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Schäflein E, Mardin C, Morawa E, Rudolf S, Erim Y, Rhein C. Exacerbation of central serous chorioretinopathy during trauma-confronting psychotherapy- a case report. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:368. [PMID: 38755608 PMCID: PMC11100044 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder, in particular trauma-confronting psychotherapy, can be associated with increased stress. However, research on the somatic impact and psychosomatic interactions of these psychological stress reactions is lacking. We report on a 43-year old man whose central serous chorioretinopathy exacerbated upon trauma-confronting psychotherapy. CASE PRESENTATION We report on a man with pre-diagnosed, asymptomatic central serous chorioretinopathy who underwent inpatient psychosomatic therapy. He disclosed a history of sexual abuse by a family member and consequently showed intrusions, flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance behavior, and hyperarousal. Thus, we diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder. After a stabilization phase, he underwent trauma-focused psychotherapy including trauma confrontation. In the course of this treatment, acute vision loss with blurred vision and image distortion of his right eye occurred. An ophthalmologic visit confirmed a relapse of a pre-diagnosed central serous chorioretinopathy. The analysis of stress biomarkers showed a decrease in testosterone levels and a noon peak in diurnal cortisol secretion, which is indicative of a stress reaction. CONCLUSION Central serous chorioretinopathy may exacerbate upon psychotherapeutic treatment. In this case, an exacerbation of chorioretinopathy was observed in direct relation to the therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapists and ophthalmologists should collaborate in the psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with chorioretinopathy. Our case demonstrates the need to consider the possible increased stress levels during psychotherapy and resulting physical side effects, such as exacerbation of an existing condition. It is advisable to adjust the level of generated stress particularly well in the presence of stress-inducible physical diseases. Our case is a good example of the interplay between psychological and physical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schäflein
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich- Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christian Mardin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen- Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Morawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich- Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophia Rudolf
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich- Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yesim Erim
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich- Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cosima Rhein
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich- Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Ikegawa K, Hasegawa Y. Adrenal gland involvement in 11-ketotestosterone production analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1051195. [PMID: 36742384 PMCID: PMC9895773 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), which is derived by the bioconversion of testosterone via 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT), is a potent agonist of the human androgen receptor. The adrenal gland is considered an important organ in 11KT production because CYP11B1, which catalyzes testosterone to 11OHT, is expressed in the adrenal glands. The present study aimed to demonstrate adrenal gland involvement in 11KT production in prepubertal children, a topic which has not yet been addressed by any previous studies. METHODS Three, retrospective, observational studies were performed. Study 1 enrolled patients aged 8 months to 7 years with severe Kawasaki disease (KD) who were treated with mPSL pulse. Studies 2 and 3 included patients who had received a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test, respectively. Samples were collected before and after treatment or drug administration, and serum 11KT, 11OHT, and other 11-oxygenated androgens were measured by LC-MS/MS. Steroid hormone values before and after medication were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS Studies 1, 2, and 3 included twenty patients with severe KD, eight patients with a CRH stimulation test, and eight patients with an ACTH stimulation test, respectively. Study 1 demonstrated that the median (IQR) 11KT level was significantly higher before, than after, mPSL pulse (0.39 (0.28-0.47) nmol/L versus 0.064 (0.012-0.075) nmol/L; P < 0.001). Studies 2 and 3 indicated no significant difference in the median 11KT value before and after the CRH or ACTH stimulation test while the 11OHT value was significantly higher after the test. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the mediation of 11KT production by ACTH demonstrated the importance of the adrenal glands in the synthesis of this androgen in prepubertal children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Ikegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Support Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kento Ikegawa,
| | - Yukihiro Hasegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University of School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Ben Halima H, Zine N, Bausells J, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Errachid A. A Novel Cortisol Immunosensor Based on a Hafnium Oxide/Silicon Structure for Heart Failure Diagnosis. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13122235. [PMID: 36557534 PMCID: PMC9786208 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Assessing cortisol levels in human bodies has become essential to diagnose heart failure (HF). In this work, we propose a salivary cortisol detection strategy as part of an easily integrable lab-on-a-chip for detection of HF biomarkers. Our developed capacitive immunosensor based on hafnium oxide (HfO2)/silicon structure showed good linearity between increasing cortisol concentration and the charge-transfer resistance/capacitance. Moreover, the developed biosensor was demonstrated to be highly selective toward cortisol compared to other HF biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). The precision of our developed biosensor was evaluated, and the difference between the determined cortisol concentration in saliva and its expected one is <18%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Ben Halima
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques (ISA)-UMR 5280, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Nadia Zine
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques (ISA)-UMR 5280, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Joan Bausells
- Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques (ISA)-UMR 5280, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Abdelhamid Errachid
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques (ISA)-UMR 5280, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Lyon, France
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Dmitrieva EV, Temerdashev AZ. Determination of Steroid Hormones in Human Saliva by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822120024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sharma N, Reddy AS, Yun K. Electrochemical detection of hydrocortisone using green-synthesized cobalt oxide nanoparticles with nafion-modified glassy carbon electrode. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131029. [PMID: 34082310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing highly sensitive and selective sensors is important for the detection of steroid hormones. Electrochemical sensors are of great interest in this regard. Also utilization of bio-derived substances as an electrode material is environment friendly. In this study, we used green-synthesized cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoO NPs) along with nafion (Naf) on a glassy carbon electrode to detect hydrocortisone (HC) by voltammetry. Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the CoO NPs prepared using Nigella sativa seeds extract. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry was utilized for the detection of HC. Only one reduction peak at -0.5 V was observed in the presence of HC in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, indicating an irreversible electrode process. The Naf-CoO NPs enhanced the active surface area of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) that resulted in a good response for detecting HC with two linear ranges: 0.001-1 μM and 1-9 μM. In comparison to other published electrochemical sensors, the current sensor displayed a low limit of detection of 0.49 nM, as well as remarkable stability and reproducibility. The sensor exhibited credibility for the sensing of HC in pharmaceutical injections and blood serum samples with recovery percentages ranging from 97.7% to 102.5%. The electrochemical sensor has proved to be valuable for HC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-Do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ankireddy Seshadri Reddy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi- Do, 13120, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Sciences, Dr. Buddolla's Institute of Life Sciences, Daminedu, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517503, India
| | - Kyusik Yun
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-Do, 13120, Republic of Korea.
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Fast accurate quantification of salivary cortisol and cortisone in a large-scale clinical stress study by micro-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS using a surrogate calibrant approach. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1182:122939. [PMID: 34547590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol and cortisone are common markers for stress and thus preferentially analyzed in matrices that allow non-invasive sampling such as saliva. Though the major drawback of immunoassays is lack of specificity due to cross reactivities, they are still most commonly used for quantification of steroid hormones. To overcome such problems, sensitive methods based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are becoming more and more accepted as the golden standard for steroid bioanalysis as they achieve accurate quantification at trace levels for multiple analytes in the same run. Along this line, the aim of this study was the development of a new microflow UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the measurement of salivary cortisol and cortisone, which due to its microflow regime provides enhanced sensitivity and is more ecofriendly. The developed method implemented sample preparation by Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) in a 96-well plate format. Data acquisitions were carried out in MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) mode. The quantitative determination of endogenous compounds in saliva remains a challenge since analyte-free matrix is lacking. Hence, a surrogate calibrant approach with cortisol-d4 andcortisone-13C3 was applied for the target compounds in the presented method. A number of factors were optimized and the method validated. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 72 and 62 pg mL-1for cortisol and cortisone, respectively. Linear calibration was achieved in the range from 0.062 to 75.5 ng mL-1for cortisol-d4 and 0.072 to 44 ng mL-1forcortisone-13C3. The performance of the method was also evaluated via proficiency test for salivary cortisol. Finally, it was applied successfully to evaluate cortisol and cortisone concentrations in multiple batches in routine clinical stress study samples (4056 total injections with 1983 study samples). Moreover, the instrument performance (in particular retention time variability) within each batch, between different batches and lot-to-lot of 5 investigated capillary columns over time is described. The work documents that micro-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS is suitable and robust enough to carry out a full clinical study with greater than 1000s of samples over an extended period if adequate internal standards can be used.
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Ooishi Y, Fujino M, Inoue V, Nomura M, Kitagawa N. Differential Effects of Focused Attention and Open Monitoring Meditation on Autonomic Cardiac Modulation and Cortisol Secretion. Front Physiol 2021; 12:675899. [PMID: 34335292 PMCID: PMC8320390 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.675899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been used widely as a useful tool for the alleviation of various stress-related symptoms. However, the effects of MBIs on stress-related physiological activity have not yet been ascertained. MBIs primarily consist of focused-attention (FA) and open-monitoring (OM) meditation. Since differing effects of FA and OM meditation on brain activities and cognitive tasks have been mentioned, we hypothesized that FA and OM meditation have also differing effects on stress-related physiological activity. In this study, we examined the effects of FA and OM meditation on autonomic cardiac modulation and cortisol secretion. Forty-one healthy adults (aged 20-46 years) who were meditation novices experienced 30-min FA and OM meditation tasks by listening to instructions. During resting- and meditation-states, electrocardiogram transducers were attached to participants to measure the R-R interval, which were used to evaluate heart rate (HR) and perform heart rate variability (HRV) analyses. Saliva samples were obtained from participants pre- and post-meditation to measure salivary cortisol levels. Results showed that FA meditation induced a decrease in HR and an increase in the root mean square of successive differences (rMSDD). In contrast, OM meditation induced an increase in the standard deviation of the normal-to-normal interval (SDNN) to rMSSD ratio (SDNN/rMSSD) and a decrease in salivary cortisol levels. These results suggest that FA meditation elevates physiological relaxation, whereas OM meditation elevates physiological arousal and reduces stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Ooishi
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujino
- Open Innovation Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Cognitive Psychology in Education, Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Vimala Inoue
- Faculty of Health Science, Health Science University, Fujikawaguchiko, Japan
| | - Michio Nomura
- Division of Cognitive Psychology in Education, Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norimichi Kitagawa
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Japan.,BKC Research Organization of Social Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Yoshika Institute of Psychology, Kanoashi, Japan
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8
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Alvi SN, Hammami MM. An improved method for measurement of testosterone in human plasma and saliva by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2020; 11:64-68. [PMID: 32587818 PMCID: PMC7305780 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_162_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop and validate a practical assay of clinically relevant testosterone levels in human plasma and saliva. We performed ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis on Atlantis dC18 steel column using a mobile phase of 2-mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile (20:80, v: v) that was delivered at 0.3 ml/min. After adding d3-testosterone as an internal standard (IS), we extracted plasma and salivary samples with methyl tert-butyl ether. Mass spectrometry was performed in electrospray positive-ion mode. Targeted ion transitions were examined at m/z 289.18 → 97.04 and 292.24 → 97.04 for testosterone and IS, respectively. We validated the method according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Elution times for testosterone and IS were both around 1.35 min. Testosterone level was linearly associated (r 2 = 0.9975 and 0.9958) with peak area ratio of testosterone to IS between 0.5-50 ng/ml and 10-400 pg/ml in plasma and saliva, respectively. The coefficient of variation and bias were ≤12.6% and ≤±12.1% in plasma and ≤10.2% and ≤±5.3% in saliva. The extraction recovery of testosterone was ≥92% from plasma and ≥94% from saliva. Testosterone was stable (≥91%) for 24 h at room temperature and for 8 weeks at -20°C in both plasma and salivary samples. We report a simple, validated, UPLC-MS/MS assay that can be used to determine clinically relevant levels of testosterone in human plasma and saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed N Alvi
- Department of Clinical Studies and Empirical Ethics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad M Hammami
- Department of Clinical Studies and Empirical Ethics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Conklin SE, Knezevic CE. Advancements in the gold standard: Measuring steroid sex hormones by mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem 2020; 82:21-32. [PMID: 32209333 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogens, play an essential role in regulating physiological and reproductive development throughout the lifetime of the individual. Although variation in levels of these hormones are observed throughout the distinct stages in life, significant deviations from reference ranges can result in detrimental effects to the individual. Alterations, by either an increase or decrease, in hormone levels are associated with physiological changes, decreased reproductive capabilities, and increased risk for diseases. Hormone therapies (HTs) and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are commonly used to address these factors. In addition to these treatments, gender-affirming therapies, an iteration of HTs, are also a prominent treatment for transgender individuals. Considering that the effectiveness of these treatments relies on achieving therapeutic hormone levels, monitoring of hormones has served as a way of assessing therapeutic efficay. The need for reliable methods to achieve this task has led to great advancements in methods for evaluating hormone concentrations in biological matrices. Although immunoassays are the more widely used method, mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods have proven to be more sensitive, specific, and reliable. Advances in MS technology and its applications for therapeutic hormone monitoring have been significant, hence integration of these methods in the clinical setting is desired. Here, we provide a general overview of HT and ART, and the immunoassay and MS-based methods currently utilized for monitoring sex hormones. Additionally, we highlight recent advances in MS-based methods and discuss future applications and considerations for MS-based hormone assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Conklin
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St. Zayed B1020, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Claire E Knezevic
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St. Zayed B1020, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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de Vries EE, van der Pol LD, Vermeer HJ, Groeneveld MG, Fiers T, Mesman J. Testosterone and Fathers’ Parenting Unraveled: Links with the Quantity and Quality of Father-Child Interactions. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-019-00118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Individual differences in quality of father involvement in caregiving might in part be explained by fathers’ testosterone (T) levels. We examined the links between fathers’ (n = 32) salivary T levels, amount of time spent with their child (12–30 months of age), type of father-child interaction, and fathers’ sensitivity.
Methods
During two home visits, video observations of father-child interactions were conducted to measure fathers’ sensitivity during a challenging and harmonious interaction. Fathers’ saliva was collected several times throughout the day on a working day and on the home visit days, including right before and after each father-child interaction.
Results
Fathers’ T secretion throughout the day was lower on home visit days (i.e., days with a higher amount of time spent with their child) than on a working day. For both challenging and harmonious father-child interactions, mean T levels did not differ before and after father-child interactions. However, individual changes in fathers’ T levels during the father-child interactions did predict fathers’ sensitivity. Specifically, the more T increased during the challenging interaction, or decreased during the harmonious interaction, the more sensitive the father was during that interaction as well as during a subsequent interaction.
Conclusions
Parenting quality is most optimal when fathers’ T system reacts in the expected direction given the context of the father-child interaction, i.e., a T decrease during a harmonious interaction and a T increase during a challenging interaction. Our study underscores the importance of examining the interplay between biology, behavior, and caregiving context in fathers’ parenting.
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McBride EM, Lawrence RJ, McGee K, Mach PM, Demond PS, Busch MW, Ramsay JW, Hussey EK, Glaros T, Dhummakupt ES. Rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for targeted quantitation of human performance metabolites in saliva. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:205-213. [PMID: 31060786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is increasingly being targeted for metabolic studies due to its non-invasive collection methods. Tracing levels of certain metabolites within biofluids can provide indications for a myriad of physiological conditions. This study was performed on a panel of eight analytes found in saliva that have shown associations with physiological conditions of human performance, such as stress, inflammation, and circadian rhythm. This dual polarity liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LCMS/MS) method was developed to accommodate a diverse group of analytes including steroids, alkaloids, and neurotransmitters. Samples collected during field exercises from soldiers were compared to those of civilians and baseline levels of each of these compounds was determined in saliva. Although most analytes showed no significant differences between the two populations, relative cortisol levels were higher for soldiers than for civilians. This developed dual polarity LCMS/MS method can be applied to very diverse groups of salivary analytes simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M McBride
- Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
| | - Richard J Lawrence
- Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
| | - Kirstin McGee
- Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
| | - Phillip M Mach
- Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
| | - Paul S Demond
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA 22150, USA.
| | - Michael W Busch
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA 22150, USA.
| | - John W Ramsay
- Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA.
| | - Erika K Hussey
- Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA.
| | - Trevor Glaros
- Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
| | - Elizabeth S Dhummakupt
- Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
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Contreras M, Raisingani M, Chandler DW, Curtin WD, Barillas J, Brar PC, Prasad K, Shah B, David R. Salivary Testosterone during the Minipuberty of Infancy
. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 87:111-115. [PMID: 28073108 DOI: 10.1159/000454862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is transiently activated during the postnatal months in boys, a phenomenon termed "minipuberty" of infancy, when serum testosterone (T) increases to pubertal levels. Despite high circulating T there are no signs of virilization. We hypothesize that free T as measured in saliva is low, which would explain the absence of virilization. METHODS We measured serum total T and free T in saliva using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in 30 infant boys, aged 1-6 months, and in 12 adolescents, aged 11-17 years. RESULTS Total serum T in all infants was, as expected, high (172 ± 78 ng/dL) while salivary T was low (7.7 ± 4 pg/mL or 0.45 ± 0.20%). In contrast, salivary T in the adolescents was much higher (41 ± 18 pg/mL or 1.3 ± 0.36%) in relation to their total serum T (323 ± 117 ng/dL). We provide for the first time reference data for salivary T in infants. CONCLUSION Measurement of salivary T by LC-MS/MS is a promising noninvasive technique to reflect free T in infants. The low free T explains the absence of virilization. The minipuberty of infancy is more likely of intragonadal than peripheral significance.
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Trends in Analysis of Cortisol and Its Derivatives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:649-664. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ooishi Y. Correlation Between Resting Testosterone/Cortisol Ratio and Sound-Induced Vasoconstriction at Fingertip in Men. Front Physiol 2018; 9:164. [PMID: 29559922 PMCID: PMC5845581 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A sound-induced sympathetic tone has been used as an index for orienting responses to auditory stimuli. The resting testosterone/cortisol ratio is a biomarker of social aggression that drives an approaching behavior in response to environmental stimuli, and a higher testosterone level and a lower cortisol level can facilitate the sympathetic response to environmental stimuli. Therefore, it is possible that the testosterone/cortisol ratio is correlated with the sound-induced sympathetic tone. The current study investigated the relationship between the resting testosterone/cortisol ratio and vasoconstriction induced by listening to sound stimuli. Twenty healthy males aged 29.0 ± 0.53 years (mean ± S.E.M) participated in the study. They came to the laboratory for 3 days and listened to one of three types of sound stimuli for 1 min on each day. Saliva samples were collected for an analysis of salivary testosterone and cortisol levels on the day of each experiment. After the collecting the saliva sample, we measured the blood volume pulse (BVP) amplitude at a fingertip. Since vasoconstriction is mediated by the activation of the sympathetic nerves, the strength of the reduction in BVP amplitude at a fingertip was called the BVP response (finger BVPR). No difference was observed between the sound-induced finger BVPR for the three types of sound stimuli (p = 0.779). The correlation coefficient between the sound-induced finger BVPR and the salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio within participants was significantly different from no correlation (p = 0.011) and there was a trend toward a significance in the correlation between the sound-induced finger BVPR and the salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio between participants (r = 0.39, p = 0.088). These results suggest that the testosterone/cortisol ratio affects the difference in the sound-evoked sympathetic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Ooishi
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
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15
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Bellagambi F, Degano I, Ghimenti S, Lomonaco T, Dini V, Romanelli M, Mastorci F, Gemignani A, Salvo P, Fuoco R, Di Francesco F. Determination of salivary α-amylase and cortisol in psoriatic subjects undergoing the Trier Social Stress Test. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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Potential of saliva steroid profiling for the detection of endogenous steroid abuse: Reference thresholds for oral fluid steroid concentrations and ratios. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 999:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Ooishi Y, Mukai H, Watanabe K, Kawato S, Kashino M. Increase in salivary oxytocin and decrease in salivary cortisol after listening to relaxing slow-tempo and exciting fast-tempo music. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189075. [PMID: 29211795 PMCID: PMC5718605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Relaxation and excitation are components of the effects of music listening. The tempo of music is often considered a critical factor when determining these effects: listening to slow-tempo and fast-tempo music elicits relaxation and excitation, respectively. However, the chemical bases that underlie these relaxation and excitation effects remain unclear. Since parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve activities are facilitated by oxytocin and glucocorticoid, respectively, we hypothesized that listening to relaxing slow-tempo and exciting fast-tempo music is accompanied by increases in the oxytocin and cortisol levels, respectively. We evaluated the change in the salivary oxytocin and cortisol levels of participants listening to slow-tempo and fast-tempo music sequences. We measured the heart rate (HR) and calculated the heart rate variability (HRV) to evaluate the strength of autonomic nerve activity. After listening to a music sequence, the participants rated their arousal and valence levels. We found that both the salivary oxytocin concentration and the high frequency component of the HRV (HF) increased and the HR decreased when a slow-tempo music sequence was presented. The salivary cortisol level decreased and the low frequency of the HRV (LF) to HF ratio (LF/HF) increased when a fast-tempo music sequence was presented. The ratio of the change in the oxytocin level was correlated with the change in HF, LF/HF and HR, whereas that in the cortisol level did not show any correlation with indices of autonomic nerve activity. There was no correlation between the change in oxytocin level and self-reported emotions, while the change in cortisol level correlated with the arousal level. These findings suggest that listening to slow-tempo and fast-tempo music is accompanied by an increase in the oxytocin level and a decrease in the cortisol level, respectively, and imply that such music listening-related changes in oxytocin and cortisol are involved in physiological relaxation and emotional excitation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Ooishi
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Morinosato Wakamiya Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hideo Mukai
- Department of Computer Science, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Watanabe
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Morinosato Wakamiya Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Information Processing, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Suguru Kawato
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makio Kashino
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Morinosato Wakamiya Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Information Processing, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency (CREST, JST), Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
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18
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Hasegawa Y, Tachibana Y, Ono T, Kishimoto H. Flavour-enhanced cortisol release during gum chewing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173475. [PMID: 28379983 PMCID: PMC5381771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is some evidence to suggest that chewing gum reduces chronic stress. However, it remains controversial how the taste and odour properties of chewing gum influence stress. The present study was designed to investigate this issue in human subjects. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we tested salivary cortisol concentration, which is thought to be a stress marker, in 96 adults who chewed gum with different combinations of taste and odour. Subjects could discriminate between the types of gum without prior information. Salivary cortisol concentrations were highest and lowest for the subjects who chewed the most flavourful gum and the least flavourful gum, respectively. These findings suggest that the salivary cortisol level during gum chewing is not a marker of negative emotions (i.e., stressful conditions) as traditionally considered but, rather, an index of positive emotions that can facilitate biological responses to overcome stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hasegawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshihisa Tachibana
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ono
- Division of Comprehensive Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kishimoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Pundir S, Wall CR, Mitchell CJ, Thorstensen EB, Lai CT, Geddes DT, Cameron-Smith D. Variation of Human Milk Glucocorticoids over 24 hour Period. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:85-92. [PMID: 28144768 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains a complex array of hormones, including members of the glucocorticoid family. The predominant glucocorticoids, cortisol and cortisone may influence the growth and behaviour of the breastfed infant. However, little is understood of the factors regulating the levels of these hormones within HM. The aim of the study was to examine HM cortisol and cortisone concentration, measured in samples collected at each feed during a 24 hour period. Twenty three exclusively breastfeeding mothers collected milk, prior to and after each breastfeeding session over 24 hour period at 3.2(1.60) months. HM cortisol and cortisone levels were measured using high pressure liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy. Cortisone was the predominant glucocorticoid (3.40 ng/ml), and cortisol was detected in all samples (1.62 ng/ml). A positive correlation was found between cortisone and cortisol (r = 0.61, y = 1.93 ± 0.24, p < 0.0001). Cortisol and cortisone concentrations were significantly higher in feeds in the morning (2.97 ng/ml and 4.88 ng/ml), compared to afternoon (1.20 ng/ml and 3.54 ng/ml), evening (0.69 ng/ml and 2.13 ng/ml) and night (1.59 and 3.27 ng/ml). No difference was found between glucocorticoids level of the milk expressed for collection either before or immediately after the breastfeed, or between milk collected from the left or right breast. This study shows that HM glucocorticoid concentrations exhibit a 24 hour pattern, with highest peak levels in the early morning, reflecting the circadian pattern as previously reported in plasma. Thus, HM glucocorticoid concentrations are likely to reflect those in the maternal circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Pundir
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Clare R Wall
- Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cameron J Mitchell
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Eric B Thorstensen
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ching T Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Mezzullo M, Fazzini A, Gambineri A, Di Dalmazi G, Mazza R, Pelusi C, Vicennati V, Pasquali R, Pagotto U, Fanelli F. Parallel diurnal fluctuation of testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and 17OHprogesterone as assessed in serum and saliva: validation of a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for salivary steroid profiling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 55:1315-1323. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Salivary androgen testing represents a valuable source of biological information. However, the proper measurement of such low levels is challenging for direct immunoassays, lacking adequate accuracy. In the last few years, many conflicting findings reporting low correlation with the serum counterparts have hampered the clinical application of salivary androgen testing. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) makes it possible to overcome previous analytical limits, providing new insights in endocrinology practice.Methods:Salivary testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 17OHprogesterone (17OHP) were extracted from 500µL of saliva, separated in 9.5 min LC-gradient and detected by positive electrospray ionization – multiple reaction monitoring. The diurnal variation of salivary and serum androgens was described by a four paired collection protocol (8 am, 12 am, 4 pm and 8 pm) in 19 healthy subjects.Results:The assay allowed the quantitation of T, A, DHEA and 17OHP down to 3.40, 6.81, 271.0 and 23.7 pmol/L, respectively, with accuracy between 83.0 and 106.1% for all analytes. A parallel diurnal rhythm in saliva and serum was observed for all androgens, with values decreasing from the morning to the evening time points. Salivary androgen levels revealed a high linear correlation with serum counterparts in both sexes (T: R>0.85; A: R>0.90; DHEA: R>0.73 and 17OHP: R>0.89; p<0.0001 for all).Conclusions:Our LC-MS/MS method allowed a sensitive evaluation of androgen salivary levels and represents an optimal technique to explore the relevance of a comprehensive androgen profile as measured in saliva for the study of androgen secretion modulation and activity in physiologic and pathologic states.
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21
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Keevil BG, Clifton S, Tanton C, Macdowall W, Copas AJ, Lee D, Field N, Mitchell KR, Sonnenberg P, Bancroft J, Mercer CH, Johnson AM, Wellings K, Wu FCW. Distribution of Salivary Testosterone in Men and Women in a British General Population-Based Sample: The Third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3). J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:14-25. [PMID: 29264442 PMCID: PMC5677216 DOI: 10.1210/js.2016-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Measurement of salivary testosterone (Sal-T) to assess androgen status offers important potential advantages in epidemiological research. The utility of the method depends on the interpretation of the results against robustly determined population distributions, which are currently lacking. Aim: To determine age-specific Sal-T population distributions for men and women. Methods: Morning saliva samples were obtained from participants in the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles, a probability sample survey of the British general population. Sal-T was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Linear and quantile regression analyses were used to determine the age-specific 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles for the general population (1675 men and 2453 women) and the population with health exclusions (1145 men and 1276 women). Results: In the general population, the mean Sal-T level in men decreased from 322.6 pmol/L at 18 years of age to 153.9 pmol/L at 69 years of age. In women, the decrease in the geometric mean Sal-T level was from 39.8 pmol/L at 18 years of age to 19.5 pmol/L at 74 years of age. The annual decrease varied with age, with an average of 1.0% to 1.4% in men and 1.3% to 1.5% in women. For women, the 2.5th percentile fell below the detection limit (<6.5 pmol/L) from age 52 years onward. The mean Sal-T level was approximately 6 times greater in men than in women, and this remained constant over the age range. The Sal-T level was lowest for men and highest for women in the summer. The results were similar for the general population with exclusions. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the sex- and age-specific distributions for Sal-T in a large representative population using a specific and sensitive LC-MS/MS technique. The present data can inform future population research by facilitating the interpretation of Sal-T results as a marker of androgen status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Keevil
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre
| | - Soazig Clifton
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Tanton
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Macdowall
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Copas
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - David Lee
- Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, School of Social Sciences, and
| | - Nigel Field
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstin R Mitchell
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G4 0SF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Pam Sonnenberg
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - John Bancroft
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Cath H Mercer
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Anne M Johnson
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Kaye Wellings
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick C W Wu
- Andrology Research Unit, Manchester Centre of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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22
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Buades-Rotger M, Engelke C, Beyer F, Keevil BG, Brabant G, Krämer UM. Endogenous testosterone is associated with lower amygdala reactivity to angry faces and reduced aggressive behavior in healthy young women. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38538. [PMID: 27924836 PMCID: PMC5141420 DOI: 10.1038/srep38538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Testosterone and cortisol have been proposed to influence aggressive behavior by altering the neural processing of facial threat signals. However, this has not been investigated in direct social interactions. Here, we explored the joint impact of testosterone, cortisol, and brain reactivity to anger expressions on women’s reactive aggression in the Social Threat Aggression Paradigm (STAP). The STAP is a competitive reaction time task in which the purported opponent displays either an angry or a neutral facial expression at the beginning of each trial and delivers increasingly loud sound blasts to the participants, successfully provoking them. Strikingly, salivary testosterone at scan-time was negatively related to both aggression and basolateral amygdala (BLA) reactivity to angry faces, whereas cortisol had no effect. When the opponent looked angry, BLA-orbitofrontal coupling was reduced, and BLA reactivity was positively related to aggression. The latter relationship was fully mediated by bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) activation. Our results thus support previous neurobiological models of aggression, and extend them by demonstrating that fast amygdala responses to threat modulate STG activity in order to favor aggressive retaliation. Furthermore, our study agrees with recent evidence underscoring a fear-reducing and strategically prosocial effect of testosterone on human social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macià Buades-Rotger
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Frederike Beyer
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brian G Keevil
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Georg Brabant
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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23
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Saibaba G, Rajesh D, Muthukumar S, Sathiyanarayanan G, Padmanabhan P, Akbarsha MA, Gulyás B, Archunan G. Proteomic analysis of human saliva: An approach to find the marker protein for ovulation. Reprod Biol 2016; 16:287-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Mezzullo M, Fanelli F, Fazzini A, Gambineri A, Vicennati V, Di Dalmazi G, Pelusi C, Mazza R, Pagotto U, Pasquali R. Validation of an LC-MS/MS salivary assay for glucocorticoid status assessment: Evaluation of the diurnal fluctuation of cortisol and cortisone and of their association within and between serum and saliva. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 163:103-12. [PMID: 27108942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Salivary steroid testing represents a valuable source of biological information; however, the proper measurement of low salivary levels is challenging for direct immunoassays, lacking adequate sensitivity and specificity and causing poor inter-laboratory reproducibility. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has overcome previous analytical limits, often providing results deviating from previous knowledge. Nowadays, LC-MS/MS is being introduced in clinical laboratories for salivary cortisol testing; however, so far only a few studies have reported thorough biological validation based on LC-MS/MS data. In this study, we provide a thorough analytical, pre-analytical and biological validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of salivary cortisol (F) and of its inactive metabolite cortisone (E). Analytes were extracted from 50μl of saliva, were then separated in 7.5min LC-gradient and detected by negative electrospray ionization-multiple reaction monitoring. The reliability of a widely diffused collection device, Salivette(®), was assessed and the overall procedure was validated. The diurnal cortisol and cortisone fluctuation in saliva and serum was described by a four paired collection protocol (8 am, 12 am, 4 pm and 8 pm) in 19 healthy subjects. The assay allowed the quantitation of F and E down to 39.1 and 78.1pg/ml, with an imprecision range of 5.5-9.5%, 3.9-14.1% and 2.6-14.4%, and an accuracy range of 105.5-113.1%, 88.5-98.7% and 90.7-96.7% for both analytes at low, medium and high levels, respectively. Salivette(®) provided comparable results and better precision (CV<1.0%) as referred to direct spitting (CV<13.0%). A parallel diurnal rhythm in saliva and serum was observed for cortisol and cortisone, with values lowering from the morning to the evening time points (P<0.0001). While salivary E linearly correlated to total serum F (R(2)=0.854, P<0.001), salivary F showed an exponential relationship (R(2)=0.903, P<0.001) with serum F reflecting the free circulating fraction. A non linear association between E and F was observed in saliva (R(2)=0.941, p<0.001) consistent with the type II 11β-HSD activity. We concluded that our LC-MS/MS method allowed a sensitive evaluation of salivary levels of cortisol and cortisone. The simultaneous determination of both hormones in saliva allowed the differential estimation of the active and of the total glucocorticoid exposure over the daytime. The assay could provide further insight into the comprehension of normal and dysfunctional glucocorticoid circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mezzullo
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Fazzini
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gambineri
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Vicennati
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pelusi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Pasquali
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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25
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Keevil BG. LC–MS/MS analysis of steroids in the clinical laboratory. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:989-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Hawley JM, Keevil BG. Endogenous glucocorticoid analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in routine clinical laboratories. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:27-40. [PMID: 27208627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful analytical technique that offers exceptional selectivity and sensitivity. Used optimally, LC-MS/MS provides accurate and precise results for a wide range of analytes at concentrations that are difficult to quantitate with other methodologies. Its implementation into routine clinical biochemistry laboratories has revolutionised our ability to analyse small molecules such as glucocorticoids. Whereas immunoassays can suffer from matrix effects and cross-reactivity due to interactions with structural analogues, the selectivity offered by LC-MS/MS has largely overcome these limitations. As many clinical guidelines are now beginning to acknowledge the importance of the methodology used to provide results, the advantages associated with LC-MS/MS are gaining wider recognition. With their integral role in both the diagnosis and management of hypo- and hyperadrenal disorders, coupled with their widespread pharmacological use, the accurate measurement of glucocorticoids is fundamental to effective patient care. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of the LC-MS/MS techniques used to successfully measure endogenous glucocorticoids, particular reference is made to serum, urine and salivary cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian G Keevil
- University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Healthcare Academy, Manchester, UK
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27
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Abstract
Testosterone and cortisol figure prominently in the research literature having to do with human competition. In this review, we track the history of this literature, concentrating particularly on major theoretical and empirical contributions, and provide commentary on what we see as important unresolved issues. In men and women, athletic competition is typically associated with an increase in testosterone (T) and cortisol (C). Hormone changes in response to non-athletic competition are less predictable. Person (e.g., power motivation, mood, aggressiveness, social anxiety, sex, and baseline levels of T and C) and context (e.g., whether a competition is won or lost, the closeness of the competition, whether the outcome is perceived as being influenced by ability vs. chance, provocations) factors can influence hormone responses to competition. From early on, studies pointed to a positive relationship between T and dominance motivation/status striving. Recent research, however, suggests that this relationship only holds for individuals with low levels of C - this is the core idea of the dual-hormone hypothesis, and it is certain that the broadest applications of the hypothesis have not yet been realized. Individuals differ with respect to the extent to which they embrace competition, but the hormonal correlates of competitiveness remain largely unexplored. Although rapid increases in both T and C associated with competition are likely adaptive, we still know very little about the psychological benefits of these hormonal changes. Administration studies have and will continue to contribute to this inquiry. We close with a discussion of what, we think, are important methodological and mechanistic issues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen V Casto
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - David A Edwards
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Miyoshi Y, Uemura H, Umemoto S, Sakamaki K, Taguri M, Suzuki K, Shibata Y, Masumori N, Ichikawa T, Mizokami A, Sugimura Y, Nonomura N, Sakai H, Honma S, Harada M, Kubota Y. Low serum dehydroepiandrosterone examined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry correlates with poor prognosis in hormone-naïve prostate cancer. Prostate 2016; 76:376-82. [PMID: 26616365 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus on blood adrenal androgen concentrations in men with different stages and pathological grades of prostate cancer. In this study, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentrations in blood were examined by ultrasensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We analyzed the correlation between DHEA concentrations in blood and clinicopathological findings of prostate cancer. METHODS We analyzed 196 men (mean age 70 years) with prostate cancer. The patients underwent systematic needle biopsy, and peripheral blood sampling was conducted for measurement of DHEA. DHEA concentrations in blood were determined using LC-MS/MS method. Patient age, serum prostate-specific antigen, prostate volume measured by ultrasound, and DHEA levels in blood were compared with Gleason score and clinical stage by multivariate analyses. RESULTS Median value of PSA and prostate volume were 11.5 ng/ml and 27.7 ml, respectively. Median concentration of DHEA in blood was 1,506.4 pg/ml. There was no correlation between serum DHEA and clinical variables such as age, serum PSA, and prostate volume. In multivariate analysis, low serum DHEA levels in prostate cancer patients were significantly related to high Gleason score and advanced clinical stage. Serum PSA levels in prostate cancer patients were also significantly associated with high Gleason score and advanced clinical stage. High serum PSA and low serum DHEA levels were significantly associated with poor prognosis factors in men with hormone-naïve prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS DHEA concentrations in blood were examined by newly developed ultrasensitive LC-MS/MS. We confirmed that low serum DHEA levels in prostate cancer patients were related to high Gleason score and advanced clinical stage. These results suggest that serum DHEA level may be a useful prognostic factor in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Miyoshi
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroji Uemura
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Susumu Umemoto
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sakamaki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masataka Taguri
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shibata
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Naoya Masumori
- Department of Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizokami
- Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sugimura
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Seijiro Honma
- Department of Analytical Research, ASKA Pharma Medical Co. Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masaoki Harada
- Department of Urology and Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kubota
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Quantitative analysis of estradiol and six other steroid hormones in human saliva using a high throughput liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay. Talanta 2015; 143:353-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bertin J, Dury AY, Ke Y, Ouellet J, Labrie F. Accurate and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry simultaneous assay of seven steroids in monkey brain. Steroids 2015; 98:37-48. [PMID: 25697058 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following its secretion mainly by the adrenal glands, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) acts primarily in the cells/tissues which express the enzymes catalyzing its intracellular conversion into sex steroids by the mechanisms of intracrinology. Although reliable assays of endogenous serum steroids are now available using mass spectrometry (MS)-based technology, sample preparation from tissue matrices remains a challenge. This is especially the case with high lipid-containing tissues such as the brain. With the combination of a UPLC system with a sensitive tandem MS, it is now possible to measure endogenous unconjugated steroids in monkey brain tissue. METHODS A Shimadzu UPLC LC-30AD system coupled to a tandem MS AB Sciex Qtrap 6500 system was used. RESULTS The lower limits of quantifications are achieved at 250 pg/mL for DHEA, 200 pg/mL for 5-androstenediol (5-diol), 12 pg/mL for androstenedione (4-dione), 50 pg/mL for testosterone (Testo), 10 pg/mL for dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 4 pg/mL for estrone (E1) and 1 pg/mL for estradiol (E2). The linearity and accuracy of quality controls (QCs) and endogenous quality controls (EndoQCs) are according to the guidelines of the regulatory agencies for all seven compounds. CONCLUSION We describe a highly sensitive, specific and robust LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous measurement of seven unconjugated steroids in monkey brain tissue. The single and small amount of sample required using a relatively simple preparation method should be useful for steroid assays in various peripheral tissues and thus help analysis of the role of locally-made sex steroids in the regulation of specific physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bertin
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Alain Y Dury
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Yuyong Ke
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Johanne Ouellet
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Fernand Labrie
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada.
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Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method development for monitoring stress-related corticosteroids levels in pig saliva. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 990:158-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Zabell AP, Foxworthy T, Eaton KN, Julian RK. Diagnostic application of the exponentially modified Gaussian model for peak quality and quantitation in high-throughput liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1369:92-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Miyoshi Y, Uemura H, Umemoto S, Sakamaki K, Morita S, Suzuki K, Shibata Y, Masumori N, Ichikawa T, Mizokami A, Sugimura Y, Nonomura N, Sakai H, Honma S, Harada M, Kubota Y. High testosterone levels in prostate tissue obtained by needle biopsy correlate with poor-prognosis factors in prostate cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:717. [PMID: 25256077 PMCID: PMC4190297 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is currently no consensus on the correlations between androgen concentrations in prostate tissue and blood and stage and pathological grade of prostate cancer. In this study, we used a newly-developed ultra-sensitive liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to measure testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations in blood and needle biopsy prostate specimens from patients with prostate cancer. Methods We analyzed androgen levels in 196 men diagnosed with prostate cancer. All patients had undergone systematic needle biopsy, and an additional needle biopsy from the peripheral zone was conducted for the simultaneous determination of T and DHT. We analyzed the relationships between T and DHT levels in tissue and blood and Gleason score, clinical stage, and percentage of positive biopsy cores, using multivariate analysis. Results The median T and DHT levels in blood were 3551.0 pg/mL and 330.5 pg/mL, respectively. There was a strong correlation between serum T and DHT. The median T and DHT levels in prostate tissue were 0.5667 pg/mg and 7.0625 pg/mg, respectively. In multivariate analysis, serum prostate-specific antigen and tissue T levels were significantly associated with poor prognosis; high T levels in prostate tissue were significantly related to high Gleason score (p = 0.041), advanced clinical stage (p = 0.002), and a high percentage of positive biopsy cores (p = 0.001). Conclusions The results of this study indicate that high T levels in prostate tissue are related to high Gleason score, advanced clinical stage, and a high percentage of positive biopsy cores in patients with prostate cancer. T level in needle biopsy specimens may therefore be a useful prognostic factor in prostate cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-717) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Miyoshi
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
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Keevil BG, MacDonald P, Macdowall W, Lee DM, Wu FCW. Salivary testosterone measurement by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in adult males and females. Ann Clin Biochem 2014; 51:368-78. [PMID: 24194586 PMCID: PMC5029560 DOI: 10.1177/0004563213506412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary testosterone (Sal-T) may be a useful surrogate of serum free testosterone. The study aims were to use a novel liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay to determine whether Sal-T concentrations accurately reflect Sal-T concentrations in both sexes and to investigate practical aspects of sample collection. METHODS Saliva and serum samples were collected in 104 male and 91 female subjects. A more sensitive LC-MS/MS assay was developed to enable Sal-T quantitation in the low concentrations found in females. Saliva (200 µL) was extracted with 1 mL of methyl-tert-butyl ether following the addition of D5-testosterone. Quantitation was performed using a Waters TQ-S mass spectrometer. RESULTS The assay achieved a lower limit of quantification of 5 pmol/L, sufficiently sensitive to measure testosterone in female saliva. Sal-T showed a diurnal variation but samples taken at weekly and monthly intervals showed no significant differences. Sal-T was stable at ambient temperature for up to 5 days, after freeze-thawing and 3 years frozen storage. Reference intervals for Sal-T were 93-378 pmol/L in males and 5-46 pmol/L in females. Sal-T correlated significantly with serum calculated free-T in males (r = 0.71, P < 0.001) and in females (r = 0.39, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that testosterone can be reliably and accurately measured by LC-MS/MS in both adult male and female saliva samples. These results lay the foundation for further exploration of the clinical application of Sal- T as a reliable alternative to serum testosterone in the diagnosis and management of androgen disorders and assessment of androgen status in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Keevil
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Jensen MA, Mortier L, Koh E, Keevil B, Hyttinen S, Hansen ÅM. An interlaboratory comparison between similar methods for determination of melatonin, cortisol and testosterone in saliva. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2014; 74:454-61. [PMID: 24724579 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.900693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An interlaboratory comparison study for melatonin, cortisol and testosterone in saliva in which five laboratories participated is reported in this study. Each laboratory blindly measured eight samples prepared from natural saliva spiked with melatonin, cortisol and testosterone in the range 0-579 pmol/L for melatonin, 0-90 nmol/L for cortisol, and 0-622 pmol/L for testosterone. The recovery of spiked material for melatonin ranged from 91-110%, from 83-100% for cortisol and from 80-94% for testosterone. The content of natural hormone in saliva was estimated to be between 0.278 and 6.90 pmol/L for melatonin, 0.56 and 6.72 nmol/L for cortisol and 11.9 and 73.8 pmol/L for testosterone. This indicates a large interlaboratory variation. The present study emphasizes the importance of external quality control for the analysis of melatonin, cortisol and testosterone in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Jensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Denmark
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Sobhi HR, Henry H, Bruce SJ, Esrafili A, Rochat B. SIMPLE MEASUREMENT OF TESTOSTERONE IN MALE SALIVA SAMPLES USING DISPERSIVE LIQUID–LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION FOLLOWED BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY–TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.789799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sobhi
- a Department of Chemistry , Payame Noor University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hugues Henry
- b Department of Clinical Chemistry , University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Stephen J. Bruce
- b Department of Clinical Chemistry , University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland
- c Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Facility , University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Ali Esrafili
- d Department of Environmental Health Engineering , School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Bertrand Rochat
- c Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Facility , University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Cerda-Molina AL, Hernández-López L, de la O CE, Chavira-Ramírez R, Mondragón-Ceballos R. Changes in Men's Salivary Testosterone and Cortisol Levels, and in Sexual Desire after Smelling Female Axillary and Vulvar Scents. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:159. [PMID: 24194730 PMCID: PMC3809382 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that a woman's vaginal or axillary odors convey information on her attractivity. Yet, whether such scents induce psychoneuroendocrinological changes in perceivers is still controversial. We studied if smelling axillary and vulvar odors collected in the periovulatory and late luteal phases of young women modify salivary testosterone and cortisol levels, as well as sexual desire in men. Forty-five women and 115 men, all of them college students and unacquainted with each other, participated in the study. Female odors were collected on pads affixed to the axilla and on panty protectors both worn the entire night before experiments. Men provided five saliva samples, a basal one before the smelling procedure, and four more 15, 30, 60, and 75 min after exposure to odors. Immediately after smelling the odor source, men answered a questionnaire rating hedonic qualities of scents, and after providing the last saliva sample they answered questionnaire on sexual desire. We found that periovulatory axillary and vulvar odors increased testosterone and cortisol levels, with vulvar scents producing a more prolonged effect. Luteal axilla odors decreased testosterone and cortisol levels, while luteal vulva odors increased cortisol. Periovulatory axilla and vulva scents accounted for a general increase of interest in sex. These odors were also rated as more pleasant and familiar, while luteal vulvar odors were perceived as intense and unpleasant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lilia Cerda-Molina
- Departamento de Etología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leonor Hernández-López
- Departamento de Etología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudio E. de la O
- Departamento de Etología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roberto Chavira-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Mondragón-Ceballos
- Departamento de Etología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, urine and blood are the only matrices authorized for antidoping testing by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Although the usefulness of urine and blood is proven, issues remain for monitoring some drug classes and for drugs prohibited only in competition. The alternative matrix oral fluid (OF) may offer solutions to some of these issues. OF collection is easy, noninvasive, and sex neutral and is directly observed, limiting potential adulteration, a major problem for urine testing. OF is used to monitor drug intake in workplace, clinical toxicology, criminal justice, and driving under the influence of drugs programs and potentially could complement urine and blood for antidoping testing in sports. CONTENT This review outlines the present state of knowledge and the advantages and limitations of OF testing for each of the WADA drug classes and the research needed to advance OF testing as a viable alternative for antidoping testing. SUMMARY Doping agents are either prohibited at all times or prohibited in competition only. Few OF data from controlled drug administration studies are available for substances banned at all times, whereas for some agents prohibited only in competition, sufficient data may be available to suggest appropriate analytes and cutoffs (analytical threshold concentrations) to identify recent drug use. Additional research is needed to characterize the disposition of many banned substances into OF; OF collection methods and doping agent stability in OF also require investigation to allow the accurate interpretation of OF tests for antidoping monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Anizan
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Drug, Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
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Keevil BG. Novel liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for measuring steroids. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 27:663-74. [PMID: 24094637 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is increasingly becoming the method of choice for steroid hormone measurements due to small sample volumes, fast analysis times and improved specificity compared to immunoassays. Achievement of demanding analytical targets for steroid analysis is now becoming possible because of improvements in sample preparation technology, liquid chromatography column technology and mass spectrometer design. The most popular sample treatment strategies comprise protein precipitation (PP), solid-phase extraction (SLE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Modern liquid chromatography columns can ensure the adequate separation of isobaric compounds e.g. 21 Deoxycortisol, 11 Deoxycortisol and Corticosterone. The most appropriate method may be chosen to improve assay sensitivity by reducing matrix effects (LLE, SPE) or simplicity and speed (PP). Specific examples of some clinically important steroids including oestradiol, aldosterone, renin, serum cortisol, salivary cortisol and salivary testosterone will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Keevil
- Biochemistry Department, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
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Higashi T, Hijikuro M, Yamagata K, Ogawa S. Overestimation of salivary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level when using stimulated saliva with gum-chewing. Steroids 2013; 78:884-7. [PMID: 23688971 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] in whole saliva can be a noninvasive tool for assessing vitamin D status. Gum-chewing increases salivation and is often used to collect an adequate sample volume of saliva within a shorter time. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the concentration of 25(OH)D3 in whole saliva is influenced by gum-chewing. METHODS Stimulated saliva was collected from healthy volunteers chewing a tasteless and flavorless chewing gum after unstimulated saliva was collected without gum-chewing. The salivary 25(OH)D3 and albumin concentrations were measured. RESULTS The salivary 25(OH)D3 concentration was reproducibly measured when saliva was collected without gum-chewing, whereas the concentration was significantly increased by gum-chewing (p<0.05, paired t-test). One of the causes for the gum-chewing-induced increase in the 25(OH)D3 concentration may be the increased amount of protein-bound 25(OH)D3 in whole saliva. CONCLUSION Stimulated saliva by gum-chewing should be used with caution in the measurement of 25(OH)D3. The protein binding rate in plasma is a significant consideration when predicting whether the salivary concentration of a compound is varied by gum-chewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Hasuwa H, Ueda J, Ikawa M, Okabe M. miR-200b and miR-429 function in mouse ovulation and are essential for female fertility. Science 2013; 341:71-3. [PMID: 23765281 DOI: 10.1126/science.1237999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ovulation in the mouse and other mammals is controlled by hormones secreted by the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis. We describe anovulation and infertility in female mice lacking the microRNAs miR-200b and miR-429. Both miRNAs are strongly expressed in the pituitary gland, where they suppress expression of the transcriptional repressor ZEB1. Eliminating these miRNAs, in turn, inhibits luteinizing hormone (LH) synthesis by repressing transcription of its β-subunit gene, which leads to lowered serum LH concentration, an impaired LH surge, and failure to ovulate. Our results reveal roles for miR-200b and miR-429, and their target the Zeb1 gene, in the regulation of mammalian reproduction. Thus, the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was shown to require miR-200b and miR-429 to support ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Hasuwa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Senmaru T, Fukui M, Okada H, Mineoka Y, Yamazaki M, Tsujikawa M, Hasegawa G, Kitawaki J, Obayashi H, Nakamura N. Testosterone deficiency induces markedly decreased serum triglycerides, increased small dense LDL, and hepatic steatosis mediated by dysregulation of lipid assembly and secretion in mice fed a high-fat diet. Metabolism 2013; 62:851-60. [PMID: 23332447 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although low serum testosterone (T) is associated with metabolic disorders, the mechanism of this association is unclear. The objective of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of T deficiency and a high-fat diet (HFD) on hepatic lipid homeostasis in mice. MATERIALS/METHODS Orchiectomized (ORX) mice and sham-operated (SHAM) mice were randomly divided into five groups: SHAM mice fed a standard diet (SD), SHAM mice fed HFD, ORX mice fed SD, ORX mice fed HFD, and ORX mice fed HFD with T supplementation. After 4weeks of treatment, we investigated the synthesis and secretion of lipids in the liver and detailed serum lipoprotein profiles in each group. RESULTS ORX mice fed HFD showed increased hepatic steatosis, markedly decreased serum triglyceride (TG) and TG-VLDL content, and increased serum very small-LDL content. Gene expression analysis revealed that ORX mice fed HFD showed significantly decreased expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, lipin-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and PPAR-γ coactivator 1-α, and significantly increased sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 and fatty acid synthase. Reduction of hepatic AMPK phosphorylation was observed in ORX mice fed HFD. These perturbations in ORX mice fed HFD were normalized to the levels of SHAM mice fed HFD by T supplementation. CONCLUSION T deficiency is associated with failure of lipid homeostasis mediated by altered expression of genes involved in hepatic assembly and secretion of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Senmaru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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Fanelli F, Gambineri A, Mezzullo M, Vicennati V, Pelusi C, Pasquali R, Pagotto U. Revisiting hyper- and hypo-androgenism by tandem mass spectrometry. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2013; 14:185-205. [PMID: 23619762 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-013-9243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Modern endocrinology is living a critical age of transition as far as laboratory testing and biochemical diagnosis are concerned. Novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays for steroid measurement in biological fluids have abundantly demonstrated their analytical superiority over immunometric platforms that until now have dominated the world of steroid hormones determination in clinical laboratories. One of the most useful applications of LC-MS/MS is in the hypogonadism and hyperandrogenism field: LC-MS/MS has proved particularly suitable for the detection of low levels of testosterone typical of women and children, and in general more reliable in accurately determining hypogonadal male levels. This technique also offers increased informative power by allowing multi-analytical profiles that give a more comprehensive picture of the overall hormonal asset. Several LC-MS/MS methods for testosterone have been published in the last decade, some of them included other androgen or more comprehensive steroid profiles. LC-MS/MS offers the concrete possibility of achieving a definitive standardization of testosterone measurements and the generation of widely accepted reference intervals, that will set the basis for a consensus on the diagnostic value of biochemical testing. The present review is aimed at summarizing technological advancements in androgen measurements in serum and saliva. We also provide a picture of the state of advancement of standardization of testosterone assays, of the redefinition of androgen reference intervals by novel assays and of studies using LC-MS/MS for the characterization and diagnosis of female hyperandrogenism and male hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, and Center for Applied Biomedical Sciences, S.Orsola - Malpighi Hospital, University Alma Mater Studiorum, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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Bui HN, Schagen SEE, Klink DT, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Blankenstein MA, Heijboer AC. Salivary testosterone in female-to-male transgender adolescents during treatment with intra-muscular injectable testosterone esters. Steroids 2013; 78:91-5. [PMID: 23123742 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In our hospital, female-to-male (FtM) transgender adolescents from the age of 16 are treated with two- or four-weekly intra-muscular injections of testosterone-esters. Some patients treated with four-weekly injections have complaints of fatigue and experience mood swings towards the end of the inter-injection period, which calls for an evaluation of the time-course of testosterone levels between injections. Evaluation of salivary testosterone is a practical approach for sequential measurements. Since only ∼2% of total serum testosterone is present in saliva, a sensitive assay is necessary. The objective was to develop an isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (ID-LC-MS/MS) for salivary testosterone measurements and to evaluate the testosterone profiles after testosterone-ester mixture injections in FtM-adolescents. EXPERIMENTAL FtM treated with 125 mg/2 weeks or with 250 mg/4 weeks depots of testosterone-ester mixture collected saliva at different time intervals. Salivary testosterone was measured by a thoroughly validated ID-LC-MS/MS assay. RESULTS An ID-LC-MS/MS method for measuring salivary testosterone was developed with adequate accuracy and specificity. The reference range was established at 135-400 pmol/L. Testosterone levels peaked supra-physiologically immediately post-injection, and decreased to levels within the male reference range after nine days in all patients. 250 mg/4 weeks depots resulted in values below the reference range at the end of the 4 weeks. DISCUSSION The development of an adequate ID-LC-MS/MS method for measuring salivary testosterone allowed us to investigate the testosterone profile in FtM-adolescents after testosterone-esters mixture injections. These injections lead to extreme concentrations which may affect the wellbeing of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong N Bui
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Mass spectrometry methods have the potential to measure different hormones during the same analysis and have improved specificity and a wide analytical range compared with many immunoassay methods. Increasingly in clinical laboratories liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays are replacing immunoassays for the routine measurement of testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and other steroid hormones. Reference LC-MS/MS methods for steroid, thyroid, and peptide hormones are being used for assessment of the performance and calibration of commercial immunoassays. In this chapter, the general principles of tandem mass spectrometry and examples of hormone assays are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen P Field
- Department of Specialist Laboratory Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Manh HD, Kido T, Okamoto R, Xianliang S, Viet NH, Nakano M, Tai PT, Maruzeni S, Nishijo M, Nakagawa H, Suzuki H, Honma S, Van Tung D, Nhu DD, Hung NN, Son LK. The relationship between dioxins and salivary steroid hormones in Vietnamese primiparae. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 18:221-9. [PMID: 23114996 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-012-0310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nearly 40 years after Agent Orange was last sprayed, we conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the impact of dioxin exposure on salivary hormones in Vietnamese primiparae. Our previous studies found higher levels of salivary cortisol and cortisone in one of the most highly dioxin-contaminated areas, known as a "hot-spot", than in a non-exposed area. As a result, we suggested that further research with a larger number of participants would be needed to confirm whether dioxin affects steroid hormone levels in Vietnamese primiparae. METHODS The concentration of steroid hormones in saliva was determined by liquid chromatography (electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry), whereas the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in breast milk were determined by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, for a sample of the population from a "hot-spot" (n = 16) and a non-exposed area (n = 10). All subjects were aged between 20 and 30 years and had children aged between 4 and 16 weeks. RESULTS The mean toxic equivalence of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCDDs + PCDFs in breast milk in the hot-spot area was found to be significantly higher than in the non-exposed area (p < 0.001). Likewise, salivary cortisol, cortisone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels were significantly higher in the hotspot area than in the non-exposed area (p < 0.05). As a result, herein we report, for the first time, that salivary DHEA levels in primiparae are higher in a hot-spot than in a non-exposed area, and that this may be the result of dioxin exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the long-term effects of Agent Orange/dioxin on steroid hormones in Vietnamese primiparae in the post-war period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Dung Manh
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Inder WJ, Dimeski G, Russell A. Measurement of salivary cortisol in 2012 - laboratory techniques and clinical indications. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:645-51. [PMID: 22812714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The utility of measuring salivary cortisol has become increasingly appreciated since the early 1980s. Salivary cortisol is a measure of active free cortisol and follows the diurnal rhythm of serum or plasma cortisol. The saliva sample may be collected by drooling or through the use of absorbent swabs which are placed into the mouth until saturated. Salivary cortisol is therefore convenient for patients and research participants to collect noninvasively on an outpatient basis. Several assay techniques have been used to measure salivary cortisol, including radioimmunoassay and more recently liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analytical sensitivity varies between these assay methods, as does the potential for cross-reactivity with other steroids. The interpretation of salivary cortisol levels relies on rigorous standardization of sampling equipment, sampling protocols and assay technology with establishment of a local reference range. Clinically, the commonest use for salivary cortisol is measuring late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing's syndrome. Several studies have shown diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of over 90%, which compares very favourably with other screening tests for Cushing's syndrome such as the 24-h urinary-free cortisol and the 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test. There are emerging roles for the use of salivary cortisol in diagnosing adrenal insufficiency, particularly in conditions associated with low cortisol-binding globulin levels, and in the monitoring of glucocorticoid replacement. Finally, salivary cortisol has been used extensively as a biomarker of stress in a research setting, especially in studies examining psychological stress with repeated measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warrick J Inder
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
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Kataoka H, Ehara K, Yasuhara R, Saito K. Simultaneous determination of testosterone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone in saliva by stable isotope dilution on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:331-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Influence of saliva flow rate stimulated by gum-chewing on salivary concentrations of catecholamine metabolites. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 414:248-52. [PMID: 23041211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in saliva is useful for diagnosis of some psychiatric disorders. Gum-chewing increases salivation and is sometimes used to collect an adequate sample volume of saliva within a shorter time. However, the rate of saliva production may affect the salivary concentrations of these catecholamine metabolites. We clarified whether the salivary concentrations of HVA and MHPG are dependent on the rate of salivation. METHODS Stimulated saliva was collected from healthy volunteers chewing a tasteless and flavorless chewing gum after unstimulated saliva was collected without gum-chewing. The salivary HVA and MHPG concentrations were measured using newly developed LC/ESI-MS/MS methods. RESULTS The salivary HVA and MHPG concentrations were reproducibly measured when saliva was collected without gum-chewing (unstimulated saliva). In contrast, their salivary concentrations significantly decreased when salivation was stimulated by gum-chewing (p<0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). CONCLUSIONS Stimulated saliva by gum-chewing should be used with caution in the measurement of the catecholamine metabolites. LogD is a useful indicator, when predicting whether the salivary concentration of a compound is dependent on the rate of salivation.
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Oh JA, Shin HS. Rapid determination of natural steroidal hormones in saliva for the clinical diagnoses. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:22. [PMID: 22452882 PMCID: PMC3351364 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saliva samples are easily collectable and non-invasive, and the monitoring of natural steroidal hormones, such as estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), progesterone (P), and testosterone (T), in saliva has attracted much attention due to its numerous potential clinical and health-related applications. Because E1, E2, E3, P and T are useful indicators in numerous clinical and health-related diagnoses, there is a need for simultaneous determination. Results A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric assay was developed for rapid simultaneous determination of E1, E2, E3, P and T in saliva for clinical diagnoses. Extraction was achieved with a liquid extraction using 3.0 mL of pentane. The extract was dried and silylated with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide/NH4I (100:2) under a catalysis of 1.5% dithioerythritol for 10 min at 90°C. The accuracy of the analytes was in the range of 96% to 112% at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.10 μg/L (5.0 and 10.0 μg/L for E3), respectively, with relative standard deviations of less than 11%. The lowest quantification limits were from 0.002 to 0.6 μg/L for 1.0 mL of saliva. Conclusion Natural steroidal hormones were detected in the concentration ranges of nd to 0.2 μg/L in human saliva. The salivary testosterone values in the patients with prostatic carcinoma were significantly lower than in normal males. The method may useful in numerous clinical and health-related diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Aa Oh
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, Korea 314-701, South Korea.
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