Liraglutide Reduces Visceral and Intrahepatic Fat Without Significant Loss of Muscle Mass in Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Case Series

Favorable liver and skeletal muscle changes in patients with MASLD and T2DM receiving glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist: A prospective cohort study

To investigate changes in skeletal muscle mass and fat fraction in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) undergoing treatment with Semaglutide for 6months. This single-arm pilot study included 21 patients with MASLD who received semaglutide for T2DM. Body weight, metabolic parameters, liver enzymes, fibrosis markers, skeletal muscle index (cm2/m2), and fat fraction (%) at the L3 level using the two-point Dixon method on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as liver steatosis and liver stiffness assessed using MRI-based proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) and MR elastography, respectively, were prospectively examined before and 6 months after semaglutide administration. The mean age of the patients was 53 years and 47.6% were females. The median liver steatosis-fraction (%) and skeletal muscle steatosis-fraction values (%) significantly decreased (22.0 vs 12.0; P = .0014) and (12.8 vs 9.9; P = .0416) at baseline and 6 months, respectively, while maintaining muscle mass during treatment. Semaglutide also dramatically reduced hemoglobin A1c (%) (6.8 vs 5.8, P = .0003), AST (IU/L) (54 vs 26, P < .0001), ALT (IU/L) (80 vs 34, P = .0004), and γ-GTP (IU/L) levels (64 vs 34, P = .0007). Although not statistically significant, Body weight (kg) (79.9 vs 77.4), body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) (28.9 vs 27.6), and liver stiffness (kPa) (28.9 vs 27.6) showed a decreasing trend. Fibrosis markers such as M2BPGi, type IV collagen, and skeletal muscle area did not differ. Semaglutide demonstrated favorable effects on liver and skeletal muscle steatosis, promoting improved liver function and diabetic status.

Effect of liraglutide on thigh muscle fat and muscle composition in adults with overweight or obesity: Results from a randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Excess muscle fat is observed in obesity and associated with greater burden of cardiovascular risk factors and higher risk of mortality. Liraglutide reduces total body weight and visceral fat but its effect on muscle fat and adverse muscle composition is unknown.

METHODS

This is a pre-specified secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that examined the effects of liraglutide plus a lifestyle intervention on visceral adipose tissue and ectopic fat among adults without diabetes with body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 and metabolic syndrome. Participants were randomly assigned to a once-daily subcutaneous injection of liraglutide (target dose 3.0 mg) or matching placebo for 40 weeks. Body fat distribution and muscle composition was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and 40-week follow-up. Muscle composition was described by the combination of thigh muscle fat and muscle volume. Treatment difference (95% confidence intervals [CI]) was calculated by least-square means adjusted for baseline thigh muscle fat. The association between changes in thigh muscle fat and changes in body weight were assessed using Spearman correlation coefficients. The effect of liraglutide versus placebo on adverse muscle composition, denoted by high thigh muscle fat and low thigh muscle volume, was explored.

RESULTS

Among the 128 participants with follow-up imaging (92.2% women, 36.7% Black), median muscle fat at baseline was 7.8%. The mean percent change in thigh muscle fat over median follow-up of 36 weeks was -2.87% among participants randomized to liraglutide (n = 73) and 0.05% in the placebo group (absolute change: -0.23% vs. 0.01%). The estimated treatment difference adjusted for baseline thigh muscle fat was -0.24% (95% CI, -0.41 to -0.06, P-value 0.009). Longitudinal change in thigh muscle fat was significantly associated with change in body weight in the placebo group but not the liraglutide group. The proportion of participants with adverse muscle composition decreased from 11.0% to 8.2% over follow-up with liraglutide, but there was no change with placebo.

CONCLUSIONS

In a cohort of predominantly women with overweight or obesity in the absence of diabetes, once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide was associated with a reduction in thigh muscle fat and adverse muscle composition compared with placebo. The contribution of muscle fat improvement to the cardiometabolic benefits of liraglutide requires further study.

The effect of obesity pharmacotherapy on body composition, including muscle mass

Obesity pharmacotherapy represents a promising approach to treating obesity and may provide benefits beyond weight loss alone. Maintaining or even increasing muscle mass during weight loss is important to overall health, metabolic function and weight loss maintenance. Drugs such as liraglutide, semaglutide, tirzepatide, and naltrexone/bupropion have shown significant weight loss effects, and emerging evidence suggests they may also have effects on body composition, particularly a positive influence on muscle mass. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanism of action of these drugs and their effects on muscle mass. Clinicians should consider these factors when developing an obesity treatment plan for an individual patient.

A systematic review of the effect of semaglutide on lean mass: insights from clinical trials

INTRODUCTION

Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is associated with significant weight loss, yet its impact on lean body mass remains insufficiently understood. This review investigates the effect of semaglutide on lean mass in the context of obesity management.

METHODOLOGY

This study investigates through different databases (PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar) from 2016 for randomized control trials (RCTs) or observational studies that assessed the use of semaglutide in overweight or obese patients, regardless of whether they have type 2 diabetes or not. The studies compared semaglutide to a placebo or alternative medications.

RESULTS

Six studies with 1,541 overweight or obese adults were included, and significant weight reductions were observed primarily due to fat mass loss. While the lean mass remained stable in some cases, notable reductions ranging from almost 0% to 40% of total weight reduction were observed in others. Noteworthy decreases in lean mass were particularly evident in larger trials, yet the proportion of lean mass relative to total body mass increased, suggesting a positive overall outcome.

CONCLUSION

Semaglutide displays potential for weight loss primarily through fat mass reduction. However, concerns arise from notable reductions in lean mass, especially in trials with a larger number of patients.

Comparison of clinical efficacy and safety of weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists dulaglutide and semaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Randomized, parallel-group, multicentre, open-label trial (COMING study)

AIM

To compare the clinical usefulness of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists dulaglutide and semaglutide at the doses approved for use in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

In total, 120 patients with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥7% were randomly assigned to dulaglutide (n = 59) or semaglutide group (n = 61), and 107 participants (dulaglutide/semaglutide = 53/54) completed the 24-week trial. The primary endpoint was the difference of HbA1c level between the two groups at 24 weeks.

RESULTS

HbA1c level at 24 weeks was significantly lower in the semaglutide group (7.9 ± 0.5%-6.7 ± 0.5%) compared with the dulaglutide group (8.1 ± 0.6%-7.4 ± 0.8%) (p < .0001). Reduction in body mass index and visceral fat area were also more significant in the semaglutide group (p < .05, respectively). The achievement rate of HbA1c <7% was higher in the semaglutide group (p < .0001). The parameters such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were decreased in the semaglutide group. Surprisingly, only semaglutide group significantly improved the apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio, which is considered a useful myocardial infarction risk index. Using computed tomography, the liver to spleen ratio was significantly elevated only in the semaglutide group. In contrast, gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in 13.2% of dulaglutide and 46.3% of semaglutide group (p < .01). The Diabetes Treatment-Related Quality of Life scores related to pain and gastrointestinal symptoms were also superior in the dulaglutide group.

CONCLUSIONS

This prospective trial showed that semaglutide has more pronounced glucose- and body mass index-lowering effects and reduces liver fat percentage and visceral fat area and that dulaglutide has less gastrointestinal symptoms and superior Diabetes Treatment-Related Quality of Life scores related to pain and gastrointestinal symptoms.

The Potential Utility of Tirzepatide for the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. The metabolic dysfunction associated with PCOS increases the probability of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), endometrial cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Research has shown that the metabolic features of PCOS may be improved by weight loss following treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists. Tirzepatide is a dual GLP-GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) receptor agonist that shares a very similar mechanism of action with GLP-1R agonists, and it is hypothesized that it may be a potential contender in the treatment of PCOS. The success of GLP-1R agonists is usually hindered by their adverse gastrointestinal effects, leading to reduced compliance. The mechanism of action of Tirzepatide partly addresses this issue, as its dual receptor affinity may reduce the intensity of gastrointestinal symptoms. Tirzepatide has been licensed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and given the metabolic issues and obesity that accompanies PCOS, it may be of value in its management for those PCOS patients who are obese with metabolic syndrome, although it may not benefit those who are of normal weight. This study reviews the current therapies for the treatment of PCOS and evaluates the potential use of Tirzepatide to address the symptoms of PCOS, including reproductive dysfunction, obesity, and insulin resistance.

Oral Semaglutide Induces Loss of Body Fat Mass Without Affecting Muscle Mass in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Background

Excessive body fat may be a major cause of insulin resistance and diabetes. But body weight reduction by energy restriction may simultaneously reduce both fat and muscle. Skeletal muscle is an important organ for glucose metabolism regulation, and loss of muscle may deteriorate glucose metabolism. Therefore, it is preferable to predominantly reduce fat without significant loss of muscle with weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. Previously, the anti-diabetic agent glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) liraglutide and semaglutide given by injection were reported to decrease fat with less effect on muscle in diabetic patients. Recently oral semaglutide was developed and was reported to decrease body weight, but the effect on muscle has not been fully evaluated.

Methods

This was a non-interventional retrospective longitudinal study. We evaluated the effect of 24-week treatment with oral semaglutide on body fat and muscle mass in 25 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Laboratory examination and body composition test by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were performed at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks, and the effects on glycemic control and body composition were assessed.

Results

Hemoglobin A1c significantly decreased at 12 weeks and further ameliorated at 24 weeks (8.7±0.87% at baseline; 7.6±1.00% at 12 weeks; 7.0±0.80% at 24 weeks; mean ± standard error (SE)). While body fat significantly decreased (28.3 ± 1.52 kg at baseline; 26.8 ± 1.59 kg at 12 weeks; 25.5 ± 1.57 kg at 24 weeks; mean ± SE), whole-body lean mass was not significantly changed (48.1 ± 1.92 kg at baseline; 47.7 ± 1.93 kg at 12 weeks; 47.6 ± 1.89 kg at 24 weeks; mean ± SE). Furthermore, the appendicular skeletal muscle index (SMI) defined as appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM)/height squared (units; kg/m2) was also unchanged.

Conclusion

The 24-week treatment with oral semaglutide ameliorated glycemic control with reduction of body fat but not muscle mass in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.

The Effectiveness of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Semaglutide on Body Composition in Elderly Obese Diabetic Patients: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the changes in obesity severity, glucose metabolism, and body composition in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP1-RA) semaglutide.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Body weight (BW), metabolic parameters, and body composition were examined before and 3 months after semaglutide administration. The mass of body fat (FM), fat weight percentage (%FM), mass of skeletal muscle (MM), skeletal MM percentage (%MM), and limb muscles were measured using the bioelectrical impedance method.

RESULTS

Semaglutide dramatically reduced the weight, the body mass index (BMI), and the levels of the glucose metabolic markers, including fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c, and accelerated the loss of excess BW. FM, MM, and %FM after semaglutide treatment also decreased. Conversely, semaglutide had no effect on the %MM after 3 months. In limb muscle analyses, right upper and lower leg muscle percentages, left upper and lower leg muscles, and the ratios of the lower/upper muscles were maintained by semaglutide treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that the GLP1-RA semaglutide effectively reduces body adiposity while maintaining the MM in obese type 2 diabetic patients.

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists: A Medication for Obesity Management

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The burden of obesity worldwide is high and projected to rise. Obesity increases the risk of several cardiovascular diseases and cardiometabolic risk factors; hence, utilizing effective long-term therapies for obesity is of utmost importance. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have emerged as effective therapies that achieve substantial weight loss and improve cardiometabolic risk. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of GLP-1RAs in obesity management.

RECENT FINDINGS

Two subcutaneous GLP-1RAs, liraglutide and semaglutide, have been evaluated in several clinical trials for weight loss. Liraglutide achieves a mean weight loss of 4-7 kg, and more than 50% of treated individuals achieve 5% or more weight loss. Semaglutide has a greater impact on weight loss, with a mean weight loss of 9-16 kg, and more than 50% of treated individuals achieve 10-15% or more weight loss. These results led to regulatory approval of these agents for weight loss in individuals with obesity, regardless of diabetes status. In addition to weight loss, the benefits of GLP-1RAs extend to other risk factors, such as glycemic control and blood pressure. Gastrointestinal symptoms are the most frequently encountered adverse events with incidences between 5 and 30%. Finally, the cost remains one of the most critical challenges that limit GLP-1RAs use. GLP-1RAs have robust weight loss benefits and are expected to have a critical role in the management of obesity in the coming years. Upcoming studies will evaluate the durability of weight loss achieved with GLP-1RAs and the impact on cardiovascular outcomes.

Effects of liraglutide or lifestyle interventions combined with other antidiabetic drugs on abdominal fat distribution in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus evaluated by the energy spectrum ct: A prospective randomized controlled study

OBJECTIVE

To study the effects of liraglutide or lifestyle interventions combined with other antidiabetic drugs on glucose metabolism and abdominal fat distribution in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

From April 30, 2020, to April 30, 2022, a prospective randomized controlled study was carried out at the Endocrinology Department of Beijing Hospital, the National Center of Gerontology. According to the in- and exclusion criteria and by the random table method, revisited T2DM patients were selected as the research subjects and were allocated into a Study group (taking liraglutide) and a Control group (underwent lifestyle interventions). All patients received continuous 12-weeks interventions to the endpoint, and the changes of value [Δ=(endpoint)-(baseline)] of physical measurements, blood tests, the energy spectrum CT examination results, and body composition analysis results were analyzed and compared.

RESULTS

A total of 85 people completed this study, and among them, 47 were in the Study group and 38 were in the Control group. Compared with the Control group, the changes of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level (-0.78 ± 1.03% vs. -1.57 ± 2.00%, P=0.025), visceral fat area (0.91 ± 16.59 cm² vs. -7.1 ± 10.17 cm², P=0.011), and subcutaneous fat area of abdomen [0 (-18.75, 15.5) cm² vs. -16.5 (-41.75, -2.25) cm², P=0.014] were all greater in the Study group. The adverse events caused by liraglutide were mainly concentrated in the gastrointestinal system and all of them were minor adverse events.

CONCLUSION

Liraglutide can be the drug of choice for weight management and reduction of abdominal fat distribution in patients with obesity and T2DM.

Tai Chi Program to Improve Glucose Control and Quality of Life for the Elderly With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis

Objective

To systematically evaluate the effects of Tai chi for improving elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

According to PRISMA checklist, we conducted this standard meta-analysis. The multiple databases like Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were used to search for the relevant studies, and full-text articles involved in the evaluation of Tai chi in improving elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Review manager 5.2 was adopted to estimate the effects of the results among selected articles. Forest plots, sensitivity analysis and funnel plot for the articles included were also conducted.

Results

Finally, 7 relevant studies were eventually satisfied the included criteria. We found that Tai chi group had lower glucose than control group (mean difference (MD)=-12.47, 95%CI [-21.20, −3.73], P=.005; I² = 32%), Tai chi group had higher activities-specific balance confidence (ABC) scale than control group (MD =9.26 with 95%CI [6.68, 11.83], P < .001) and Tai chi group had higher single limb standing test score than control group (MD = 8.38, 95%CI [4.02, 12.74], P = .001). The study was robust and limited publication bias was observed in this study.

Conclusion

Since we found Tai chi had better performance than usual care in improving old diabetes patients' glucose and life quality, the study supports that Tai chi can help old diabetes patients from several aspects including disease indicators, independence and life quality.

Effects of liraglutide on visceral and ectopic fat in adults with overweight and obesity at high cardiovascular risk: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Visceral and ectopic fat are key drivers of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in obesity. We aimed to evaluate the effects of injectable liraglutide 3·0 mg daily on body fat distribution in adults with overweight or obesity without type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular disease risk.

METHODS

In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 4, single centre trial, we enrolled community-dwelling adults, recruited from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, with BMI of at least 30 kg/m² or BMI of at least 27 kg/m² with metabolic syndrome but without diabetes and randomly assigned them, in a 1:1 ratio, to 40 weeks of treatment with once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide 3·0 mg or placebo, in addition to a 500 kcal deficient diet and guideline-recommended physical activity counselling. The primary endpoint was percentage reduction in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) measured with MRI. All randomly assigned participants with a follow-up imaging assessment were included in efficacy analyses and all participants who received at least one dose of study drug were included in the safety analyses. The trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03038620.

FINDINGS

Between July 20, 2017 and Feb 21, 2020 from 235 participants assessed for eligibility, 185 participants were randomly assigned (n=92 liraglutide, n=93 placebo) and 128 (n=73 liraglutide, n=55 placebo) were included in the final analysis (92% female participants, 37% Black participants, 24% Hispanic participants, mean age 50·2 years (SD 9·4), mean BMI 37·7 kg/m²). Mean change in VAT over median 36·2 weeks was -12·49% (SD 9·3%) with liraglutide compared with -1·63% (SD 12·3%) with placebo, estimated treatment difference -10·86% (95% CI -6·97 to -14·75, p<0·0001). Effects seemed consistent across subgroups of age, sex, race-ethnicity, BMI, and baseline prediabetes. The most frequently reported adverse events were gastrointestinal-related (43 [47%] of 92 with liraglutide and 12 [13%] of 93 with placebo) and upper respiratory tract infections (10 [11%] of 92 with liraglutide and 14 [15%] of 93 with placebo).

INTERPRETATION

In adults with overweight or obesity at high cardiovascular disease risk, once-daily liraglutide 3·0 mg plus lifestyle intervention significantly lowered visceral adipose tissue over 40 weeks of treatment. Visceral fat reduction may be one mechanism to explain the benefits seen on cardiovascular outcomes in previous trials with liraglutide among patients with type 2 diabetes.

FUNDING

NovoNordisk.

Comparison of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Computed Tomography on Body Composition Changes Including Visceral Fat After Bariatric Surgery in Asian Patients with Obesity

PURPOSE

The accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in patients with obesity has been controversial. This study aimed to validate the use of BIA in detecting body composition changes, especially for visceral fat, before and after bariatric surgery using computed tomography (CT) as a reference method.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study included Korean patients with a BMI of ≥ 35, or ≥ 30 with metabolic comorbidities. All patients underwent bariatric surgery, and underwent BIA and CT evaluation before and 6 months after the operation. The skeletal muscle index (SMI) and visceral fat index (VFI), variables corrected for height, were compared between BIA and CT.

RESULTS

Forty-eight patients (18 men, 30 women) demonstrated a mean weight loss of 27.5 kg. Significant decreases in both VFI and SMI were observed in both BIA and CT (all p<0.001), with greater VFI change compared to SMI (48.2% vs. 10.4% in CT, respectively). Both pre- and post-operative measurements of VFI and SMI were significantly correlated between BIA and CT (all p<0.05). However, the percent decrease was significantly correlated only with VFI (ρ=0.71, p<0.001). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that BIA underestimated VFI, with a greater degree of underestimation in subjects with higher VFI.

CONCLUSION

Despite the underestimation of BIA in measuring visceral fat, BIA VFI was associated with CT VFI. The SMI values showed significant correlations before and after surgery, but not with the percent decrease. Our results suggest that BIA can be a reliable tool for measuring body composition, especially for visceral fat, after bariatric surgery.

Targeting insulin resistance with selected antidiabetic agents prevents menopausal associated central obesity, dysglycemia, and cardiometabolic risk

Menopause consequent to reduced circulating estrogen is associated with diminished insulin receptor sensitivity and fat redistribution, particularly central adiposity and increased waist circumference. Peri and menopausal women are at risk of hyperglycemia, prediabetes and attendant metabolic disturbances. Hormone replacement therapy increases insulin receptor sensitivity, but may precipitate an increased cardiovascular risk, depending on the route, if not commenced within the proposed period denoted by the 'timing hypothesis'. The therapeutic ideal of dietary modification with increased physical activity may have compliance issues. We theorize that selected antidiabetic agents reduce visceral fat deposits, restore insulin sensitivity and inhibit inflammatory mediator release. Glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and even metformin are worthy interventions to treat menopausal-induced obesogenic metabolic conditions. Loss of visceral fat restores insulin receptor sensitivity, decreases central obesity and adipokines to halt dysmetabolic changes.

Clinical effectiveness of liraglutide on weight loss in South Koreans: First real-world retrospective data on Saxenda in Asia

Among Asian countries, South Korea was the first to approve liraglutide as a treatment for obesity. Thus, the clinical effectiveness of liraglutide has not been studied in Asian populations.In this study, we retrospectively analyzed obese patients [body mass index (BMI) >27 kg/m2] who were treated with liraglutide between March 2018 and March 2019 in a single clinic. Weight, BMI, HbA1c, and clinical data were collected before liraglutide treatment. Changes in body weight and composition and their relationships with clinical variables were examined at re-prescription dates within 30, 60, 90, and 180 days.A total of 169 subjects were studied. The average age was 41.5 years, and 42% of the subjects were male. The average weight was 85.2 kg, and the average BMI was 30.8 kg/m2. Weight reduction was significant (-5.5 ± 3.4 kg, 30 days: -3.2 ± 1.8 kg, 60 days: -4.5 ± 2.3 kg, 90 days: -6.3 ± 2.6 kg, 180 days: -7.8 ± 3.5 kg) during the follow-up period and increased with longer treatment time (P < .001). The percentages of subjects that showed ≥ 5% and ≥ 10% body weight reduction were 62.1% and 17.2%, respectively. In the body composition analysis, skeletal muscle weight loss was -3.56 ± 29.7%, which was significantly smaller than fat weight loss of -11.06 ± 10.4% (P = .03). Weight loss was not significantly related to age, sex, baseline BMI, baseline HbA1c, smoking status, alcohol consumption, coffee intake.In conclusion, Liraglutide treatment led to meaningful weight loss in South Korean patients, and fat mass reduction was prominent during treatment. Furthermore, liraglutide showed greater clinical effectiveness with longer treatment time.

Severe Visceral Obesity, Fatty Liver and Diabetes after Orchiectomy for Prostate Cancer

A 79-year-old man without a history of diabetes underwent orchiectomy for prostate cancer. Eight months after the operation, he suffered severe deterioration of visceral fat deposition, fatty liver and diabetes. Treatment for diabetes with canagliflozin and dulaglutide resulted in improvement in his glycemic control, visceral fat and fatty liver. Visceral fat-dominant deposition, which differs from the typical course after androgen deprivation therapy, may have been associated with severe exacerbation of diabetes and fatty liver. Glycemic management with a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonist may help improve the glucose metabolism, visceral fat deposition and fatty liver after orchiectomy.

Effects of liraglutide and empagliflozin added to insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study

Aims/Introduction

Liraglutide and empagliflozin suppress cardiovascular events. However, reports on their long‐term combined use with insulin therapy or direct comparisons of these drugs are limited.

Materials and Methods

This open‐label, parallel‐group, randomized controlled trial compared the effects of liraglutide and empagliflozin combined with insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes patients. Adult type 2 diabetes outpatients undergoing stable insulin therapy with glycated hemoglobin levels of 7.0–9.5% were enrolled. Participants received 0.9 mg/day liraglutide or 10 mg/day empagliflozin for 24 weeks. The primary end‐point was the change in glycated hemoglobin levels from week 0 to 24. Body composition was assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry.

Results

A total of 64 insulin‐treated patients were randomized to receive liraglutide or empagliflozin. We analyzed 61 patients (30 liraglutide and 31 empagliflozin) who could be followed up. Liraglutide induced greater changes in glycated hemoglobin and glycated albumin than empagliflozin (glycated hemoglobin −1.24 ± 0.15% vs −0.35 ± 0.11%, P < 0.0001; glycated albumin −4.4 ± 0.6% vs −2.4 ± 0.5%, P < 0.01). Bodyweight (−1.3 ± 0.4 kg vs −1.5 ± 0.3 kg, P = 0.69) or body fat mass/lean tissue mass; urinary albumin excretion (median −5.3 mg/g‐creatinine [interquartile range −60.6, 9.9 mg/g‐creatinine] vs −12.9 mg/g‐creatinine [interquartile range −70.8, −2.0 mg/g‐creatinine], P = 0.23); and frequency of hypoglycemia did not differ significantly between the groups over a period of 24 weeks. There were no cases of study discontinuation owing to adverse effects.

Conclusions

Liraglutide addition to ongoing insulin therapy more effectively reduced glycated hemoglobin and glycated albumin levels than empagliflozin in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes.

Obesity Phenotypes, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases

This review addresses the interplay between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. It is proposed that obesity, generally defined by an excess of body fat causing prejudice to health, can no longer be evaluated solely by the body mass index (expressed in kg/m²) because it represents a heterogeneous entity. For instance, several cardiometabolic imaging studies have shown that some individuals who have a normal weight or who are overweight are at high risk if they have an excess of visceral adipose tissue-a condition often accompanied by accumulation of fat in normally lean tissues (ectopic fat deposition in liver, heart, skeletal muscle, etc). On the other hand, individuals who are overweight or obese can nevertheless be at much lower risk than expected when faced with excess energy intake if they have the ability to expand their subcutaneous adipose tissue mass, particularly in the gluteal-femoral area. Hence, excessive amounts of visceral adipose tissue and of ectopic fat largely define the cardiovascular disease risk of overweight and moderate obesity. There is also a rapidly expanding subgroup of patients characterized by a high accumulation of body fat (severe obesity). Severe obesity is characterized by specific additional cardiovascular health issues that should receive attention. Because of the difficulties of normalizing body fat content in patients with severe obesity, more aggressive treatments have been studied in this subgroup of individuals such as obesity surgery, also referred to as metabolic surgery. On the basis of the above, we propose that we should refer to obesities rather than obesity.

Liraglutide attenuates renal tubular ectopic lipid deposition in rats with diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting lipid synthesis and promoting lipolysis

Liraglutide is a new hypoglycemic drug. The previous studies have shown that liraglutide can improve the renal outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes. Recently, it was approved by the U.S. FDA for used as a weight-loss drugs. However, the mechanism of its improvements of renal function in diabetic nephropathy patients is unclear. In addition, the effect of liraglutide on lipid metabolism is also not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of liraglutide in alleviating ectopic lipid deposition (ELD) in rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with high-fat diet + unilateral nephrectomy + low-dose STZ combined to establish a DN rat model to evaluate the lipid-lowering effect of liraglutide. Liraglutide at 0.4 mg/kg/d were subcutaneous injected into for 12 weeks (DN + liraglutide group). After the DN rat model was established, body weight loss, 24-h urine volume increasing, serum triglycerides (TG) and serum total cholesterol (TCh) increasing, ectopic lipid droplet deposition in renal tubular increasing, mesangial proliferation in renal tissue were observed in DN rats. The treatment with liraglutide could reduce the body weight and the average daily food intake of the rats, as well as TG, TCh, and ectopic lipid droplet deposition in renal tubular. Metabolomics result showed that serum differential metabolites between the DN - vehicle control group and the DN + liraglutide group mainly included serine, threonine, phenylalanine, oxyproline, threonine, sorbitol, glyceryl monostearate, glycerol monostearate, and β-d-glucuronic acid. Moreover, liraglutide can reduce plasma lipid levels in DN rats by increasing the products of lipolysis including 1-monopalmitin and 1-monoostearin. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot showed that the expression levels of lipid synthesis-related sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were significantly increased, and lipolysis-related adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) were significantly decreased both in the renal tissue of DN rats and PA-induced HK-2 cells (lipid droplet accumulation model). However, liraglutide can attenuate renal tubular ectopic lipid deposition in DN rats by inhibiting SREBP-1, FAS and increasing ATGL, HSL protein expression level, and also ameliorated PA-induced lipid accumulation in renal tubular epithelial cells. These lipid metabolism changes were attributed to liraglutide by upregulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the kidney of DN rats. Collectively, these findings confirm that liraglutide inhibits lipid synthesis and promotes lipolysis to attenuate renal ectopic lipid deposition in DN rats by promoting AMPK phosphorylation.

Effects of once-weekly semaglutide vs once-daily canagliflozin on body composition in type 2 diabetes: a substudy of the SUSTAIN 8 randomised controlled clinical trial

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

Intra-abdominal or visceral obesity is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to compare the effects of semaglutide 1.0 mg and canagliflozin 300 mg on body composition in a subset of participants from the SUSTAIN 8 Phase IIIB, randomised double-blind trial who underwent whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning.

METHODS

Adults (age ≥18 years) with type 2 diabetes, HbA_1c 53-91 mmol/mol (7.0-10.5%), on a stable daily dose of metformin (≥1500 mg or maximum tolerated dose) and with an eGFR ≥60 ml min^-1 [1.73 m]^-2 were randomised 1:1 to semaglutide 1.0 mg once weekly and canagliflozin placebo once daily, or canagliflozin 300 mg once daily and semaglutide placebo once weekly. Body composition was assessed using whole-body DXA scans. The study participants and investigator remained blinded throughout the trial, and quality of DXA scans was evaluated in a blinded manner. Change from baseline to week 52 in total fat mass (kg) was the confirmatory efficacy endpoint.

RESULTS

A subset of 178 participants (semaglutide, n = 88; canagliflozin, n = 90) underwent DXA scanning at screening and were randomised into the substudy. Of these, 114 (semaglutide, n = 53; canagliflozin, n = 61) participants had observed end-of-treatment data included in the confirmatory efficacy analysis. Of the 178 participants in the substudy, numerical improvements in body composition (including fat mass, lean mass and visceral fat mass) were observed after 52 weeks with both treatments. Total fat mass (baseline 33.2 kg) was reduced by 3.4 kg and 2.6 kg with semaglutide and canagliflozin, respectively (estimated treatment difference: -0.79 [95% CI -2.10, 0.51]). Although total lean mass (baseline 51.3 kg) was also reduced by 2.3 kg and 1.5 kg with semaglutide and canagliflozin, respectively (estimated treatment difference: -0.78 [-1.61, 0.04]), the proportion of lean mass (baseline 59.4%) increased by 1.2%- and 1.1%-point, respectively (estimated treatment difference 0.14 [-0.89, 1.17]). Changes in visceral fat mass and overall changes in body composition (assessed by the fat to lean mass ratio) were comparable between the two treatment groups.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

In individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes on stable-dose metformin therapy, the changes in body composition with semaglutide and canagliflozin were not significantly different. Although numerical improvements in body composition were observed following treatment in both treatment arms, the specific impact of both treatments on body composition in the absence of a placebo arm is speculative at this stage.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03136484.

FUNDING

This trial was supported by Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark.

Effect of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin on Muscle Mass and the Muscle/Fat Ratio in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Background

We previously reported the effect of sitagliptin or glimepiride treatment for 24 weeks on body composition in Japanese overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Although the degree of HbA1c reduction was similar between the two groups, significant reduction of intrahepatic lipid (IHL), determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRCP), and fat mass (FM), determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), was observed in the sitagliptin group but not in the glimepiride group. As both IHL and FM are known as associating factors of insulin resistance, these reductions may lead to improvement of insulin sensitivity, which in turn may contribute to sitagliptin-induced amelioration of glycemic control. On the other hand, muscle and muscle/fat ratio were also reported to be positively correlated with insulin sensitivity, but we did not evaluate these factors.

Methods

DXA separates the whole body into three major components, bone mass (BM), FM and fat and bone-free mass (FBFM), and measures the weight of each component. FBFM is normally used as a good marker of muscle mass; therefore, in this post-hoc analysis, we investigated whether sitagliptin treatment for 24 weeks influenced the FBFM and FBFM/FM ratio.

Results

After 24 weeks, the FBFM and FBFM/FM ratio significantly increased in the sitagliptin group (47.6 ± 10.3 to 48.8 ± 11.0 kg, P < 0.05 and 2.0 ± 0.8 to 2.1 ± 0.8, P < 0.05), but not in the glimepiride group (49.7 ± 10.6 to 49.3 ± 9.9, P = 0.655 and 2.1 ± 0.9 to 2.0 ± 0.7, P = 0.855). The mean change of FBFM and FBFM/FM ratio from baseline to 24 weeks in the sitagliptin and glimepiride groups was 1.24 ± 2.01 (sitagliptin group) vs. -0.34 ± 2.63 kg (glimepiride group) (P = 0.074) and 0.13 ± 0.17 (sitagliptin group) vs. -0.11 ± 0.30 (glimepiride group) (P < 0.05), respectively.

Conclusions

Sitagliptin 24-week treatment demonstrated not only reduction of body fat and liver fat but also an increase of muscle and muscle/fat ratio. These changes may partly explain the mechanism underlining sitagliptin-induced improvement of glycemic control.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial to assess the effect of liraglutide on ectopic fat accumulation in South Asian type 2 diabetes patients

Background

South Asians have a high risk to develop type 2 diabetes, which may be related to substantial ectopic fat deposition. Since glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues can reduce ectopic fat accumulation, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of treatment with liraglutide for 26 weeks on ectopic fat deposition and HbA1c in South Asian patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

In a placebo-controlled trial, 47 South Asian patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to treatment with liraglutide (1.8 mg/day) or placebo added to standard care. At baseline and after 26 weeks of treatment we assessed abdominal subcutaneous, visceral, epicardial and paracardial adipose tissue volume using MRI. Furthermore, myocardial and hepatic triglyceride content were examined with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Results

In the intention-to-treat analysis, liraglutide decreased body weight compared to placebo (− 3.9 ± 3.6 kg vs − 0.6 ± 2.2 kg; mean change from baseline (liraglutide vs placebo): − 3.5 kg; 95% CI [− 5.3, − 1.8]) without significant effects on the different adipose tissue compartments. HbA1c was decreased in both groups without between group differences. In the per-protocol analysis, liraglutide did decrease visceral adipose tissue volume compared to placebo (− 23 ± 27 cm² vs − 2 ± 17 cm²; mean change from baseline (liraglutide vs placebo): − 17 cm²; 95% CI [− 32, − 3]). Furthermore, HbA1c was decreased by liraglutide compared to placebo (− 1.0 ± 0.8% (− 10.5 ± 9.1 mmol/mol)) vs (− 0.6 ± 0.8% (− 6.1 ± 8.8 mmol/mol)), with a between group difference (mean change from baseline (liraglutide vs placebo): − 0.6% (− 6.5 mmol/mol); 95% CI [− 1.1, − 0.1 (− 11.5, − 1.5)]). Interestingly, the decrease of visceral adipose tissue volume was associated with the reduction of HbA1c (β: 0.165 mmol/mol (0.015%) per 1 cm² decrease of visceral adipose tissue volume; 95% CI [0.062, 0.267 (0.006, 0.024%)]).

Conclusions

While the intention-to-treat analysis did not show effects of liraglutide on ectopic fat and HbA1c, per-protocol analysis showed that liraglutide decreases visceral adipose tissue volume, which was associated with improved glycaemic control in South Asians.

Trial registration NCT02660047 (clinicaltrials.gov). Registered 21 January 2016