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Avnit A, Zibman S, Alyagon U, Zangen A. Abnormal functional asymmetry and its behavioural correlates in adults with ADHD: A TMS-EEG study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285086. [PMID: 37228131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Abnormal functional brain asymmetry and deficient response inhibition are two core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated whether these symptoms are inter-related and whether they are underlined by altered frontal excitability and by compromised interhemispheric connectivity. METHODS We studied these issues in 52 ADHD and 43 non-clinical adults by comparing: (1) stop-signal reaction time (SSRT); (2) frontal asymmetry of the N200 event-related potential component, which is evoked during response inhibition and is lateralised to the right hemisphere; (3) TMS-evoked potential (TEP) in the right frontal hemisphere, which is indicative of local cortical excitability; and (4) frontal right-to-left interhemispheric TMS signal propagation (ISP), which is reversely indicative of interhemispheric connectivity. RESULTS Compared to controls, the ADHD group demonstrated elongated SSRT, reduced N200 right-frontal-asymmetry, weaker TEP, and stronger ISP. Moreover, in the ADHD group, N200 right-frontal-asymmetry correlated with SSRT, with TEP, and with symptoms severity. Conversely, no relationship was observed between ISP and N200 right-frontal-asymmetry, and both TEP and ISP were found to be unrelated to SSRT. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that abnormal frontal asymmetry is related to a key cognitive symptom in ADHD and suggest that it is underlined by reduced right-frontal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Avnit
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Samuel Zibman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Uri Alyagon
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Abraham Zangen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Ishibashi K, Ishii D, Yamamoto S, Okamoto Y, Wakatabi M, Kohno Y. Asymmetry of Interhemispheric Connectivity during Rapid Movements of Right and Left Hands: A TMS-EEG Study. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:135-145. [PMID: 34180775 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.1930993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The interhemispheric signal propagation (ISP) obtained by electroencephalography during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows for the assessment of the interhemispheric connectivity involved in inhibitory processes. To investigate the functional asymmetry of hemispheres during rapid movement, we compared ISP in the left and right hemispheres during rapid hand movements. In 11 healthy right-handed adults, we delivered TMS to the M1 and recorded ISP from the M1 to the contralateral hemisphere. We found that ISP from the left to right hemisphere during right-hand rapid movement was higher than ISP from the right to left hemisphere during the left-hand rapid movement. These results indicate that the left M1 strongly inhibits the right M1, and that the left hemisphere is dominant for rapid movements as well as sequential movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshige Ishibashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishii
- Center for Medical Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Wakatabi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kohno
- Center for Medical Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
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3
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Altered interhemispheric signal propagation in schizophrenia and depression. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:1604-1611. [PMID: 34030057 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Altered interhemispheric connectivity is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD) and may account for deficits in lateralized cognitive processes. We measured transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked interhemispheric signal propagation (ISP), a non-invasive measure of transcallosal connectivity, and hypothesized that the SCZ and MDD groups will have increased ISP compared to healthy controls. METHODS We evaluated ISP over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in 34 patients with SCZ and 34 patients with MDD compared to 32 age and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS ISP was significantly increased in patients with SCZ and patients with MDD compared to healthy controls but did not differ between patient groups. There were no effects of antidepressant, antipsychotic, and benzodiazepine medications on ISP and our results remained unchanged after re-analysis with a region of interest method. CONCLUSION Altered ISP was found in both SCZ and MDD patient groups. This indicates that disruptions of interhemispheric signaling processes can be indexed with ISP across psychiatric populations. SIGNIFICANCE These findings enhance our knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of interhemispheric imbalances in SCZ and MDD, which may serve as potential treatment targets in future patients.
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Simard I, Denomme WJ, Shane MS. Altered power spectra in antisocial males during rest as a function of cocaine dependence: A network analysis. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 309:111235. [PMID: 33484936 PMCID: PMC7904621 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the spectral power of offenders' neural oscillations have been noted within select Resting-State Networks (RSNs); however, no study has yet evaluated the influence of cocaine dependence, drug use severity, and psychopathic traits on these abnormalities. To this end, the present study compared rest-related power spectral characteristics between two groups of offenders (with and without a DSM-IV-TR cocaine-dependence diagnosis) and a non-offender control group. Results indicated that both offender groups presented with lower low frequency power ratio (LFPR) scores (i.e. across all RSNs) than non-offenders. These differences in LFPR scores were due to both higher high-frequency power (0.15-0.25 Hz; within seven (in non-dependent offenders) and five (in cocaine-dependent offenders) of eight investigated networks) and decreased low-frequency power (0.01-0.10 Hz; within six (in non-dependent offenders) and one (in cocaine-dependent offenders) of eight investigated networks) compared to non-offenders. Thus, both cocaine-dependent and non-dependent offenders displayed abnormal neural oscillations, suggesting that these oscillatory abnormalities could exist as neurobiological features associated with offender status. Offenders' LFPR levels correlated with lifetime years of cocaine use, but not with the level of psychopathic traits. These findings supplement our knowledge regarding the influence of substance use on resting-state activity in offenders; moreover, they provide further indication of the importance of evaluating shared/unique variance associated with drug use and pyschopathic personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Simard
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada.
| | - William J Denomme
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada.
| | - Matthew S Shane
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada.
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Sharan RV, Berkovsky S, Taib R, Koprinska I, Li J. Detecting Personality Traits Using Inter-Hemispheric Asynchrony of the Brainwaves. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:62-65. [PMID: 33017931 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Affective personality traits have been associated with a risk of developing mental and cognitive disorders and can be informative for early detection and management of such disorders. However, conventional personality trait detection is often biased and unreliable, as it depends on the honesty of the subjects when filling out the lengthy questionnaires. In this paper, we propose a method for objective detection of personality traits using physiological signals. Subjects are shown affective images and videos to evoke a range of emotions. The electrical activity of the brain is captured using EEG during this process and the multi-channel EEG data is processed to compute the inter-hemispheric asynchrony of the brainwaves. The most discriminative features are selected and then used to build a machine learning classifier, which is trained to predict 16 personality traits. Our results show high predictive accuracy for both image and video stimuli individually, and an improvement when the two stimuli are combined, achieving a 95.49% accuracy. Most of the selected discriminative features were found to be extracted from the alpha frequency band. Our work shows that personality traits can be accurately detected with EEG data, suggesting possible use in practical applications for early detection of mental and cognitive disorders.
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Clark AP, Bontemps AP, Batky BD, Watts EK, Salekin RT. Psychopathy and neurodynamic brain functioning: A review of EEG research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:352-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Anderson NE, Maurer JM, Nyalakanti P, Harenski KA, Harenski CL, Koenigs MR, Decety J, Kiehl KA. Affective and interpersonal psychopathic traits associated with reduced corpus callosum volume among male inmates - RETRACTED. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1401-1408. [PMID: 30311599 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathy is a personality disorder associated with severe emotional and interpersonal consequences and persistent antisocial behavior. Neurobiological models of psychopathy emphasize impairments in emotional processing, attention, and integration of information across large-scale neural networks in the brain. One of the largest integrative hubs in the brain is the corpus callosum (CC) - a large white matter structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. METHOD The current study examines CC volume, measured via Freesurfer parcellation, in a large sample (n = 495) of incarcerated men who were assessed for psychopathic traits using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). RESULTS Psychopathy was associated with reduced volume across all five sub-regions of the CC. These relationships were primarily driven by the affective/interpersonal elements of psychopathy (PCL-R Factor 1), as no significant associations were found between the CC and the lifestyle/antisocial traits of psychopathy. The observed effects were not attributable to differences in substance use severity, age, IQ, or total brain volume. CONCLUSIONS These findings align with suggestions that core psychopathic traits may be fostered by reduced integrative capacity across large-scale networks in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel E Anderson
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | - J Michael Maurer
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | - Prashanth Nyalakanti
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | - Keith A Harenski
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | - Carla L Harenski
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | | | | | - Kent A Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute,Albuquerque, NM,USA
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8
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Interhemispheric cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation of the prefrontal cortex jointly modulates frontal asymmetry and emotional reactivity. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:139-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Tillem S, van Dongen J, Brazil IA, Baskin-Sommers A. Psychopathic traits are differentially associated with efficiency of neural communication. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13194. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Tillem
- Yale University, Department of Psychology; New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Josanne van Dongen
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Inti A. Brazil
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre Pompestichting; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Centre for Advances in Behavioural Science, Coventry University; Coventry United Kingdom
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10
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Savopoulos P, Lindell AK. Born criminal? Differences in structural, functional and behavioural lateralization between criminals and noncriminals. Laterality 2018; 23:738-760. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2018.1432631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Savopoulos
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Annukka K. Lindell
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Cathodal tDCS improves task performance in participants high in Coldheartedness. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:3102-3109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.05.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJL. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine functioning in primary psychopathy: A source of within-group heterogeneity. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:633-77. [PMID: 26277034 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite similar emotional deficiencies, primary psychopathic individuals can be situated on a continuum that spans from controlled to disinhibited. The constructs on which primary psychopaths are found to diverge, such as self-control, cognitive flexibility, and executive functioning, are crucially regulated by dopamine (DA). As such, the goal of this review is to examine which specific alterations in the meso-cortico-limbic DA system and corresponding genes (e.g., TH, DAT, COMT, DRD2, DRD4) might bias development towards a more controlled or disinhibited expression of primary psychopathy. Based on empirical data, it is argued that primary psychopathy is generally related to a higher tonic and population activity of striatal DA neurons and lower levels of D2-type DA receptors in meso-cortico-limbic projections, which may boost motivational drive towards incentive-laden goals, dampen punishment sensitivity, and increase future reward-expectancy. However, increasingly higher levels of DA activity in the striatum (moderate versus pathological elevations), lower levels of DA functionality in the prefrontal cortex, and higher D1-to-D2-type receptor ratios in meso-cortico-limbic projections may lead to increasingly disinhibited and impetuous phenotypes of primary psychopathy. Finally, in order to provide a more coherent view on etiological mechanisms, we discuss interactions between DA and serotonin that are relevant for primary psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariş O Yildirim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, De Kluyskamp 1002, 6545 JD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan J L Derksen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Room: A.07.04B, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Pape LE, Cohn MD, Caan MWA, van Wingen G, van den Brink W, Veltman DJ, Popma A. Psychopathic traits in adolescents are associated with higher structural connectivity. Psychiatry Res 2015; 233:474-80. [PMID: 26272037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Altered structural connectivity has been reported in antisocial juveniles, but findings have been inconsistent. Given the phenotypical heterogeneity among individuals showing antisocial behavior, specification of the association between structural connectivity and the dimensions of psychopathic traits (i.e., callous-unemotional, grandiose-manipulative, and impulsive-irresponsible traits) may aid in more reliably elucidating the neural mechanisms underlying antisocial behavior during adolescence. In this study, a sample of 145 adolescents (mean age 17.6, SD 1.6) from a childhood arrestee cohort participated in a neuroimaging protocol including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD), as obtained by tract-based spatial statistics, were associated with juveniles' scores on the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory. Grandiose-manipulative traits were positively associated with FA and negatively with RD in a wide range of white matter tracts, suggesting abnormal myelination related to these traits. Callous-unemotional traits were positively associated with FA and AD in specific white matter tracts, including the corpus callosum and corticospinal tract. The differential associations between dimensions of psychopathic traits and measures of structural connectivity support the notion that multiple distinct neural mechanisms underlie antisocial and psychopathic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Pape
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Moran D Cohn
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthan W A Caan
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido van Wingen
- Department of Psychiatry - Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry - Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Popma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Criminal Law & Criminology, Faculty of Law, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Hulbert S, Adeli H. Spotting psychopaths using technology. Rev Neurosci 2015; 26:721-32. [PMID: 26408574 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
For the past three and a half decades, the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and the self-report Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R) have been the standard measures for the diagnosis of psychopathy. Technological approaches can enhance these diagnostic methodologies. The purpose of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art review of various technological approaches for spotting psychopathy, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and other measures. Results of EEG event-related potential (ERP) experiments support the theory that impaired amygdala function may be responsible for abnormal fear processing in psychopathy, which can ultimately manifest as psychopathic traits, as outlined by the PCL-R or PPI-R. Imaging studies, in general, point to reduced fear processing capabilities in psychopathic individuals. While the human element, introduced through researcher/participant interactions, can be argued as unequivocally necessary for diagnosis, these purely objective technological approaches have proven to be useful in conjunction with the subjective interviewing and questionnaire methods for differentiating psychopaths from non-psychopaths. Furthermore, these technologies are more robust than behavioral measures, which have been shown to fail.
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Temporal dynamics of L5 dendrites in medial prefrontal cortex regulate integration versus coincidence detection of afferent inputs. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4501-14. [PMID: 25788669 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4673-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct brain regions are highly interconnected via long-range projections. How this inter-regional communication occurs depends not only upon which subsets of postsynaptic neurons receive input, but also, and equally importantly, upon what cellular subcompartments the projections target. Neocortical pyramidal neurons receive input onto their apical dendrites. However, physiological characterization of these inputs thus far has been exclusively somatocentric, leaving how the dendrites respond to spatial and temporal patterns of input unexplored. Here we used a combination of optogenetics with multisite electrode recordings to simultaneously measure dendritic and somatic responses to afferent fiber activation in two different populations of layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We found that commissural inputs evoked monosynaptic responses in both intratelencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) dendrites, whereas monosynaptic hippocampal input primarily targeted IT, but not PT, dendrites. To understand the role of dendritic integration in the processing of long-range inputs, we used dynamic clamp to simulate synaptic currents in the dendrites. IT dendrites functioned as temporal integrators that were particularly responsive to dendritic inputs within the gamma frequency range (40-140 Hz). In contrast, PT dendrites acted as coincidence detectors by responding to spatially distributed signals within a narrow time window. Thus, the PFC extracts information from different brain regions through the combination of selective dendritic targeting and the distinct dendritic physiological properties of L5 pyramidal dendrites.
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Cohn MD, Pape LE, Schmaal L, van den Brink W, van Wingen G, Vermeiren RRJM, Doreleijers TAH, Veltman DJ, Popma A. Differential relations between juvenile psychopathic traits and resting state network connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2396-405. [PMID: 25757797 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, neurobiological research on psychopathy has focused on categorical differences in adults. However, there is evidence that psychopathy is best described by a set of relatively independent personality dimensions, that is, callous-unemotional, grandiose-manipulative, and impulsive-irresponsible traits, which can be reliably detected in juveniles, allowing investigation of the neural mechanisms leading to psychopathy. Furthermore, complex psychiatric disorders like psychopathy are increasingly being conceptualized as disorders of brain networks. The intrinsic organization of the brain in such networks is reflected by coherent fluctuations in resting state networks (RSNs), but these have not been studied in sufficient detail in relation to juvenile psychopathic traits yet. The current study investigated the distinct associations of juvenile psychopathic traits dimensions with RSN connectivity. Resting-state functional MRI and independent component analysis were used to assess RSN connectivity in a large sample of adolescents (n = 130, mean age 17.8 years) from a childhood arrestee cohort. Associations between scores on each of the three psychopathic traits dimensions and connectivity within and between relevant RSNs were investigated. Callous-unemotional traits were related to aberrant connectivity patterns of the default mode network, which has been implicated in self-referential and moral processes. Impulsive-irresponsible traits were associated with altered connectivity patterns in the frontoparietal cognitive control networks. Grandiose-manipulative traits were not associated with altered connectivity patterns. These findings confirm the association between psychopathic traits and brain network connectivity, and considerably add to emerging evidence supporting neurobiological heterogeneity in the processes leading to psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran D Cohn
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University medical center Amsterdam, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands
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Hecht D. Cerebral lateralization of pro- and anti-social tendencies. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:1-27. [PMID: 24737936 PMCID: PMC3984952 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggest that the right-hemisphere (RH) has a relative advantage, over the left-hemisphere (LH), in mediating social intelligence - identifying social stimuli, understanding the intentions of other people, awareness of the dynamics in social relationships, and successful handling of social interactions. Furthermore, a review and synthesis of the literature suggest that pro-social attitudes and behaviors are associated with physiological activity in the RH, whereas unsocial and anti-social tendencies are mediated primarily by the LH. This hemispheric asymmetry is rooted in several neurobiological and functional differences between the two hemispheres. (I) Positive social interactions often require inhibiting one's immediate desires and considering the perspectives and needs of others. Given that self-control is mediated by the RH, pro-social emotions and behaviors are, therefore, inherently associated with the RH as it subserves the brain's self-restraint mechanisms. (II) The RH mediates experiences of vulnerability. It registers the relative clumsiness and motor weakness of the left limbs, and it is involved, more than the LH, in processing threats and mediating fear. Emotional states of vulnerability trigger the need for affiliation and sociality, therefore the RH has a greater role in mediating pro-social attitudes and behaviors. (III) The RH mediates a holistic mode of representing the world. Holistic perception emphasizes similarities rather than differences, takes a long-term perspective, is associated with divergent thinking and seeing other points-of-view, and it mediates a personal mode of relating to people. All these features of holistic perception facilitate a more empathetic attitude toward others and pro-social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hecht
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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