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Horvat L, Foschini A, Grinias JP, Waterhouse BD, Devilbiss DM. Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury impairs norepinephrine system function and psychostimulant responsivity. Brain Res 2024; 1839:149040. [PMID: 38815643 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex pathophysiological process that results in a variety of neurotransmitter, behavioral, and cognitive deficits. The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system is a critical regulator of arousal levels and higher executive processes affected by TBI including attention, working memory, and decision making. LC-NE axon injury and impaired signaling within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a potential contributor to the neuropsychiatric symptoms after single, moderate to severe TBI. The majority of TBIs are mild, yet long-term cognitive deficits and increased susceptibility for further injury can accumulate after each repetitive mild TBI. As a potential treatment for restoring cognitive function and daytime sleepiness after injury psychostimulants, including methylphenidate (MPH) that increase levels of NE within the PFC, are being prescribed "off-label". The impact of mild and repetitive mild TBI on the LC-NE system remains limited. Therefore, we determined the extent of LC-NE and arousal dysfunction and response to therapeutic doses of MPH in rats following experimentally induced single and repetitive mild TBI. Microdialysis measures of basal NE efflux from the medial PFC and arousal measures were significantly lower after repetitive mild TBI. Females showed higher baseline PFC-NE efflux than males following single and repetitive mild TBI. In response to MPH challenge, males exhibited a blunted PFC-NE response and persistent arousal levels following repetitive mild TBI. These results provide critical insight into the role of catecholamine system dysfunction associated with cognitive deficits following repeated injury, outcome differences between sex/gender, and lack of success of MPH as an adjunctive therapy to improve cognitive function following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Horvat
- Rowan University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Science Hall 301G, 230 Meditation Walk, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Alexis Foschini
- Rowan University, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Science Center 220, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - James P Grinias
- Rowan University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Science Hall 301G, 230 Meditation Walk, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Barry D Waterhouse
- Rowan University, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Science Center 220, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - David M Devilbiss
- Rowan University, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Science Center 220, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA.
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2
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Rieder AS, Ramires Júnior OV, Prauchner GRK, Wyse ATS. Effects of methylphenidate on mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics in the prefrontal cortex of juvenile rats are sex-dependent. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111057. [PMID: 38880464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central nervous system stimulant drug and a first order prescription in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Although MPH biochemistry in neurodevelopment is not completely understood, studies showed it alters energy metabolism in rat brains. ADHD prevalence during neurodevelopment is related to males and the investigation has been mainly done in these subjects, therefore, little is known about MPH action in females and, consequently, about sexual dimorphism. In the present study we evaluated markers of mitochondrial dynamics (DRP1 and MFN2, fission and fusion, respectively), biogenesis (mtTFA) and bioenergetics (respiratory chain complexes) in prefrontal cortex of male and female juvenile rats submitted to exposure to MPH to better understand MPH effect during postnatal neurodevelopment. ATP and oxidative stress levels were also evaluated. Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injection of MPH (2.0 mg/kg) or control (saline), once a day, from 15th to 45th day of age. Results showed that MPH increased DRP1 and decreased MFN2, as well as increased mtTFA in prefrontal cortex of male rats. In female, MPH decreased NRF1 and increased Parkin, which are mitochondrial regulatory proteins. Respiratory chain complexes (complex I, SDH, complexes III and IV), ATP production and oxidative stress parameters were altered and shown to be sex-dependent. Taken together, results suggest that chronic MPH exposure at an early age in healthy animals changes mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and bioenergetics differently depending on the sex of the subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Schmitt Rieder
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Osmar Vieira Ramires Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ricardo Krupp Prauchner
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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3
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Wilson SK, Thomas J. BH4 as a Therapeutic Target for ADHD: Relevance to Neurotransmitters and Stress-Driven Symptoms. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:161-167. [PMID: 37942650 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231204012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a critical cofactor in a variety of metabolic pathways that have been linked to ADHD. There have been no previous studies utilizing BH4 as a supplement for ADHD. BH4 has been approved as a treatment for phenylketonuria (PKU). Individuals with PKU and ADHD appear to have low DA levels in common, suggesting that the hypodopaminergic state seen in both illnesses could be a relationship between the two. Clinical research involving supplementation of BH4 has shown low occurrence of adverse. In experiments, BH4 has also been found to have good blood-brain barrier permeability. BH4 also has the ability in scavenging ROS activity, which is an implication of stress and is seen in ADHD. BH4's significance in ADHD is reviewed in this paper because of its involvement in numerous neurodevelopmental metabolic pathways, and we anticipate that exogenous BH4 can be used to treat ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson K Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala
| | - Jaya Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala
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4
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Koevoet D, Deschamps PKH, Kenemans JL. Catecholaminergic and cholinergic neuromodulation in autism spectrum disorder: A comparison to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1078586. [PMID: 36685234 PMCID: PMC9853424 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1078586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social impairments and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Treatment of ASD is notoriously difficult and might benefit from identification of underlying mechanisms that overlap with those disturbed in other developmental disorders, for which treatment options are more obvious. One example of the latter is attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), given the efficacy of especially stimulants in treatment of ADHD. Deficiencies in catecholaminergic systems [dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE)] in ADHD are obvious targets for stimulant treatment. Recent findings suggest that dysfunction in catecholaminergic systems may also be a factor in at least a subgroup of ASD. In this review we scrutinize the evidence for catecholaminergic mechanisms underlying ASD symptoms, and also include in this analysis a third classic ascending arousing system, the acetylcholinergic (ACh) network. We complement this with a comprehensive review of DA-, NE-, and ACh-targeted interventions in ASD, and an exploratory search for potential treatment-response predictors (biomarkers) in ASD, genetically or otherwise. Based on this review and analysis we propose that (1) stimulant treatment may be a viable option for an ASD subcategory, possibly defined by genetic subtyping; (2) cerebellar dysfunction is pronounced for a relatively small ADHD subgroup but much more common in ASD and in both cases may point toward NE- or ACh-directed intervention; (3) deficiency of the cortical salience network is sizable in subgroups of both disorders, and biomarkers such as eye blink rate and pupillometric data may predict the efficacy of targeting this underlying deficiency via DA, NE, or ACh in both ASD and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Koevoet
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Damian Koevoet,
| | - P. K. H. Deschamps
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J. L. Kenemans
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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5
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Blasco-Fontecilla H, Moyano-Ramírez E, Méndez-González O, Rodrigo-Yanguas M, Martin-Moratinos M, Bella-Fernández M. Effectivity of Saffron Extract (Saffr’Activ) on Treatment for Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Clinical Effectivity Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194046. [PMID: 36235697 PMCID: PMC9573091 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder worldwide. Choice treatment includes psychostimulants, but parents tend to be reluctant to administer them due to side effects, and alternatives are needed. Saffron extract is a natural stimulant that has been proven safe and effective for treating a variety of mental disorders. This study compares the efficacy of saffron and the usual treatment with methylphenidate, using objective and pen-and-paper tests. We performed a non-randomized clinical trial with two groups, methylphenidate (n = 27) and saffron (n = 36), in children and adolescents aged 7 to 17. Results show that the efficacy of saffron is comparable to that of methylphenidate. Saffron is more effective for treating hyperactivity symptoms, while methylphenidate is more effective for inattention symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación en Salud Mental), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- ITA Mental Health, 28043 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | - María Rodrigo-Yanguas
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martin-Moratinos
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Bella-Fernández
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Gul MK, Sener EF, Onal MG, Demirci E. Role of the norepinephrine transporter polymorphisms in atomoxetine treatment: From response to side effects in children with ADHD. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:715-722. [PMID: 33944622 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211015245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atomoxetine (ATX), one of the most commonly used drugs after stimulants in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment, is an inhibitor of the norepinephrine transporter (NET/SLC6A2), which is also associated with the etiology of ADHD. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of NET gene polymorphisms on response to ATX treatment and to find the answers to the questions about whether there is a relationship between the severity of the disorder and the observed side effects in children with ADHD. METHOD About 100 children with ADHD and 80 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. The dose of ATX was started at 0.5 mg/kg/day and titrated at 1.2 mg/kg/day. Response to treatment of 78 patients was evaluated 2 months after the beginning of the treatment. After whole blood samples were obtained, DNAs were isolated, and samples were stored at -80°C. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs12708954 and rs3785143) were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The patients with both rs12708954 and rs3785143 heterozygous genotype had better treatment response and more side effects than patients with wild type. There was not found any association between any of the investigated NET polymorphisms and ADHD severity. CONCLUSION It was, however, found that the NET rs12708954 and rs3785143 genotypes affect the treatment response to ATX in our study; thus, further studies with a large population are needed to understand the effects of NET polymorphisms on treatment, side effects, and also the severity of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Kevser Gul
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Elif Funda Sener
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Muge Gulcihan Onal
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Halil Bayraktar Vocational School of Health Services, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esra Demirci
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Male sex bias in early and late onset neurodevelopmental disorders: shared aspects and differences in autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Buck JM, Yu L, Knopik VS, Stitzel JA. DNA methylome perturbations: an epigenetic basis for the emergingly heritable neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with maternal smoking and maternal nicotine exposure†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:644-666. [PMID: 34270696 PMCID: PMC8444709 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with an ensemble of neurodevelopmental consequences in children and therefore constitutes a pressing public health concern. Adding to this burden, contemporary epidemiological and especially animal model research suggests that grandmaternal smoking is similarly associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities in grandchildren, indicative of intergenerational transmission of the neurodevelopmental impacts of maternal smoking. Probing the mechanistic bases of neurodevelopmental anomalies in the children of maternal smokers and the intergenerational transmission thereof, emerging research intimates that epigenetic changes, namely DNA methylome perturbations, are key factors. Altogether, these findings warrant future research to fully elucidate the etiology of neurodevelopmental impairments in the children and grandchildren of maternal smokers and underscore the clear potential thereof to benefit public health by informing the development and implementation of preventative measures, prophylactics, and treatments. To this end, the present review aims to encapsulate the burgeoning evidence linking maternal smoking to intergenerational epigenetic inheritance of neurodevelopmental abnormalities, to identify the strengths and weaknesses thereof, and to highlight areas of emphasis for future human and animal model research therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Buck
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jerry A Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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9
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Fichna JP, Humińska-Lisowska K, Safranow K, Adamczyk JG, Cięszczyk P, Żekanowski C, Berdyński M. Rare Variant in the SLC6A2 Encoding a Norepinephrine Transporter Is Associated with Elite Athletic Performance in the Polish Population. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060919. [PMID: 34203885 PMCID: PMC8232774 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous genetic factors have been shown to influence athletic performance, but the list is far from comprehensive. In this study, we analyzed genetic variants in two genes related to mental abilities, SLC6A2 (rs1805065) and SYNE1 (rs2635438) in a group of 890 athletes (320 endurance, 265 power, and 305 combat athletes) vs. 1009 sedentary controls. Genotyping of selected SNPs was performed using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. SLC6A2 codes for norepinephrine transporter, a protein involved in modulating mood, arousal, memory, learning, and pain perception, while SYNE1 encodes protein important for the maintenance of the cerebellum—the part of the brain that coordinates complex body movements. Both SNPs (rs2635438 and rs1805065) showed no statistically significant differences between the frequencies of variants in the athletes and the sedentary controls (athletes vs. control group) or in the athlete subgroups (martial vs. control, endurance vs. control, and power vs. control). The rs1805065 T variant of SLC6A2 was found to be overrepresented in male high-elite martial sports athletes when compared to sedentary controls (OR = 6.56, 95%CI = 1.82–23.59, p = 0.010). This supports the hypothesis that genetic variants potentially affecting brain functioning can influence elite athletic performance and indicate the need for further genetic association studies, as well as functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub P. Fichna
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.P.F.); (C.Ż.)
| | - Kinga Humińska-Lisowska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland; (K.H.-L.); (P.C.)
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Jakub G. Adamczyk
- Department of Theory of Sport, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Paweł Cięszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland; (K.H.-L.); (P.C.)
| | - Cezary Żekanowski
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.P.F.); (C.Ż.)
| | - Mariusz Berdyński
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.P.F.); (C.Ż.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-226-086-485
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Yoo JH, Kim JI, Kim BN, Jeong B. Exploring characteristic features of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: findings from multi-modal MRI and candidate genetic data. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:2132-2147. [PMID: 31321662 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined whether machine learning features best distinguishing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from typically developing children (TDC) can explain clinical phenotypes using multi-modal neuroimaging and genetic data. Cortical morphology, diffusivity scalars, resting-state functional connectivity and polygenic risk score (PS) from norepinephrine, dopamine and glutamate genes were extracted from 47 ADHD and 47 matched TDC. Using random forests, classification accuracy was measured for each uni- and multi-modal model. The optimal model was used to explain symptom severity or task performance and its robustness was validated in the independent dataset including 18 ADHD and 18 TDC. The model consisting of cortical thickness and volume features achieved the best accuracy of 85.1%. Morphological changes across insula, sensory/motor, and inferior frontal cortex were also found as key predictors. Those explained 18.0% of ADHD rating scale, while dynamic regional homogeneity within default network explained 6.4% of the omission errors in continuous performance test. Ensemble of PS to optimal model showed minor effect on accuracy. Validation analysis achieved accuracy of 69.4%. Current findings suggest that structural deformities relevant to salience detection, sensory processing, and response inhibition may be robust classifiers and symptom predictors of ADHD. Altered local functional connectivity across default network predicted attentional lapse. However, further investigation is needed to clarify roles of genetic predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Johanna Inhyang Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, 222-1 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-no, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bumseok Jeong
- Laboratory of Computational Affective Neuroscience and Development, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,KI for Health Science and Technology, KAIST Institute, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Association of norepinephrine transporter methylation with in vivo NET expression and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms in ADHD measured with PET. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1009-1018. [PMID: 31383926 PMCID: PMC7910214 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a robust genetic influence. The norepinephrine transporter (NET) is of particular interest as it is one of the main targets in treatment of the disorder. As ADHD is a complex and polygenetic condition, the possible regulation by epigenetic processes has received increased attention. We sought to determine possible differences in NET promoter DNA methylation between patients with ADHD and healthy controls. DNA methylation levels in the promoter region of the NET were determined in 23 adult patients with ADHD and 23 healthy controls. A subgroup of 18 patients with ADHD and 18 healthy controls underwent positron emission tomography (PET) with the radioligand (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2 to quantify the NET in several brain areas in vivo. Analyses revealed significant differences in NET methylation levels at several cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites between groups. A defined segment of the NET promoter ("region 1") was hypermethylated in patients in comparison with controls. In ADHD patients, a negative correlation between methylation of a CpG site in this region and NET distribution in the thalamus, locus coeruleus, and the raphe nuclei was detected. Furthermore, methylation of several sites in region 1 was negatively associated with the severity of hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms. Our results point to an epigenetic dysregulation in ADHD, possibly due to a compensatory mechanisms or additional factors involved in transcriptional processing.
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12
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Martella D, Aldunate N, Fuentes LJ, Sánchez-Pérez N. Arousal and Executive Alterations in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Front Psychol 2020; 11:1991. [PMID: 32903419 PMCID: PMC7434859 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in childhood and can significantly affect a child's personal and social development and academic achievement. Taking into account the model of attentional networks proposed by Posner et al., the aim of the present study was to review the literature regarding two main explicative models of ADHD, i.e., the inhibition model and the cognitive-energetic model, by discussing behavioral and neurological evidence of both models and the limitations of each model. The review highlights evidence that favors the energetic model and points to an unstable arousal as a potential pathogenetic factor in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martella
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Humanísticos, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nerea Aldunate
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis J. Fuentes
- Departamento de Psicología Básica y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Noelia Sánchez-Pérez
- Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
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13
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Sengupta SM, Grizenko N, Fortier MÈ, Ter-Stepanian M, Joober R. Facing the Methodological Challenge in Dissecting the Genetics of ADHD: A Case for Deep Phenotyping and Heterogeneity Reduction. JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY = JOURNAL DE L'ACADEMIE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE DE L'ENFANT ET DE L'ADOLESCENT 2020; 29:188-201. [PMID: 32774401 PMCID: PMC7391869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aetiology of ADHD is complex, with genetic and environmental factors both implicated in the disorder. The most recent ADHD genome-wide association study identified 12 loci that showed significant association with the disorder. However, as highlighted by the authors, these loci "only capture a tiny fraction" of the risk for ADHD. It has been suggested that it may be important to disentangle: (1) the clinical complexity of the disorder, and (2) the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, in order to better dissect the aetiology of the disorder. METHOD We have conducted a clinically-relevant Pharmaco-Behavioural Genetic study in a large group of children with ADHD (~850 families) over the last 15 years. The study includes detailed evaluation of quantitative behavioural and neuropsychological phenotypes, as well as short-term response of these phenotypes to treatment with a fixed dose of methylphenidate (0.5mg/kg in a b.i.d. dose). Specific genetic markers and environmental factors were examined for their association with these dimensions. RESULTS Here we present results that highlight the importance of examining genetic association with quantitative traits, including those constructs having relevance to Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Further, we demonstrate that by conducting association analysis in groups of children stratified based on exposure to key environmental exposure (maternal smoking or stress during pregnancy), we are able to increase the sensitivity for finding genes involved in the disorder. CONCLUSION These results suggest that deep phenotyping and heterogeneity reduction may be imperative in order to uncover the "missing heritability" of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarojini M Sengupta
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Natalie Grizenko
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | | | - Marina Ter-Stepanian
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
- Départment de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec
| | - Ridha Joober
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
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14
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Elbeltagy AR, Bertolini F, Fleming DS, Van Goor A, Ashwell CM, Schmidt CJ, Kugonza DR, Lamont SJ, Rothschild MF. Natural Selection Footprints Among African Chicken Breeds and Village Ecotypes. Front Genet 2019; 10:376. [PMID: 31139205 PMCID: PMC6518202 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural selection is likely a major factor in shaping genomic variation of the African indigenous rural chicken, driving the development of genetic footprints. Selection footprints are expected to be associated with adaptation to locally prevailing environmental stressors, which may include diverse factors as high altitude, disease resistance, poor nutrition, oxidative and heat stresses. To determine the existence of a selection footprint, 268 birds were randomly sampled from three indigenous ecotypes from East Africa (Rwanda and Uganda) and North Africa (Baladi), and two registered Egyptian breeds (Dandarawi and Fayoumi). Samples were genotyped using the chicken Affymetrix 600K Axiom® Array. A total of 494,332 SNPs were utilized in the downstream analysis after implementing quality control measures. The intra-population runs of homozygosity (ROH) that occurred in >50% of individuals of an ecotype or in >75% of a breed were studied. To identify inter-population differentiation due to genetic structure, FST was calculated for North- vs. East-African populations and Baladi and Fayoumi vs. Dandarawi for overlapping windows (500 kb with a step-size of 250 kb). The ROH and FST mapping detected several selective sweeps on different autosomes. Results reflected selection footprints of the environmental stresses, breed behavior, and management. Intra-population ROH of the Egyptian chickens showed selection footprints bearing genes for adaptation to heat, solar radiation, ion transport and immunity. The high-altitude-adapted East-African populations' ROH showed a selection signature with genes for angiogenesis, oxygen-heme binding and transport. The neuroglobin gene (GO:0019825 and GO:0015671) was detected on a Chromosome 5 ROH of Rwanda-Uganda ecotypes. The sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter, SLC6A2 on a Chromosome 11 ROH in Fayoumi breed may reflect its active behavior. Inter-population FST among Egyptian populations reflected genetic mechanisms for the Fayoumi resistance to Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), while FST between Egyptian and Rwanda-Uganda populations indicated the Secreted frizzled related protein 2, SFRP2, (GO:0009314) on Chromosome 4, that contributes to melanogenic activity and most likely enhances the Dandarawi chicken adaptation to high-intensity of solar radiation in Southern Egypt. These results enhance our understanding of the natural selection forces role in shaping genomic structure for adaptation to the stressful African conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R Elbeltagy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Production Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Damarius S Fleming
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Angelica Van Goor
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Institute of Food Production and Sustainability, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Chris M Ashwell
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Carl J Schmidt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Donald R Kugonza
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Max F Rothschild
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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15
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Nemoda Z, Angyal N, Tarnok Z, Birkas E, Bognar E, Sasvari-Szekely M, Gervai J, Lakatos K. Differential Genetic Effect of the Norepinephrine Transporter Promoter Polymorphisms on Attention Problems in Clinical and Non-clinical Samples. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1051. [PMID: 30692908 PMCID: PMC6339888 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the monoaminergic modulatory neurotransmitters, norepinephrine is involved in task orienting, hence noradrenergic genetic variants have been studied in connection to attentional processes. The role of this catecholamine system is also highlighted by the selective norepinephrine transporter blocking atomoxetine, which has proved to be effective in the pharmacological treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In the present genetic association study three single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs28386840, rs2242446, rs3785143 SNPs) were analyzed from the 5′ region of the norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) gene, which have been linked to ADHD previously. Attention problems scores of the mother-rated Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were used in separate analyses of 88 preschoolers (59.1% male, 6 years of age) recruited from the general population and 120 child psychiatry patients with ADHD diagnosis (85.8% male, age: 9.8 ± 2.9). The NET SNPs showed associations with attention problems, but the direction was different in the two groups. Regarding the promoter variant rs28386840, which showed the most consistent association, the T-allele-carrier patients with ADHD had lower CBCL attention problems scores compared to patients with AA genotype (p = 0.023), whereas T-allele-carriers in the community sample had more attention problems (p = 0.042). Based on previous reports of lower NE levels in ADHD children and the inverted-U shape effect of NE on cognitive functions, we propose that rs28386840 (-3081) T-allele, which is associated with lower NET expression (and potentially higher synaptic NE level) would support attention processes among ADHD patients (similarly as atomoxetine increases NE levels), whereas it would hinder cortical functions in healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia Nemoda
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nora Angyal
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsanett Tarnok
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emma Birkas
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emese Bognar
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Sasvari-Szekely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Gervai
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Lakatos
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Angyal N, Horvath EZ, Tarnok Z, Richman MJ, Bognar E, Lakatos K, Sasvari-Szekely M, Nemoda Z. Association analysis of norepinephrine transporter polymorphisms and methylphenidate response in ADHD patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:122-128. [PMID: 29374517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Methylphenidate (MPH) is the most frequently prescribed drug in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Hitherto mostly the dopamine transporter gene has been studied in MPH-response and only a few studies analyzed the norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) gene, although MPH is a potent inhibitor of both dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. We aimed to analyze this monoamine transporter gene in relation to ADHD per se and MPH-response in particular to gain further knowledge in ADHD pharmacogenetics using a Caucasian sample. METHODS Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs28386840, rs2242446, rs3785143, rs3785157, rs5569, rs7194256 SNP) were studied across the NET gene in 163 ADHD children (age: 9.3±2.6; 86.5% male) using ADHD-RS hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention scales. For case-control analysis 486 control subjects were also genotyped. At the MPH-response analysis responders had minimum 25% decrease of ADHD-RS total score after 2months of treatment, and chi-square test compared 90 responders and 32 non-responders, whereas ANOVA was used to assess symptom improvement after the first month among the 122 ADHD patients. RESULTS The classical case-control analysis did not yield any association with ADHD diagnosis, which was supported by meta-analysis conducted on the available genetic data (combining previously published and the present studies). On the other hand, the intronic rs3785143 showed nominal association with inattention symptoms (p=0.01). The haplotype analysis supported this association, and indicated the importance of the first haploblock encompassing the intronic and 2 promoter SNPs. With MPH-response only the promoter rs28386840 showed nominal association: Those with at least one T-allele were overrepresented in the responder group (42% vs 19%, p=0.08), and they had better improvement on the hyperactivity-impulsivity scale compared to the AA genotype (p=0.04). CONCLUSION Although none of our single SNP findings remained significant after correcting for multiple testing, our results from the MPH-response analysis indicate the potential importance of promoter variants in the NET gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Angyal
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsebet Zsofia Horvath
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsanett Tarnok
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mara J Richman
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emese Bognar
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Lakatos
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Sasvari-Szekely
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Nemoda
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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No genetic association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Parkinson's disease in nine ADHD candidate SNPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9:121-127. [PMID: 28176268 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-017-0219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) involve pathological changes in brain structures such as the basal ganglia, which are essential for the control of motor and cognitive behavior and impulsivity. The cause of ADHD and PD remains unknown, but there is increasing evidence that both seem to result from a complicated interplay of genetic and environmental factors affecting numerous cellular processes and brain regions. To explore the possibility of common genetic pathways within the respective pathophysiologies, nine ADHD candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven genes were tested for association with PD in 5333 cases and 12,019 healthy controls: one variant, respectively, in the genes coding for synaptosomal-associated protein 25 k (SNAP25), the dopamine (DA) transporter (SLC6A3; DAT1), DA receptor D4 (DRD4), serotonin receptor 1B (HTR1B), tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the norepinephrine transporter SLC6A2 and three SNPs in cadherin 13 (CDH13). Information was extracted from a recent meta-analysis of five genome-wide association studies, in which 7,689,524 SNPs in European samples were successfully imputed. No significant association was observed after correction for multiple testing. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that candidate variants implicated in the pathogenesis of ADHD do not play a substantial role in PD.
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18
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Ghosh P, Maitra S, Saha T, Sinha S, Mukhopadhyay K. Functional genetic polymorphisms in dopaminergic transporters: Association with ADHD traits in the Indian probands. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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19
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Ray A, Maitra S, Chatterjee M, Ghosh P, Karmakar A, Sinha S, Mukhopadhyay K. Dimorphic association of dopaminergic transporter gene variants with treatment outcome: Pilot study in Indian ADHD probands. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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20
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Samyn V, Roeyers H, Bijttebier P, Wiersema JR. Attentional Networks in Boys With ADHD or Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Relationship With Effortful Control. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:228-239. [PMID: 23382577 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712473183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated differences in attentional networks in typically developing (TD) boys and boys with ADHD or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In addition, we investigated the relationship between networks and the relationship with effortful control (EC). METHOD An Attention Network Test was used to assess alerting, orienting, and executive attention in 25 TD boys, 25 boys with ADHD, and 25 boys with ASD. RESULTS In the absence of warning signals, boys with ADHD performed poorer than other children. In all groups, the orienting and executive control networks and the alerting and orienting networks interacted. Executive attention and EC were unrelated. CONCLUSION Results provided evidence of impaired tonic alertness in ADHD and support the idea of functional integration of attentional networks. Finally, findings suggest that the link between EC reports and indices of neural systems involved in the effortful regulation of behavior may not be as unambiguous as previously thought.
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21
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D'Souza S, Thompson JMD, Slykerman R, Marlow G, Wall C, Murphy R, Ferguson LR, Mitchell EA, Waldie KE. Environmental and genetic determinants of childhood depression: The roles of DAT1 and the antenatal environment. J Affect Disord 2016; 197:151-8. [PMID: 26991370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Research on adolescent and adult populations has linked depression to variation in several monoaminergic genes, but genetic association studies on depression in children are limited. Additionally, few studies have investigated whether stressors occurring very early in development moderate the influence of certain genes on depression. The aim of this study was to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from monoaminergic genes interacted with measures of early life stress to influence depressive symptoms in children. Participants were members of the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative cohort. Small for gestational age (SGA) and maternal stress during pregnancy were measured at birth and used as indicators of early life stress. At age 11, depressive symptoms were measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) and DNA samples were collected for genotyping. A two-way ANOVA revealed that SGA and a SNP from the dopamine transporter gene DAT1 had an interactive effect on children's depressive symptoms. Specifically, symptoms were greater in children born SGA who are T homozygous for the rs1042098 SNP. These findings suggest that adverse intrauterine environments leading to low birth weight also seem to exacerbate the effects of certain DAT1 variants on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D'Souza
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - John M D Thompson
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Rebecca Slykerman
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Gareth Marlow
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Clare Wall
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Rinki Murphy
- Department of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Edwin A Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Karen E Waldie
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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22
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Sigurdardottir HL, Kranz GS, Rami-Mark C, James GM, Vanicek T, Gryglewski G, Kautzky A, Hienert M, Traub-Weidinger T, Mitterhauser M, Wadsak W, Hacker M, Rujescu D, Kasper S, Lanzenberger R. Effects of norepinephrine transporter gene variants on NET binding in ADHD and healthy controls investigated by PET. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 37:884-95. [PMID: 26678348 PMCID: PMC4949568 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous disorder with a strong genetic component. The norepinephrine transporter (NET) is a key target for ADHD treatment and the NET gene has been of high interest as a possible modulator of ADHD pathophysiology. Therefore, we conducted an imaging genetics study to examine possible effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the NET gene on NET nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND ) in patients with ADHD and healthy controls (HCs). Twenty adult patients with ADHD and 20 HCs underwent (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2 positron emission tomography (PET) and were genotyped on a MassARRAY MALDI-TOF platform using the Sequenom iPLEX assay. Linear mixed models analyses revealed a genotype-dependent difference in NET BPND between groups in the thalamus and cerebellum. In the thalamus, a functional promoter SNP (-3081 A/T) and a 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) SNP (-182 T/C), showed higher binding in ADHD patients compared to HCs depending on the major allele. Furthermore, we detected an effect of genotype in HCs, with major allele carriers having lower binding. In contrast, for two 3'UTR SNPs (*269 T/C, *417 A/T), ADHD subjects had lower binding in the cerebellum compared to HCs depending on the major allele. Additionally, symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity correlated with NET BPND in the cerebellum depending on genotype. Symptoms correlated positively with cerebellar NET BPND for the major allele, while symptoms correlated negatively to NET BPND in minor allele carriers. Our findings support the role of genetic influence of the NE system on NET binding to be pertubated in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Sigurdardottir
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Rami-Mark
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregory M James
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Vanicek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Gryglewski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Kautzky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marius Hienert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatjana Traub-Weidinger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Hohmann S, Hohm E, Treutlein J, Blomeyer D, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Laucht M. Association of norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) genotype with ADHD-related phenotypes: findings of a longitudinal study from birth to adolescence. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:425-33. [PMID: 25724484 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the gene encoding for the norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) has repeatedly been linked with ADHD, although there is some inconsistency regarding the association with specific genes. The variants for which most consistent association has been found are the NET variants rs3785157 and rs28386840. Here, we tested for their association with ADHD diagnosis and ADHD-related phenotypes during development in a longitudinal German community sample. Children were followed from age 4 to age 15, using diagnostic interviews to assess ADHD. Between the ages of 8 and 15 years, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was administered to the primary caregivers. The continuous performance task (CPT) was performed at age 15. Controlling for possible confounders, we found that homozygous carriers of the major A allele of the functional promoter variant rs28386840 displayed a higher rate of ADHD lifetime diagnosis. Moreover, homozygous carriers of the minor T allele of rs3785157 were more likely to develop ADHD and showed higher scores on the CBCL externalizing behavior scales. Additionally, we found that individuals heterozygous for rs3785157 made fewer omission errors in the CPT than homozygotes. This is the first longitudinal study to report associations between specific NET variants and ADHD-related phenotypes during the course of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Erika Hohm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dorothea Blomeyer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Jennen-Steinmetz
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin H Schmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Günter Esser
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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Blasco-Fontecilla H, Gonzalez-Perez M, Garcia-Lopez R, Poza-Cano B, Perez-Moreno MR, de Leon-Martinez V, Otero-Perez J. Efficacy of chess training for the treatment of ADHD: A prospective, open label study. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2015; 9:13-21. [PMID: 25911280 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effectiveness of playing chess as a treatment option for children with ADHD. METHODS Parents of 44 children ages 6 to 17 with a primary diagnosis of ADHD consented to take part in the study. Parents completed the Spanish version of the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Scale for parents (SNAP-IV) and the Abbreviated Conner's Rating Scales for parents (CPRS-HI) prior to an 11-week chess-training program. We used a paired t-test to compare pre- and post-intervention outcomes, and Cohen-d calculations to measure the magnitude of the effect. The statistical significance was set at P<.05. RESULTS Children with ADHD improved in both the SNAP-IV (t=6.23; degrees of freedom (df)=41; P<.001) and the CPRS-HI (t=5.39; df=33; P<.001). Our results suggest a large effect in decreasing the severity of ADHD as measured by the SNAP-IV (d=0.85) and the CPRS-HI (d=0.85). Furthermore, we found a correlation between intelligence quotient and SNAP-IV improvement (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of our pilot study should be interpreted with caution. This pilot project highlights the importance of carrying out larger studies with a case-control design. If our results are replicated in better designed studies, playing chess could be included within the multimodal treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla
- Centro de Salud Mental de Villalba, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (IDIPHIM)-Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, España; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España; Consulting Asistencial Sociosanitario (CAS).
| | - Marisa Gonzalez-Perez
- Centro de Salud Mental de Villalba, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (IDIPHIM)-Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, España
| | - Raquel Garcia-Lopez
- Centro de Salud Mental de Villalba, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (IDIPHIM)-Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, España
| | - Belen Poza-Cano
- Centro de Salud Mental de Villalba, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (IDIPHIM)-Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, España
| | | | - Victoria de Leon-Martinez
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
| | - Jose Otero-Perez
- Centro de Salud Mental de Villalba, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (IDIPHIM)-Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, España
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Shang CY, Chiang HL, Gau SSF. A haplotype of the norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2) is associated with visual memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 58:89-96. [PMID: 25554436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common heritable childhood-onset psychiatric disorder with impaired visual memory. Based on the evidence from treatment effect of atomoxetine, which interacts directly with the norepinephrine transporter, on visual memory in children with ADHD, this study examined the linkage disequilibrium structure of the norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2) and the association between SLC6A2 and ADHD and visual memory, a promising endophenotype for ADHD. This family-based association sample consisted of 382 probands with DSM-IV ADHD and their family members (n=1298 in total) of Han Chinese in Taiwan. Visual memory was assessed by the Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) and Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM) tasks of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). We screened 21 polymorphisms across SLC6A2 and used the Family-Based Association Test (FBAT) to test the associations of SLC6A2 polymorphisms with ADHD and the PRM and SRM measures. In haplotype analyses, a haplotype rs36011 (T)/rs1566652 (G) was significantly associated with ADHD (minimal p=0.045) after adjustment for multiple testing. In quantitative analyses, this TG haplotype also demonstrated significant associations with visual memory measures, including mean latency of correct responses in PRM (minimal p=0.019), total correct responses in PRM (minimal p=0.018), and total correct responses in SRM (minimal p=0.015). Our novel finding of the haplotype rs36011 (T)/rs1566652 (G) as a novel genetic marker involved in both ADHD disease susceptibility and visual memory suggests that allelic variations in SLC6A2 could provide insight into the pathways leading from genotype to phenotype of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yung Shang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences and Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ahmadi N, Mohammadi MR, Araghi SM, Zarafshan H. Neurocognitive Profile of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD): A comparison between subtypes. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 9:197-202. [PMID: 25792987 PMCID: PMC4361821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the differences between ADHD subtypes in executive function tasks compared to themselves and normal controls. METHOD In this study, 45 school aged children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and 30 normal children who were matched based on age and IQ score in Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) were compared in terms of executive function. We used Wisconsin Sorting Card Test to assess executive function in both groups. We also used children's scores in Children Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4) for diagnosing ADHD and specifying ADHD subtypes. Data were entered in SPSS-17 and analyzed by T-test and ANOVA static tests to clarify the differences between ADHD and controls and between ADHD subtypes. Scheffe's test was also used to identify which groups were different from one another. The mean and standard divisions (SD) were used for descriptive analysis. RESULTS ADHD subtypes are significantly different in terms of perseverative responses (p≤ 0/01) and perseverative errors (p≤ 0/001). Based on Scheffe's test, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders-Hyperactive type (ADHD-H) is not that different from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders-Inattention type (ADHD-I) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders-Combined type (ADHD-C), but there are significant responses and perseverative differences between ADHD-I and ADHD-C in terms of perseverative errors. ADHD-C shows more perseverative responses and perseverative errors than ADHD-I. CONCLUSION The findings of this study revealed that executive function patterns are different in children with ADHD compared to normal children. In this study it was also found that ADHD subtypes are also different in terms of perseveration and response inhibition domains; ADHD-C has more deficits in these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Ahmadi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Araghi
- Isfahan University, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hadi Zarafshan
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
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Davies W. Sex differences in attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: candidate genetic and endocrine mechanisms. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:331-46. [PMID: 24680800 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental condition characterised by severe inattention, pathological impulsivity and hyperactivity; it is relatively common affecting up to 6% of children, and is associated with a risk of long-term adverse educational and social consequences. Males are considerably more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than females; the course of the disorder and its associated co-morbidities also appear to be sensitive to sex. Here, I discuss fundamental biological (genetic and endocrine) mechanisms that have been shown to, or could theoretically, contribute towards these sexually dimorphic phenomena. Greater understanding of how and why the sexes differ with respect to ADHD vulnerability should allow us to identify and characterise novel protective and risk factors for the disorder, and should ultimately facilitate improved diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Davies
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
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Samyn V, Wiersema JR, Bijttebier P, Roeyers H. Effortful control and executive attention in typical and atypical development: An event-related potential study. Biol Psychol 2014; 99:160-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Liu L, Sun L, Li ZH, Li HM, Wei LP, Wang YF, Qian QJ. BAIAP2 exhibits association to childhood ADHD especially predominantly inattentive subtype in Chinese Han subjects. Behav Brain Funct 2013; 9:48. [PMID: 24377651 PMCID: PMC3892012 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-9-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common chronic neurodevelopmental disorder with a high heritability. Much evidence of hemisphere asymmetry has been found for ADHD probands from behavioral level, electrophysiological level and brain morphology. One previous research has reported possible association between BAIAP2, which is asymmetrically expressed in the two cerebral hemispheres, with ADHD in European population. The present study aimed to investigate the association between BAIAP2 and ADHD in Chinese Han subjects. METHODS A total of 1,397 ADHD trios comprised of one ADHD proband and their parents were included for family-based association tests. Independent 569 ADHD cases and 957 normal controls were included for case-control studies. Diagnosis was performed according to the DSM-IV criteria. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of BAIAP2 were chosen and performed genotyping for both family-based and case-control association studies. RESULTS Transmission disequilibrium tests (TDTs) for family-based association studies showed significant association between the CA haplotype comprised by rs3934492 and rs9901648 with predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I). For case-control study, chi-square tests provided evidence for the contribution of SNP rs4969239, rs3934492 and rs4969385 to ADHD and its two clinical subtypes, ADHD-I and ADHD-C. However, only the associations for ADHD and ADHD-I retained significant after corrections for multiplicity or logistic regression analyses adjusting the potential confounding effect of gender and age. CONCLUSIONS These above results indicated the possible involvement of BAIAP2 in the etiology of ADHD, especially ADHD-I.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiu-Jin Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China.
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Association between SYP with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Chinese Han subjects: differences among subtypes and genders. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:308-14. [PMID: 23726717 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of neurotransmitters has been suggested to be involved in the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hence, genes encoding proteins involved in the vesicular release process of those neurotransmitters are attractive candidates in ADHD genetics. One of these genes is SYP, which encodes synaptophysin, a protein known to participate in regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. Several studies have reported an association between SYP and ADHD, but more work is needed to refine the association. In the present study, we attempt to investigate their association in Chinese Han subjects by family-based and case-control studies. Transmission disequilibrium tests (TDTs) in 1112 trios found significant association between SYP and the predominantly inattentive subtype (ADHD-I), especially for males with ADHD-I, both from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and haplotypic analyses. Chi-square tests in 1682 ADHD probands and 957 comparison subjects indicated possible association of SYP with female ADHD and female ADHD-I. However, the associated alleles and haplotypes between males and females were reversed. In conclusion, our results suggested that SYP may be primarily associated with ADHD-I and its genetic mechanism may be gender-specific. Thus, it is necessary to take subtype and gender into account in ADHD genetic studies.
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Fentress HM, Klar R, Krueger JJ, Sabb T, Redmon SN, Wallace NM, Shirey-Rice JK, Hahn MK. Norepinephrine transporter heterozygous knockout mice exhibit altered transport and behavior. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:749-59. [PMID: 24102798 PMCID: PMC3852905 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The norepinephrine (NE) transporter (NET) regulates synaptic NE availability for noradrenergic signaling in the brain and sympathetic nervous system. Although genetic variation leading to a loss of NET expression has been implicated in psychiatric and cardiovascular disorders, complete NET deficiency has not been found in people, limiting the utility of NET knockout mice as a model for genetically driven NET dysfunction. Here, we investigate NET expression in NET heterozygous knockout male mice (NET(+/-) ), demonstrating that they display an approximately 50% reduction in NET protein levels. Surprisingly, these mice display no significant deficit in NET activity assessed in hippocampal and cortical synaptosomes. We found that this compensation in NET activity was due to enhanced activity of surface-resident transporters, as opposed to surface recruitment of NET protein or compensation through other transport mechanisms, including serotonin, dopamine or organic cation transporters. We hypothesize that loss of NET protein in the NET(+/-) mouse establishes an activated state of existing surface NET proteins. The NET(+/-) mice exhibit increased anxiety in the open field and light-dark box and display deficits in reversal learning in the Morris water maze. These data suggest that recovery of near basal activity in NET(+/-) mice appears to be insufficient to limit anxiety responses or support cognitive performance that might involve noradrenergic neurotransmission. The NET(+/-) mice represent a unique model to study the loss and resultant compensatory changes in NET that may be relevant to behavior and physiology in human NET deficiency disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Fentress
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Adrenergic neurotransmitter system transporter and receptor genes associated with atomoxetine response in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder children. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:1127-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Thakur GA, Sengupta SM, Grizenko N, Choudhry Z, Joober R. Comprehensive phenotype/genotype analyses of the norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2) in ADHD: relation to maternal smoking during pregnancy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49616. [PMID: 23185385 PMCID: PMC3502190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite strong pharmacological evidence implicating the norepinephrine transporter in ADHD, genetic studies have yielded largely insignificant results. We tested the association between 30 tag SNPs within the SLC6A2 gene and ADHD, with stratification based on maternal smoking during pregnancy, an environmental factor strongly associated with ADHD. METHODS Children (6-12 years old) diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria were comprehensively evaluated with regard to several behavioral and cognitive dimensions of ADHD as well as response to a fixed dose of methylphenidate (MPH) using a double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial. Family-based association tests (FBAT), including categorical and quantitative trait analyses, were conducted in 377 nuclear families. RESULTS A highly significant association was observed with rs36021 (and linked SNPs) in the group where mothers smoked during pregnancy. Association was noted with categorical DSM-IV ADHD diagnosis (Z=3.74, P=0.0002), behavioral assessments by parents (CBCL, P=0.00008), as well as restless-impulsive subscale scores on Conners'-teachers (P=0.006) and parents (P=0.006). In this subgroup, significant association was also observed with cognitive deficits, more specifically sustained attention, spatial working memory, planning, and response inhibition. The risk allele was associated with significant improvement of behavior as measured by research staff (Z=3.28, P=0.001), parents (Z=2.62, P=0.009), as well as evaluation in the simulated academic environment (Z=3.58, P=0.0003). CONCLUSIONS By using maternal smoking during pregnancy to index a putatively more homogeneous group of ADHD, highly significant associations were observed between tag SNPs within SLC6A2 and ADHD diagnosis, behavioral and cognitive measures relevant to ADHD and response to MPH. This comprehensive phenotype/genotype analysis may help to further understand this complex disorder and improve its treatment. Clinical trial registration information - Clinical and Pharmacogenetic Study of Attention Deficit with Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); www.clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00483106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta A. Thakur
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Natalie Grizenko
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zia Choudhry
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ridha Joober
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Fortier MÈ, Sengupta SM, Grizenko N, Choudhry Z, Thakur G, Joober R. Genetic Evidence for the Association of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) Axis with ADHD and Methylphenidate Treatment Response. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 15:122-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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