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Xu C, Zhang T, Zhu B, Cao Z. Diagnostic role of postmortem CK-MB in cardiac death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2020; 16:287-294. [PMID: 32193705 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-020-00232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical analysis of creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), which is a biomarker of myocardial damage, is used as a potential adjunct test in clinical and forensic medicine. However, there is no previous meta-analysis that summarizes the diagnostic value of postmortem biochemical analysis of CK-MB in cardiac death. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of postmortem CK-MB in cardiac death for forensic work. Six online databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), and Wanfang Data, were used to search for related studies. The quality of the included literature was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). The meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager version 5.3 software to investigate the diagnostic role of postmortem CK-MB in cardiac death, especially in myocardial infarction. Sixteen pieces of related literature were identified, all of which were considered high quality. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that the postmortem CK-MB level in the pericardial fluid was significantly higher in the cardiac death group with a standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.09~1.17, p = 0.02. This was also the result in the myocardial infarction group (SMD = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.10~1.56, p = 0.03). No significant difference in CK-MB was found in serum for cardiac death (SMD = -0.31, 95% CI = -0.85~0.24, p = 0.27) or myocardial infarction (SMD = -0.10, 95% CI = -0.69~0.49, p = 0.74). The postmortem biochemical analysis of CK-MB in the pericardial fluid can be used as an auxiliary method in the postmortem diagnosis of cardiac death, along with autopsy and histological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyang Xu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Road, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhipeng Cao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
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Câmara N, Sierra E, Fernández A, Suárez-Santana CM, Puig-Lozano R, Arbelo M, Herráez P. Skeletal and Cardiac Rhabdomyolysis in a Live-Stranded Neonatal Bryde's Whale With Fetal Distress. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:476. [PMID: 31921928 PMCID: PMC6933440 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of wildlife forensic investigation is to recognize pathologic changes and cause of death. Even though it may not always be possible to determine the specific illness and/or etiology, the description and subsequent interpretation of the injuries provide an invaluable understanding of pathology in cetacean post-mortem investigations. Although pathological studies have been previously reported in various cetacean species, such descriptions of the infraorder Mysticeti remain rare. A live-stranded neonatal Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) which subsequently died soon after the stranding, was assessed by physical exam, blood examination, gross necropsy evaluation, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. It presented with elevated serum levels of creatine kinase, cardiac troponin I, urea, and creatinine. Microscopically, we observed keratin spicules (squamous epithelial cells) and areas of atelectasis in the lungs. Acute degeneration in the myocytes and cardiomyocytes were comparable to the findings previously described in cases of capture myopathy in live-stranded cetaceans. Immunohistochemistry biomarkers such as myoglobin, fibrinogen, and troponin were analyzed. Skeletal and myocardial damage has been documented in several cetacean species. However, this is the first reported case of skeletal and cardiac rhabdomyolysis associated with live-stranding in a newborn Bryde's whale that suffered from fetal distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakita Câmara
- Department of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Eva Sierra
- Department of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Department of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Cristian Manuel Suárez-Santana
- Department of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Raquel Puig-Lozano
- Department of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Manuel Arbelo
- Department of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Pedro Herráez
- Department of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Bañón R, Hernández-Romero D, Navarro E, Pérez-Cárceles MD, Noguera-Velasco JA, Osuna E. Combined determination of B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity troponin I in the postmortem diagnosis of cardiac disease. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2019; 15:528-535. [PMID: 31471870 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-019-00150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac disease is the most common cause of sudden death in Western countries. It is known that high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-cTnI), widely used for detection of myocardial injury, is a sensitive biochemical marker. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a reliable tool for diagnosing heart failure, and for establishing prognosis or disease severity. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the postmortem determination of BNP in serum alone or in addition to other biomarkers, such as hs-cTnI and MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB), to ascertain whether its determination improves the post-mortem diagnosis of heart failure-associated causes of death. This study involved 133 cadavers with a mean age of 58.2 (± 17.6) years and a mean postmortem interval of 12.8 (±6.6) h. Cases were assigned into two diagnostic groups, according to the cause of death: cardiac deaths (N = 62) and control (N = 71). In the cardiac group, two categories were established according to morphological features of the heart: 'ischemic deaths' (N = 39), and 'congestive heart' (n = 23). Both hs-cTnI and BNP were useful in diagnosing cardiac deaths, whereas CK-MB did not have any diagnostic relevance. hs-cTnI is higher in cases which acute ischemia as the principal pathology, while the presence of high BNP values is significantly related with chronic cardiac situations with significant ventricular overload. Our findings show that postmortem determination of hs-cTnI and BNP provides valuable information; hs-cTnI is useful for diagnosis of cardiac deaths, mainly with ischemic implications, and BNP gave better results for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Hernández-Romero
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), Regional Campus of International Excellence ''Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | - MarĂa Dolores PĂ©rez-Cárceles
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), Regional Campus of International Excellence ''Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Osuna
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), Regional Campus of International Excellence ''Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Diagnostic Roles of Postmortem cTn I and cTn T in Cardiac Death with Special Regard to Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133351. [PMID: 31288395 PMCID: PMC6651768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiac troponin I (cTn I) and cardiac troponin T (cTn T) are currently widely used as diagnostic biomarkers for myocardial injury caused by ischemic heart diseases in clinical and forensic medicine. However, no previous meta-analysis has summarized the diagnostic roles of postmortem cTn I and cTn T. The aim of the present study was to meta-analyze the diagnostic roles of postmortem cTn I and cTn T for cardiac death in forensic medicine, present a systematic review of the previous literature, and determine the postmortem cut-off values of cTn I and cTn T. Methods: We searched multiple databases for the related literature, performed a meta-analysis to investigate the diagnostic roles of postmortem cardiac troponins, and analyzed the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to determine their postmortem cut-off values. Results and Conclusions: The present meta-analysis demonstrated that postmortem cTn I and cTn T levels were increased in pericardial fluid and serum in cardiac death, especially in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We determined the postmortem cut-off value of cTn I in the pericardial fluid at 86.2 ng/mL, cTn I in serum at 9.5 ng/mL, and cTn T in serum at 8.025 ng/mL.
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Borovkova M, Trifonyuk L, Ushenko V, Dubolazov O, Vanchulyak O, Bodnar G, Ushenko Y, Olar O, Ushenko O, Sakhnovskiy M, Bykov A, Meglinski I. Mueller-matrix-based polarization imaging and quantitative assessment of optically anisotropic polycrystalline networks. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214494. [PMID: 31095594 PMCID: PMC6522018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a Mueller-matrix imaging polarization-based approach for the quantitative digital screening of the polycrystalline structure of fibrillary-based biological tissues in vitro. The morphometric evaluation of histological sections of myocardium was performed utilizing the high-order statistical moments calculated based on the spatial distribution of linear and circular birefringence and dichroism obtained experimentally. We demonstrate that spatial distributions of phase of light and optical anisotropy of scattering inherent to fibrillar networks of myocardium at different necrotic stages can be effectively used as a quantitative marker of stages of myosin fibril degradation. Processing the images of phase of light scattered in biological tissues with high order statistical analysis provides a functional tool for the quantitative characterization of necrotic conditions of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Borovkova
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Volodymyr Ushenko
- Department of Correlation Optics, Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Olexander Dubolazov
- Department of Optics and Publishing Business Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Vanchulyak
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - George Bodnar
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Yurii Ushenko
- Department of Computer Science, Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Olena Olar
- Department of Computer Science, Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Olexander Ushenko
- Department of Optics and Publishing Business Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Michael Sakhnovskiy
- Department of Optics and Publishing Business Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Bykov
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Igor Meglinski
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- National Research Tomsk State University, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk, Russia
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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Aljakna A, Fracasso T, Sabatasso S. Molecular tissue changes in early myocardial ischemia: from pathophysiology to the identification of new diagnostic markers. Int J Legal Med 2018; 132:425-438. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tettamanti C, Hervet T, Grabherr S, Palmiere C. Elevation of NT-proBNP and cardiac troponins in sepsis-related deaths: a forensic perspective. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130:1035-1043. [PMID: 27002627 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the levels of NT-proBNP, troponin T, and troponin I were measured in postmortem serum from femoral blood in a series of sepsis-related fatalities that had undergone forensic autopsies. We aimed to assess whether a possible increase in the concentrations of these biomarkers was correlated to macroscopic or microscopic observations that suggest myocardial damage or cardiac dysfunction. Two study groups were retrospectively formed, a sepsis-related fatalities group and a control group. Both groups consisted of 16 forensic autopsy cases. Unenhanced computed tomography scan, autopsy, histological, toxicological, microbiological, and biochemical analyses were performed for all cases in both groups. Levels of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, NT-proBNP, troponin T, and troponin I were systematically measured in postmortem serum from femoral blood. The preliminary results suggest that the postmortem serum troponin I, troponin T, and NT-proBNP levels are increased in sepsis-related deaths in the absence of any relevant coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia, or signs of heart failure. These findings corroborate clinical data from previous studies pertaining to the usefulness of troponins and natriuretic peptides as indicators of toxic and inflammatory damage to the heart in cases of severe sepsis and septic shock without concomitant underlying coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Tettamanti
- Departmental Section of Forensic and Legal Medicine and School of Specialisation in Legal Medicine, University of Genova, Via de Toni 12, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Tania Hervet
- University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin de la Vulliette 4, 1000, Lausanne 25, Switzerland
| | - Silke Grabherr
- University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin de la Vulliette 4, 1000, Lausanne 25, Switzerland
| | - Cristian Palmiere
- University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin de la Vulliette 4, 1000, Lausanne 25, Switzerland.
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González-Herrera L, Valenzuela A, Ramos V, Blázquez A, Villanueva E. Cardiac troponin T determination by a highly sensitive assay in postmortem serum and pericardial fluid. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2016; 12:181-8. [PMID: 26956978 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-016-9749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main objective of this study was to test, for the first time, a highly sensitive cardiac troponin T (cTnThs) assay in postmortem serum and pericardial fluid and to evaluate cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels and their stability after death at different postmortem intervals, in an attempt to determine the viability of the cTnThs assay in the postmortem diagnosis of the cause of death. METHODS cTnT levels were determined in serum and pericardial fluid samples taken from 58 cadavers at known postmortem intervals, whose causes of death were categorized into the following groups: (1) sudden cardiac deaths, (2) multiple trauma, (3) mechanical asphyxia, and (4) other natural deaths. cTnT was determined by inmunoassay, using the Troponin T highly sensitive STAT assay (Roche(®)). RESULTS Average cTnT levels measured by a highly sensitive assay in postmortem serum were markedly higher than clinical serum levels. Moreover, similar results, higher cTnT levels in postmortem pericardial fluid, were obtained when compared to levels found in pericardial fluid taken from two living patients during coronary artery bypass surgery. cTnT levels in both postmortem fluids remained stable for up to 34 h after death. No differences in cTnT levels in either postmortem fluid by sex and age were detected. Levels of cTnT found in pericardial fluid in the other natural deaths group were significantly lower than the cTnT levels found in that postmortem fluid from any of the other causes of death groups. CONCLUSION It is therefore reasonable to conclude that determination of cTnT by a highly sensitive assay in pericardial fluid can provide forensic pathologists with a complementary test to the diagnosis of cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas González-Herrera
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la InvestigaciĂłn 11, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Aurora Valenzuela
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la InvestigaciĂłn 11, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - ValentĂn Ramos
- Forensic Pathology Service, Instituto de Medicina Legal, Ciudad de la Justicia, Fiscal LuĂs Portero GarcĂa 6, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Blázquez
- Clinical Analysis Service, San Cecilio's Universitary Hospital, Avenida Doctor OlĂłriz 16, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique Villanueva
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la InvestigaciĂłn 11, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Shabaiek A, Ismael NEH, Elsheikh S, Amin HA. Role of Cardiac Myocytes Heart Fatty Acid Binding Protein Depletion (H-FABP) in Early Myocardial Infarction in Human Heart (Autopsy Study). Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2016; 4:17-21. [PMID: 27275322 PMCID: PMC4884241 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2016.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Many immunohistochemical markers have been used in the postmortem detection of early myocardial infarction. AIM: In the present study we examined the role of Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), in the detection of early myocardial infarction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We obtained samples from 40 human autopsy hearts with/without histopathological signs of ischemia. RESULTS: All cases of definite and probable myocardial infarction showed a well-defined area of H-FABP depletion. All of the control cases showed strong H-FABP expression, except two markedly autolysed myocardial samples that showed affected antigenicity. CONCLUSION: Thus, we suggest H-FABP as being one of the valuable tools facing the problem of postmortem detection of early myocardial infarction/ischemia, but not in autolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Shabaiek
- Egyptian Forensic Medicine Authority, Pathology Department, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Samar Elsheikh
- Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El- Aini, Pathology Department, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebat Allah Amin
- Egyptian Forensic Medicine Authority, Pathology Department, Cairo, Egypt
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Turillazzi E, Di Paolo M, Neri M, Riezzo I, Fineschi V. A theoretical timeline for myocardial infarction: immunohistochemical evaluation and western blot quantification for Interleukin-15 and Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 as very early markers. J Transl Med 2014; 12:188. [PMID: 24989171 PMCID: PMC4094437 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental and human studies have demonstrated that innate immune mechanisms and consequent inflammatory reaction play a critical role in cardiac response to ischemic injury. Thus, the detection of immuno-inflammatory and cellular phenomena accompanying cardiac alterations during the early inflammatory phase of myocardial infarction (MI) may be an excellent diagnostic tool. Current knowledge of the chronology of the responses of myocardial tissue following the occurrence of ischemic insult, as well as the existence of numerous studies aiming to identify reliable markers in dating MI, induced us to investigate the myocardial specimens of MI fatal cases in order to better define the age of MI. METHODS We performed an immunohistochemical study and a Western blot analysis to evaluate detectable morphological changes in myocardial specimens of fatal MI cases and to quantify the effects of cardiac expression of inflammatory mediators (CD15, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-15, IL-8, MCP-1, ICAM-1, CD18, tryptase) and structural and functional cardiac proteins. RESULTS We observed a biphasic course of MCP-1: it was strongly expressed in the very early phase (0-4 hrs), to diminish in the early period (after 6-8 hrs). Again, our choice of IL-15 is explained by the synergism with neutrophilic granulocytes (CD15) and our study shows the potential for striking cytokine synergy in promoting fast, local neutrophil response in damaged tissues. A progressively stronger immunoreaction for the CD15 antibody was visible in the areas where the margination of circulating inflammatory cells was detectable, up to very strong expression in the oldest ones (>12 hours). Further, the induction of CD15, IL-15, MCP-1 expression levels was quantified by Western blot analysis. The results were as follows: IL-15/β-actin 0.80, CD15/β-actin 0.30, and MCP-1/β-actin 0.60, matching perfectly with the results of immunohistochemistry. Control hearts from traumatic death cases did not show any immunoreactivity to the pro-inflammatory markers, neither were there any reactions in Western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS Essential markers (i.e. IL-15, MCP-1) are suitable indicators of myocardial response to ischemic insult involving very early phase reaction (inflammatory response and cytokine release). In the very near future, proteomics may help clinicians and pathologists to better understand mechanisms relating to cardiac repair and remodeling and provide targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Turillazzi
- Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D’Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori, n. 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marco Di Paolo
- Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Margherita Neri
- Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D’Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori, n. 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Irene Riezzo
- Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D’Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori, n. 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Forensic Pathology, University “La Sapienza” of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Roma, Italy
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