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Maleček J, Omcirk D, Skálová K, Pádecký J, Janikov MT, Obrtel M, Jonáš M, Kolář D, Michalička V, Sýkora K, Vágner M, Přívětivý L, Větrovský T, Bendová Z, Třebický V, Tufano JJ. Effects of 36 hours of sleep deprivation on military-related tasks: Can ammonium inhalants maintain performance? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293804. [PMID: 37967128 PMCID: PMC10651003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A lack of sleep can pose a risk during military operations due to the associated decreases in physical and cognitive performance. However, fast-acting ergogenic aids, such as ammonia inhalants (AI), may temporarily mitigate those adverse effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the acute effect of AI on cognitive and physical performance throughout 36 hours of TSD in military personnel. METHODS Eighteen male military cadets (24.1 ± 3.0 y; 79.3 ± 8.3 kg) performed 5 identical testing sessions during 36 hours of TSD (after 0 [0], 12 [-12], 24 [-24], and 36 [-36] hours of TSD), and after 8 [+8] hours of recovery sleep. During each testing session, the following assessments were conducted: Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), simple reaction time (SRT), shooting accuracy (SA), rifle disassembling and reassembling (DAS), and countermovement jump height (JH). Heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored during the SA task, and a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was obtained during the JH task. At each time point, tests were performed twice, either with AI or without AI as control (CON), in a counterbalanced order. RESULTS There was faster SRT (1.6%; p < 0.01) without increasing the number of errors, higher JH (1.5%; p < 0.01), lower RPE (9.4%; p < 0.001), and higher HR (5.0%; p < 0.001) after using AI compared to CON regardless of TSD. However, neither SA nor DAS were affected by AI or TSD (p > 0.05). Independent of AI, the SRT was slower (3.2-9.3%; p < 0.001) in the mornings (-24, +8) than in the evening (-12), JH was higher (3.0-4.7%, p < 0.001) in the evenings (-12, -36) than in the mornings (0, -24, +8), and RPE was higher (20.0-40.1%; p < 0.001) in the sleep-deprived morning (-24) than all other timepoints (0, -12, -36, +8). Furthermore, higher ESS (59.5-193.4%; p < 0.001) was reported at -24 and -36 than the rest of the time points (0, -12, and + 8). CONCLUSION Although there were detrimental effects of TSD, the usage of AI did not reduce those adverse effects. However, regardless of TSD, AI did result in a short-term increase in HR, improved SRT without affecting the number of errors, and improved JH while concurrently decreasing the RPE. No changes, yet, were observed in SA and DAS. These results suggest that AI could potentially be useful in some military scenarios, regardless of sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Maleček
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dan Omcirk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Skálová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pádecký
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Tino Janikov
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Obrtel
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Jonáš
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Kolář
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Michalička
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sýkora
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vágner
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Přívětivý
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Větrovský
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Bendová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Třebický
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - James J. Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kennedy CM, Burma JS, Newel KT, Brassard P, Smirl JD. Time course recovery of cerebral blood velocity metrics post aerobic exercise: A systematic review. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:471-489. [PMID: 35708702 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00630.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the standard approach for restricting exercise prior to cerebrovascular data collection varies widely between 6-24 hours. This universally employed practice is a conservative approach to safeguard physiological alterations that could potentially confound one's study design. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to amalgamate the literature that examines the extent and duration cerebrovascular function is impacted following aerobic exercise measured via transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Further, an exploratory aim was to scrutinize and discuss common biases/limitations in the previous studies to help guide future investigations. Search strategies were developed and imported into PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Medline databases. A total of 595 records were screened and 35 articles met the inclusion criteria in this review, which included assessments of basic cerebrovascular metrics (n=35), dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA; n=9), neurovascular coupling (NVC; n=2); and/or cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR-CO2; n=1) following acute bouts of aerobic exercise. Across all studies, it was found NVC was impacted for 1-hour, basic cerebrovascular parameters and CVR-CO2 parameters 2-hours, and dCA metrics 6-hours post-exercise. Therefore, future studies can provide participants with these evidence-based time restrictions, regarding the minimum time to abstain from exercise prior to data collection. However, it should be noted, other physiological mechanisms could still be altered (e.g., metabolic, hormonal, and/or autonomic influences), despite cerebrovascular function returning to baseline levels. Thus, future investigations should seek to control for as many physiological influences when employing cerebrovascular assessments, immediately following these time restraints. The main limitations/biases were lack of female participants, cardiorespiratory fitness, and consideration for vessel diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Kennedy
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joel S Burma
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kailey T Newel
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan David Smirl
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Campbell AK, Williamson CE, Macgregor LJ, Hamilton DL. Elevated arousal following acute ammonia inhalation is not associated with increased neuromuscular performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1391-1400. [PMID: 34228592 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1953150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many athletes seek to enhance their performance using legal ergogenic aids, including ammonia inhalants (AIs). AIs trigger the inhalation reflex and increase blood pressure, respiration and heart rate; but, despite their widespread use, there is little evidence for the benefits of AI on exercise performance. We aimed to determine the psychological and neuromuscular impact of acute ammonia inhalation. Fourteen non-resistance trained males completed three trials: control, experimental (AI), and sham. The order of the sham and experimental trials was randomised. Participants completed handgrip and knee extension maximal voluntary contractions (MVC), and countermovement jump (CMJ). Heart rate and alertness were recorded at rest and immediately following control, experimental or sham treatment, followed by functional performance measurements. Reaction time, electromechanical delay, rate of force development and peak force were calculated from MVCs, and peak power from CMJ. On completion of trials, perceived performance was recorded. Statistical significance was accepted at P < .05. Heart rate (P < .001), alertness (P = .009) and perceived performance (P = .036) were elevated by AIs. Markers of functional performance were unaltered by AIs. Alertness was moderately correlated with perceived performance in control (r = 0.61) and sham conditions (r = 0.54), and very-highly correlated in the experimental condition (r = 0.90). AI elevates alertness and perceived physical performance, but not peak strength, power, or neuromuscular drive. AIs may be a useful psychological stimulant to increase focus and mental preparation, however it is unlikely that this will improve functional performance in an untrained population. Our data suggest however, that ammonia inhalants may improve the perception of an individual's performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Campbell
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, United Kingdom
| | - Callum E Williamson
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis J Macgregor
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Tassignon B, Verschueren J, De Pauw K, Verhagen E, Meeusen R. Acute fatigue alters brain activity and impairs reactive balance test performance. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tassignon
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Jo Verschueren
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
- Strategic Research Program “Exercise and the Brain in Health & Disease: The Added Value of Human‐Centred Robotics” Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
- Brussels Human Robotics Research Center Brussels Belgium
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports Department of Public and Occupational Health Amsterdam Movement Sciences Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
- Strategic Research Program “Exercise and the Brain in Health & Disease: The Added Value of Human‐Centred Robotics” Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
- Brussels Human Robotics Research Center Brussels Belgium
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Quantitative assessment of the effect of acute anaerobic exercise on macular perfusion via swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography in young football players. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:1377-1386. [PMID: 32062810 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of acute anaerobic exercise on macular perfusion measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) in young football players. MATERIALS AND METHODS Football players with ages between 18 and 20 years were included into the study. After a detailed ophthalmological examination, physiological parameters including height (cm), body weight (kg), body fat percentage (%), systemic blood pressure (BP) (mmHg), hematocrit values (%), oxygen saturation pO2 (%) and heart rate (bpm) were recorded. Intraocular pressure (IOP) (mmHg) and SS-OCTA using DRI OCT Triton (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) were measured immediately before and after Wingate test. RESULTS Out of 20, 16 participants completed the study. All participants were males with a mean age of 18.12 ± .34 years. Systolic BP, hematocrit and heart rate increased, while pO2 and IOP decreased remarkably after Wingate test (p < .01). After anaerobic exercise, there was an increase in mean FAZ area in superficial capillary plexus (FAZs) which was not significant (p = .13), while decrease in FAZ area in deep capillary plexus (FAZd) (mm2) was remarkable (p = .04). No changes were observed in mean vessel density (VD) (%) in superficial capillary plexus (VDs), deep capillary plexus (VDd), choriocapillaris (VDcc), central macular thickness (CMT) (μm) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) (μm) after Wingate test (p > .05). FAZd and some of the VD parameters showed a significant correlation with BP (p < .05). CONCLUSION Acute anaerobic exercise seems not to alter either mean VD in retina and choroid or CMT and SFCT. Among OCTA parameters, only FAZd decreased remarkably.
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Fernández-Ozcorta EJ, Ferriz R, Arbinaga F, García-Martínez J. Physically active undergraduates: Motivational and emotional profiles. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2019; 67:706-716. [PMID: 30388959 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1506789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim was to determine the motivational profiles - including variables from the theory of self-determination and emotional intelligence - of active undergraduates, and to examine their relationship with physical activity. Participants: Six hundred and fifteen undergraduates participated in the study. Methods: Trait Meta-Mood Scale, Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale, Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire and Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire were administered. Cluster analysis was used to identify the motivational profiles. Results: Two motivational profiles were found. One of the motivational profiles included the participants with high levels of satisfaction of the basic psychological needs and self-determined motivation; moderately high levels of emotional clarity and repair; and low levels of non-self-determined motivation. Further, this group showed the highest rates of physical practice than its counterpart. Conclusions: The combination of self-determination theory and emotional intelligence should be considered when examining adherence to physical activity.
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Hedlund M, Lindelöf N, Johansson B, Boraxbekk CJ, Rosendahl E. Development and Feasibility of a Regulated, Supramaximal High-Intensity Training Program Adapted for Older Individuals. Front Physiol 2019; 10:590. [PMID: 31164835 PMCID: PMC6536694 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High-intensity training (HIT) with extremely short intervals (designated here as supramaximal HIT) is a time-efficient training method for health and performance. However, a protocol for regulation and control of intensity is missing, impeding implementation in various groups, such as older individuals. Methods: This study presents the development and characteristics of a novel training protocol with regulated and controlled supramaximal intervals adapted for older people. Using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, we explored the feasibility of the program, performed in a group training setting, with physically active older individuals (aged 65-75, n = 7; five women). The developed supramaximal HIT program consisted of 10 × 6 s cycle sprint intervals with ∼1 min of active recovery with the following key characteristics: (1) an individual target power output was reached and maintained during all intervals and regulated and expressed as the percentage of the estimated maximum mean power output for the duration of the interval (i.e., 6 s); (2) pedaling cadence was standardized for all participants, while resistance was individualized; and (3) the protocol enabled controlled and systematic adjustments of training intensity following standardized escalation criteria. Aim: Our aim was to test the feasibility of a novel training regimen with regulated and controlled supramaximal HIT, adapted for older people. The feasibility criteria for the program were to support participants in reaching a supramaximal intensity (i.e., power output > 100% of estimated VO2 max), avoid inducing a negative affective response, and have participants perceive it as feasible and acceptable. Results: All feasibility criteria were met. The standardized escalation procedure provided safe escalation of training load up to a supramaximal intensity (around three times the power output at estimated VO2 max). The participants never reported negative affective responses, and they perceived the program as fun and feasible. Conclusion: This novel program offers a usable methodology for further studies on supramaximal HIT among older individuals with different levels of physical capacity. Future research should explore the effects of the program in various populations of older people and their experiences and long-term adherence compared with other forms of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Hedlund
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nina Lindelöf
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bengt Johansson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- Centre for Demographic and Aging Research (CEDAR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Erik Rosendahl
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Schlader ZJ, Chapman CL, Benati JM, Gideon EA, Vargas NT, Lema PC, Johnson BD. Renal Hemodynamics During Sympathetic Activation Following Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1928. [PMID: 30687130 PMCID: PMC6335335 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypotheses that prior aerobic (Study 1) or anaerobic (Study 2) exercise attenuates the increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) during sympathetic stimulation. Ten healthy young adults (5 females) participated in both Study 1 (aerobic exercise) and Study 2 (anaerobic exercise). In Study 1, subjects completed three minutes of face cooling pre- and post- 30 min of moderate intensity aerobic exercise (68 ± 1% estimate maximal heart rate). In Study 2, subjects completed two minutes of the cold pressor test pre- and post- the completion of a 30 s maximal effort cycling test (Wingate Anaerobic Test). Both face cooling and the cold pressor test stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and elevate RVR. The primary dependent variable in both Studies was renal blood velocity, which was measured at baseline and every minute during sympathetic stimulation. Renal blood velocity was measured via the coronal approach at the distal segment of the right renal artery with pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound. RVR was calculated from the quotient of mean arterial pressure and renal blood velocity. In Study 1, renal blood velocity and RVR did not differ between pre- and post- aerobic exercise (P ≥ 0.24). Face cooling decreased renal blood velocity (P < 0.01) and the magnitude of this decrease did not differ between pre- and post- aerobic exercise (P = 0.52). RVR increased with face cooling (P < 0.01) and the extent of these increases did not differ between pre- and post- aerobic exercise (P = 0.74). In Study 2, renal blood velocity was 2 ± 2 cm/s lower post- anaerobic exercise (P = 0.02), but RVR did not differ (P = 0.08). The cold pressor test decreased renal blood velocity (P < 0.01) and the magnitude of this decrease did not differ between pre- and post- anaerobic exercise (P = 0.26). RVR increased with the cold pressor test (P < 0.01) and the extent of these increases did not differ between pre- and post- anaerobic exercise (P = 0.12). These data indicate that 30 min of moderate intensity aerobic exercise or 30 s of maximal effort anaerobic exercise does not affect the capacity to increase RVR during sympathetic stimulation following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Christopher L. Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Julia M. Benati
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Gideon
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nicole T. Vargas
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Penelope C. Lema
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Blair D. Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Washio T, Vranish JR, Kaur J, Young BE, Katayama K, Fadel PJ, Ogoh S. Acute reduction in posterior cerebral blood flow following isometric handgrip exercise is augmented by lower body negative pressure. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13886. [PMID: 30338667 PMCID: PMC6194212 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism(s) for the increased occurrence of a grayout or blackout, syncope, immediately after heavy resistance exercise are unclear. It is well-known that orthostatic stress increases the occurrence of postexercise syncope. In addition, previous findings have suggested that hypo-perfusion, especially in the posterior cerebral circulation rather than anterior cerebral circulation, may be associated with the occurrence of syncope. Herein, we hypothesized that the postexercise decrease in posterior, but not anterior, cerebral blood flow (CBF) would be greater during orthostatic stress. Nine healthy subjects performed 3-min isometric handgrip (HG) at 30% maximum voluntary contraction without (CONTROL) and during lower body negative pressure (LBNP; -40 Torr) while vertebral artery (VA) blood flow, as an index of posterior CBF, and middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv), as an index of anterior CBF, were measured. Immediately after HG (0 to 15 sec of recovery phase), mean arterial pressure decreased but there was no difference in this reduction between CONTROL and LBNP conditions (-15.4 ± 4.0% and -17.0 ± 6.2%, P = 0.42). Similarly, MCAv decreased following exercise and was unaffected by the application of LBNP (P = 0.22). In contrast, decreases in VA blood flow immediately following HG during LBNP were significantly greater compared to CONTROL condition (-24.2 ± 9.5% and -13.4 ± 6.6%, P = 0.005). These findings suggest that the decrease in posterior CBF immediately following exercise was augmented by LBNP, whereas anterior CBF appeared unaffected. Thus, the posterior cerebral circulation may be more sensitive to orthostatic stress during the postexercise period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Washio
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringToyo UniversityKawagoe‐shiSaitamaJapan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceTokyoJapan
| | | | - Jasdeep Kaur
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexas
| | - Benjamin E. Young
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexas
| | - Keisho Katayama
- Research Center of HealthPhysical Fitness and SportsNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Paul J. Fadel
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexas
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringToyo UniversityKawagoe‐shiSaitamaJapan
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Muhammad HFL, Vink RG, Roumans NJT, Arkenbosch LAJ, Mariman EC, van Baak MA. Dietary Intake after Weight Loss and the Risk of Weight Regain: Macronutrient Composition and Inflammatory Properties of the Diet. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111205. [PMID: 29099051 PMCID: PMC5707677 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight regain after successful weight loss is a big problem in obesity management. This study aimed to investigate whether weight regain after a weight loss period is correlated with the macronutrient composition and/or the inflammatory index of the diet during that period. Sixty one overweight and obese adults participated in this experimental study. Subjects lost approximately 10% of their initial weight by means of very low-calorie diet for five weeks, or a low calorie diet for 12 weeks. After that, subjects in both groups followed a strict weight maintenance diet based on individual needs for four weeks, which was followed by a nine-month weight maintenance period without dietary counseling. Anthropometrics and dietary intake data were recorded before weight loss (baseline) and during the weight maintenance period. On average, participants regained approximately half of their lost weight. We found no evidence that macronutrient composition during the weight maintenance period was associated with weight regain. The dietary inflammatory index (r = 0.304, p = 0.032) was positively correlated with weight regain and remained significant after correction for physical activity (r = 0.287, p = 0.045). Our data suggest that the inflammatory properties of diet play a role in weight regain after weight loss in overweight and obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Freitag Luglio Muhammad
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Farmako, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Roel G Vink
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nadia J T Roumans
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura A J Arkenbosch
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Edwin C Mariman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marleen A van Baak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Sieck DC, Ely MR, Romero SA, Luttrell MJ, Abdala PM, Halliwill JR. Post-exercise syncope: Wingate syncope test and visual-cognitive function. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/16/e12883. [PMID: 27550986 PMCID: PMC5002906 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate cerebral perfusion is necessary to maintain consciousness in upright humans. Following maximal anaerobic exercise, cerebral perfusion can become compromised and result in syncope. It is unknown whether post-exercise reductions in cerebral perfusion can lead to visual-cognitive deficits prior to the onset of syncope, which would be of concern for emergency workers and warfighters, where critical decision making and intense physical activity are combined. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to determine if reductions in cerebral blood velocity, induced by maximal anaerobic exercise and head-up tilt, result in visual-cognitive deficits prior to the onset of syncope. Nineteen sedentary to recreationally active volunteers completed a symptom-limited 60° head-up tilt for 16 min before and up to 16 min after a 60 sec Wingate test. Blood velocity of the middle cerebral artery was measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasound and a visual decision-reaction time test was assessed, with independent analysis of peripheral and central visual field responses. Cerebral blood velocity was 12.7 ± 4.0% lower (mean ± SE; P < 0.05) after exercise compared to pre-exercise. This was associated with a 63 ± 29% increase (P < 0.05) in error rate for responses to cues provided to the peripheral visual field, without affecting central visual field error rates (P = 0.46) or decision-reaction times for either visual field. These data suggest that the reduction in cerebral blood velocity following maximal anaerobic exercise contributes to visual-cognitive deficits in the peripheral visual field without an apparent affect to the central visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan C Sieck
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Matthew R Ely
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Steven A Romero
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | | | - Pedro M Abdala
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - John R Halliwill
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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12
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de Toro-Martín J, Arsenault BJ, Després JP, Vohl MC. Precision Nutrition: A Review of Personalized Nutritional Approaches for the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2017; 9:E913. [PMID: 28829397 PMCID: PMC5579706 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The translation of the growing increase of findings emerging from basic nutritional science into meaningful and clinically relevant dietary advices represents nowadays one of the main challenges of clinical nutrition. From nutrigenomics to deep phenotyping, many factors need to be taken into account in designing personalized and unbiased nutritional solutions for individuals or population sub-groups. Likewise, a concerted effort among basic, clinical scientists and health professionals will be needed to establish a comprehensive framework allowing the implementation of these new findings at the population level. In a world characterized by an overwhelming increase in the prevalence of obesity and associated metabolic disturbances, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, tailored nutrition prescription represents a promising approach for both the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome. This review aims to discuss recent works in the field of precision nutrition analyzing most relevant aspects affecting an individual response to lifestyle/nutritional interventions. Latest advances in the analysis and monitoring of dietary habits, food behaviors, physical activity/exercise and deep phenotyping will be discussed, as well as the relevance of novel applications of nutrigenomics, metabolomics and microbiota profiling. Recent findings in the development of precision nutrition are highlighted. Finally, results from published studies providing examples of new avenues to successfully implement innovative precision nutrition approaches will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de Toro-Martín
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada.
| | - Jean-Pierre Després
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada.
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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13
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Romero SA, Minson CT, Halliwill JR. The cardiovascular system after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:925-932. [PMID: 28153943 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00802.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery from exercise refers to the time period between the end of a bout of exercise and the subsequent return to a resting or recovered state. It also refers to specific physiological processes or states occurring after exercise that are distinct from the physiology of either the exercising or the resting states. In this context, recovery of the cardiovascular system after exercise occurs across a period of minutes to hours, during which many characteristics of the system, even how it is controlled, change over time. Some of these changes may be necessary for long-term adaptation to exercise training, yet some can lead to cardiovascular instability during recovery. Furthermore, some of these changes may provide insight into when the cardiovascular system has recovered from prior training and is physiologically ready for additional training stress. This review focuses on the most consistently observed hemodynamic adjustments and the underlying causes that drive cardiovascular recovery and will highlight how they differ following resistance and aerobic exercise. Primary emphasis will be placed on the hypotensive effect of aerobic and resistance exercise and associated mechanisms that have clinical relevance, but if left unchecked, can progress to symptomatic hypotension and syncope. Finally, we focus on the practical application of this information to strategies to maximize the benefits of cardiovascular recovery, or minimize the vulnerabilities of this state. We will explore appropriate field measures, and discuss to what extent these can guide an athlete's training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Romero
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Texas; and
| | | | - John R Halliwill
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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