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Hahm JH, Nirmala FS, Ha TY, Ahn J. Nutritional approaches targeting mitochondria for the prevention of sarcopenia. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:676-694. [PMID: 37475189 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A decline in function and loss of mass, a condition known as sarcopenia, is observed in the skeletal muscles with aging. Sarcopenia has a negative effect on the quality of life of elderly. Individuals with sarcopenia are at particular risk for adverse outcomes, such as reduced mobility, fall-related injuries, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although the pathogenesis of sarcopenia is multifaceted, mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded as a major contributor for muscle aging. Hence, the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function during aging is imperative for sarcopenia treatment. However, effective and specific drugs that can be used for the treatment are not yet approved. Instead studies on the relationship between food intake and muscle aging have suggested that nutritional intake or dietary control could be an alternative approach for the amelioration of muscle aging. This narrative review approaches various nutritional components and diets as a treatment for sarcopenia by modulating mitochondrial homeostasis and improving mitochondria. Age-related changes in mitochondrial function and the molecular mechanisms that help improve mitochondrial homeostasis are discussed, and the nutritional components and diet that modulate these molecular mechanisms are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Hahm
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Farida S Nirmala
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
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Davids CJ, Roberts LA, Bjørnsen T, Peake JM, Coombes JS, Raastad T. Where Does Blood Flow Restriction Fit in the Toolbox of Athletic Development? A Narrative Review of the Proposed Mechanisms and Potential Applications. Sports Med 2023; 53:2077-2093. [PMID: 37578669 PMCID: PMC10587223 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow-restricted exercise is currently used as a low-intensity time-efficient approach to reap many of the benefits of typical high-intensity training. Evidence continues to lend support to the notion that even highly trained individuals, such as athletes, still benefit from this mode of training. Both resistance and endurance exercise may be combined with blood flow restriction to provide a spectrum of adaptations in skeletal muscle, spanning from myofibrillar to mitochondrial adjustments. Such diverse adaptations would benefit both muscular strength and endurance qualities concurrently, which are demanded in athletic performance, most notably in team sports. Moreover, recent work indicates that when traditional high-load resistance training is supplemented with low-load, blood flow-restricted exercise, either in the same session or as a separate training block in a periodised programme, a synergistic and complementary effect on training adaptations may occur. Transient reductions in mechanical loading of tissues afforded by low-load, blood flow-restricted exercise may also serve a purpose during de-loading, tapering or rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injury. This narrative review aims to expand on the current scientific and practical understanding of how blood flow restriction methods may be applied by coaches and practitioners to enhance current athletic development models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J Davids
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Llion A Roberts
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Truls Raastad
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
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Holodov M, Markus I, Solomon C, Shahar S, Blumenfeld-Katzir T, Gepner Y, Ben-Eliezer N. Probing muscle recovery following downhill running using precise mapping of MRI T 2 relaxation times. Magn Reson Med 2023; 90:1990-2000. [PMID: 37345717 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Postexercise recovery rate is a vital component of designing personalized training protocols and rehabilitation plans. Tracking exercise-induced muscle damage and recovery requires sensitive tools that can probe the muscles' state and composition noninvasively. METHODS Twenty-four physically active males completed a running protocol consisting of a 60-min downhill run on a treadmill at -10% incline and 65% of maximal heart rate. Quantitative mapping of MRI T2 was performed using the echo-modulation-curve algorithm before exercise, and at two time points: 1 h and 48 h after exercise. RESULTS T2 values increased by 2%-4% following exercise in the primary mover muscles and exhibited further elevation of 1% after 48 h. For the antagonist muscles, T2 values increased only at the 48-h time point (2%-3%). Statistically significant decrease in the SD of T2 values was found following exercise for all tested muscles after 1 h (16%-21%), indicating a short-term decrease in the heterogeneity of the muscle tissue. CONCLUSION MRI T2 relaxation time constitutes a useful quantitative marker for microstructural muscle damage, enabling region-specific identification for short-term and long-term systemic processes, and sensitive assessment of muscle recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage. The variability in T2 changes across different muscle groups can be attributed to their different role during downhill running, with immediate T2 elevation occurring in primary movers, followed by delayed elevation in both primary and antagonist muscle groups, presumably due to secondary damage caused by systemic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Holodov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Markus
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Solomon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shimon Shahar
- Center of AI and Data Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Yftach Gepner
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Ben-Eliezer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
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Selected Methods of Resistance Training for Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091389. [PMID: 35563694 PMCID: PMC9102413 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training is an extremely beneficial intervention to prevent and treat sarcopenia. In general, traditional high-load resistance training improves skeletal muscle morphology and strength, but this method is impractical and may even reduce arterial compliance by about 20% in aged adults. Thus, the progression of resistance training methods for improving the strength and morphology of muscles without applying a high load is essential. Over the past two decades, various resistance training methods that can improve skeletal muscle mass and muscle function without using high loads have attracted attention, and their training effects, molecular mechanisms, and safety have been reported. The present study focuses on the relationship between exercise load/intensity, training effects, and physiological mechanisms as well as the safety of various types of resistance training that have attracted attention as a measure against sarcopenia. At present, there is much research evidence that blood-flow-restricted low-load resistance training (20–30% of one repetition maximum (1RM)) has been reported as a sarcopenia countermeasure in older adults. Therefore, this training method may be particularly effective in preventing sarcopenia.
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Aidar FJ, DE Matos DG, DE Souza RF, Dos Santos MDM, Marçal AC, Neves EB, Cabral BGT, Reis VM. Comparison of the Local Temperature, Lactate and Glucose After Three Different Strength Training Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 14:1408-1420. [PMID: 35516096 PMCID: PMC9017855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the local temperature, lactate, and blood glucose in three strength training methods. The study included 12 male subjects; (22.15 ± 5.77 years, 76.85 ± 9.15 kg, 1.72 ± 0.09 m), with minimum of 12 months of strength training experience, and all participated in the three training methods: the occlusion training (Kaatsu); the tension training (Tension); and the traditional training (Traditional). The Kaatsu training consisted in 3 sets of 10RM with occlusion device in both arms inflated to a 130% occlusion pressure. In addition, the tension method was performed with 30% of 1RM and the traditional training, consisted in 10 repetitions with 80% RM. Regarding the temperature variation, differences were observed between the Kaatsu and Traditional methods in relation to Tension (p = .049, η 2 p = 0.187). While for blood glucose (p = .351, η 2 p = 0.075) and lactate (p = .722, η 2 p = 0.022) there were no differences between the methods. Regarding the temperature (°C) measured by thermography and asymmetry, the right side showed a decrease in the post-test, in relation to the pre-test, in all methods (p < .05, η 2 p > 0.150). The left (p = .035, η 2 p = 0.301) and right (p = .012, η 2 p = 0.324) sides showed a decrease in temperature, in the post-test in relation to the pre-test, in the Kaatsu and traditional method. In asymmetry, the three methods showed an increase in the post-test in relation to the pre-test (p = .042, η 2 p = 0.158). In conclusion, tension method seems to stimulate greater heat production than the other methods. This information can help coaches to choose among these training methods according to the desired physiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J Aidar
- Graduate Program in Master's level in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Dihogo Gama DE Matos
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Raphael Fabricio DE Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Danillo Matos Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Master's level in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Brazilian Army Research Institute of Physical Fitness, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Trás os Montes and Alto Douro University, Vila Real, Portugal
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Wilburn DT, Machek SB, Zechmann B, Willoughby DS. Comparison of skeletal muscle ultrastructural changes between normal and blood flow-restricted resistance exercise: A case report. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2177-2184. [PMID: 34438467 DOI: 10.1113/ep089858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the main observation in this case? The main observation of this case report is that blood flow-restricted exercise can cause myofibrils to have an aberrant wave-like appearance that is accompanied by irregular pockets of sarcoplasm in the intermyofibrillar space, while traditional forms of damage to the Z-discs and contractile elements are not as apparent. What insights does it reveal? Our findings indicate that blood flow restriction-mediated fluid pooling might cause alterations in skeletal muscle ultrastructure after exercise that might be directly related to myofibre swelling. ABSTRACT The acute effects of blood flow-restricted (BFR) exercise training on skeletal muscle ultrastructure are poorly understood owing to inconsistent findings and the use of largely imprecise systemic markers for indications of muscle damage. The purpose of this study was to compare myofibrillar ultrastructure before and 30 min after normal and BFR resistance exercise using transmission electron microscopy in a single individual to evaluate the feasibility of this more nuanced approach. One apparently healthy male with 13 years of resistance exercise completed six sets of both BFR [30% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM)] and normal non-occluded (70% of 1-RM) unilateral angled leg press on the contralateral leg, as a control, after assessment of 1-RM 72 h before. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected before and 30 min after each exercise session. The lengths and widths of 250 sarcomeres and the sarcoplasmic area were assessed via 20 individual transmission electron photomicrographs. Analysis revealed that BFR training (1.769 ± 0.12 μm) increased sarcomere length when compared with normal exercise (1.64 ± 0.17 μm; P < 0.001), without differences in sarcomere width between conditions (BFR, 0.90 ± 0.26 μm; normal, 0.93 ± 0.27 μm; P = 0.172). Furthermore, there were no significant interaction (P = 0.168) or condition effects between BFR (25.98 ± 4.17%) and normal (27.3 ± 6.49%) resistance exercise for sarcoplasmic area (P = 0.229). Exercise also increased sarcoplasmic area within the myofibril (pre-exercise, 24.42 ± 5.13%; postexercise, 28.95 ± 5.92%) for both conditions (P = 0.001). This case study demonstrates a unique BFR training-induced alteration in myofibril ultrastructure that appeared wave like and was accompanied by intracellular abnormalities that appeared to be fluid pockets of sarcoplasm disrupting the surrounding myofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Wilburn
- Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance & Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Steven B Machek
- Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance & Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
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de Queiros VS, dos Santos ÍK, Almeida-Neto PF, Dantas M, de França IM, Vieira WHDB, Neto GR, Dantas PMS, Cabral BGDAT. Effect of resistance training with blood flow restriction on muscle damage markers in adults: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253521. [PMID: 34143837 PMCID: PMC8213181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this review was to systematically analyze the evidence regarding the occurrence of muscle damage (changes in muscle damage markers) after resistance training with blood flow restriction sessions. Materials and methods This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA recommendations. Two researchers independently and blindly searched the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, LILACS and SPORTdicus. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials which analyzed the effect of resistance training with blood flow restriction on muscle damage markers in humans were included. The risk of bias assessment was performed by two blinded and independent researchers using the RoB2 tool. Results A total of 21 studies involving 352 healthy participants (men, n = 301; women, n = 51) were eligible for this review. The samples in 66.6% of the studies (n = 14) were composed of untrained individuals. All included studies analyzed muscle damage using indirect markers. Most studies had more than one muscle damage marker and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness was the measure most frequently used. The results for the occurrence of significant changes in muscle damage markers after low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction sessions were contrasting, and the use of a pre-defined repetition scheme versus muscle failure seems to be the determining point for this divergence, mainly in untrained individuals. Conclusions In summary, the use of sets until failure is seen to be determinant for the occurrence of significant changes in muscle damage markers after low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction sessions, especially in individuals not used to resistance exercise. Trial registration Register number: PROSPERO number: CRD42020177119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sabino de Queiros
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Ísis Kelly dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Paulo Francisco Almeida-Neto
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Matheus Dantas
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Martins de França
- Graduate Program in Physiotherapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Rodrigues Neto
- Graduate Program in Family Health, Faculties of Nursing and Medicine Nova Esperança (FACENE / FAMENE), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Exercise-induced muscle damage: mechanism, assessment and nutritional factors to accelerate recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:969-992. [PMID: 33420603 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There have been a multitude of reviews written on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and recovery. EIMD is a complex area of study as there are a host of factors such as sex, age, nutrition, fitness level, genetics and familiarity with exercise task, which influence the magnitude of performance decrement and the time course of recovery following EIMD. In addition, many reviews on recovery from exercise have ranged from the impact of nutritional strategies and recovery modalities, to complex mechanistic examination of various immune and endocrine signaling molecules. No one review can adequately address this broad array of study. Thus, in this present review, we aim to examine EIMD emanating from both endurance exercise and resistance exercise training in recreational and competitive athletes and shed light on nutritional strategies that can enhance and accelerate recovery following EIMD. In addition, the evaluation of EIMD and recovery from exercise is often complicated and conclusions often depend of the specific mode of assessment. As such, the focus of this review is also directed at the available techniques used to assess EIMD.
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Clael S, Barros M, Leite MM, Dutra MT, Landim G, Dantas RAE, Mota MR. EFFECTS OF BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION IN LARGE AND SMALL MUSCLE GROUPS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127012019_0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction It is known that strength training brings improvements in health and sports performance by causing muscle hypertrophy and increased strength, as well as modifying some hemodynamic and physiological factors. Several strength training methodologies have been developed, one of which is vascular occlusion. There are few studies with large muscle groups due to poor adherence to the training style and the fact that vascular occlusion of large muscle groups is more difficult. Objective To verify and compare the hemodynamic effects of exercise with and without vascular occlusion in different muscle groups. Methods Quantitative crossover study, with cross-sectional and field procedures. The sample consisted of 10 physically active healthy male and female subjects between 18 and 30 years of age. With the cross-over design, all the volunteers participated in 3 groups: intervention with vascular occlusion, intervention without vascular occlusion and the control group. Results Overall, lactate and cholesterol remained elevated after 15 minutes of recovery and blood glucose and blood pressure did not vary among the groups. Conclusion Vascular occlusion training is an effective method for manipulating hemodynamic variables. Evidence level II; Clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Clael
- Universidade de Brasília, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa e Educação Mauá, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gleyverton Landim
- Universidade de Brasília, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa e Educação Mauá, Brazil
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EFFECTS OF BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TRAINING ON HANDGRIP STRENGTH AND MUSCULAR VOLUME OF YOUNG WOMEN. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2020; 15:901-909. [PMID: 33344006 DOI: 10.26603/ijspt20200901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-intensity training methods are generally recommended to increase muscle mass and strength, with training loads of 60-70% 1RM for novice and 80-100% 1RM for advanced individuals. Blood flow restriction training, despite using lower intensities (30-50% 1RM), can provide similar improvements in muscle mass and strength. However, studies commonly investigate the effects of blood flow restriction training in large muscular groups, whereas there are few studies that investigated those effects in smaller muscle groups, such as the muscles involved in grasping (e.g, wrist flexors; finger flexors). Clinically, smaller muscular groups should also be considered in intervention programs, given that repetitive stress, such as repeated strain injuries, affects upper limbs and may lead to chronic pain and incapacity for work. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of blood flow restriction training in strength and anthropometric indicators of muscular volume in young women. Hypothesis The effect of blood flow restriction training in handgrip strength (HGS) and muscular volume of young women can be similar to traditional training, even with lower loads. Methods Twenty-eight university students, 18 to 25 years of age, were randomly assigned into two groups, blood flow restriction training (BFR, n = 14) and traditional training (TRAD, n = 14). The anthropometric measures and maximum handgrip strength (MHGS) test were performed before and after the intervention. The participants did three weekly sessions of dynamic concentric contraction exercises on a dynamometer for four weeks (12 sessions). Each session had a time length of five minutes and the intensity was established from a percentage of MHGS at 30-35% in the first week, 40-45% in the second and 50-55% in third/fourth weeks. Three sets of 15-25 handgrip repetitions were performed until a failure with a 30 seconds rest for BFR training and three sets of 8-12 repetitions with one-minute rest for TRAD training. Results A significant increase was found in the arm muscle circumference (20.6 ± 2.2 vs 21.6 ± 1.7cm) and right MHGS (32.7 ± 4.5 vs 34.3 ± 4.1 kgf) and left MHGS (28.0 ± 5.5 vs 30.9 ± 4.1 kgf) for the BFR training, and the left MHGS (27.6 ± 5.0 vs 31.0 ± 6.1 kgf) for the TRAD training. Conclusion Dynamometer training with blood flow restriction, performed with low to moderate loads, was more effective than the traditional training in increasing HGS and muscle volume in young women. Level of evidence 2b.
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Ramme AJ, Darcy R, Rourke BJ, Davis C, Markworth JF, Junginger L, Maerz T, Brooks SV, Bedi A. Local and Systemic Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy in an Animal Model. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:3245-3254. [PMID: 33136456 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520962058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood flow restriction therapy (BFRT) has been increasingly applied to improve athletic performance and injury recovery. Validation of BFRT has lagged behind commercialization, and currently the mechanism by which this therapy acts is unknown. BFRT is one type of ischemic therapy, which involves exercising with blood flow restriction. Repetitive restriction of muscle blood flow (RRMBF) is another ischemic therapy type, which does not include exercise. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The purpose was to develop a rat model of ischemic therapy, characterize changes to muscle contractility, and evaluate local and systemic biochemical and histologic responses of 2 ischemic therapy types. We hypothesized that ischemic therapy would improve muscle mass and strength as compared with the control group. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Four groups of 10 Sprague-Dawley rats were established: control, stimulation, RRMBF, and BFRT. One hindlimb of each subject underwent 8 treatment sessions over 4 weeks. To simulate exercise, the stimulation group underwent peroneal nerve stimulation for 2 minutes. The RRMBF group used a pneumatic cuff inflated to 100 mm Hg with a 48-minute protocol. The BFRT group involved 100-mm Hg pneumatic cuff inflation and peroneal nerve stimulation for a 5-minute protocol. Four methods of evaluation were performed: in vivo contractility testing, histology, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. Analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey test and linear mixed effects modeling were used to compare the treatment groups. RESULTS There was no difference in muscle mass among groups (P = .40) or between hindlimbs (P = .73). In vivo contractility testing showed no difference in maximum contractile force among groups (P = .64) or between hindlimbs (P = .30). On histology, myocyte cross-sectional area was not different among groups (P = .55) or between hindlimbs (P = .44). Pax7 immunohistochemistry demonstrated no difference in muscle satellite cell density among groups (P = .06) or between hindlimbs (P = .046). ELISA demonstrated the RRMBF group as eliciting elevated GH levels as compared with the other groups (P < .001). CONCLUSION Ischemic therapy did not induce gains in muscle mass, contractility strength, fiber cross-sectional area, or satellite cell density locally or systemically in this model, although the RRMBF group did have elevated GH levels on ELISA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This animal model does not support ischemic therapy as a method to improve muscle mass, function, or satellite cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Ramme
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Steindler Orthopedic Clinic, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Rose Darcy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Brennan J Rourke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carol Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James F Markworth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lucas Junginger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tristan Maerz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan V Brooks
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Asheesh Bedi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The competitive environment of athletics has promoted the exploration of any technology application that may offer an edge with performance and recovery from injury. Ischemic therapy is one such technology that has rapidly been incorporated into training rooms and physical therapy clinics worldwide. This therapy modality is reported to increase an athlete's ability to improve muscle mass, strength, and endurance. PURPOSE To provide the sports medicine physician with an understanding of the current state of ischemic therapy technology, including treatment specifications, known physiological effects, hypothesized mechanisms, biochemical effects, athletic applications, medical applications, animal models, and future research recommendations. STUDY DESIGN Literature review. METHODS A computer-based search of the PubMed database was used to perform a comprehensive literature review on musculoskeletal ischemic therapy. RESULTS The current research on ischemic therapy is largely composed of case series with varying equipment, methods, and therapy specifications. The publication of case series has value in identifying this technology for future research, but the results of these studies should not be justification for application to athletes without validation of safety and effectiveness. CONCLUSION To date, ischemic therapy remains unvalidated, and the mechanism by which it improves muscle performance is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Ramme
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Steindler Orthopedic Clinic, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brennan J Rourke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Asheesh Bedi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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13
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Machek SB, Cardaci TD, Willoughby DS. Blood Flow Restriction Training and Betaine Supplementation as a Novel Combined Modality to Augment Skeletal Muscle Adaptation: A Short Review. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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A focused review of myokines as a potential contributor to muscle hypertrophy from resistance-based exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:941-959. [PMID: 32144492 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance exercise induces muscle growth and is an important treatment for age-related losses in muscle mass and strength. Myokines are hypothesized as a signal conveying physiological information to skeletal muscle, possibly to "fine-tune" other regulatory pathways. While myokines are released from skeletal muscle following contraction, their role in increasing muscle mass and strength in response to resistance exercise or training is not established. Recent research identified both local and systemic release of myokines after an acute bout of resistance exercise. However, it is not known whether myokines with putative anabolic function are mechanistically involved in producing muscle hypertrophy after resistance exercise. Further, nitric oxide (NO), an important mediator of muscle stem cell activation, upregulates the expression of certain myokine genes in skeletal muscle. METHOD In the systemic context of complex hypertrophic signaling, this review: (1) summarizes literature on several well-recognized, representative myokines with anabolic potential; (2) explores the potential mechanistic role of myokines in skeletal muscle hypertrophy; and (3) identifies future research required to advance our understanding of myokine anabolism specifically in skeletal muscle. RESULT This review establishes a link between myokines and NO production, and emphasizes the importance of considering systemic release of potential anabolic myokines during resistance exercise as complementary to other signals that promote hypertrophy. CONCLUSION Investigating adaptations to resistance exercise in aging opens a novel avenue of interdisciplinary research into myokines and NO metabolites during resistance exercise, with the longer-term goal to improve muscle health in daily living, aging, and rehabilitation.
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15
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Lauver JD, Cayot TE, Rotarius TR, Scheuermann BW. Acute Neuromuscular and Microvascular Responses to Concentric and Eccentric Exercises With Blood Flow Restriction. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:2725-2733. [PMID: 31524780 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lauver, JD, Cayot, TE, Rotarius, TR, and Scheuermann, BW. Acute neuromuscular and microvascular responses to concentric and eccentric exercises with blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2725-2733, 2020-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the addition of blood flow restriction (BFR) during concentric and eccentric exercises on muscle excitation and microvascular oxygenation status. Subjects (N = 17) were randomly assigned to either a concentric (CON, CON + BFR) or eccentric (ECC, ECC + BFR) group, with one leg assigned to BFR and the other to non-BFR. Surface electromyography and near-infrared spectroscopy were used to measure muscle excitation and microvascular deoxygenation (deoxy-[Hb + Mb]) and [total hemoglobin concentration] during each condition, respectively. On separate days, subjects completed 4 sets (30, 15, 15, 15) of knee extension exercise at 30% maximal torque, and 1 minute of rest was provided between the sets. Greater excitation of the vastus medialis was observed during CON + BFR (54.4 ± 13.3% maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]) and ECC + BFR (53.0 ± 18.0% MVIC) compared with CON (42.0 ± 10.8% MVIC) and ECC (46.8 ± 9.6% MVIC). Change in deoxy-[Hb + Mb] was greater during CON + BFR (10.0 ± 10.4 μM) than during CON (4.1 ± 4.0 μM; p < 0.001). ECC + BFR (7.8 ± 6.7 μM) was significantly greater than ECC (3.5 ± 4.7 μM; p = 0.001). Total hemoglobin concentration was greater for ECC + BFR (7.9 ± 4.4 μM) compared with ECC (5.5 ± 3.5 μM). The addition of BFR to eccentric and concentric exercises resulted in a significant increase in metabolic stress and muscle excitation compared with non-BFR exercise. These findings suggest that although BFR may increase the hypertrophic stimulus during both modes of contraction, BFR during concentric contractions may result in a greater stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob D Lauver
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina
| | - Trent E Cayot
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Sciences, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timothy R Rotarius
- Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Adrian College, Adrian, Michigan; and
| | - Barry W Scheuermann
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
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16
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Eccentric and concentric blood flow restriction resistance training on indices of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2363-2373. [PMID: 31473805 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unaccustomed exercise can result in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), particularly as a result of the eccentric phase of the muscle contraction. Resistance training combined with venous blood flow restriction (vBFR) may attenuate DOMS, but the available information in this regard is conflicting. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of low-load eccentric vBFR (Ecc-vBFR) and concentric vBFR (Con-vBFR) resistance training on indices of DOMS. METHODS Twenty-five previously untrained women completed seven days of either Ecc-vBFR (n = 12) or Con-vBFR (n = 13) forearm flexion resistance training at a velocity of 120° s-1 on an isokinetic dynamometer. The Ecc-vBFR group used a training load that corresponded to 30% of eccentric peak torque and the Con-vBFR group used a training load that corresponded to 30% of concentric peak torque. RESULTS There were no differences between Ecc-vBFR and Con-vBFR at any of the seven training sessions on any of the indices of DOMS. There were no decreases in the maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque which increased at days 6 and 7. Similarly, there were no changes in perceived muscle soreness, pain pressure threshold, elbow joint angle, or edema (as assessed by echo intensity via ultrasound) across the seven training sessions. CONCLUSIONS The Ecc-vBFR and Con-vBFR low-load training protocols were not associated with DOMS and there were no differences between protocols when performed using the same relative training intensity. These findings suggested that both unaccustomed eccentric and concentric low-load training did not result in DOMS when combined with vBFR.
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17
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Alvarez IF, Damas F, Biazon TMPD, Miquelini M, Doma K, Libardi CA. Muscle damage responses to resistance exercise performed with high-load versus low-load associated with partial blood flow restriction in young women. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:125-134. [PMID: 31043129 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1614680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare if an acute exercise session of high-load resistance training (HL-RT, e.g. 70% of 1 repetition-maximum, 1 RM) induces a higher magnitude of muscle damage compared with a RT protocol with low-loads (e.g. 20% 1 RM) associated with partial blood flow restriction (LL-BFR), and investigate the recovery in the days after the protocols. We used an unilateral crossover research design in which 10 young women (22(2) y; 162(5) cm; 66(11) kg) performed HL-RT and LL-BFR in a randomized, counterbalanced manner with a minimum interval of 2 weeks between protocols. Indirect muscle damage markers were evaluated before and once a day for 4 days into recovery. Main results showed decreases of 8-12% at 24-48 h in maximal voluntary isometric and concentric contraction torques (P < 0.03), and changes in muscle architecture markers (P < 0.03) for HL-RT and LL-BFR, with no differences between protocols (P > 0.05). Moreover, delayed onset muscle soreness increased only after LL-BFR (P < 0.001). We conclude that an acute bout of low volume HL-RT or LL-BFR to failure resulted in edema-induced muscle swelling, but do not induce major or long-lasting decrements in muscle function and the level of soreness promoted from LL-BFR was mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieda Fernanda Alvarez
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Felipe Damas
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Thaís Marina Pires de Biazon
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Maiara Miquelini
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Kenji Doma
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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18
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Natsume T, Yoshihara T, Naito H. Electromyostimulation with blood flow restriction enhances activation of mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in rat gastrocnemius muscles. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:637-644. [PMID: 30398900 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) induces muscle hypertrophy. However, cellular mechanisms underlying the muscle hypertrophy induced by NMES combined with BFR remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that NMES combined with BFR would enhance the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Age-matched male Wistar rats (6 months old, n = 7 per group) were assigned randomly to control, BFR alone (BFR), NMES alone (NMES), and NMES combined with BFR (NMES/BFR) groups. NMES induced 25 isometric contractions lasting 8 s with 4-s resting periods between contractions in the gastrocnemius muscle. Four sets in total were performed, with 1-min intervals between sets. A latex cuff was placed on the proximal portion of the hind limb and BFR at 200 mm Hg was conducted in 4 sets (each set 5 min) with 1-min rest intervals between sets. Venous blood was collected from the lateral tail vein to determine pH, H+ concentration, and lactate concentration before and immediately after the treatments. Expression levels of proteins related to muscle hypertrophy were determined by Western blot analysis. The application of NMES/BFR promoted muscle fatigue more than NMES alone. NMES/BFR induced greater changes in accumulation of metabolites and increase in gastrocnemius muscle weight. The phosphorylation of mTOR and MAPK signaling-related proteins was also enhanced following NMES/BFR, compared with other conditions. Thus, NMES enhanced the activation of mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways when combined with BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Natsume
- a Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- b Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- b Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
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Rossi FE, de Freitas MC, Zanchi NE, Lira FS, Cholewa JM. The Role of Inflammation and Immune Cells in Blood Flow Restriction Training Adaptation: A Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1376. [PMID: 30356748 PMCID: PMC6189414 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with low-intensity strength training has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mass and strength in a variety of populations. BFR results in a robust metabolic stress which is hypothesized to induce muscle growth via increased recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers, a greater endocrine response, and/or enhancing the cellular swelling contribution to the hypertrophic process. Following exercise, neutrophils are the first immune cells to initiate the tissue remodeling process via several mechanisms including an increased production of cytokines and recruitment of monocytes/macrophages, which facilitate the phagocytosis of foreign particles, the differentiation of myoblasts, and the formation of new myotubes. Thus, the purpose of this review was to discuss the mechanisms through which metabolic stress and immune cell recruitment may induce skeletal muscle remodeling following BFR strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Eduardo Rossi
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Conrado de Freitas
- Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Nelo Eidy Zanchi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Jason M. Cholewa
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, United States
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20
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Behringer M, Heinke L, Leyendecker J, Mester J. Effects of blood flow restriction during moderate-intensity eccentric knee extensions. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:589-599. [PMID: 28889225 PMCID: PMC10717657 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated if blood flow restriction (BFR, cuff pressure 20 mmHG below individual occlusion pressure) increases metabolic stress, hormonal response, release of muscle damage markers, and muscle swelling induced by moderate-intensity eccentric contractions. In a randomized, matched-pair design, 20 male subjects (25.3 ± 3.3 years) performed four sets of unilateral eccentric knee extensions (75% 1RM) to volitional failure with (IG) or without (CG) femoral BFR. Despite significant differences of performed repetitions between IG (85.6 ± 15.4 repetitions) and CG (142.3 ± 44.1 repetitions), peak values of lactate (IG 7.0 ± 1.4 mmol l-1, CG 6.9 ± 2.7 mmol l-1), growth-hormone (IG 4.9 ± 4.8 ng ml-1, CG 5.2 ± 3.5 ng ml-1), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IG 172.1 ± 41.9 ng ml-1, CG 178.7 ± 82.1 ng ml-1), creatine-kinase (IG 625.5 ± 464.8 U l-1, CG 510.7 ± 443.5 U l-1), the absolute neutrophil count (IG 7.9 ± 1.3 103 µl-1, CG 8.7 ± 2.0 103 µl-1), induced muscle swelling of rectus femoris and vastus lateralis and perceived pain did not differ. The present data indicate that BFR is suitable to intensify eccentric exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Behringer
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Ginnheimer Landstraße 39, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Lars Heinke
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jannik Leyendecker
- German Research Centre of Elite Sport-Momentum, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joachim Mester
- German Research Centre of Elite Sport-Momentum, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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Nakajima T, Koide S, Yasuda T, Hasegawa T, Yamasoba T, Obi S, Toyoda S, Nakamura F, Inoue T, Poole DC, Kano Y. Muscle hypertrophy following blood flow-restricted, low-force isometric electrical stimulation in rat tibialis anterior: role for muscle hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:134-145. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00972.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-force exercise training with blood flow restriction (BFR) elicits muscle hypertrophy as seen typically after higher-force exercise. We investigated the effects of microvascular hypoxia [i.e., low microvascular O2 partial pressures (P mvO2)] during contractions on muscle hypertrophic signaling, growth response, and key muscle adaptations for increasing exercise capacity. Wistar rats were fitted with a cuff placed around the upper thigh and inflated to restrict limb blood flow. Low-force isometric contractions (30 Hz) were evoked via electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. The P mvO2 was determined by phosphorescence quenching. Rats underwent acute and chronic stimulation protocols. Whereas P mvO2 decreased transiently with 30 Hz contractions, simultaneous BFR induced severe hypoxia, reducing P mvO2 lower than present for maximal (100 Hz) contractions. Low-force electrical stimulation (EXER) induced muscle hypertrophy (6.2%, P < 0.01), whereas control group conditions or BFR alone did not. EXER+BFR also induced an increase in muscle mass (11.0%, P < 0.01) and, unique among conditions studied, significantly increased fiber cross-sectional area in the superficial TA ( P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 was enhanced by EXER+BFR, as were peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α and glucose transporter 4 protein levels. Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), and cluster of differentiation 147 increased with EXER alone. EXER+BFR significantly increased MCT1 expression more than EXER alone. These data demonstrate that microvascular hypoxia during contractions is not essential for hypertrophy. However, hypoxia induced via BFR may potentiate the muscle hypertrophic response (as evidenced by the increased superficial fiber cross-sectional area) with increased glucose transporter and mitochondrial biogenesis, which contributes to the pleiotropic effects of exercise training with BFR that culminate in an improved capacity for sustained exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated the effects of low microvascular O2 partial pressures (P mvO2) during contractions on muscle hypertrophic signaling and key elements in the muscle adaptation for increasing exercise capacity. Although demonstrating that muscle hypoxia is not obligatory for the hypertrophic response to low-force, electrically induced muscle contractions, the reduced P mvO2 enhanced ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation and potentiated the hypertrophic response. Furthermore, contractions with blood flow restriction increased oxidative capacity, glucose transporter, and mitochondrial biogenesis, which are key determinants of the pleiotropic effects of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nakajima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University and Heart Center, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Koide
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasuda
- School of Nursing, Seirei Christopher University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hasegawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University and Heart Center, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Syotaro Obi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Research Support Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Toyoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University and Heart Center, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Nakamura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Teruo Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University and Heart Center, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - David C. Poole
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Yutaka Kano
- Bioscience and Technology Program, Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
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Douglas J, Pearson S, Ross A, McGuigan M. Chronic Adaptations to Eccentric Training: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:917-941. [PMID: 27647157 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training is an integral component of physical preparation for athletes. A growing body of evidence indicates that eccentric strength training methods induce novel stimuli for neuromuscular adaptations. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effects of eccentric training in comparison to concentric-only or traditional (i.e. constrained by concentric strength) resistance training. METHODS Searches were performed using the electronic databases MEDLINE via EBSCO, PubMed and SPORTDiscus via EBSCO. Full journal articles investigating the long-term (≥4 weeks) effects of eccentric training in healthy (absence of injury or illness during the 4 weeks preceding the training intervention), adult (17-35 years), human participants were selected for the systematic review. A total of 40 studies conformed to these criteria. RESULTS Eccentric training elicits greater improvements in muscle strength, although in a largely mode-specific manner. Superior enhancements in power and stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function have also been reported. Eccentric training is at least as effective as other modalities in increasing muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), while the pattern of hypertrophy appears nuanced and increased CSA may occur longitudinally within muscle (i.e. the addition of sarcomeres in series). There appears to be a preferential increase in the size of type II muscle fibres and the potential to exert a unique effect upon fibre type transitions. Qualitative and quantitative changes in tendon tissue that may be related to the magnitude of strain imposed have also been reported with eccentric training. CONCLUSIONS Eccentric training is a potent stimulus for enhancements in muscle mechanical function, and muscle-tendon unit (MTU) morphological and architectural adaptations. The inclusion of eccentric loads not constrained by concentric strength appears to be superior to traditional resistance training in improving variables associated with strength, power and speed performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Douglas
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. .,High Performance Sport New Zealand (HPSNZ), AUT Millennium, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Simon Pearson
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Angus Ross
- High Performance Sport New Zealand (HPSNZ), AUT Millennium, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Mike McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
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23
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Watanabe A, Poole DC, Kano Y. The effects of RSR13 on microvascular Po2 kinetics and muscle contractile performance in the rat arterial ligation model of peripheral arterial disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:764-772. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00257.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise intolerance and claudication are symptomatic of peripheral arterial disease. There is a close relationship between muscle O2 delivery, microvascular oxygen partial pressure (P mvO2), and contractile performance. We therefore hypothesized that a reduction of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity via RSR13 would maintain a higher P mvO2 and enhance blood-muscle O2 transport and contractile function. In male Wistar rats (12 wk of age), we created hindlimb ischemia via right-side iliac artery ligation (AL). The contralateral (left) muscle served as control (CONT). Seven days after AL, phosphorescence-quenching techniques were used to measure P mvO2 at rest and during contractions (electrical stimulation; 1 Hz, 300 s) in tibialis anterior muscle (TA) under saline ( n = 10) or RSR13 ( n = 10) conditions. RSR13 at rest increased TA P mvO2 in CONT (13.9 ± 1.6 to 19.3 ± 1.9 Torr, P < 0.05) and AL (9.0 ± 0.5 to 9.9 ± 0.7 Torr, P < 0.05). Furthermore, RSR13 extended maintenance of the initial TA force (i.e., improved contractile performance) such that force was not decreased significantly until contraction 240 vs. 150 in CONT and 80 vs. 20 in AL. This improved muscle endurance with RSR13 was accompanied by a greater ΔP mvO2 (P mvO2 decrease from baseline) (CONT, 7.4 ± 1.0 to 11.2 ± 1.3; AL, 6.9 ± 0.5 to 8.6 ± 0.6 Torr, both P < 0.05). Whereas RSR13 did not alter the kinetics profile of P mvO2 (i.e., mean response time) substantially during contractions, muscle force was elevated, and the ratio of muscle force to P mvO2 increased. In conclusion, reduction of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity via RSR13 in AL increased P mvO2 and improved muscle contractile performance most likely via enhanced blood-muscle O2 diffusion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first investigation to examine the effect of RSR13 (erythrocyte allosteric effector) on skeletal muscle microvascular oxygen partial pressure kinetics and contractile function using an arterial ligation model of peripheral arterial disease in experimental animals. The present results provide strong support for the concept that reducing hemoglobin-O2 affinity via RSR13 improved tibialis anterior muscle contractile performance most likely via enhanced blood-muscle O2 diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Watanabe
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - David C. Poole
- Departments of Anatomy, Physiology and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Yutaka Kano
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan; and
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24
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Curty VM, Melo AB, Caldas LC, Guimarães-Ferreira L, de Sousa NF, Vassallo PF, Vasquez EC, Barauna VG. Blood flow restriction attenuates eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage without perceptual and cardiovascular overload. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:468-476. [PMID: 28444936 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of high-intensity eccentric exercise (HI-ECC) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) on muscle damage markers, and perceptual and cardiovascular responses. Nine healthy men (26 ± 1 years, BMI 24 ± 1 kg m- ²) underwent unilateral elbow extension in two conditions: without (HI-ECC) and with BFR (HI-ECC+BFR). The HI-ECC protocol corresponded to three sets of 10 repetitions with 130% of maximal strength (1RM). The ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain (RPP) were measured after each set. Muscle damage was evaluated by range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference (CIR) and muscle soreness using a visual analogue scale at different moments (pre-exercise, immediately after, 24 and 48 h postexercise). Systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before exercise and after each set. RPP was higher in HI-ECC+BFR than in HI-ECC after each set. Range of motion decreased postexercise in both conditions; however, in HI-ECC+BFR group, it returned to pre-exercise condition earlier (post-24 h) than HI-ECC (post-48 h). CIR increased only in HI-ECC, while no difference was observed in HI-ECC+BFR condition. Regarding cardiovascular responses, MBP and SBP did not change at any moment. HR showed similar increases in both conditions during exercise while DBP decreased only in HI-ECC condition. Thus, BFR attenuated HI-ECC-induced muscle damage and there was no increase in cardiovascular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Curty
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Alexandre B Melo
- Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Leonardo C Caldas
- Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Lucas Guimarães-Ferreira
- Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Nuno F de Sousa
- Faculty of Estacio de Sá, Department of Physical Education, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Paula F Vassallo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Elisardo C Vasquez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Valério G Barauna
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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25
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Neto GR, Novaes JS, Salerno VP, Gonçalves MM, Batista GR, Cirilo-Sousa MS. Does a resistance exercise session with continuous or intermittent blood flow restriction promote muscle damage and increase oxidative stress? J Sports Sci 2017; 36:104-110. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1283430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R. Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Department of Gymnastics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Physical Education Graduate Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) Kinanthropometry and Human Development Laboratory, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Jefferson S. Novaes
- Department of Gymnastics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Physical Education Graduate Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Verônica P. Salerno
- Department of Bioscience of Physical Activity, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Physical Education Graduate Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michel M. Gonçalves
- Department of Gymnastics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Physical Education Graduate Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian Army Research Institute of Physical Fitness, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilmário R. Batista
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) Kinanthropometry and Human Development Laboratory, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Maria S. Cirilo-Sousa
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) Kinanthropometry and Human Development Laboratory, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, Brazil
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26
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Sudo M, Ando S, Kano Y. Repeated blood flow restriction induces muscle fiber hypertrophy. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:274-276. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sudo
- Physical Fitness Research Institute Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare; Tobuki 150 Hachioji Tokyo 192-0001 Japan
| | - Soichi Ando
- University of Electro-Communications, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Control Systems Program; Chofu Tokyo Japan
| | - Yutaka Kano
- University of Electro-Communications, Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program; Chofu Tokyo Japan
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