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Shared Transdiagnostic Neuroanatomical Signatures Across First-episode Patients with Major Psychiatric Diseases and Individuals at Familial Risk. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103074. [PMID: 35691252 PMCID: PMC9194955 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, increasing evidence has found transdiagnostic neuroimaging biomarkers across major psychiatric disorders (MPDs). However, it remains to be known whether this transdiagnostic pattern of abnormalities could also be seen in individuals at familial high-risk for MPDs (FHR). We aimed to examine shared neuroanatomical endophenotypes and protective biomarkers for MPDs. METHODS This study examined brain grey matter volume (GMV) of individuals by voxel-based morphometry method. A total of 287 individuals were included, involving 100 first-episode medication-naive MPDs, 87 FHR, and 110 healthy controls (HC). They all underwent high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS At the group level, we found MPDs were characterized by decreased GMV in the right fusiform gyrus, the right inferior occipital gyrus, and the left anterior and middle cingulate gyri compared to HC and FHR. Of note, the GMV of the left superior temporal gyrus was increased in FHR relative to MPDs and HC. At the subgroup level, the comparisons within the FHR group did not return any significant difference, and we found GMV difference among subgroups within the MPDs group only in the opercular part of the right inferior frontal gyrus. CONCLUSION Together, our findings uncover common structural disturbances across MPDs and substantial changes in grey matter that may relate to high hereditary risk across FHR, potentially underscoring the importance of a transdiagnostic way to explore the neurobiological mechanisms of major psychiatric disorders.
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Brain structural correlates of familial risk for mental illness: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies in relatives of patients with psychotic or mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1369-1379. [PMID: 32353861 PMCID: PMC7297956 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0687-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) are heritable psychiatric disorders with partially overlapping genetic liability. Shared and disorder-specific neurobiological abnormalities associated with familial risk for developing mental illnesses are largely unknown. We performed a meta-analysis of structural brain imaging studies in relatives of patients with SCZ, BD, and MDD to identify overlapping and discrete brain structural correlates of familial risk for mental disorders. Search for voxel-based morphometry studies in relatives of patients with SCZ, BD, and MDD in PubMed and Embase identified 33 studies with 2292 relatives and 2052 healthy controls (HC). Seed-based d Mapping software was used to investigate global differences in gray matter volumes between relatives as a group versus HC, and between those of each psychiatric disorder and HC. As a group, relatives exhibited gray matter abnormalities in left supramarginal gyrus, right striatum, right inferior frontal gyrus, left thalamus, bilateral insula, right cerebellum, and right superior frontal gyrus, compared with HC. Decreased right cerebellar gray matter was the only abnormality common to relatives of all three conditions. Subgroup analyses showed disorder-specific gray matter abnormalities in left thalamus and bilateral insula associated with risk for SCZ, in left supramarginal gyrus and right frontal regions with risk for BD, and in right striatum with risk for MDD. While decreased gray matter in right cerebellum might be a common brain structural abnormality associated with shared risk for SCZ, BD, and MDD, regional gray matter abnormalities in neocortex, thalamus, and striatum appear to be disorder-specific.
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Saarinen AIL, Huhtaniska S, Pudas J, Björnholm L, Jukuri T, Tohka J, Granö N, Barnett JH, Kiviniemi V, Veijola J, Hintsanen M, Lieslehto J. Structural and functional alterations in the brain gray matter among first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: A multimodal meta-analysis of fMRI and VBM studies. Schizophr Res 2020; 216:14-23. [PMID: 31924374 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a multimodal coordinate-based meta-analysis (CBMA) to investigate structural and functional brain alterations in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients (FRs). METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search from electronic databases to find studies that examined differences between FRs and healthy controls using whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or voxel-based morphometry (VBM). A CBMA of 30 fMRI (754 FRs; 959 controls) and 11 VBM (885 FRs; 775 controls) datasets were conducted using the anisotropic effect-size version of signed differential mapping. Further, we conducted separate meta-analyses about functional alterations in different cognitive tasks: social cognition, executive functioning, working memory, and inhibitory control. RESULTS FRs showed higher fMRI activation in the right frontal gyrus during cognitive tasks than healthy controls. In VBM studies, there were no differences in gray matter density between FRs and healthy controls. Furthermore, multi-modal meta-analysis obtained no differences between FRs and healthy controls. By utilizing the BrainMap database, we showed that the brain region which showed functional alterations in FRs (i) overlapped only slightly with the brain regions that were affected in the meta-analysis of schizophrenia patients and (ii) correlated positively with the brain regions that exhibited increased activity during cognitive tasks in healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS Based on this meta-analysis, FRs may exhibit only minor functional alterations in the brain during cognitive tasks, and the alterations are much more restricted and only slightly overlapping with the regions that are affected in schizophrenia patients. The familial risk did not relate to structural alterations in the gray matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino I L Saarinen
- Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - Sanna Huhtaniska
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Juho Pudas
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Lassi Björnholm
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomas Jukuri
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niklas Granö
- Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Finland
| | - Jennifer H Barnett
- Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vesa Kiviniemi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Veijola
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Johannes Lieslehto
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland; Section for Neurodiagnostic Applications, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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Lan DY, Zhu PW, He Y, Xu QH, Su T, Li B, Shi WQ, Lin Q, Yang YC, Yuan Q, Fang JW, Li QH, Shao Y. Gray Matter Volume Changes in Patients With Acute Eye Pain: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:1. [PMID: 30627476 PMCID: PMC6322711 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was attempted to compare the differences in gray matter volume (GMV) between the acute eye pain (EP) patients and the healthy controls (HCs) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), and to explore the relationship with clinical features and behavioral performance. METHODS A total of 24 patients (17 males, 7 females) with acute EP and 24 (17 males, 7 females) age-, sex-, and education-matched HCs were recruited from the Ophthalmology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were conducted in all subjects. We analyzed the original three-dimensional (3D) T1 brain images by VBM and compared the GMV values with the HCs. The acute EP patients can be distinguished from the HCs by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS Compared with HCs, the acute EP patients had significantly lower GMV values in the brain regions of the left cerebellum posterior lobe, the left limbic lobe, the right insula, the left insula, the left thalamus, the left caudate, and the right cuneus. In addition, the WMV values of the whole brain in acute EP patients decreased slightly. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that the acute EP patients showed an abnormal reduction in GMV in some brain regions, which might provide valuable information for further exploration of underlying neural mechanisms. These abnormal brain regions may reflect the functional disorders of acute EP patients in somatosensory, motor, cognitive functions, and so on. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE The VBM study provides a diagnostic method for identifying the cause of acute EP, additionally, a novel direction was presented for further exploration of underlying neural mechanisms of acute EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yi Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei-Wen Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qian-Hui Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-Qing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yan-Chang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jian-Wen Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qing-Hai Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Xiao G, He K, Chen X, Wang L, Bai X, Gao L, Zhu C, Wang K. Slow Binocular Rivalry as a Potential Endophenotype of Schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:634. [PMID: 30258349 PMCID: PMC6143673 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Binocular rivalry is a typical example of bistable perception that arises when two monocular images are simultaneously presented to each eye. Binocular rivalry is a heritable perceptual cognitive function that is impaired in patients with schizophrenia (SZ). Despite its potential suitability as a visual endophenotype, binocular rivalry has hardly been studied in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia (SIB). There is also little research about whether binocular rivalry is a potential visual endophenotype between SZ and SIB. Methods: In our cross-sectional study, we included 40 SZ and their unaffected SIBs, as well as 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). All subjects underwent the binocular rivalry test, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and a battery of cognitive neuropsychological assessments evaluating attention, memory and executive function domains. Results: Our results demonstrate that the switching rate in SZ was significantly slower than in HC (p < 0.001), and compared to the SIB, the mean alternation rates were significantly different (p < 0.01). Moreover, there was a significant difference in mean switching rate between the SIB and the HC (p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between the alternation rate of binocular rivalry and these cognitive tasks and the PANSS scores. Conclusion: The present study shows that SZ and SIB both exhibit changes in binocular rivalry, with SIB exhibiting intermediate performance compared with that of SZ and the HC. This supports the claim that the switching rate for SZ differs from that of SIB and suggests that binocular rivalry may qualify as a visual endophenotype for SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui, China
| | | | - Xingui Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaomeng Bai
- Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liling Gao
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui, China
- Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Progressive cortical reorganisation: A framework for investigating structural changes in schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 79:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Van der Auwera S, Wittfeld K, Shumskaya E, Bralten J, Zwiers MP, Onnink AMH, Usberti N, Hertel J, Völzke H, Völker U, Hosten N, Franke B, Grabe HJ. Predicting brain structure in population-based samples with biologically informed genetic scores for schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:324-332. [PMID: 28304149 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with brain structural abnormalities including gray and white matter volume reductions. Whether these alterations are caused by genetic risk variants for schizophrenia is unclear. Previous attempts to detect associations between polygenic factors for schizophrenia and structural brain phenotypes in healthy subjects have been negative or remain non-replicated. In this study, we used genetic risk scores that were based on the accumulated effect of selected risk variants for schizophrenia belonging to specific biological systems like synaptic function, neurodevelopment, calcium signaling, and glutamatergic neurotransmission. We hypothesized that this "biologically informed" approach would provide the missing link between genetic risk for schizophrenia and brain structural phenotypes. We applied whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses in two population-based target samples and subsequent regions of interest (ROIs) analyses in an independent replication sample (total N = 2725). No consistent association between the genetic scores and brain volumes were observed in the investigated samples. These results suggest that in healthy subjects with a higher genetic risk for schizophrenia additional factors apart from common genetic variants (e.g., infection, trauma, rare genetic variants, or gene-gene interactions) are required to induce structural abnormalities of the brain. Further studies are recommended to test for possible gene-gene or gene-environment effects. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Marten H Onnink
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niccolo Usberti
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Hertel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZD-German Centre for Diabetes Research, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and, Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
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van Tol MJ, van der Meer L, Bruggeman R, Modinos G, Knegtering H, Aleman A. Voxel-based gray and white matter morphometry correlates of hallucinations in schizophrenia: The superior temporal gyrus does not stand alone. Neuroimage Clin 2013; 4:249-57. [PMID: 25061563 PMCID: PMC4107370 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in schizophrenia (SZ) have been proposed to result from abnormal local, interregional and interhemispheric integration of brain signals in regions involved in language production and perception. This abnormal functional integration may find its base in morphological abnormalities. Structurally, AVHs have been frequently linked to abnormal morphology of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), but only a few studies investigated the relation of hallucination presence with both whole-brain gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) morphometry. METHODS Using a unified voxel-based morphometry-DARTEL approach, we investigated correlates of AVH presence in 51 schizophrenia patients (20 non-hallucinating [SZ -], 31 hallucinating [SZ +]), and included 51 age and sex matched healthy participants. Effects are reported at p < .05 FWE corrected. RESULTS Patients showed lower GM volume of the left STG than controls, irrespective of AVH presence. In addition, SZ + showed lower GM volume of the left inferior frontal and right parahippocampal gyrus, and higher WM volume of the left postcentral and superior parietal lobule than controls. Finally, volume of the putamen was lower in SZ + compared to SZ -. No effects on corpus callosum morphometry were observed. Delusion severity, general positive and negative symptomatology illness duration, and medication status could not explain the results. DISCUSSION Results suggest that STG GM abnormalities underlie the general susceptibility to experience psychotic symptoms and that additional abnormalities in a network of medial temporal, ventrolateral, putaminal, and parietal regions related to verbal memory and speech production may specifically increase the likelihood of experiencing AVH. Future studies should clarify the meaning of morphometry abnormalities for functional interregional communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José van Tol
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Neuroimaging Center, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette van der Meer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Neuroimaging Center, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Lentis Institution for Mental Health Care, Department of Rehabilitation, PO Box 128, 9470 AC Zuidlaren, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gemma Modinos
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Department of Psychosis Studies, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Henderikus Knegtering
- Lentis Institution for Mental Health Care, Groningen and Lentis Institution for Mental Health Care, Department of Rehabilitation, Postbus 128, 9470 AC Zuidlaren, The Netherlands
| | - André Aleman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Neuroimaging Center, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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