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Tian Z, Liu M, Zhang Z, Yan T, Guo S, Miao Y, Wang J, Zhang R, Bi Y, Zhang N, Zhang X. Association between intracerebral hemorrhage and cholesterol levels, and molecular mechanism underlying low cholesterol inhibiting autophagy in cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells leading to cell necrosis. Int J Cardiol 2023; 387:131134. [PMID: 37355236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between cholesterol and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been reported, but the mechanism is unclear. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, participants aged 50-75 years were selected using multistage stratified cluster sampling. All samples completed a questionnaire (age, gender, medication, etc.) and were examined (blood lipid, height, blood pressure, etc.) for risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association between cholesterol levels and ICH risk, after adjusting for age, smoking, hypertension, and other factors. We cultured rat cerebral artery smooth muscle cells at different cholesterol concentrations. The autophagy pathway was identified by transcriptome sequencing. The results were then validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. RESULTS We included 39,595 patients, among whom 286 had ICH. The study showed that a low level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was a risk factor of ICH (odds ratio 2.912, 95% confidence interval 1.460-5.806; P = 0.002). Cell experiments showed that lower cholesterol levels could significantly induce rat cerebral artery smooth muscle cell necrosis. In low-cholesterol groups, expression of the autophagy marker LC3 protein was significantly decreased and p62 protein was significantly increased. In western blot and comparison with the control group, the low cholesterol PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was significantly activated in the autophagy pathway, resulting in its inhibition, which in turn led to smooth muscle cell death. CONCLUSION Low cholesterol levels may inhibit autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and induce arterial smooth muscle cell necrosis, thereby increasing the risk of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Tian
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ziying Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tao Yan
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shuyi Guo
- People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
| | - Yu Miao
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanqing Bi
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Xingguang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.
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Farzaei MH, Ramezani-Aliakbari F, Ramezani-Aliakbari M, Zarei M, Komaki A, Shahidi S, Sarihi A, Salehi I. Regulatory effects of trimetazidine in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:1633-1646. [PMID: 36971866 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a tissue damage during reperfusion after an ischemic condition. I/R injury is induced by pathological cases including stroke, myocardial infarction, circulatory arrest, sickle cell disease, acute kidney injury, trauma, and sleep apnea. It can lead to increased morbidity and mortality in the context of these processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the hallmarks of I/R insult, which is induced via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and autophagy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are non-coding RNAs that play a main regulatory role in gene expression. Recently, there are evidence, which miRNAs are the major modulators of cardiovascular diseases, especially myocardial I/R injury. Cardiovascular miRNAs, specifically miR-21, and probably miR-24 and miR-126 have protective effects on myocardial I/R injury. Trimetazidine (TMZ) is a new class of metabolic agents with an anti-ischemic activity. It has beneficial effects on chronic stable angina by suppressing mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. The present review study addressed the different mechanistic effects of TMZ on cardiac I/R injury. Online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane library were assessed for published studies between 1986 and 2021. TMZ, an antioxidant and metabolic agent, prevents the cardiac reperfusion injury by regulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), cystathionine-γ-lyase enzyme (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and miR-21. Therefore, TMZ protects the heart against I/R injury by inducing key regulators such as AMPK, CSE/H2S, and miR-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Ramezani-Aliakbari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Siamak Shahidi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Dai M, Li K, Sacirovic M, Zemmrich C, Buschmann E, Ritter O, Bramlage P, Persson AB, Buschmann I, Hillmeister P. Autophagy-related genes analysis reveals potential biomarkers for prediction of the impaired walking capacity of peripheral arterial disease. BMC Med 2023; 21:186. [PMID: 37198605 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of autophagy and autophagy-related genes in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) remains unknown and may be of diagnostic and prognostic value. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between autophagy and PAD, and identify potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for medical practice. METHODS Differentially expressed autophagy-related genes in PAD were explored from GSE57691 and validated in our WalkByLab registry participants by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The level of autophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of WalkByLab participants was assessed by analyzing autophagic marker proteins (beclin-1, P62, LC3B). Single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to evaluate the immune microenvironment within the artery wall of PAD patients and healthy persons. Chemokine antibody array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to assess the chemokines in participants' plasma. Treadmill testing with Gardner protocol was used to evaluate participants' walking capacity. Pain-free walking distance, maximum walking distance, and walking time were recorded. Finally, a nomogram model based on logistic regression was built to predict impaired walking performance. RESULTS A total of 20 relevant autophagy-related genes were identified, and these genes were confirmed to be expressed at low levels in our PAD participants. Western blotting demonstrated that the expression of autophagic marker proteins beclin-1 and LC3BII were significantly reduced in PAD patients' PBMCs. ssGSEA revealed that most of the autophagy-related genes were strongly correlated with immune function, with the largest number of associated genes showing interaction between cytokine-and-cytokine receptors (CCR). In this context, the chemokines growth-related oncogene (GRO) and neutrophil activating protein2 (NAP2) are highly expressed in the plasma of WalkByLab PAD patients and were significantly negatively correlated with the walking distance assessed by Gardner treadmill testing. Finally, the plasma NAP2 level (AUC: 0.743) and derived nomogram model (AUC: 0.860) has a strong predictive potential to identify a poor walking capacity. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data highlight both the important role of autophagy and autophagy-related genes in PAD and link them to vascular inflammation (expression of chemokines). In particular, chemokine NAP2 emerged as a novel biomarker that can be used to predict the impaired walking capacity in PAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Dai
- Center for Internal Medicine 1, Department for Angiology, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum (DAZB), Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, University Clinic Brandenburg, Hochstrasse 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kangbo Li
- Center for Internal Medicine 1, Department for Angiology, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum (DAZB), Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, University Clinic Brandenburg, Hochstrasse 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mesud Sacirovic
- Center for Internal Medicine 1, Department for Angiology, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum (DAZB), Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, University Clinic Brandenburg, Hochstrasse 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Claudia Zemmrich
- Center for Internal Medicine 1, Department for Angiology, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum (DAZB), Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, University Clinic Brandenburg, Hochstrasse 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Institute for Pharmacology and Preventive Medicine, Cloppenburg, Germany
| | - Eva Buschmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinic Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Ritter
- Department for Cardiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, University Clinic Brandenburg, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Bramlage
- Institute for Pharmacology and Preventive Medicine, Cloppenburg, Germany
| | - Anja Bondke Persson
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivo Buschmann
- Center for Internal Medicine 1, Department for Angiology, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum (DAZB), Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, University Clinic Brandenburg, Hochstrasse 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philipp Hillmeister
- Center for Internal Medicine 1, Department for Angiology, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum (DAZB), Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, University Clinic Brandenburg, Hochstrasse 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Potsdam, Germany.
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Lyu P, Jiang H. RNA-Sequencing Reveals Upregulation and a Beneficial Role of Autophagy in Myoblast Differentiation and Fusion. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223549. [PMID: 36428978 PMCID: PMC9688917 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast differentiation is a complex process whereby the mononuclear muscle precursor cells myoblasts express skeletal-muscle-specific genes and fuse with each other to form multinucleated myotubes. The objective of this study was to identify potentially novel mechanisms that mediate myoblast differentiation. We first compared transcriptomes in C2C12 myoblasts before and 6 days after induction of myogenic differentiation by RNA-seq. This analysis identified 11,046 differentially expressed genes, of which 5615 and 5431 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, from before differentiation to differentiation. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that the upregulated genes were associated with skeletal muscle contraction, autophagy, and sarcomeres while the downregulated genes were associated with ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis, mRNA processing, ribosomes, and other biological processes or cellular components. Western blot analyses showed an increased conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II protein during myoblast differentiation, further demonstrating the upregulation of autophagy during myoblast differentiation. Blocking the autophagic flux in C2C12 cells with chloroquine inhibited the expression of skeletal-muscle-specific genes and the formation of myotubes, confirming a positive role for autophagy in myoblast differentiation and fusion.
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Yu W, Ilyas I, Aktar N, Xu S. A review on therapeutical potential of paeonol in atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:950337. [PMID: 35991897 PMCID: PMC9385965 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.950337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is increasing year by year. Cortex Moutan is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been widely used for thousands of years to treat a wide variety of diseases in Eastern countries due to its heat-clearing and detoxifying effects. Paeonol is a bioactive monomer extracted from Cortex Moutan, which has anti-atherosclerotic effects. In this article, we reviewed the pharmacological effects of paeonol against experimental atherosclerosis, as well as its protective effects on vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, platelets, and other important cell types. The pleiotropic effects of paeonol in atherosclerosis suggest that it can be a promising therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis and its complications. Large-scale randomized clinical trials are warranted to elucidate whether paeonol are effective in patients with ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Renovo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Yu, ; Suowen Xu,
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Nasrin Aktar
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Yu, ; Suowen Xu,
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Kocak M, Ezazi Erdi S, Jorba G, Maestro I, Farrés J, Kirkin V, Martinez A, Pless O. Targeting autophagy in disease: established and new strategies. Autophagy 2021; 18:473-495. [PMID: 34241570 PMCID: PMC9037468 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1936359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway responsible for clearing cytosolic aggregated proteins, damaged organelles or invading microorganisms. Dysfunctional autophagy leads to pathological accumulation of the cargo, which has been linked to a range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, infectious and autoimmune diseases and various forms of cancer. Cumulative work in animal models, application of genetic tools and pharmacologically active compounds, has suggested the potential therapeutic value of autophagy modulation in disease, as diverse as Huntington, Salmonella infection, or pancreatic cancer. Autophagy activation versus inhibition strategies are being explored, while the role of autophagy in pathophysiology is being studied in parallel. However, the progress of preclinical and clinical development of autophagy modulators has been greatly hampered by the paucity of selective pharmacological agents and biomarkers to dissect their precise impact on various forms of autophagy and cellular responses. Here, we summarize established and new strategies in autophagy-related drug discovery and indicate a path toward establishing a more efficient discovery of autophagy-selective pharmacological agents. With this knowledge at hand, modern concepts for therapeutic exploitation of autophagy might become more plausible. Abbreviations: ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy-related gene; AUTAC: autophagy-targeting chimera; CNS: central nervous system; CQ: chloroquine; GABARAP: gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-associated protein; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; LYTAC: lysosome targeting chimera; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NDD: neurodegenerative disease; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; PROTAC: proteolysis-targeting chimera; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Kocak
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, the Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton, UK
| | | | | | - Inés Maestro
- Centro De Investigaciones Biologicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, the Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton, UK
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro De Investigaciones Biologicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red En Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ole Pless
- Fraunhofer ITMP ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany
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Liu Y, Zhao D, Peng W, Xue P, Jiang X, Chen S, Gao H, Wang X, Feng S. Atmospheric PM 2.5 blocking up autophagic flux in HUVECs via inhibiting Sntaxin-17 and LAMP2. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111450. [PMID: 33039871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite of growing evidence linking PM2.5 exposure to autophagic activity in various human cells, the functional significance of PM2.5 exposure affecting autophagy in the pathogenesis of human cardiovascular disease and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the effects of ambient PM2.5 (with final concentration 0, 1, 5, 25 µg/mL) on the autophagic activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were systematically studied. The results showed that the internalized PM2.5 mainly localized in the membrane-surrounded vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Compared with the negative control, dose-dependent increase of autophagosomes, puncta and protein levels of LC3-II and p62, and both dose- and time-dependent increase of AKT phosphorylation, with inversely time-dependent reduction of Beclin 1, ATG3 and ATG5 proteins, were presented in the PM2.5-treated HUVECs, indicating a clear impairment of autophagic degradation in the PM2.5-exposed HUVECs. Meanwhile, increase in lysosomes, LAMP1, proteases of CTSB and CTSD, and protein phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and TFEB was identified in the PM2.5-treated HUVECs, showing a PM2.5-mediated enhancement in lysosomal activity. A novel finding in this study is that both Sntaxin-17 and LAMP2, two key proteins involved in the control of membrane fusion between autophagosome and lysosome, were significantly decreased in the PM2.5-exposed HUVECs, suggesting that the fusion of autophagosome-lysosome was blocked up. Collectively, ambient PM2.5 exposure may block up the autophagic flux in HUVECs through inhibiting the expression of Sntaxin-17 and LAMP2. Autophagic activity in HUVECs is a useful biomarker for assessing risks of environmental factors to human cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; The Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Dongting Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wenyi Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Panpan Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiaojun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shuting Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Huiqian Gao
- The Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Shaolong Feng
- The Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Li G, Li PL. Lysosomal TRPML1 Channel: Implications in Cardiovascular and Kidney Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1349:275-301. [PMID: 35138619 PMCID: PMC9899368 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal ion channels mediate ion flux from lysosomes and regulate membrane potential across the lysosomal membrane, which are essential for lysosome biogenesis, nutrient sensing, lysosome trafficking, lysosome enzyme activity, and cell membrane repair. As a cation channel, the transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channel is mainly expressed on lysosomes and late endosomes. Recently, the normal function of TRPML1 channels has been demonstrated to be important for the maintenance of cardiovascular and renal glomerular homeostasis and thereby involved in the pathogenesis of some cardiovascular and kidney diseases. In arterial myocytes, it has been found that Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAADP), an intracellular second messenger, can induce Ca2+ release through the lysosomal TRPML1 channel, leading to a global Ca2+ release response from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In podocytes, it has been demonstrated that lysosomal TRPML1 channels control lysosome trafficking and exosome release, which contribute to the maintenance of podocyte functional integrity. The defect or functional deficiency of lysosomal TRPML1 channels has been shown to critically contribute to the initiation and development of some chronic degeneration or diseases in the cardiovascular system or kidneys. Here we briefly summarize the current evidence demonstrating the regulation of lysosomal TRPML1 channel activity and related signaling mechanisms. We also provide some insights into the canonical and noncanonical roles of TRPML1 channel dysfunction as a potential pathogenic mechanism for certain cardiovascular and kidney diseases and associated therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Yashin AI, Wu D, Arbeev K, Yashkin AP, Akushevich I, Bagley O, Duan M, Ukraintseva S. Roles of interacting stress-related genes in lifespan regulation: insights for translating experimental findings to humans. JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL GENETICS AND GENOMICS 2021; 5:357-379. [PMID: 34825130 PMCID: PMC8612394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Experimental studies provided numerous evidence that caloric/dietary restriction may improve health and increase the lifespan of laboratory animals, and that the interplay among molecules that sense cellular stress signals and those regulating cell survival can play a crucial role in cell response to nutritional stressors. However, it is unclear whether the interplay among corresponding genes also plays a role in human health and lifespan. METHODS Literature about roles of cellular stressors have been reviewed, such as amino acid deprivation, and the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway in health and aging. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two candidate genes (GCN2/EIF2AK4 and CHOP/DDIT3) that are closely involved in the cellular stress response to amino acid starvation, have been selected using information from experimental studies. Associations of these SNPs and their interactions with human survival in the Health and Retirement Study data have been estimated. The impact of collective associations of multiple interacting SNP pairs on survival has been evaluated, using a recently developed composite index: the SNP-specific Interaction Polygenic Risk Score (SIPRS). RESULTS Significant interactions have been found between SNPs from GCN2/EIF2AK4 and CHOP/DDI3T genes that were associated with survival 85+ compared to survival between ages 75 and 85 in the total sample (males and females combined) and in females only. This may reflect sex differences in genetic regulation of the human lifespan. Highly statistically significant associations of SIPRS [constructed for the rs16970024 (GCN2/EIF2AK4) and rs697221 (CHOP/DDIT3)] with survival in both sexes also been found in this study. CONCLUSION Identifying associations of the genetic interactions with human survival is an important step in translating the knowledge from experimental to human aging research. Significant associations of multiple SNPxSNP interactions in ISR genes with survival to the oldest old age that have been found in this study, can help uncover mechanisms of multifactorial regulation of human lifespan and its heterogeneity.
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Zheng H, Feng H, Zhang W, Han Y, Zhao W. Targeting autophagy by natural product Ursolic acid for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115271. [PMID: 33065153 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the growth of the aging population, osteoporosis is becoming a global health problem. Ursolic acid (UA) is an active ingredient existed in a variety of foods and nature plants and owns plenty of pharmacological effects especially in treating metabolic disease. Our predication from network pharmacology hinted that UA has potential for ameliorating osteoporosis. Firstly through in vivo experiment, we confirmed that UA administration obviously protected against ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis in rats by improving microarchitectural deterioration of trabecular bone (P < 0.001), decreasing numbers of TRAP positive osteoclast in vertebra (P < 0.001), as well as decreasing serum osteoclast-specific cytokines release (P < 0.001). Besides, UA ameliorated kidney damage secondary to OVX-induced osteoporosis by ameliorating glomerular atrophy, decreasing BUN and creatinine levels in OVX rats. In vitro, UA noticeably decreased osteoclastic-special marker proteins c-Fos and NFATc1 expressions (P < 0.001) in response to RANKL stimulation in macrophagy. Importantly, autophagy pathway was activated in the process of osteoclast differentiation and blocked by UA pretreatment. Furthermore, autophagy inhibitors suppressed osteoclast differentiation (P < 0.001). Collectively, UA may ameliorate osteoporosis by suppressing osteoclast differentiation mediated by autophagy. Our research provides scientific support for UA treating osteoporosis and offers an optimal dose for daily intake of UA safely to prevent bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Zheng
- Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Haitao Feng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wenzhong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yantao Han
- Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China.
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11
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Bartho LA, Fisher JJ, Cuffe JSM, Perkins AV. Mitochondrial transformations in the aging human placenta. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E981-E994. [PMID: 32954826 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00354.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in homeostasis and are central to one of the leading hypotheses of aging, the free radical theory. Mitochondria function as a reticulated network, constantly adapting to the cellular environment through fusion (joining), biogenesis (formation of new mitochondria), and fission (separation). This adaptive response is particularly important in response to oxidative stress, cellular damage, and aging, when mitochondria are selectively removed through mitophagy, a mitochondrial equivalent of autophagy. During this complex process, mitochondria influence surrounding cell biology and organelles through the release of signaling molecules. Given that the human placenta is a unique organ having a transient and somewhat defined life span of ∼280 days, any adaption or dysfunction associated with mitochondrial physiology as a result of aging will have a dramatic impact on the health and function of both the placenta and the fetus. Additionally, a defective placenta during gestation, resulting in reduced fetal growth, has been shown to influence the development of chronic disease in later life. In this review we focus on the mitochondrial adaptions and transformations that accompany gestational length and share similarities with age-related diseases. In addition, we discuss the role of such changes in regulating placental function throughout gestation, the etiology of gestational complications, and the development of chronic diseases later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Bartho
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua J Fisher
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James S M Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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12
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The Role of iPSC Modeling Toward Projection of Autophagy Pathway in Disease Pathogenesis: Leader or Follower. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:539-561. [PMID: 33245492 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is responsible for degradation of non-essential or damaged cellular constituents and damaged organelles. The autophagy pathway maintains efficient cellular metabolism and reduces cellular stress by removing additional and pathogenic components. Dysfunctional autophagy underlies several diseases. Thus, several research groups have worked toward elucidating key steps in this pathway. Autophagy can be studied by animal modeling, chemical modulators, and in vitro disease modeling with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) as a loss-of-function platform. The introduction of iPSC technology, which has the capability to maintain the genetic background, has facilitated in vitro modeling of some diseases. Furthermore, iPSC technology can be used as a platform to study defective cellular and molecular pathways during development and unravel novel steps in signaling pathways of health and disease. Different studies have used iPSC technology to explore the role of autophagy in disease pathogenesis which could not have been addressed by animal modeling or chemical inducers/inhibitors. In this review, we discuss iPSC models of autophagy-associated disorders where the disease is caused due to mutations in autophagy-related genes. We classified this group as "primary autophagy induced defects (PAID)". There are iPSC models of diseases in which the primary cause is not dysfunctional autophagy, but autophagy is impaired secondary to disease phenotypes. We call this group "secondary autophagy induced defects (SAID)" and discuss them. Graphical abstract.
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13
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Hughes WE, Beyer AM, Gutterman DD. Vascular autophagy in health and disease. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:41. [PMID: 32506214 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-0802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis is maintained within organisms through the physiological recycling process of autophagy, a catabolic process that is intricately involved in the mobilization of nutrients during starvation, recycling of cellular cargo, as well as initiation of cellular death pathways. Specific to the cardiovascular system, autophagy responds to both chemical (e.g. free radicals) and mechanical stressors (e.g. shear stress). It is imperative to note that autophagy is not a static process, and measurement of autophagic flux provides a more comprehensive investigation into the role of autophagy. The overarching themes emerging from decades of autophagy research are that basal levels of autophagic flux are critical, physiological stressors may increase or decrease autophagic flux, and more importantly, aberrant deviations from basal autophagy may elicit detrimental effects. Autophagy has predominantly been examined within cardiac or vascular smooth muscle tissue within the context of disease development and progression. Autophagic flux within the endothelium holds an important role in maintaining vascular function, demonstrated by the necessary role for intact autophagic flux for shear-induced release of nitric oxide however the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Within this review, we theorize that autophagy itself does not solely control vascular homeostasis, rather, it works in concert with mitochondria, telomerase, and lipids to maintain physiological function. The primary emphasis of this review is on the role of autophagy within the human vasculature, and the integrative effects with physiological processes and diseases as they relate to the vascular structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA.
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA
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14
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Liu C, Peng M, Zheng L, Zhao Y, Wang R, Su Q, Chen S, Li Z. Enhanced autophagy alleviates injury during hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion in mice. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1669-1676. [PMID: 31410124 PMCID: PMC6676216 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies examining whether autophagy has a protective or deleterious role during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have reported a varying role in different organs and remains a matter of debate. The aim of the current study was to explore the role of autophagy in hindlimb I/R injury in a murine model. An increase in apoptosis was observed in vitro, in C2C12 myoblast cells, following hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), while downregulation of autophagic flux was induced by chloroquine as compared with the vehicle group under hypoxia and H/R conditions. In vivo, an increase in severe damage of gastrocnemius muscles was observed in the I/R and ischemia groups compared with the control group, was more severe in the I/R group compared with the ischemia group. Electron microscopy revealed an increased number of autophagosomes in the ischemia group, whereas a reduced number was detected in the I/R group. Following administration of rapamycin, the infarct size ratio and cell apoptosis was significantly reduced, while the amount of autophagosomes significantly increased in the ischemic phase. In conclusion, autophagy is upregulated in the ischemia phase and downregulated in the reperfusion phase. Notably, upregulation of autophagy via rapamycin intervention during ischemia alleviated skeletal muscle damage, suggesting a potential protective role during hindlimb I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshu Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Meixiu Peng
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Division of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Su
- Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zilun Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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15
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Cui C, Li Z, Wu D. The long non-coding RNA H19 induces hypoxia/reoxygenation injury by up-regulating autophagy in the hepatoma carcinoma cells. Biol Res 2019; 52:32. [PMID: 31196153 PMCID: PMC6567522 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNA H19 (H19) plays an important role by regulating protein expression in different tissues and organs of the body. However, whether H19 induces hypoxia/reoxygenation (h/R) injury via increase of autophagy in the hepatoma carcinoma cells is unknown. RESULTS H19 was expressed in the hepatoma carcinoma cells (Hep G2 and HCCLM3 cells) and its expression was most in 8 h/24R. The knockdown of H19 and 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor) protected against h/R-induced apoptosis, cell damage, the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9, the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c). The knockdown of H19 and 3-MA also decreased the autophagic vesicles (AVs) and the expression of Beclin-1 and the ration of LC3-II/LC3-I, and increased cell viability, the expression of Bcl-2 and P62 and the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt and mTOR. In addition, chloroquine (CQ, an inhibitor of autophagy flux) markedly decreased formation of autophagy flux (the ration of LC3-II/LC3-I). The results of the knockdown of H19 group were similar to those of the 3-MA (or CQ) group. Rapamycin (a mTOR inhibitor, an autophagy activator) further down-regulated h/R-induced decrease of the phosphorylated PI3K, Akt and mTOR. The knockdown of H19 cancelled the effect of rapamycin. The overexpression of H19 further expanded h/R-induced increase of the ration of LC3-II/LC3-I and decrease of the phosphorylated PI3K, Akt and mTOR. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the long non-coding RNA H19 induces h/R injury by up-regulation of autophagy via activation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in the hepatoma carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Dequan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China.
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Autophagy in Crotonaldehyde-Induced Endothelial Toxicity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061137. [PMID: 30901980 PMCID: PMC6471975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crotonaldehyde is an extremely toxic α,β-unsaturated aldehyde found in cigarette smoke, and it causes inflammation and vascular dysfunction. Autophagy has been reported to play a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. However, the precise mechanism underlying the role of acute exposure crotonaldehyde in vascular disease development remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of crotonaldehyde-induced autophagy in endothelial cells. Acute exposure to crotonaldehyde decreased cell viability and induced autophagy followed by cell death. In addition, inhibiting the autophagic flux markedly promoted the viability of endothelial cells exposed to high concentrations of crotonaldehyde. Crotonaldehyde activated the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, and pretreatment with inhibitors specific to these kinases showed autophagy inhibition and partial improvement in cell viability. These data show that acute exposure to high concentrations of crotonaldehyde induces autophagy-mediated cell death. These results might be helpful to elucidate the mechanisms underlying crotonaldehyde toxicity in the vascular system and contribute to environmental risk assessment.
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17
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Trejo-Velasco B, Ridocci-Soriano F, García-González MP, Cubillos-Arango AM, Payá-Soriano R, Fabregat-Andrés Ó. Mean velocity of the pulmonary artery estimated by cardiac magnetic resonance as an early prognostic predictor in heart failure. Med Clin (Barc) 2019; 153:232-238. [PMID: 30795907 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To identify early, non-invasive prognostic indicators in heart failure (HF), with and without associated pulmonary hypertension, by means of cardiac magnetic resonance, and oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory biomarkers such as TroloxTM (antioxidant status) and IL-10 (anti-inflammatory cytokine). PATIENTS AND METHODS We prospectively included 70 patients admitted for new-onset HF. During index admission, mean velocity of the pulmonary artery (mvPA) was measured, and blood TroloxTM and IL-10 determined. The study sample was divided in two groups according to the optimal cut-off value for event prediction calculated by the ROC curve (mvPA=8cm/s), considering HF-readmission and all-cause mortality as the primary combined event. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 290 days, 16 events occurred. In patients with preserved right ventricular (RV) function, mvPA ≤8cm/s was associated with a higher incidence of events during follow-up, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (log rank 6.01, p=.014). MvPA did not add prognostic value when RV dysfunction was already established. TroloxTM concentration was lower in patients with mvPA ≤8cm/s. Higher IL-10 expression was associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular events during follow-up. CONCLUSION In HF patients, mvPA ≤8cm/s predicts a higher rate of cardiovascular events. Specifically, mvPA identifies a higher risk population among patients with preserved RV function, thus confirming its role as an early prognostic indicator. Lower TroloxTM concentration in the worse prognosis group concurs with previous studies on oxidative stress in pulmonary hypertension. Higher IL-10 concentration among patients free of cardiovascular events could be a reflection of its anti-inflammatory and thus protective role in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Trejo-Velasco
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España.
| | - Francisco Ridocci-Soriano
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España; Departamento de Medicina, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | | | | | - Rafael Payá-Soriano
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España; Departamento de Medicina, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, España
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18
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Yuan X, Bhat OM, Lohner H, Li N, Zhang Y, Li PL. Inhibitory effects of growth differentiation factor 11 on autophagy deficiency-induced dedifferentiation of arterial smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H345-H356. [PMID: 30462553 PMCID: PMC6397385 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00342.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor (GDF)11 has been reported to reverse age-related cardiac hypertrophy in mice and cause youthful regeneration of cardiomyocytes. The present study attempted to test a hypothesis that GDF11 counteracts the pathologic dedifferentiation of mouse carotid arterial smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) due to deficient autophagy. By real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, exogenously administrated GDF11 was found to promote CASMC differentiation with increased expression of various differentiation markers (α-smooth muscle actin, myogenin, myogenic differentiation, and myosin heavy chain) as well as decreased expression of dedifferentiation markers (vimentin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen). Upregulation of the GDF11 gene by trichostatin A (TSA) or CRISPR-cas9 activating plasmids also stimulated the differentiation of CASMCs. Either GDF11 or TSA treatment blocked 7-ketocholesterol-induced CASMC dedifferentiation and autophagosome accumulation as well as lysosome inhibitor bafilomycin-induced dedifferentiation and autophagosome accumulation. Moreover, in CASMCs from mice lacking the CD38 gene, an autophagy deficiency model in CASMCs, GDF11 also inhibited its phenotypic transition to dedifferentiation status. Correspondingly, TSA treatment was shown to decrease GDF11 expression and reverse CASMC dedifferentiation in the partial ligated carotid artery of mice. The inhibitory effects of TSA on dedifferentiation of CASMCs were accompanied by reduced autophagosome accumulation in the arterial wall, which was accompanied by attenuated neointima formation in partial ligated carotid arteries. We concluded that GDF11 promotes CASMC differentiation and prevents the phenotypic transition of these cells induced by autophagosome accumulation during different pathological stimulations, such as Western diet, lysosome function deficiency, and inflammation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrates that growth differentiation factor (GDF)11 promotes autophagy and subsequent differentiation in carotid arterial smooth muscle cells. Upregulation of GDF11 counteracts dedifferentiation under different pathological conditions. These findings provide novel insights into the regulatory role of GDF11 in the counteracting of sclerotic arterial diseases and also suggest that activation or induction of GDF11 may be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment or prevention of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Owais M Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hannah Lohner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston, Texas
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
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Peña-Oyarzun D, Bravo-Sagua R, Diaz-Vega A, Aleman L, Chiong M, Garcia L, Bambs C, Troncoso R, Cifuentes M, Morselli E, Ferreccio C, Quest AFG, Criollo A, Lavandero S. Autophagy and oxidative stress in non-communicable diseases: A matter of the inflammatory state? Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:61-78. [PMID: 29859344 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are long-lasting conditions that affect millions of people around the world. Different factors contribute to their genesis and progression; however they share common features, which are critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. A persistently altered inflammatory response is typically observed in many NCDs together with redox imbalance. Additionally, dysregulated proteostasis, mainly derived as a consequence of compromised autophagy, is a common feature of several chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss the crosstalk among inflammation, autophagy and oxidative stress, and how they participate in the progression of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and type II diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peña-Oyarzun
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Bravo-Sagua
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Diaz-Vega
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Larissa Aleman
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Garcia
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Bambs
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Troncoso
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Cifuentes
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catterina Ferreccio
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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20
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Fu S, Chen L, Wu Y, Tang Y, Tang L, Zhong Y, Wang S, Liu H, Wang X, Chen A. Gastrodin pretreatment alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through promoting autophagic flux. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2421-2428. [PMID: 29969626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodin (GAS), a monomeric component exacted from the herb Gastrodia elata Bl, may have cardioprotective effects during injury caused by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). For the significant role of autophagy in I/R process, we targeted to explore whether autophagy was contributing to the GAS-induced protective effects during I/R procedure. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to reversible left coronary artery ligation and cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCs) exposed to hypoxia were preconditioned with GAS prior to ischemia or hypoxia, following reperfusion for 2 h or re-oxygennation for 3 h respectively. Our results demonstrated that GAS pretreatment increased autophagy and reduced apoptosis during I/R, this effect was weakened by co-treatment with the autophagic flux inhibitor chloroquine (Cq). Compared to mice subjected solely to I/R, GAS-pretreated mice had a notably smaller heart infarct size and an elevation in cardiac function. In GAS-pretreated NRCs, WB data showed that autophagy was promoted (expression of p62 was inhibited and LC3II was increased). In addition, tandem fluorescent mRFP-GFP-LC3 assays illustrated that autophagosomes were degraded duo to an increase in autophagic flux. Co-administration of Cq blocked the autophagic flux. Furthermore, GAS pretreatment increased the mitochondrial membrane potential of NRCs with subjected to H/R and increased the cardiomyocyte survival rate. These protective effects were reversed with Cq. Besides, GAS-induced the enhaucement of autophagy may correlated with activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and reduced Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation, which was abrogated by Compound C (Com C, AMPK-specific inhibitor). Our results establish that GAS pretreatment attenuates myocardial I/R injury by increasing autophagic flux aimed at eliminating dysfunctional mitochondria, therefore protecting neighbouring mitochondria and cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, NO. 253, Gongye Avenue, 510282, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jianshe Road, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yizhang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, NO. 253, Gongye Avenue, 510282, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, NO. 253, Gongye Avenue, 510282, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, NO. 253, Gongye Avenue, 510282, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongkang Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, NO. 253, Gongye Avenue, 510282, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, NO. 253, Gongye Avenue, 510282, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiqiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, NO. 253, Gongye Avenue, 510282, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, NO. 253, Gongye Avenue, 510282, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aihua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, NO. 253, Gongye Avenue, 510282, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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Wang P, Zhu L, Sun D, Gan F, Gao S, Yin Y, Chen L. Natural products as modulator of autophagy with potential clinical prospects. Apoptosis 2018; 22:325-356. [PMID: 27988811 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds derived from living organisms are well defined for their remarkable biological and pharmacological properties likely to be translated into clinical use. Therefore, delving into the mechanisms by which natural compounds protect against diverse diseases may be of great therapeutic benefits for medical practice. Autophagy, an intricate lysosome-dependent digestion process, with implications in a wide variety of pathophysiological settings, has attracted extensive attention over the past few decades. Hitherto, accumulating evidence has revealed that a large number of natural products are involved in autophagy modulation, either inducing or inhibiting autophagy, through multiple signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators. In this review, we summarize natural compounds regulating autophagy in multifarious diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and immune diseases, hoping to inspire further investigation of the underlying mechanisms of natural compounds and to facilitate their clinical use for multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lingjuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Feihong Gan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Suyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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22
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Small-Vessel Vasculopathy Due to Aberrant Autophagy in LAMP-2 Deficiency. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3326. [PMID: 29463847 PMCID: PMC5820257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) is physiologically implicated in autophagy. A genetic LAMP2 defect causes Danon disease, which consists of two major phenotypes of myopathy and cardiomyopathy. In addition, arteriopathy may manifest on rare occasions but the pathological basis remains unknown. We encountered two Danon families that developed small-vessel vasculopathy in the coronary or cerebral arteries. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we characterized the biological features of LAMP-2–deficient mice and cultured cells. LAMP-2–deficient mice at 9–24 months of age showed medial thickening with luminal stenosis due to proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in muscular arteries. Ultrastructural analysis of VSMC revealed various autophagic vacuoles scattered throughout the cytoplasm, suggesting impaired autophagy of long-lived metabolites and degraded organelles (i.e., mitochondria). The VSMC in Lamp2 null mice expressed more vimentin but less α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), indicating a switch from contractile to synthetic phenotype. Silencing of LAMP2 in cultured human brain VSMC showed the same phenotypic transition with mitochondrial fragmentation, enhanced mitochondrial respiration, and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These findings indicate that LAMP-2 deficiency leads to arterial medial hypertrophy with the phenotypic conversion of VSMC, resulting from age-dependent accumulation of cellular waste generated by aberrant autophagy.
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23
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Singh I, Samuvel DJ, Choi S, Saxena N, Singh AK, Won J. Combination therapy of lovastatin and AMP-activated protein kinase activator improves mitochondrial and peroxisomal functions and clinical disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Immunology 2018; 154:434-451. [PMID: 29331024 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies report that loss and dysfunction of mitochondria and peroxisomes contribute to the myelin and axonal damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a combination of lovastatin and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator (AICAR) on the loss and dysfunction of mitochondria and peroxisomes and myelin and axonal damage in spinal cords, relative to the clinical disease symptoms, using a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, a model for MS). We observed that lovastatin and AICAR treatments individually provided partial protection of mitochondria/peroxisomes and myelin/axons, and therefore partial attenuation of clinical disease in EAE mice. However, treatment of EAE mice with the lovastatin and AICAR combination provided greater protection of mitochondria/peroxisomes and myelin/axons, and greater improvement in clinical disease compared with individual drug treatments. In spinal cords of EAE mice, lovastatin-mediated inhibition of RhoA and AICAR-mediated activation of AMPK cooperatively enhanced the expression of the transcription factors and regulators (e.g. PPARα/β, SIRT-1, NRF-1, and TFAM) required for biogenesis and the functions of mitochondria (e.g. OXPHOS, MnSOD) and peroxisomes (e.g. PMP70 and catalase). In summary, these studies document that oral medication with a combination of lovastatin and AICAR, which are individually known to have immunomodulatory effects, provides potent protection and repair of inflammation-induced loss and dysfunction of mitochondria and peroxisomes as well as myelin and axonal abnormalities in EAE. As statins are known to provide protection in progressive MS (Phase II study), these studies support that supplementation statin treatment with an AMPK activator may provide greater efficacy against MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderjit Singh
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Devadoss J Samuvel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Seungho Choi
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Nishant Saxena
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jeseong Won
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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24
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Trimetazidine Protects Cardiomyocytes Against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury by Promoting AMP-activated Protein Kinase-dependent Autophagic Flux. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018; 69:389-397. [PMID: 28581448 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Trimetazidine (TMZ), a metabolic agent, may protect against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Because of the critical role of autophagy in cardioprotection, we aimed to evaluate whether autophagy was involved in TMZ-induced protection during hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to H/R injury, and they were divided into 7 groups: control, control+TMZ, control+chloroquine (Cq)/compound C (com C), H/R, H/R+TMZ, H/R+Cq/com C, and H/R+TMZ+Cq/com C. Autophagic flux was primarily assessed by Western blot and tandem fluorescent mRFP-GFP-LC3. Assays for MTS, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, and lactate dehydrogenase release were performed to assess cell injury. Our results showed that TMZ pretreatment had a cardioprotective effect against H/R injury. The H/R+TMZ group had an increased ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I and increased autophagic flux (degradation of p62 and increases in autophagosomes and autolysosomes). TMZ also reduced apoptosis and enhanced cell survival while inducing autophagy. Correspondingly, autophagy inhibition with Cq blocked this protective effect. Furthermore, TMZ-induced enhancement of autophagy could be related to increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and decreased Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation, which was abolished by an AMPK-specific inhibitor (com C). Our data provide evidence that TMZ pretreatment protects against H/R injury by promoting autophagic flux through the AMPK signaling pathway.
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25
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Lin R, Chen H, Callow D, Li S, Wang L, Li S, Chen L, Ding J, Gao W, Xu H, Kong J, Zhou K. Multifaceted effects of astragaloside IV on promotion of random pattern skin flap survival in rats. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:4161-4172. [PMID: 28979690 PMCID: PMC5622259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Random pattern skin flap transplantation is frequently applied in plastic and reconstructive surgery, but the distal part of skin flaps often suffers necrosis due to ischemia. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a natural saponin purified from Astragalus membranaceus, may have beneficial functions for flap survival. In this study, rats were divided into a control group and an AS-IV treatment group, and underwent surgery using a modified "McFarlane flap" model. After intragastric administration of vehicle control or AS-IV for their respective groups, flap survival area and water content were measured 7 days after surgery. Flap tissue was separated to test protein expressions related to angiogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress and autophagy via western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Results showed that AS-IV improved flap survival area and reduced tissue edema. AS-IV also increased mean vessel densities and upregulated levels of VEGF protein, both of which indicate increased angiogenesis. Furthermore, AS-IV depressed leukocyte infiltration, decreased expressions of inflammatory proteins TNF-α, IL1β and IL6, increased SOD activity, decreased MDA content, and stimulated autophagy. Overall, our results suggest that AS-IV promotes skin flap survival via inducing angiogenesis, depressing inflammation and dampening oxidative stress; it also activates autophagy, which may be an underlying mechanism for oxidative stress depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjin Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Daniel Callow
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College ParkMD 20742, USA
| | - Shihen Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
| | - Shi Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jianzhong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
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26
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Du D, Hu L, Wu J, Wu Q, Cheng W, Guo Y, Guan R, Wang Y, Chen X, Yan X, Zhu D, Wang J, Zhang S, Guo Y, Xia C. Neuroinflammation contributes to autophagy flux blockage in the neurons of rostral ventrolateral medulla in stress-induced hypertension rats. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:169. [PMID: 28835252 PMCID: PMC5569471 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays hypertensive roles in the uninjured autonomic nuclei of the central nervous system, while its mechanisms remain unclear. The present study is to investigate the effect of neuroinflammation on autophagy in the neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), where sympathetic premotor neurons for the maintenance of vasomotor tone reside. METHODS Stress-induced hypertension (SIH) was induced by electric foot-shock stressors with noise interventions in rats. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the power density of the low frequency (LF) component of the SAP spectrum were measured to reflect sympathetic vasomotor activity. Microglia activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs (IL-1β, TNF-α)) expression in the RVLM were measured by immunoblotting and immunostaining. Autophagy and autophagic vacuoles (AVs) were examined by autophagic marker (LC3 and p62) expression and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image, respectively. Autophagy flux was evaluated by RFP-GFP-tandem fluorescent LC3 (tf-LC3) vectors transfected into the RVLM. Tissue levels of glutamate, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. The effects of the cisterna magna infused minocycline, a microglia activation inhibitor, on the abovementioned parameters were analyzed. RESULTS SIH rats showed increased SBP, plasma NE accompanied by an increase in LF component of the SBP spectrum. Microglia activation and PICs expression was increased in SIH rats. TEM demonstrated that stress led to the accumulation of AVs in the RVLM of SIH rats. In addition to the Tf-LC3 assay, the concurrent increased level of LC3-II and p62 suggested the impairment of autophagic flux in SIH rats. To the contrary, minocycline facilitated autophagic flux and induced a hypotensive effect with attenuated microglia activation and decreased PICs in the RVLM of SIH rats. Furthermore, SIH rats showed higher levels of glutamate and lower level of GABA in the RVLM, while minocycline attenuated the decrease in GABA and the increase in glutamate of SIH rats. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we concluded that the neuroinflammation might impair autophagic flux and induced neural excitotoxicity in the RVLM neurons following SIH, which is involved in the development of SIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshu Du
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Hu
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxiang Wu
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruijuan Guan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingxin Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xanxia Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Danian Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jijiang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shutian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Pudong Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, 200135 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
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27
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Shiau JY, Nakagawa-Goto K, Lee KH, Shyur LF. Phytoagent deoxyelephantopin derivative inhibits triple negative breast cancer cell activity by inducing oxidative stress-mediated paraptosis-like cell death. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56942-56958. [PMID: 28915644 PMCID: PMC5593615 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly metastatic cancer among the breast cancer subgroups. A thorny issue for clinical therapy of TNBC is lack of an efficient targeted therapeutic strategy. We previously created a novel sesquiterpene lactone analog (named DETD-35) derived from plant deoxyelephantopin (DET) which exhibits potent effects against human TNBC MDA-MB-231 tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Here we studied the mechanisms of both DET and DETD-35 against MDA-MB-231 cells. DETD-35 (3-fold decreased in IC50) exhibited better anti-TNBC cell activity than DET as observed through induction of reactive oxygen species production (within 2 h treatment) and damage to the ER structures, resulting in ER-derived cytoplasmic vacuolation and ubiquitinated protein accumulation in the treated cells. Intriguingly, the effects of both compounds were blockaded by pretreatment with ROS scavengers, N-acetylcysteine and reduced glutathione, and protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. Further, knockdown of MEK upstream regulator RAF1 and autophagosomal marker LC3, and co-treatment with JNK or ERK1/2 inhibitor resulted in the most significant attenuation of DETD-35-induced morphological and molecular or biochemical changes in cancer cells, while the inhibitory effect of DET was not influenced by MAPK inhibitor treatment. Therefore, DETD-35 exerted both ER stress-mediated paraptosis and apoptosis, which may explain its superior activity to DET against TNBC cells. Although the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel induced vacuole-like structures in MDA-MB-231 cells, no paraptotic cell death features were detected. This study provides a strategy for combating TNBC through sesquiterpene lactone analogs by induction of oxidative and ER stresses that cause paraptosis-like cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Yuan Shiau
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kyoko Nakagawa-Goto
- College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lie-Fen Shyur
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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28
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Autophagy negatively regulates pro-osteogenic activity in human aortic valve interstitial cells. J Surg Res 2017; 218:285-291. [PMID: 28985862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a physiological process that plays an important role in maintaining cellular functions. When aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) are stimulated with inflammatory or mechanical stress, one response is elevated pro-osteogenic activity. We hypothesized that autophagy is important in the prevention or regulation of this pro-osteogenic activity in AVICs. MATERIALS AND METHODS AVICs were isolated. Autophagy activity was examined and its role in AVIC's pro-osteogenic activity was determined using chemical inhibitors and genetic techniques. The pro-osteogenic biomarker bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were analyzed by immunoblotting and calcium deposition assay. RESULTS Human AVICs from normal aortic valve donors displayed significantly higher autophagic activity than those from calcified aortic valve donors as indicated by lower protein levels of light chain 3-II. Suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine, bafilomycin, or knockdown of Atg7 gene induced the expression of BMP-2 and ALP, increased ALP activity, and calcium deposit formation in normal AVICs. Conversely, upregulation of autophagy with rapamycin or overexpression of Atg7 gene decreased the levels of BMP-2 and ALP in diseased AVICs. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that autophagy negatively regulates the pro-osteogenic activity in human AVICs, suggesting that upregulation of autophagy may prevent the progression of calcific aortic valve disease.
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29
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Rah SY, Lee YH, Kim UH. NAADP-mediated Ca 2+ signaling promotes autophagy and protects against LPS-induced liver injury. FASEB J 2017; 31:3126-3137. [PMID: 28386045 PMCID: PMC5471520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601290r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
LPS has been shown to induce hepatocyte autophagy, but little is known about how LPS is able to do this during acute toxic liver injury. Our aim was to determine the existence of any selective Ca2+ signaling coupling to hepatocyte autophagy in response to LPS. LPS increased the autophagic process in hepatocytes, and CD38 knockdown prevented this response. Ned19, a specific inhibitor for nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), prevented LPS-mediated Ca2+ signaling and autophagosome formation in hepatocytes. CD38 overexpression protected the liver from LPS/d-galactosamine (GalN)-induced injury, and NAADP administration promoted autophagosome formation and protected hepatocytes from injury induced by LPS/GalN. Autophagy was promoted by the up-regulation of autophagy-related gene expression via NAADP-mediated Ca2+ signaling in response to LPS. However, CD38-knockout mice displayed down-regulation in hepatocyte gene expression. Ned19 also inhibited the NAADP-stimulated induction of gene expression by inhibiting the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB). Hepatocyte autophagy protects against LPS-induced liver injury via the CD38/NAADP/Ca2+/TFEB pathway. The role of NAADP-mediated Ca2+ signaling in the autophagic process will help elucidate the complexities of autophagy regulation, which is essential toward the discovery of new therapeutic tools against acute liver injury.-Rah, S.-Y., Lee, Y.-H., Kim, U.-H. NAADP-mediated Ca2+ signaling promotes autophagy and protects against LPS-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Rah
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School.,National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School
| | - Young-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Uh-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School; .,National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School.,Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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30
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Deng C, Wu D, Yang M, Chen Y, Wang C, Zhong Z, Lian N, Chen H, Wu S. Expression of tissue factor and forkhead box transcription factor O-1 in a rat model for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2017; 42:520-8. [PMID: 27542118 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-016-1413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Few reports have examined tissue factor (TF) and forkhead box transcription factor O-1 (FoxO1) expression in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) animal models. To investigate the role of TF and FoxO1 and their interactions during CTEPH pathogenesis in a rat model. Autologous blood clots were repeatedly injected into the pulmonary arteries through right jugular vein to induce a rat model of CTEPH. Hemodynamic parameters, histopathology, and TF and FoxO1expression levels were detected. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance and vessel wall area/total area (WA/TA) ratio in the experiment group increased significantly than sham group (P < 0.05). The cardiac output in the 1-, 2-, and 4-week groups decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when compared to sham group. TF mRNA expression levels in the experiment group increased significantly than sham group (P < 0.05). FoxO1 mRNA and protein expression levels were lower in the experiment group than sham group (P < 0.05). The mPAP had a positive correlation with WA/TA ratio (r = 0.45, P = 0.01). TF mRNA expression had a positive correlation with WA/TA ratio (r = 0.374, P = 0.035) and a positive correlation with mPAP (r = 0.48, P= 0.005). FoxO1 mRNA expression had a negative correlation trend with the WA/TA ratio (r = -0.297, P = 0.099) and a negative correlation trend with mPAP (r = -0.34, P = 0.057). TF mRNA expression had a negative correlation with FoxO1 mRNA expression (r = -0.62, P < 0.001). A rat model of CTEPH can be successfully established by the injection of autologous blood clots into the pulmonary artery. TF and FoxO1 may play a key role in vascular remodeling during CTEPH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaosheng Deng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
| | - Dawen Wu
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Minxia Yang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Zhanghua Zhong
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Ningfang Lian
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
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Stefanadis C, Antoniou CK, Tsiachris D, Pietri P. Coronary Atherosclerotic Vulnerable Plaque: Current Perspectives. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.005543. [PMID: 28314799 PMCID: PMC5524044 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimitrios Tsiachris
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and Athens Heart Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pietri
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and Athens Heart Center, Athens, Greece
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Bravo-Barrera J, Kourilovitch M, Galarza-Maldonado C. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Treatment. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6010004. [PMID: 31548520 PMCID: PMC6698875 DOI: 10.3390/antib6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a network of extracellular fibers, compounds of chromatin, neutrophil DNA and histones, which are covered with antimicrobial enzymes with granular components. Autophagy and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase are essential in the formation of NETs. There is increasing evidence that suggests that autoantibodies against beta-2-glycoprotein-1 (B2GP1) induce NETs and enhance thrombosis. Past research on new mechanisms of thrombosis formation in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has elucidated the pharmacokinetics of the most common medication in the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bravo-Barrera
- UNERA (Unit of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases), Hospital Monte Sinaí, Miguel Cordero 6-111 y av. Solano, Cuenca, Ecuador.
- Department of Hematology and Hemostasis, CDB, Hospital Clinic, Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Maria Kourilovitch
- UNERA (Unit of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases), Hospital Monte Sinaí, Miguel Cordero 6-111 y av. Solano, Cuenca, Ecuador.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Doctorate Programme "Medicine and Translational Research", Barcelona University, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Claudio Galarza-Maldonado
- UNERA (Unit of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases), Hospital Monte Sinaí, Miguel Cordero 6-111 y av. Solano, Cuenca, Ecuador.
- Department of Investigation (DIUC-Dirección de Investigación de Universidad de Cuenca), Cuenca State University, Av. 12 de Abril y Agustin Cueva, Cuenca, Ecuador.
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Puerarin provides a neuroprotection against transient cerebral ischemia by attenuating autophagy at the ischemic penumbra in neurons but not in astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2017; 643:45-51. [PMID: 28192195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Puerarin is an isoflavone derived from the Chinese medical herb of Radix puerariae (kudzu root), and has been widely used in the treatment for ischemic stroke in China. However, its underlying pharmacological mechanisms are still not understood. This study was to investigate the efficacy of puerarin on autophagy in the ischemic penumbra after cerebral stroke. A model of cerebral stroke in Sprague-Dawley rats was prepared by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO); rats were then randomly divided into 5 groups: MCAO+Pue group (rats were treated with puerarin), MCAO+Pue+Tat-Beclin-1 group (rats were administrated with both puerarin and autophagy inducer Tat-Beclin-1), MCAO+Tat-Beclin-1 group (rats were treated with Tat-Beclin-1), MCAO+saline group (rats were administrated with the same volume of physiological saline), and sham surgery group. The autophagy levels in infarct penumbra were evaluated by western blotting, real-time PCR and immunofluorescence 14days after the insult. Meanwhile, the neurological deficit score, brain water content and infarct volume were assessed. The results illustrated that the cerebral infarct volume, cerebral edema and neurological deficiency were significantly alleviated by puerarin treatment. Western blotting and the quantitative PCR revealed that the autophagy level in the penumbra was markedly reduced by puerarin administration. However, these effects of puerarin could be counteracted by Tat-Beclin-1. Additionally, double immunofluorescence showed that neuronal autophagy was markedly attenuated by puerarin treatment, whereas astrocytic autophagy was only mildly reduced. Our study suggests that puerarin could confer a neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia, and this biological function is associated with attenuating autophagy in neurons but not in astrocytes.
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Liu X, Cao H, Li J, Wang B, Zhang P, Dong Zhang X, Liu Z, Yuan H, Zhan Z. Autophagy induced by DAMPs facilitates the inflammation response in lungs undergoing ischemia-reperfusion injury through promoting TRAF6 ubiquitination. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:683-693. [PMID: 28157209 PMCID: PMC5384028 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury remains one of the most common complications after various cardiopulmonary surgeries. The inflammation response triggered by the released damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) aggravates lung tissue damage. However, little is known about the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of lung I/R injury. Here, we report that a variety of inflammation-related and autophagy-associated genes are rapidly upregulated, which facilitate the inflammation response in a minipig lung I/R injury model. Left lung I/R injury triggered inflammatory cytokine production and activated the autophagy flux as evidenced in crude lung tissues and alveolar macrophages. This was associated with the release of DAMPs, such as high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). Indeed, treatment with recombinant HMGB1 or HSP60 induced autophagy in alveolar macrophages, whereas autophagy inhibition by knockdown of ATG7 or BECN1 markedly reduced DAMP-triggered production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF and IL12 in alveolar macrophages. This appeared to be because of decreased activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, knockdown of ATG7 or BECN1 inhibited Lys63 (K63)-linked ubiquitination of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in DAMP-treated alveolar macrophages. Consistently, treatment with 3-MA inhibited K63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6 in I/R-injured lung tissues in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate that autophagy triggered by DAMPs during lung I/R injury amplifies the inflammatory response through enhancing K63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6 and activation of the downstream MAPK and NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China & Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China & Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China & Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China & Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
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Bao JX, Zhang QF, Wang M, Xia M, Boini KM, Gulbins E, Zhang Y, Li PL. Implication of CD38 gene in autophagic degradation of collagen I in mouse coronary arterial myocytes. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:558-569. [PMID: 27814632 DOI: 10.2741/4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Collagen deposition is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Although compromised collagen I degradation has been implied in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Thus, we determined the role of CD38, an enzyme involved in cellular calcium modulation and autophagic flux, in the regulation of collagen I degradation in coronary arterial myocytes (CAMs).In primary cultured CAMs from CD38-/- mice, collagen I protein accumulation but not mRNA abundance was significantly increased compared with cells from CD38+/+ mice either under control or upon TGF-Beta stimulation. Pharmacological inhibition of the formation of autophagosomes with 3-methyladenine or of autophagolysosomes with a lysosomal functional blocker, bafilomycin A1, induced a similar increase in collagen protein levels, while inhibition of the proteasome by MG132 had no effects on collagen I accumulation. In addition, CD38-deficiency did not change the protein expression of matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) or tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in CAMs. Confocal microscopy showed that collagen I deposition was mainly lied within lysosomes or autophagosomes in CD38-/- or TGF-Beta treated CAMs. Collagen I deposition increased when CAMs lack CD38 expression or if autophagy was blocked, which is associated with impaired autophagic degradation of collagen I. This CD38 regulation of autophagic flux may represent a novel mechanism for extracellular matrix (ECM) plasticity of coronary arteries upon atherogenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xiang Bao
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Min Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Krishna M Boini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA and Department of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, P.O.Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613,
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Dalvi P, Sharma H, Chinnappan M, Sanderson M, Allen J, Zeng R, Choi A, O'Brien-Ladner A, Dhillon NK. Enhanced autophagy in pulmonary endothelial cells on exposure to HIV-Tat and morphine: Role in HIV-related pulmonary arterial hypertension. Autophagy 2016; 12:2420-2438. [PMID: 27723373 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1238551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous drug use is one of the major risk factors for HIV-infection in HIV-related pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. We previously demonstrated exaggerated pulmonary vascular remodeling with enhanced apoptosis followed by increased proliferation of pulmonary endothelial cells on simultaneous exposure to both opioids and HIV protein(s). Here we hypothesize that the exacerbation of autophagy may be involved in the switching of endothelial cells from an early apoptotic state to later hyper-proliferative state. Treatment of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) with both the HIV-protein Tat and morphine resulted in an oxidative stress-dependent increase in the expression of various markers of autophagy and formation of autophagosomes when compared to either Tat or morphine monotreatments as demonstrated by western blot, transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Autophagy flux experiments suggested increased formation rather than decreased clearance of autolysosomes. Inhibition of autophagy resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis and reduction in proliferation of HPMECs with combined morphine and Tat (M+T) treatment compared to monotreatments whereas stimulation of autophagy resulted in opposite effects. Significant increases in the expression of autophagy markers as well as the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes was observed in the lungs of SIV-infected macaques and HIV-infected humans exposed to opioids. Overall our findings indicate that morphine in combination with viral protein(s) results in the induction of autophagy in pulmonary endothelial cells that may lead to an increase in severity of angio-proliferative remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature on simian and human immunodeficiency virus infection in the presence of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjali Dalvi
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Mahendran Chinnappan
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Miles Sanderson
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Julie Allen
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Ruoxi Zeng
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Augustine Choi
- b Department of Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA
| | - Amy O'Brien-Ladner
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA.,c Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
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Retta SF, Glading AJ. Oxidative stress and inflammation in cerebral cavernous malformation disease pathogenesis: Two sides of the same coin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:254-270. [PMID: 27639680 PMCID: PMC5155701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CCM proteins play pleiotropic roles in various redox-sensitive signaling pathways. CCM proteins modulate the crosstalk between redox signaling and autophagy that govern cell homeostasis and stress responses. Oxidative stress and inflammation are emerging as key focal determinants of CCM lesion formation, progression and severity. The pleiotropic functions of CCM proteins may prevent vascular dysfunctions triggered by local oxidative stress and inflammatory events. The distinct therapeutic compounds proposed so far for CCM disease share the ability to modulate redox signaling and autophagy.
Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is a vascular disease of proven genetic origin, which may arise sporadically or is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance and highly variable expressivity. CCM lesions exhibit a range of different phenotypes, including wide inter-individual differences in lesion number, size, and susceptibility to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Lesions may remain asymptomatic or result in pathological conditions of various type and severity at any age, with symptoms ranging from recurrent headaches to severe neurological deficits, seizures, and stroke. To date there are no direct therapeutic approaches for CCM disease besides the surgical removal of accessible lesions. Novel pharmacological strategies are particularly needed to limit disease progression and severity and prevent de novo formation of CCM lesions in susceptible individuals. Useful insights into innovative approaches for CCM disease prevention and treatment are emerging from a growing understanding of the biological functions of the three known CCM proteins, CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2 and CCM3/PDCD10. In particular, accumulating evidence indicates that these proteins play major roles in distinct signaling pathways, including those involved in cellular responses to oxidative stress, inflammation and angiogenesis, pointing to pathophysiological mechanisms whereby the function of CCM proteins may be relevant in preventing vascular dysfunctions triggered by these events. Indeed, emerging findings demonstrate that the pleiotropic roles of CCM proteins reflect their critical capacity to modulate the fine-tuned crosstalk between redox signaling and autophagy that govern cell homeostasis and stress responses, providing a novel mechanistic scenario that reconciles both the multiple signaling pathways linked to CCM proteins and the distinct therapeutic approaches proposed so far. In addition, recent studies in CCM patient cohorts suggest that genetic susceptibility factors related to differences in vascular sensitivity to oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to inter-individual differences in CCM disease susceptibility and severity. This review discusses recent progress into the understanding of the molecular basis and mechanisms of CCM disease pathogenesis, with specific emphasis on the potential contribution of altered cell responses to oxidative stress and inflammatory events occurring locally in the microvascular environment, and consequent implications for the development of novel, safe, and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; CCM Italia Research Network(1).
| | - Angela J Glading
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, 14642 Rochester, NY, USA.
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Wang S, Sun X, Jiang L, Liu X, Chen M, Yao X, Sun Q, Yang G. 6-Gingerol induces autophagy to protect HUVECs survival from apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 256:249-56. [PMID: 27451028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
6-Gingerol, the major pharmacologically-active component of ginger, has the potential to prevent heart disease. However, the mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, the protective effect of 6-gingerol against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was investigated. Apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33342 and Flow cytometry analysis. To further elucidate the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, we tested the expression of autophagy related proteins, LC3B, Bcl-2, Beclin1, AKT, p-AKT, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p-mTOR. Furthermore, mitochondrial membrane potential and the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also investigated. Our data revealed that 6-gingerol significantly reduced apoptosis by inducing autophagy. It has been demonstrated that 6-gingerol suppressed the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, increased the expression of Beclin1 to promote autophagy, and increased Bcl-2 expression to inhibit apoptosis. In addition, the damage of mitochondrial was protected, and ROS level was decreased by 6-gingerol. These firmly indicate 6-gingerol has a strong protective ability against the apoptosis caused by oxidative stress in HUVECs, and the mechanism may relate to the induction of autophagy. Our data suggest 6-gingerol may be beneficial in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222. Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011 China
| | - Xiance Sun
- Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yao
- Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Choi YK, Cho SG, Choi YJ, Yun YJ, Lee KM, Lee K, Yoo HH, Shin YC, Ko SG. SH003 suppresses breast cancer growth by accumulating p62 in autolysosomes. Oncotarget 2016; 8:88386-88400. [PMID: 29179443 PMCID: PMC5687613 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug markets revisits herbal medicines, as historical usages address their therapeutic efficacies with less adverse effects. Moreover, herbal medicines save both cost and time in development. SH003, a modified version of traditional herbal medicine extracted from Astragalus membranaceus (Am), Angelica gigas (Ag), and Trichosanthes Kirilowii Maximowicz (Tk) with 1:1:1 ratio (w/w) has been revealed to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis on highly metastatic breast cancer cells, both in vivo and in vitro with no toxicity. Meanwhile, autophagy is imperative for maintenance cellular homeostasis, thereby playing critical roles in cancer progression. Inhibition of autophagy by pharmacological agents induces apoptotic cell death in cancer cells, resulting in cancer treatment. In this study, we demonstrate that SH003-induced autophagy via inhibiting STAT3 and mTOR results in an induction of lysosomal p62/SQSTM1 accumulation-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and attenuates tumor growth. SH003 induced autophagosome and autolysosome formation by inhibiting activation of STAT3- and mTOR-mediated signaling pathways. However, SH003 blocked autophagy-mediated p62/SQSTM1 degradation through reducing of lysosomal proteases, Cathepsins, resulting in accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 in the lysosome. The accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 caused the increase of ROS, which resulted in the induction of apoptotic cell death. Therefore, we conclude that SH003 suppresses breast cancer growth by inducing autophagy. In addition, SH003-induced p62/SQSTM1 could function as an important mediator for ROS generation-dependent cell death suggesting that SH003 may be useful for treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Kyung Choi
- Jeju International Marine Science Center for Research and Education, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju, 695-975, Korea
| | - Sung-Gook Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, 368-701, Korea
| | - Yu-Jeong Choi
- Department of Cancer Preventive Material Development, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Yee Jin Yun
- Department of Cancer Preventive Material Development, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Kang Min Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Kangwook Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Hye-Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and Collage of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Gyonggi, 426-791, Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
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Chen J, Gao J, Sun W, Li L, Wang Y, Bai S, Li X, Wang R, Wu L, Li H, Xu C. Involvement of exogenous H2S in recovery of cardioprotection from ischemic post-conditioning via increase of autophagy in the aged hearts. Int J Cardiol 2016; 220:681-92. [PMID: 27393850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is a member of the gasotransmitter family, plays an important physiological and pathological role in cardiovascular system. Ischemic post-conditioning (PC) provides myocardial protective effect in the young hearts but not in the aged hearts. Exogenous H2S restores PC-induced cardioprotection by inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in the aged hearts. However, whether H2S contributes to the recovery of PC-induced cardioprotection via up-regulation of autophagy in the aged hearts is unclear. METHODS The isolated aged rat hearts (24-months-old, 450-500g) and aged cardiomyocytes-induced by d-galactose were exposed to an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and PC protocol. RESULTS We found PC lost cardioprotection in the aged hearts and cardiomyocytes. NaHS (a H2S donor) significantly restored cardioprotection of PC through decreasing myocardial damage, infarct size, and apoptosis, improving cardiac function, increasing cell viability and autophagy in the aged hearts and cardiomyocytes. 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor) abolished beneficial effect of NaHS in the aged hearts. In addition, in the aged cardiomyocytes, NaHS up-regulated AMPK/mTOR pathway, and the effect of NaHS on PC was similar to the overexpression of Atg 5, treatment of AICAR (an AMPK activator) or Rapamycin (a mTOR inhibitor, an autophagy activator), respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that exogenous H2S restores cardioprotection from PC by up-regulation of autophagy via activation of AMPK/mTOR pathway in the aged hearts and cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Osteology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, China
| | - Weiming Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shuzhi Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Wang
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Lingyun Wu
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Hongzhu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
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41
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Deng C, Wu D, Yang M, Chen Y, Ding H, Zhong Z, Lian N, Zhang Q, Wu S, Liu K. The role of tissue factor and autophagy in pulmonary vascular remodeling in a rat model for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Respir Res 2016; 17:65. [PMID: 27234007 PMCID: PMC4884382 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Few reports have examined tissue factor (TF) and autophagy expression in chronic pulmonary thromboembolic hypertension (CTEPH) animal models. Objectives: To investigate the role of tissue factor (TF), autophagy and their interactions during chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) pathogenesis in a rat model. Methods Autologous blood clots were repeatedly injected into the left jugular vein of rats with injecting endogenous fibrinolysis inhibitor tranexamic acid (TXA). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), histopathology and TF, Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC3) expression levels were detected. Results The mPAP and vessel wall area/total area (WA/TA) ratio in the experiment group increased significantly (P < 0.05). TF mRNA and protein expression levels in the experiment group increased significantly (P < 0.05). Beclin-1 and LC3B mRNA and protein expression levels were lower in the experiment group (P < 0.05). The mPAP had a positive correlation with WA/TA ratio (r = 0.955, P < 0.05). Beclin-1 and LC3B protein expression had a negative correlation with the WA/TA ratio (r = -0.963, P < 0.05, r = -0.965, P < 0.05, respectively). TF protein expression had a negative correlation with both Beclin-1 and LC3B protein expression (r = -0.995, P <0.05, r = -0972, P < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions A rat model of CTEPH can be established by repeatedly introducing autologous blood clots into the pulmonary artery with injecting TXA. TF and autophagy may play a key role during CTEPH pathogenesis, especially in vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaosheng Deng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350005, China.
| | - Dawen Wu
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350005, China
| | - Minxia Yang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350005, China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350005, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350005, China
| | - Zhanghua Zhong
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350005, China
| | - Ningfang Lian
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350005, China
| | - Qiaoxian Zhang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350005, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350005, China
| | - Kaixiong Liu
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350005, China
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42
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Li W, Sultana N, Siraj N, Ward LJ, Pawlik M, Levy E, Jovinge S, Bengtsson E, Yuan XM. Autophagy dysfunction and regulatory cystatin C in macrophage death of atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1664-72. [PMID: 27079462 PMCID: PMC4988293 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy dysfunction in mouse atherosclerosis models has been associated with increased lipid accumulation, apoptosis and inflammation. Expression of cystatin C (CysC) is decreased in human atheroma, and CysC deficiency enhances atherosclerosis in mice. Here, we first investigated the association of autophagy and CysC expression levels with atheroma plaque severity in human atherosclerotic lesions. We found that autophagy proteins Atg5 and LC3β in advanced human carotid atherosclerotic lesions are decreased, while markers of dysfunctional autophagy p62/SQSTM1 and ubiquitin are increased together with elevated levels of lipid accumulation and apoptosis. The expressions of LC3β and Atg5 were positively associated with CysC expression. Second, we investigated whether CysC expression is involved in autophagy in atherosclerotic apoE-deficient mice, demonstrating that CysC deficiency (CysC(-/-) ) in these mice results in reduction of Atg5 and LC3β levels and induction of apoptosis. Third, macrophages isolated from CysC(-/-) mice displayed increased levels of p62/SQSTM1 and higher sensitivity to 7-oxysterol-mediated lysosomal membrane destabilization and apoptosis. Finally, CysC treatment minimized oxysterol-mediated cellular lipid accumulation. We conclude that autophagy dysfunction is a characteristic of advanced human atherosclerotic lesions and is associated with reduced levels of CysC. The deficiency of CysC causes autophagy dysfunction and apoptosis in macrophages and apoE-deficient mice. The results indicate that CysC plays an important regulatory role in combating cell death via the autophagic pathway in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nargis Sultana
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Heart and Medicine Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nabeel Siraj
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Heart and Medicine Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of internal medicine, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liam J Ward
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Heart and Medicine Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Monika Pawlik
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xi-Ming Yuan
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Heart and Medicine Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
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43
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Li C, Reif MM, Craige SM, Kant S, Keaney JF. Endothelial AMPK activation induces mitochondrial biogenesis and stress adaptation via eNOS-dependent mTORC1 signaling. Nitric Oxide 2016; 55-56:45-53. [PMID: 26989010 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic stress sensors like AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are known to confer stress adaptation and promote longevity in lower organisms. This study demonstrates that activating the metabolic stress sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in endothelial cells helps maintain normal cellular function by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and stress adaptation. To better define the mechanisms whereby AMPK promotes endothelial stress resistance, we used 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) to chronically activate AMPK and observed stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in wild type mouse endothelium, but not in endothelium from endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout (eNOS-null) mice. Interestingly, AICAR-enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis was blocked by pretreatment with the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor, rapamycin. Further, AICAR stimulated mTORC1 as determined by phosphorylation of its known downstream effectors in wild type, but not eNOS-null, endothelial cells. Together these data indicate that eNOS is needed to couple AMPK activation to mTORC1 and thus promote mitochondrial biogenesis and stress adaptation in the endothelium. These data suggest a novel mechanism for mTORC1 activation that is significant for investigations in vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Michaella M Reif
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Siobhan M Craige
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Shashi Kant
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - John F Keaney
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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44
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Yuan XM, Sultana N, Siraj N, Ward LJ, Ghafouri B, Li W. Autophagy Induction Protects Against 7-Oxysterol-induced Cell Death via Lysosomal Pathway and Oxidative Stress. J Cell Death 2016; 9:1-7. [PMID: 26966389 PMCID: PMC4782829 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s37841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
7-Oxysterols are major toxic components in oxidized low-density lipoprotein and human atheroma lesions, which cause lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and cell death. Autophagy may function as a survival mechanism in this process. Here, we investigated whether 7-oxysterols mixed in an atheroma-relevant proportion induce autophagy, whether autophagy induction influences 7-oxysterol-mediated cell death, and the underlying mechanisms, by focusing on cellular lipid levels, oxidative stress, and LMP in 7-oxysterol-treated macrophages. We found that 7-oxysterols induced cellular lipid accumulation, autophagy dysfunction, and cell death in the form of both apoptosis and necrosis. Exposure to 7-oxysterols induced autophagic vacuole synthesis in the form of increased autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II) and autophagic vacuole formation. This led to an accumulation of p62, indicating a reduction in autophagic vacuole degradation. Importantly, autophagy induction significantly reduced 7-oxysterol-mediated cell death by diminishing LMP and oxidative stress. Moreover, autophagy induction minimized cellular lipid accumulation induced by 7-oxysterols. These findings highlight the importance of autophagy in combating cellular stress, LMP, and cell death in atherosclerosis. Therefore, activation of the autophagy pathway may be a potential therapeutic strategy for prevention of necrotic core formation in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ming Yuan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.; Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Heart and Medicine Center, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nargis Sultana
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nabeel Siraj
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Liam J Ward
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.; Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bijar Ghafouri
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Heart and Medicine Center, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.; Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.; Pain and Rehabilitation Center, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.; Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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Seo Y, Cho YS, Huh YD, Park H. Copper Ion from Cu2O Crystal Induces AMPK-Mediated Autophagy via Superoxide in Endothelial Cells. Mol Cells 2016; 39:195-203. [PMID: 26743904 PMCID: PMC4794601 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential element required for a variety of functions exerted by cuproproteins. An alteration of the copper level is associated with multiple pathological conditions including chronic ischemia, atherosclerosis and cancers. Therefore, copper homeostasis, maintained by a combination of two copper ions (Cu(+) and Cu(2+)), is critical for health. However, less is known about which of the two copper ions is more toxic or functional in endothelial cells. Cubic-shaped Cu2O and CuO crystals were prepared to test the role of the two different ions, Cu(+) and Cu(2+), respectively. The Cu2O crystal was found to have an effect on cell death in endothelial cells whereas CuO had no effect. The Cu2O crystals appeared to induce p62 degradation, LC3 processing and an elevation of LC3 puncta, important processes for autophagy, but had no effect on apoptosis and necrosis. Cu2O crystals promote endothelial cell death via autophagy, elevate the level of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and nitric oxide, and subsequently activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through superoxide rather than nitric oxide. Consistently, the AMPK inhibitor Compound C was found to inhibit Cu2O-induced AMPK activation, p62 degradation, and LC3 processing. This study provides insight on the pathophysiologic function of Cu(+) ions in the vascular system, where Cu(+) induces autophagy while Cu(2+) has no detected effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsik Seo
- Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701,
Korea
| | - Young-Sik Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701,
Korea
| | - Young-Duk Huh
- Department of Chemistry, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701,
Korea
| | - Heonyong Park
- Department of Molecular Biology & Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701,
Korea
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Tanaka M, Matsuo Y, Yamakage H, Masuda S, Terada Y, Muranaka K, Wada H, Hasegawa K, Shimatsu A, Satoh-Asahara N. Differential effects of GLP-1 receptor agonist on foam cell formation in monocytes between non-obese and obese subjects. Metabolism 2016; 65:1-11. [PMID: 26773924 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monocytes/macrophages (Mϕ) transform into foam cells in the presence of oxidized-LDL (ox-LDL), releasing inflammatory mediators. The antiatherogenic role of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor is mediated, in part, through improving the unbalance of inflammatory (M1)/anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes in monocytes. In this study, we examined differential regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling for antiatherogenesis in monocytes/Mϕ from normal-weight control subjects and obese patients. METHODS We evaluated the effects of exendin-4 (Ex-4), a GLP-1R agonist, on ox-LDL-stimulated foam cell formation, M1/M2 cytokine production, and organelle change in primary monocytes from control subjects and obese patients and human monocytic THP-1-derived Mϕ as well. RESULTS Here we report that Ex-4 suppressed foam cell formation and M1 cytokine expression and, interestingly, induced indicators of autophagy in ox-LDL-stimulated monocytes from control subjects. The suppressing effects on foam cell formation by Ex-4 were reversed by a cAMP inhibitor. In contrast to control subjects, Ex-4 did not induce indicators of autophagy, but did induce foam cell formation and M1 cytokine expression in monocytes from obese patients. GLP-1R expression level was comparable between control subjects and obese patients. The effects of Ex-4 on inducing indicators of autophagy and suppressing foam cell formation were observed in THP-1 Mϕ. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that GLP-1R signaling induces autophagy, thereby suppressing foam cell formation in non-obese subjects. In obese patients, GLP-1R stimulation increased foam cell formation and IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β production. Such altered signaling in monocytes of obese patients may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tanaka
- Division of Diabetic Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsuo
- Division of Diabetic Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Hajime Yamakage
- Division of Diabetic Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Shinya Masuda
- Division of Diabetic Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Yuko Terada
- Division of Diabetic Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuya Muranaka
- Division of Diabetic Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Wada
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Shimatsu
- Division of Diabetic Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- Division of Diabetic Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan.
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The roles of macrophage autophagy in atherosclerosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:150-6. [PMID: 26750103 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although various types of drugs and therapies are available to treat atherosclerosis, it remains a major cause of mortality throughout the world. Macrophages are the major source of foam cells, which are hallmarks of atherosclerotic lesions. Consequently, the roles of macrophages in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis are increasingly investigated. Autophagy is a self-protecting cellular catabolic pathway. Since its discovery, autophagy has been found to be associated with a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, and immune system disorders. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that autophagy plays an important role in inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis, and in promoting efferocytosis and cholesterol efflux. These facts suggest the induction of autophagy may be exploited as a potential strategy for the treatment of atherosclerosis. In this review we mainly discuss the relationship between macrophage autophagy and atherosclerosis and the molecular mechanisms, as well as the recent advances in targeting the process of autophagy to treat atherosclerosis.
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48
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Li WD, Hu N, Lei FR, Wei S, Rong JJ, Zhuang H, Li XQ. Autophagy inhibits endothelial progenitor cells migration via the regulation of MMP2, MMP9 and uPA under normoxia condition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:376-80. [PMID: 26363453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the role of autophagy on the regulation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) migration under normoxic condition. METHODS After EPCs were isolated and characterized in vitro, we employed Atg5 knocking down and rapamycin to monitor the autophagy, and performed wound healing and transwell assay to assess the cell migration. On the mechanism, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) was evaluated. RESULTS Atg5 knocking down and rapamycin could respectively inhibit and enhance autophagy, which could result in significantly increased and decreased cell migration in wound healing and transwell assay under normoxic condition. Moreover, Atg5 knocking down could significantly increase the expression of MMP2, MMP9 and uPA in EPCs while rapamycin could decrease the expression of uPA and MMP9. In addition, the mTOR-P70 S6K pathway was also involved in EPCs migration regulation. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that autophagy could regulate the EPCs migration through mTOR-P70 S6K pathway, and MMP2, MMP9 and uPA may also involve in the regulation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Dong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng-Rui Lei
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sen Wei
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jie Rong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhuang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Quantitative analysis of the expression of caspase 3 and caspase 9 in different types of atherosclerotic lesions in the human aorta. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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50
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Yu J, Bao C, Dong Y, Liu X. Activation of autophagy in rat brain cells following focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion through enhanced expression of Atg1/pULK and LC3. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3339-3344. [PMID: 26018745 PMCID: PMC4526088 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the activation of Atg1/pULK, and LC3 in the cerebral cortex following focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion (CIR) injury, thereby examining its effect on autophagy in brain cells. Rat CIR models were established using the technique of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The neurological function score, TTC staining and the water content of brain tissue were used to evaluate the CIR model. Levels of autophagy in the brain cells were examined at different time‑points following CIR damage using electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were also used for the qualitative and quantitative detection of levels of Atg1/pULK and LC3 in the cerebral cortex. Autophagy was observed in the early stage of CIR, and the expression of Atg1/pULK and LC3 were observed 1 h following CIR in the rats and reached peak expression levels after12 h, which following which the they gradually decreased. These results suggested Atg1/pULK and LC3 are key in the regulation of autophagy following CIR in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Cuifen Bao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and New Drug Development, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Yanru Dong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
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