mexico
| | - Juan U. Mascotte-Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - David Reyes-Corona
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Nanoparticle Therapy Institute, Aguascalientes 20120, Mexico
| | - Irma A. Martínez-Dávila
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - M. E. Gutierrez-Castillo
- Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios Sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - Armando J. Espadas-Alvarez
- Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios Sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - Carlos E. Orozco-Barrios
- Conacyt-Unidad de Investigaciones Médicas en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Nanoparticle Therapy Institute, Aguascalientes 20120, Mexico
- Programa de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, CINVESTAV, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-5557473959
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Feng Y, Yang L, Ma X, Huang Z, Zong X, Citadin CT, Lin HW, Zhang Q. Photobiomodulation treatment inhibits neurotoxic astrocytic polarization and protects neurons in in vitro and in vivo stroke models. Neurochem Int 2023; 162:105464. [PMID: 36539162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on function recovery after stroke have been well-established, while its molecular and cellular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of PBM on synaptic proteins and astrocyte polarization of photothrombotic (PT)-stroke induced rats in vivo, and explore the possible effect of PBM treatment on oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced neurotoxic astrocytic polarization in vitro. We reported that 2-min PBM treatment (808 nm) for 7 days significantly increased synaptic proteins and neuroprotective astrocytic marker S100 Calcium Binding Protein A10 (S100A10) and inhibited neurotoxic astrocytic marker C3d in the peri-infarct region after ischemic stroke. Cell culture studies of primary cortical neurons and N2a cells showed that single-dose PBM treatment could increase cellular viability, regulate the apoptotic proteins (Caspase 9, Bcl-xL and BAX) and preserve synaptic proteins following OGD exposure. Additionly, PBM decreased the levels of C3d, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) on astrocytes exposed to OGD. In summary, we demonstrated that PBM could inhibit neurotoxic astrocytic polarization, preserve synaptic integrity and protect neurons against stroke injury both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 1501 Kings Highway, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Luodan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 1501 Kings Highway, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 1501 Kings Highway, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Zhihai Huang
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 1501 Kings Highway, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Xuemei Zong
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 1501 Kings Highway, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Cristiane Teresinha Citadin
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 1501 Kings Highway, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Cellular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 1501 Kings Highway, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Hung Wen Lin
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 1501 Kings Highway, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 1501 Kings Highway, LA, 71103, USA.
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She N, Shi Y, Feng Y, Ma L, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Cao Z, Chen X, Zhao B, Liu H, Ren X. NLRP3 inflammasome regulates astrocyte transformation in brain injury induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:70. [PMID: 36437451 PMCID: PMC9703760 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is mainly characterized by sleep fragmentation and chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), the latter one being associated with multiple organ injury. Recently, OSA-induced cognition dysfunction has received extensive attention from scholars. Astrocytes are essential in neurocognitive deficits via A1/A2 phenotypic changes. Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is considered the most important factor inducing and maintaining neuroinflammation. However, whether the NLRP3 regulates the A1/A2 transformation of astrocytes in CIH-related brain injury remains unclear. METHODS We constructed an OSA-related CIH animal model and assessed the rats' learning ability in the Morris water maze; the histopathological assessment was performed by HE and Nissl staining. The expression of GFAP (astrocyte marker), C3d (A1-type astrocyte marker), and S100a10 (A2-type astrocyte marker) were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to evaluate the changes of A1/A2 astrocyte-related protein and NLRP3/Caspase-1/ASC/IL-1β. RESULTS The learning ability of rats decreased under CIH. Further pathological examination revealed that the neurocyte in the hippocampus were damaged. The cell nuclei were fragmented and dissolved, and Nissl bodies were reduced. Immunohistochemistry showed that astrocytes were activated, and morphology and number of astrocytes changed. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting and RT-qPCR showed that the expression of C3d was increased while S100a10 was decreased. Also, the expression of the inflammasome (NLRP3/Caspase-1/ASC/IL-1β) was increased. After treatment of MCC950 (a small molecule inhibitor of NLRP3), the damage of nerve cells was alleviated, the Nissl bodies increased, the activation of astrocytes was reduced, and the expression of A2-type astrocytes was increased. In contrast, A1-type astrocytes decreased, and the expression of inflammasome NLRP3/Caspase-1/ASC/IL-1β pathway-related proteins decreased. CONCLUSION The NLRP3 inflammasome could regulate the A1/A2 transformation of astrocytes in brain injury induced by CIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning She
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yewen Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yani Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Yuan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitong Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zine Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyong Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Hwang Y, Kim HC, Shin EJ. Effect of rottlerin on astrocyte phenotype polarization after trimethyltin insult in the dentate gyrus of mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:142. [PMID: 35690821 PMCID: PMC9188234 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that reactive astrocytes can be polarized into pro-inflammatory A1 phenotype or anti-inflammatory A2 phenotype under neurotoxic and neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia have been suggested to play a critical role in astrocyte phenotype polarization by releasing pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. In this study, we examined whether trimethyltin (TMT) insult can induce astrocyte polarization in the dentate gyrus of mice, and whether protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) plays a role in TMT-induced astrocyte phenotype polarization. METHODS Male C57BL/6 N mice received TMT (2.6 mg/kg, i.p.), and temporal changes in the mRNA expression of A1 and A2 phenotype markers were evaluated in the hippocampus. In addition, temporal and spatial changes in the protein expression of C3, S100A10, Iba-1, and p-PKCδ were examined in the dentate gyrus. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, i.p. × 5 at 12-h intervals) was administered 3-5 days after TMT treatment, and the expression of A1 and A2 transcripts, p-PKCδ, Iba-1, C3, S100A10, and C1q was evaluated 6 days after TMT treatment. RESULTS TMT treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of A1 and A2 phenotype markers, and the increased expression of A1 markers remained longer than that of A2 markers. The immunoreactivity of the representative A1 phenotype marker, C3 and A2 phenotype marker, S100A10 peaked 6 days after TMT insult in the dentate gyrus. While C3 was expressed evenly throughout the dentate gyrus, S100A10 was highly expressed in the hilus and inner molecular layer. In addition, TMT insult induced microglial p-PKCδ expression. Treatment with rottlerin, a PKCδ inhibitor, decreased Iba-1 and C3 expression, but did not affect S100A10 expression, suggesting that PKCδ inhibition attenuates microglial activation and A1 astrocyte phenotype polarization. Consistently, rottlerin significantly reduced the expression of C1q and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), which has been suggested to be released by activated microglia and induce A1 astrocyte polarization. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the temporal and spatial profiles of astrocyte polarization after TMT insult in the dentate gyrus of mice. Taken together, our results suggest that PKCδ plays a role in inducing A1 astrocyte polarization by promoting microglial activation and consequently increasing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators after TMT insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonggwang Hwang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Li L, Zhou J, Han L, Wu X, Shi Y, Cui W, Zhang S, Hu Q, Wang J, Bai H, Liu H, Guo W, Feng D, Qu Y. The Specific Role of Reactive Astrocytes in Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:850866. [PMID: 35321205 PMCID: PMC8934938 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.850866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential in maintaining normal brain functions such as blood brain barrier (BBB) homeostasis and synapse formation as the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). After the stroke, astrocytes are known as reactive astrocytes (RAs) because they are stimulated by various damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and cytokines, resulting in significant changes in their reactivity, gene expression, and functional characteristics. RAs perform multiple functions after stroke. The inflammatory response of RAs may aggravate neuro-inflammation and release toxic factors to exert neurological damage. However, RAs also reduce excitotoxicity and release neurotrophies to promote neuroprotection. Furthermore, RAs contribute to angiogenesis and axonal remodeling to promote neurological recovery. Therefore, RAs’ biphasic roles and mechanisms make them an effective target for functional recovery after the stroke. In this review, we summarized the dynamic functional changes and internal molecular mechanisms of RAs, as well as their therapeutic potential and strategies, in order to comprehensively understand the role of RAs in the outcome of stroke disease and provide a new direction for the clinical treatment of stroke.
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Deng S, Gan L, Liu C, Xu T, Zhou S, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Tian H, Tang Y. Roles of Ependymal Cells in the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System. Aging Dis 2022; 14:468-483. [PMID: 37008045 PMCID: PMC10017161 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells are indispensable components of the central nervous system (CNS). They originate from neuroepithelial cells of the neural plate and show heterogeneity, with at least three types that are localized in different locations of the CNS. As glial cells in the CNS, accumulating evidence demonstrates that ependymal cells play key roles in mammalian CNS development and normal physiological processes by controlling the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain metabolism, and waste clearance. Ependymal cells have been attached to great importance by neuroscientists because of their potential to participate in CNS disease progression. Recent studies have demonstrated that ependymal cells participate in the development and progression of various neurological diseases, such as spinal cord injury and hydrocephalus, raising the possibility that they may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the disease. This review focuses on the function of ependymal cells in the developmental CNS as well as in the CNS after injury and discusses the underlying mechanisms of controlling the functions of ependymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yaohui Tang
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Yaohui Tang, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .
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