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Zhang GH, Liu H, Liu MH, Liu YC, Wang JQ, Wang Y, Wang X, Xiang Z, Liu W. Network Toxicology Prediction and Molecular Docking-based Strategy to Explore the Potential Toxicity Mechanism of Metformin Chlorination Byproducts in Drinking Water. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:101-117. [PMID: 37170985 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230426105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin (MET), a worldwide used drug for treating type 2 diabetes but not metabolized by humans, has been found with the largest amount in the aquatic environment. Two MET chlorination byproducts, including Y and C, were transformed into drinking water during chlorination. However, the potential toxicity of the byproducts in hepatotoxicity and reproduction toxicity remains unclear. METHODS The TOPKAT database predicted the toxicological properties of metformin disinfection by-products. The targets of metformin disinfection by-products were mainly obtained from the PharmMapper database, and then the targets of hepatotoxicity and reproductive toxicity were screened from GeneCards. The overlapping targets of toxic component targets and the hepatotoxicity or reproduction toxicity targets were regarded as the key targets. Then, the STRING database analyzed the key target to construct a protein-protein interaction network (PPI) and GO, and KEGG analysis was performed by the DAVID platform. Meanwhile, the PPI network and compound- target network were constructed by Cytoscape 3.9.1. Finally, Discovery Studio 2019 software was used for molecular docking verification of the two toxic compounds and the core genes. RESULTS Y and C exhibited hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity evaluated by TOPKAT. There were 22 potential targets relating to compound Y and hepatotoxicity and reproduction toxicity and 14 potential targets relating to compound C and hepatotoxicity and reproduction toxicity. PPI network analysis showed that SRC, MAPK14, F2, PTPN1, IL2, MMP3, HRAS, and RARA might be the key targets; the KEGG analysis indicated that compounds Y and C caused hepatotoxicity through Hepatitis B, Pathways in cancer, Chemical carcinogenesis-reactive oxygen species, Epstein-Barr virus infection; compound Y and C caused reproduction toxicity through GnRH signaling pathway, Endocrine resistance, Prostate cancer, Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation. Molecular docking results showed that 2 compounds could fit in the binding pocket of the 7 hub genes. CONCLUSION This study preliminarily revealed the potential toxicity and possible toxicity mechanism of metformin disinfection by-products and provided a new idea for follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Mei-Hua Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Yang-Cheng Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
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2
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Gosman LM, Țăpoi DA, Costache M. Cutaneous Melanoma: A Review of Multifactorial Pathogenesis, Immunohistochemistry, and Emerging Biomarkers for Early Detection and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15881. [PMID: 37958863 PMCID: PMC10650804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an increasingly significant public health concern. Due to alarming mortality rates and escalating incidence, it is crucial to understand its etiology and identify emerging biomarkers for improved diagnosis and treatment strategies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multifactorial etiology of CM, underscore the importance of early detection, discuss the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma development and progression, and shed light on the role of the potential biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment. The pathogenesis of CM involves a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, ultraviolet radiation exposure being the predominant environmental risk factor. The emergence of new biomarkers, such as novel immunohistochemical markers, gene mutation analysis, microRNA, and exosome protein expressions, holds promise for improved early detection, and prognostic and personalized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maria Gosman
- Doctoral School, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pathology, Saint Pantelimon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 021659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana-Antonia Țăpoi
- Department of Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pathology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Costache
- Department of Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pathology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Almuradova E, Yalcin S, Arıkan R, Ayhan M, Demir H, Cevik GT, Karaca M, Petekkaya I, Karabulut B. Survival of Patients With Metastatic Rectum Cancer Who Underwent Metastasectomy Following Conversion Chemotherapy Sans Pelvic Radiotherapy: A Turkish Oncology Group Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e39119. [PMID: 37216135 PMCID: PMC10195643 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of early rectal cancer is different from that of colon cancer in terms of radiotherapy (RT) requirements or neoadjuvant treatment. It is not clear how the course of rectal cancer differs from that of the colon in a metastatic setting or how it should be approached differently. This study aimed to evaluate outcomes after combining downsizing chemotherapy (CTx) with rescue surgery. METHODS Eighty-nine patients (57 men and 32 women) diagnosed with metastatic rectal cancer with resectable disease after systemic CTx were included in the study. All patients underwent surgery for the primary mass and metastasis, but none received radiation therapy before or after surgery. Survival curves for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test for subgroups. RESULTS The median follow-up time was 28.8 (17.6-39.4) months. During the follow-up, 54 (60.7%) patients died and 78 (87.6%) patients had a PFS event. Cancer relapsed in 72 (80.9%) patients. Median OS was 35.2 (95% CI: 28.5-41.8) months, and median PFS was 17.7 (95% CI: 14.4-21) months. The five-year OS and PFS were 19% and 3.5%, respectively. Male sex (p=0.04) and a better Mandard score (p=0.021) were associated with a longer OS, while obesity was associated with a shorter PFS (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Our study is the first to evaluate the effects of metastasectomy after conversion therapy in metastatic rectal cancer independent of colon cancer. As a result of the study, it was seen that the survival after metastasectomy in rectal cancer is worse than the colon cancer data known from previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suayib Yalcin
- Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, TUR
| | - Rukiye Arıkan
- Medical Oncology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Murat Ayhan
- Medical Oncology, Dr. Lutfi Kırdar Kartal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Hacer Demir
- Medical Oncology, Afyonkarahisar University of Health and Science, Afyonkarahisar, TUR
- Medical Oncology, Afyon Kocatepe University School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, TUR
| | | | - Mustafa Karaca
- Medical Oncology, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, TUR
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Kiyota N, Namekata K, Nishijima E, Guo X, Kimura A, Harada C, Nakazawa T, Harada T. Effects of constitutively active K-Ras on axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2023; 799:137124. [PMID: 36780941 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Visual disturbance after optic nerve injury is a serious problem. Attempts have been made to enhance the intrinsic ability of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to regenerate their axons, and the importance of PI3K/Akt and RAF/MEK/ERK signal activation has been suggested. Since these signals are shared with oncogenic signaling cascades, in this study, we focused on a constitutively active form of K-Ras, K-RasV12, to determine if overexpression of this molecule could stimulate axon regeneration. We confirmed that K-RasV12 phosphorylated Akt and ERK in vitro. Intravitreal delivery of AAV2-K-RasV12 increased the number of surviving RGCs and promoted 1.0 mm of axon regeneration one week after optic nerve injury without inducing abnormal proliferative effects in the RGCs. In addition, AAV2-K-RasV12 induced robust RGC axon regeneration, reaching as far as approximately 2.5 mm from the injury site, in eight weeks. Our findings suggest that AAV2-K-RasV12 could provide a good model for speedy and efficient analysis of the mechanism underlying axon regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kiyota
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Euido Nishijima
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kimura
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Dual Role of DUOX1-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in Melanoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030708. [PMID: 36978957 PMCID: PMC10044890 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. Inflammation and oxidative stress play an essential role in the development of several types of cancer, including melanoma. Although oxidative stress promotes tumor growth, once cells escape from the primary tumor, they are subjected to a more hostile environment, with higher levels of oxidative stress typically killing most cancer cells. As Dual Oxidase 1 (DUOX1) is a major producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in epithelia, we used allotransplantation and autochthonous melanoma models in zebrafish together with in silico analysis of the occurrence and relevance of DUOX1 expression of the skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to address the role of this enzyme in the aggressiveness of melanoma cells in vivo. It was found that high transcript levels of the gene encoding DUOX1 were associated with the poor prognosis of patients in the early-stage melanoma of TCGA cohort. However, DUOX1 transcript levels were not found to be associated to the prognosis of late-stage SKCM patients. In addition, the transcript level of DUOX1 in metastatic SKCM was lower than in primary SKCM. Using zebrafish primary melanoma and allotransplantation models, we interrogated the role of DUOX1 in vivo. Our results confirmed a dual role of DUOX1, which restrains melanoma proliferation but promotes metastasis. As this effect is only observed in immunocompromised individuals, the immune system appears to be able to counteract this elevated metastatic potential of DUOX1-deficient melanomas.
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Zhang X, Zhao T, Sun M, Li P, Lai M, Xie L, Chen J, Ding J, Xie H, Zhou J, Zhang H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of KRAS G12C-PROTACs. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 78:117153. [PMID: 36621179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several small-molecule covalent inhibitors of KRASG12C have made breakthrough progress in the treatment of KRAS mutant cancer. However, the clinical application of KRASG12C small-molecule inhibitors may be limited by adaptive resistance. Emerging PROTAC strategy can achieve complementary advantages with small molecule inhibitors and improve anti-tumor efficacy. Based on AMG-510, a series of novel KRASG12C-PROTACs were designed and synthesized. The protein degradation assay showed that PROTACs I-1, II-1, III-2 and IV-1 had binding and degradation ability to KRASG12C. III-2 and IV-1 showed potent inhibitory effect on downstream p-ERK and were more potent than AMG-510. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that PROTACs exerted degradation effects through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Using cell lines sensitive to KRASG12C, anti-proliferative activities of compounds were assessed. PROTACs tested showed overall anti-proliferative activities. Besides,the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of KRASG12C-PROTACs were summarized. These results supported the use of the PROTAC strategy to degrade oncogene KRASG12C and provided clues for structural optimization of KRASG12C-PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zhang
- Center for Drug Discovery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Minghao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Mengzhen Lai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lingfeng Xie
- Center for Drug Discovery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jiaying Chen
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hua Xie
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China; Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center for Drug Discovery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Tiffner A, Hopl V, Derler I. CRAC and SK Channels: Their Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Cancer Cell Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010101. [PMID: 36612099 PMCID: PMC9817886 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents a major health burden worldwide. Several molecular targets have been discovered alongside treatments with positive clinical outcomes. However, the reoccurrence of cancer due to therapy resistance remains the primary cause of mortality. Endeavors in pinpointing new markers as molecular targets in cancer therapy are highly desired. The significance of the co-regulation of Ca2+-permeating and Ca2+-regulated ion channels in cancer cell development, proliferation, and migration make them promising molecular targets in cancer therapy. In particular, the co-regulation of the Orai1 and SK3 channels has been well-studied in breast and colon cancer cells, where it finally leads to an invasion-metastasis cascade. Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered, such as which key molecular components determine and regulate their interplay. To provide a solid foundation for a better understanding of this ion channel co-regulation in cancer, we first shed light on the physiological role of Ca2+ and how this ion is linked to carcinogenesis. Then, we highlight the structure/function relationship of Orai1 and SK3, both individually and in concert, their role in the development of different types of cancer, and aspects that are not yet known in this context.
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8
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Liang M, Meng X, Zhou B, Gao Y. RASAL3 predicts overall survival and CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:6056-6065. [PMID: 36420686 PMCID: PMC9753442 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS-activating protein-like 3 (RASAL3) is a synaptic Ras GTPase-activating protein (SynGAP) and a potential novel biomarker of CD8+ T cell infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). This study explored RASAL3 expression in LUAD, the prognostic impact of RASAL3 and the relationship with immune cell infiltration. RASAL3 expression in LUAD tissues was considerably low, with high RASAL3 expression associated with better overall survival, whereas the low expression was linked to advanced T, N, M classifications, TNM stage and lower grade. Furthermore, RASAL3 expression positively correlated with CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration. In conclusion, RASAL3 expression is a potential prognostic and immunological biomarker of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Boxuan Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yushun Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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9
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Wu X, Wei Z, Feng H, Chen H, Xie J, Huang Y, Wang M, Yao C, Huang J. Targeting Effect of Betulinic Acid Liposome Modified by Hyaluronic Acid on Hepatoma Cells In Vitro. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3047-3053. [PMID: 35779664 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid with broad-spectrum anticancer activity, which has great development potential as an anti-cancer drug. In this study, a novel hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified BA liposome (BA-L) was developed for use in targeted liver cancer therapy. The size, polymer dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency were measured. Cell viability, cell migration and clonogenicity, cellular uptake, immunohistochemistry of CD44, and protein expression of ROCK1/IP3/RAS were also investigated. BA, BA-L, and HA-BA-L had no inhibitory effect on the activity of LO2 normal hepatocytes, but they inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with HA-BA-L exhibiting the most prominent inhibitory effect. Compared with the BA-L group, the expression of CD44 in HepG2 cells in the HA-BA-L group was decreased. The results of WB showed that BA, BA-L, and HA-BA-L downregulated the expression of ROCK1, IP3, and RAS in HepG2 cells, and the expression level in the HA-BA-L group was significantly decreased. The easily prepared HA-BA-L was demonstrated to be an excellent CD44-mediated intracellular delivery system capable of targeting effects. Further mechanistic research revealed that the inhibition of HA-BA-L on HepG2 cells may be mediated by blocking the ROCK1/IP3/RAS signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Zhumei Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Hui Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Jiaxiu Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yupeng Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Chanjuan Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Jianchun Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China.
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Pardo-Sánchez I, García-Moreno D, Mulero V. Zebrafish Models to Study the Crosstalk between Inflammation and NADPH Oxidase-Derived Oxidative Stress in Melanoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071277. [PMID: 35883768 PMCID: PMC9311651 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, and its incidence continues to increase. In the early stages of melanoma, when the malignant cells have not spread to lymph nodes, they can be removed by simple surgery and there is usually low recurrence. Melanoma has a high mortality rate due to its ability to metastasize; once melanoma has spread, it becomes a major health complication. For these reasons, it is important to study how healthy melanocytes transform into melanoma cells, how they interact with the immune system, which mechanisms they use to escape immunosurveillance, and, finally, how they spread and colonize other tissues, metastasizing. Inflammation and oxidative stress play important roles in the development of several types of cancer, including melanoma, but it is not yet clear under which conditions they are beneficial or detrimental. Models capable of studying the relevance of inflammation and oxidative stress in the early steps of melanocyte transformation are urgently needed, as they are expected to help recognize premetastatic lesions in patients by improving both early detection and the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pardo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana García-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Xu Q, Zhang G, Liu Q, Li S, Zhang Y. Inhibitors of the GTPase KRASG12C in cancer: a patent review (2019-2021). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:475-505. [PMID: 35062845 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2032648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qifu Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Shunda Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
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12
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Samanta S, Mahata R, Santra MK. The Cross-Talk between Epigenetic Gene Regulation and Signaling Pathways Regulates Cancer Pathogenesis. Subcell Biochem 2022; 100:427-472. [PMID: 36301502 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07634-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer begins due to uncontrolled cell division. Cancer cells are insensitive to the signals that control normal cell proliferation. This uncontrolled cell division is due to the accumulation of abnormalities in different factors associated with the cell division, including different cyclins, cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors, and cellular signaling. Cellular signaling pathways are aberrantly activated in cancer mainly due to epigenetic regulation and post-translational regulation. In this chapter, the role of epigenetic regulation in aberrant activation of PI3K/AKT, Ras, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, JAK/STAT, and mTOR signaling pathways in cancer progression is discussed. The role of epigenetic regulators in controlling the upstream regulatory proteins and downstream effector proteins responsible for abnormal cellular signaling-mediated cancer progression is covered in this chapter. Similarly, the role of signaling pathways in controlling epigenetic gene regulation-mediated cancer progression is also discussed. We have tried to ascertain the current status of potential epigenetic drugs targeting several epigenetic regulators to prevent different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Samanta
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rumpa Mahata
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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13
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El-Far AH, Saddiq AA, Mohamed SA, Almaghrabi OA, Mousa SA. Curcumin and Thymoquinone Combination Attenuates Breast Cancer Cell Lines' Progression. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221099537. [PMID: 35583244 PMCID: PMC9128062 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221099537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most harmful malignancy in women worldwide. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the combinatory effect of natural bioactive compounds, including curcumin (Cur) and thymoquinone (TQ), on MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines’ progression. We investigated the Fa values and combination index of Cur and TQ in this context. Moreover, cytotoxicity percentages, annexin-V, proliferation, colony formation, and migration assays were used along with cell cycle analysis. In addition, caspase-3, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (AKT) protein levels were determined by ELISA assessment. The results showed that Cur, TQ, and Cur + TQ induced apoptosis with cell cycle arrest and decreased cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration activities. Cur + TQ combination significantly increased caspase-3 and decreased PI3K and AKT protein levels. These results suggest the promising anticancer benefit of the Cur and TQ combination against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shaker A Mousa
- Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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14
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Abstract
Melanoma is a relentless type of skin cancer which involves myriad signaling pathways which regulate many cellular processes. This makes melanoma difficult to treat, especially when identified late. At present, therapeutics include chemotherapy, surgical resection, biochemotherapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic and targeted approaches. These interventions are usually administered as either a single-drug or in combination, based on tumor location, stage, and patients' overall health condition. However, treatment efficacy generally decreases as patients develop treatment resistance. Genetic profiling of melanocytes and the discovery of novel molecular factors involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma have helped to identify new therapeutic targets. In this literature review, we examine several newly approved therapies, and briefly describe several therapies being assessed for melanoma. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments and to consider future directions in the field of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Dhanyamraju
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Pavan Kumar Dhanyamraju, Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA17033, USA. Tel: +1-6096474712, E-mail:
| | - Trupti N. Patel
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
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15
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Rusu S, Verocq C, Trepant AL, Maris C, De Nève N, Blanchard O, Van Campenhout C, De Clercq S, Rorive S, Cotoi OS, Decaestecker C, Salmon I, D'Haene N. Immunohistochemistry as an accurate tool for the assessment of BRAF V600E and TP53 mutations in primary and metastatic melanoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:270. [PMID: 34790354 PMCID: PMC8591695 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a fatal disease with poor prognosis. Ever since targeted therapy against oncogenic BRAF was approved, molecular profiling has become an integral part of the management of such patients. While molecular testing is not available in all pathology laboratories, immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a reliable screening option. The major objective of the present study was to evaluate whether IHC detection of BRAF and the tumor (suppressor) protein 53 gene (TP53) are reliable surrogates for mutation detection. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of melanomas for which molecular data were previously obtained by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) between January 2014 and February 2019 were immunostained with BRAF V600E and p53 antibodies. A blinded evaluation of the IHC slides was performed by two pathologists in order to evaluate inter-observer concordance (discordant cases were reviewed by a third observer). The associations between the results of IHC and molecular profiling were evaluated. The study included a series of 37 cases of which 15 harbored a BRAF mutation and five a TP53 mutation. IHC had an overall diagnostic accuracy of 93.9% for BRAF V600E and 68.8% for TP53 compared to NGS. A statistically significant association between the two diagnostic methods was obtained for BRAF V600E (P=0.0004) but not for p53 (P=0.3098) IHC. The κ coefficient for IHC assessment of p53 was 0.55 and that for BRAF V600E was 0.72. In conclusion, the present results evidenced that IHC staining is a reliable surrogate for NGS in identifying the BRAF V600E mutation, which may become an efficient screening tool. Aberrant expression of p53 on IHC is at times associated with TP53 mutations but it was not possible to establish a direct link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rusu
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camille Verocq
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Laure Trepant
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.,Centre Universitaire Inter Regional d'Expertise en Anatomie Pathologique Hospitalière (CurePath), B-6040 Charleroi (Jumet), Belgium
| | - Calliope Maris
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.,Centre Universitaire Inter Regional d'Expertise en Anatomie Pathologique Hospitalière (CurePath), B-6040 Charleroi (Jumet), Belgium
| | - Nancy De Nève
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Oriane Blanchard
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claude Van Campenhout
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Clercq
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Rorive
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.,Centre Universitaire Inter Regional d'Expertise en Anatomie Pathologique Hospitalière (CurePath), B-6040 Charleroi (Jumet), Belgium
| | - Ovidiu Simion Cotoi
- Department of Pathology, Clinical County Hospital of Targu Mures, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology 'George Emil Palade' of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, RO-540139 Mures County, Romania
| | - Christine Decaestecker
- DIAPath-Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium.,Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Salmon
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.,Centre Universitaire Inter Regional d'Expertise en Anatomie Pathologique Hospitalière (CurePath), B-6040 Charleroi (Jumet), Belgium.,DIAPath-Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Nicky D'Haene
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.,Centre Universitaire Inter Regional d'Expertise en Anatomie Pathologique Hospitalière (CurePath), B-6040 Charleroi (Jumet), Belgium
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16
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Saito S, Cao DY, Victor AR, Peng Z, Wu HY, Okwan-Duodu D. RASAL3 Is a Putative RasGAP Modulating Inflammatory Response by Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744300. [PMID: 34777356 PMCID: PMC8579101 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As first responder cells in host defense, neutrophils must be carefully regulated to prevent collateral tissue injury. However, the intracellular events that titrate the neutrophil’s response to inflammatory stimuli remain poorly understood. As a molecular switch, Ras activity is tightly regulated by Ras GTPase activating proteins (RasGAP) to maintain cellular active-inactive states. Here, we show that RASAL3, a RasGAP, is highly expressed in neutrophils and that its expression is upregulated by exogenous stimuli in neutrophils. RASAL3 deficiency triggers augmented neutrophil responses and enhanced immune activation in acute inflammatory conditions. Consequently, mice lacking RASAL3 (RASAL3-KO) demonstrate accelerated mortality in a septic shock model via induction of severe organ damage and hyperinflammatory response. The excessive neutrophilic hyperinflammation and increased mortality were recapitulated in a mouse model of sickle cell disease, which we found to have low neutrophil RASAL3 expression upon LPS activation. Thus, RASAL3 functions as a RasGAP that negatively regulates the cellular activity of neutrophils to modulate the inflammatory response. These results demonstrate that RASAL3 could serve as a therapeutic target to regulate excessive inflammation in sepsis and many inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Saito
- Bio-fluid Biomarker Center, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Division of Virology, Department of Immunology and Infection, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aaron R Victor
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhenzi Peng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui-Ya Wu
- College of Health Science, Trans World University, Douliu, Taiwan
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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17
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Qiao F, Wang Y, Zhang C, Zhou R, Wu Y, Wang C, Meng L, Mao P, Cheng Q, Luo C, Hu P, Xu Z. Comprehensive evaluation of genetic variants using chromosomal microarray analysis and exome sequencing in fetuses with congenital heart defect. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2021; 58:377-387. [PMID: 33142350 DOI: 10.1002/uog.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate comprehensively, using chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and exome sequencing (ES), the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities and sequence variants in unselected fetuses with congenital heart defect (CHD) and to evaluate the potential diagnostic yields of CMA and ES for different CHD subgroups. METHODS This was a study of 360 unselected singleton fetuses with CHD detected by echocardiography, referred to our department for genetic testing between February 2018 and December 2019. We performed CMA, as a routine test for aneuploidy and copy number variations (CNV), and then, in cases without aneuploidy or pathogenic CNV on CMA, we performed ES. RESULTS Overall, positive genetic diagnoses were made in 84 (23.3%) fetuses: chromosomal abnormalities were detected by CMA in 60 (16.7%) and sequence variants were detected by ES in a further 24 (6.7%) cases. The detection rate of pathogenic and likely pathogenic genetic variants in fetuses with non-isolated CHD (32/83, 38.6%) was significantly higher than that in fetuses with isolated CHD (52/277, 18.8%) (P < 0.001), this difference being due mainly to the difference in frequency of aneuploidy between the two groups. The prevalence of a genetic defect was highest in fetuses with an atrioventricular septal defect (36.8%), ventricular septal defect with or without atrial septal defect (28.4%), conotruncal defect (22.2%) or right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (20.0%). We also identified two novel missense mutations (c.2447G>C, p.Arg816Pro; c.1171C>T, p.Arg391Cys) and a new phenotype caused by variants in PLD1. CONCLUSIONS Chromosomal abnormalities were identified in 16.7% and sequence variants in a further 6.7% of fetuses with CHD. ES should be offered to all pregnant women with a CHD fetus without chromosomal abnormality or pathogenic CNV identified by CMA, regardless of whether the CHD is isolated. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Qiao
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - R Zhou
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - C Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - L Meng
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - P Mao
- Personnel Division, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Q Cheng
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - C Luo
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - P Hu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Z Xu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
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18
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Sahu R, Pattanayak SP. Strategic Developments & Future Perspective on Gene Therapy for Breast Cancer: Role of mTOR and Brk/ PTK6 as Molecular Targets. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:237-258. [PMID: 32807051 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200731002408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a serious health issue and a major concern in biomedical research. Alteration in major signaling (viz. PI3K-AKT-mTOR, Ras-Raf-MEK-Erk, NF-kB, cyclin D1, JAK-STAT, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog signaling and apoptotic pathway) contributes to the development of major subtypes of mammary carcinoma such as HER2 positive, TNBC, luminal A and B and normal-like breast cancer. Further, mutation and expression parameters of different genes involved in the growth and development of cells play an important role in the progress of different types of carcinoma, making gene therapy an emerging new therapeutic approach for the management of life-threatening diseases like cancer. The genetic targets (oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes) play a major role in the formation of a tumor. Brk/PTK6 and mTOR are two central molecules that are involved in the regulation of numerous signaling related to cell growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, survival, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and autophagy. Since these two proteins are highly upregulated in mammary carcinogenesis, this can be used as targeted genes for the treatment of breast cancer. However, not much work has been done on them. This review highlights the therapeutic significance of Brk and mTOR and their associated signaling in mammary carcinogenesis, which may provide a strategy to develop gene therapy for breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roja Sahu
- Division of Advanced Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand- 835 215, India
| | - Shakti P Pattanayak
- Division of Advanced Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand- 835 215, India,Department of Pharmacy, Central University of South Bihar (Gaya), Bihar-824 236, India
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19
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Cuesta C, Arévalo-Alameda C, Castellano E. The Importance of Being PI3K in the RAS Signaling Network. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071094. [PMID: 34356110 PMCID: PMC8303222 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins are essential mediators of a multitude of cellular processes, and its deregulation is frequently associated with cancer appearance, progression, and metastasis. Ras-driven cancers are usually aggressive and difficult to treat. Although the recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first Ras G12C inhibitor is an important milestone, only a small percentage of patients will benefit from it. A better understanding of the context in which Ras operates in different tumor types and the outcomes mediated by each effector pathway may help to identify additional strategies and targets to treat Ras-driven tumors. Evidence emerging in recent years suggests that both oncogenic Ras signaling in tumor cells and non-oncogenic Ras signaling in stromal cells play an essential role in cancer. PI3K is one of the main Ras effectors, regulating important cellular processes such as cell viability or resistance to therapy or angiogenesis upon oncogenic Ras activation. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the understanding of Ras-dependent activation of PI3K both in physiological conditions and cancer, with a focus on how this signaling pathway contributes to the formation of a tumor stroma that promotes tumor cell proliferation, migration, and spread.
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20
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Soriano O, Alcón-Pérez M, Vicente-Manzanares M, Castellano E. The Crossroads between RAS and RHO Signaling Pathways in Cellular Transformation, Motility and Contraction. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060819. [PMID: 34071831 PMCID: PMC8229961 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras and Rho proteins are GTP-regulated molecular switches that control multiple signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells. Ras was among the first identified oncogenes, and it appears mutated in many forms of human cancer. It mainly promotes proliferation and survival through the MAPK pathway and the PI3K/AKT pathways, respectively. However, the myriad proteins close to the plasma membrane that activate or inhibit Ras make it a major regulator of many apparently unrelated pathways. On the other hand, Rho is weakly oncogenic by itself, but it critically regulates microfilament dynamics; that is, actin polymerization, disassembly and contraction. Polymerization is driven mainly by the Arp2/3 complex and formins, whereas contraction depends on myosin mini-filament assembly and activity. These two pathways intersect at numerous points: from Ras-dependent triggering of Rho activators, some of which act through PI3K, to mechanical feedback driven by actomyosin action. Here, we describe the main points of connection between the Ras and Rho pathways as they coordinately drive oncogenic transformation. We emphasize the biochemical crosstalk that drives actomyosin contraction driven by Ras in a Rho-dependent manner. We also describe possible routes of mechanical feedback through which myosin II activation may control Ras/Rho activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Soriano
- Tumor Biophysics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Marta Alcón-Pérez
- Tumour-Stroma Signalling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Tumor Biophysics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (E.C.)
| | - Esther Castellano
- Tumour-Stroma Signalling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (E.C.)
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21
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Zhou Y, Liu J, Chu L, Dong M, Feng L. Whole-Exome Sequencing Reveals Novel Variations in Patients with Familial Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome. World Neurosurg 2021; 150:e696-e704. [PMID: 33774214 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome is a rare disease that occurs in an autosomal-dominant genetic pattern. Due to the high genetic variability of VHL diseases, current studies have limited clinical value. Moreover, casual genetic variations in patients with VHL syndrome are still unclear. METHODS Here, we performed whole-exome sequencing of 25 individuals to identify reliable disease-related variations. Systemic computational analysis was performed for variant detection, and Sanger sequencing was used to validate detected mutations. RESULTS Most of the known mutations in the VHL gene were observed in the studied population. In addition, a large fragment deletion in VHL exon 2 in the immediate family members of the last family was detected. This had not been reported earlier. Moreover, we identified 3 novel mutation sites in the MAP2K3 gene that may be involved in the occurrence and development of the VHL disease. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that the heterogeneous nature of VHL syndrome and novel mutational signatures may help to improve the diagnostic ability of VHL syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Zhou
- Guizhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Guizhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China.
| | - Liangzhao Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Luqian Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
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22
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Shadbad MA, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Derakhshani A, Silvestris N, Baghbanzadeh A, Racanelli V, Baradaran B. From Melanoma Development to RNA-Modified Dendritic Cell Vaccines: Highlighting the Lessons From the Past. Front Immunol 2021; 12:623639. [PMID: 33692796 PMCID: PMC7937699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.623639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although melanoma remains the deadliest skin cancer, the current treatment has not resulted in the desired outcomes. Unlike chemotherapy, immunotherapy has provided more tolerable approaches and revolutionized cancer therapy. Although dendritic cell-based vaccines have minor side effects, the undesirable response rates of traditional approaches have posed questions about their clinical translation. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment can be the underlying reason for their low response rates. Immune checkpoints and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase have been implicated in the induction of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Growing evidence indicates that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Protein kinase B (PKB) (PI3K/AKT) pathways, as the main oncogenic pathways of melanoma, can upregulate the tumoral immune checkpoints, like programmed death-ligand 1. This study briefly represents the main oncogenic pathways of melanoma and highlights the cross-talk between these oncogenic pathways with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, tumoral immune checkpoints, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Moreover, this study sheds light on a novel tumor antigen on melanoma, which has substantial roles in tumoral immune checkpoints expression, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase secretion, and stimulating the oncogenic pathways. Finally, this review collects the lessons from the previous unsuccessful trials and integrates their lessons with new approaches in RNA-modified dendritic cell vaccines. Unlike traditional approaches, the advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing techniques and RNA-modified dendritic cell vaccines along with combined therapy of the immune checkpoint inhibitors, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor, and RNA-modified dendritic cell-based vaccine can overcome these auto-inductive loops and pave the way for developing robust dendritic cell-based vaccines with the most favorable response rate and the least side effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/adverse effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Cancer Vaccines/adverse effects
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Humans
- Immune Checkpoint Proteins/metabolism
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Melanoma/therapy
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/immunology
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/adverse effects
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/immunology
- RNA, Small Interfering/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
- Tumor Escape
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
- mRNA Vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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23
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Choi BH, Kou Z, Colon TM, Chen CH, Chen Y, Dai W. Identification of Radil as a Ras binding partner and putative activator. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100314. [PMID: 33482197 PMCID: PMC7949112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras genes are among the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human malignancies. To date, there are no successful anticancer drugs in the clinic that target Ras proteins or their pathways. Therefore, it is imperative to identify and characterize new components that regulate Ras activity or mediate its downstream signaling. To this end, we used a combination of affinity-pulldown and mass spectrometry to search for proteins that are physically associated with KRas. One of the top hits was Radil, a gene product with a Ras-association domain. Radil is known to be a downstream effector of Rap1, inhibiting RhoA signaling to regulate cell adhesion and migration. We demonstrate that Radil interacted with all three isoforms of Ras including HRas, NRas, and KRas, although it exhibited the strongest interaction with KRas. Moreover, Radil interacts with GTP-bound Ras more efficiently, suggesting a possibility that Radil may be involved in Ras activation. Supporting this, ectopic expression of Radil led to transient activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Radil knockdown resulted in weakened activation of Ras downstream signaling components, which was coupled with decreased cell proliferation and invasion, and reduced expression of mesenchymal cell markers. Moreover, Radil knockdown greatly reduced the number of adhesion foci and depolymerized actin filaments, molecular processes that facilitate cancer cell migration. Taken together, our present studies strongly suggest that Radil is an important player for regulating Ras signaling, cell adhesion, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and may provide new directions for Ras-related anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hyeok Choi
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ziyue Kou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tania Marlyn Colon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chih-Hong Chen
- Department of Surgery and Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Surgery and Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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24
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Kobayashi K, Terai H, Yasuda H, Hamamoto J, Hayashi Y, Takeuchi O, Mitsuishi Y, Masuzawa K, Manabe T, Ikemura S, Kawada I, Suzuki Y, Soejima K, Fukunaga K. Functional dissection of the KRAS G12C mutation by comparison among multiple oncogenic driver mutations in a lung cancer cell line model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:1-7. [PMID: 33302159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of molecular targeted therapy has improved clinical outcomes in patients with life-threatening advanced lung cancers with driver oncogenes. However, selective treatment for KRAS-mutant lung cancer remains underdeveloped. We have successfully characterised specific molecular and pathological features of KRAS-mutant lung cancer utilising newly developed cell line models that can elucidate the differences in driver oncogenes among tissues with identical genetic backgrounds. Among these KRAS-mutation-associated specific features, we focused on the IGF2-IGF1R pathway, which has been implicated in the drug resistance mechanisms to AMG 510, a recently developed selective inhibitor of KRAS G12C lung cancer. Experimental data derived from our cell line model can be used as a tool for clinical treatment strategy development through understanding of the biology of lung cancer. The model developed in this paper may help understand the mechanism of anticancer drug resistance in KRAS-mutated lung cancer and help develop new targeted therapies to treat patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Kobayashi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Terai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Division of Bioreguratory Medicine, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junko Hamamoto
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Division of Bioreguratory Medicine, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hayashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- BioMedical Laboratory, Department of Research, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Mitsuishi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Keita Masuzawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tadashi Manabe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Ikemura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Keio Cancer Center, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukio Suzuki
- Division of Bioreguratory Medicine, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kenzo Soejima
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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25
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Liu Z, Liu F, Wang F, Yang X, Guo W. CircZNF609 promotes cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through regulating HRAS via miR-338-3p. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:175-186. [PMID: 32970285 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNA zinc finger protein 609 (circZNF609) has been reported to involve in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumorigenesis regulation. However, the role and the molecular mechanism of circZNF609 in NPC remain unclear. Levels of circZNF609, microRNA (miR)-338-3p, and GTPase HRas (HRAS) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or Western blot. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were analyzed using cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, and transwell assay, respectively. Glucose metabolism was calculated by measuring glucose consumption, lactate production, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and HK2 activity. The interaction between miR-338-3p and circZNF609 or HRAS was analyzed by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. In vivo experiment was conducted using the murine xenograft model. CircZNF609 was elevated in NPC tissues and cell lines, and high circZNF609 expression had a poor prognosis. CircZNF609 knockdown suppressed NPC progression in vitro by inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis and hindered tumor growth in vivo. MiR-338-3p directly bound to circZNF609 and HRAS, and circZNF609 knockdown repressed NPC cell malignant properties by binding to miR-338-3p. MiR-338-3p was low in NPC, and miR-338-3p restoration performed anti-tumor effects in cells of NPC by targeting HRAS. Importantly, circZNF609 acted as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-338-3p to regulate HRAS. CircZNF609 knockdown suppressed cell tumorigenesis in NPC via regulating miR-338-3p/HRAS axis, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.
| | - Wentao Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.
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Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 as a Therapeutic Target for KRAS Mutated Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082091. [PMID: 32731506 PMCID: PMC7465151 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 45% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients harbor a mutation in their KRAS gene for which, despite many years of research, there are still no targeted therapies available. Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a transcription regulator for multiple cellular processes that is currently being tested as a potential target in several cancer types. PRMT5 has been previously shown to be overexpressed in approximately 75% of CRC patient tumor samples, as well as negatively correlated with CRC patient survival. Here, we provide evidence that PRMT5 can act as a surrogate target for mutated KRAS in CRC. Our findings show that PRMT5 expression is upregulated, as well as positively correlated with KRAS expression, in CRC patient datasets. Moreover, our results reveal that PRMT5 is further overexpressed in KRAS mutant CRC cells when compared to KRAS wild type (WT) CRC cells at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Additionally, our data demonstrate that this further overexpression of PRMT5 in the KRAS mutant CRC cells affects an even greater degree of growth inhibition, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest, following treatment with PRMT5 inhibitor, when compared to the KRAS WT CRC cells. Our research therefore suggests for the first time that PRMT5 and KRAS may crosstalk, and thus, PRMT5 can potentially be used as a surrogate target for mutated KRAS in CRC.
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27
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Li ZN, Zhao L, Yu LF, Wei MJ. BRAF and KRAS mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer: future perspectives for personalized therapy. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2020; 8:192-205. [PMID: 32665851 PMCID: PMC7333923 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide and 30% of patients with CRC experience metastasis. Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) have a 5-year overall survival rate of <10%. V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) and V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations are mostly studied in mCRC, as clinical trials found that first-line chemotherapy with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor agent confers limited efficacy for mCRC. Treatment decisions for early-stage mCRC do not consider BRAF or KRAS mutations, given the dramatically poor prognosis conferred by these mutations in clinical trials. Thus, it is necessary to identify patients with mCRC harboring BRAF or KRAS mutations to formulate rational therapeutic strategies to improve prognosis and survival. BRAF and KRAS mutations occur in ∼10% and ∼44% of patients with mCRC, respectively. Although the survival rate of patients with mCRC has improved in recent years, the response and prognosis of patients with the aforementioned mutations are still poor. There is a substantial unmet need for prospective personalized therapies for patients with BRAF- or KRAS-mutant mCRC. In this review, we focus on BRAF and KRAS mutations to understand the mechanisms underlying resistance and improving the response rate, outcomes, and prognosis of patients with mCRC bearing these mutations and to discuss prospective personalized therapies for BRAF- and KRAS-mutant mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Nan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Li-Feng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Min-Jie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
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28
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Basu S, González B, Li B, Kimble G, Kozminski KG, Cullen PJ. Functions for Cdc42p BEM adaptors in regulating a differentiation-type MAP kinase pathway. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:491-510. [PMID: 31940256 PMCID: PMC7185891 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras homology (Rho) GTPases regulate cell polarity and signal transduction pathways to control morphogenetic responses in different settings. In yeast, the Rho GTPase Cdc42p regulates cell polarity, and through the p21-activated kinase Ste20p, Cdc42p also regulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways (mating, filamentous growth or fMAPK, and HOG). Although much is known about how Cdc42p regulates cell polarity and the mating pathway, how Cdc42p regulates the fMAPK pathway is not clear. To address this question, Cdc42p-dependent MAPK pathways were compared in the filamentous (Σ1278b) strain background. Each MAPK pathway showed a unique activation profile, with the fMAPK pathway exhibiting slow activation kinetics compared with the mating and HOG pathways. A previously characterized version of Cdc42p, Cdc42pE100A, that is specifically defective for fMAPK pathway signaling, was defective for interaction with Bem4p, the pathway-specific adaptor for the fMAPK pathway. Corresponding residues in Bem4p were identified that were required for interaction with Cdc42p and fMAPK pathway signaling. The polarity adaptor Bem1p also regulated the fMAPK pathway. Versions of Bem1p defective for recruitment of Ste20p to the plasma membrane, intramolecular interactions, and interaction with the GEF, Cdc24p, were defective for fMAPK pathway signaling. Bem1p also regulated effector pathways in different ways. In some pathways, multiple domains of the protein were required for its function, whereas in other pathways, a single domain or function was needed. Genetic suppression tests showed that Bem4p and Bem1p regulate the fMAPK pathway in an ordered sequence. Collectively, the study demonstrates unique and sequential functions for Rho GTPase adaptors in regulating MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Beatriz González
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Boyang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Garrett Kimble
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Keith G Kozminski
- Departments of Biology and Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Paul J Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260
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29
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Li S, Zhuo Z, Chang X, Ma Y, Zhou H, Zhang J, Cheng J, He J, Li Y. NRAS rs2273267 A>T polymorphism reduces neuroblastoma risk in Chinese children. Gene 2020; 727:144262. [PMID: 31759987 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is an extracranial solid tumor that mainly occurs in childhood. Mutations of NRAS gene have been described in several cancers. However, whether NRAS gene polymorphisms can predict the risk of neuroblastoma have not been investigated. We hypothesized that variations of NRAS gene contribute to neuroblastoma predisposition. Therefore, we conducted a multi-center case-control study using 263 cases and 715 controls to examine the association of NRAS gene rs2273267 A>T polymorphism and neuroblastoma risk. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the strength of the associations. Relative to those with AA genotype, subjects with AT/TT genotype had reduced neuroblastoma risk (adjusted OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.54-0.96, P = 0.024). Stratified analysis revealed that rs2273267 AT/TT carriers were less likely to develop neuroblastoma for patients with tumor originating from the adrenal gland (adjusted OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.45-0.99, P = 0.047) and clinical stages III + IV (adjusted OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.36-0.90, P = 0.015). Our findings underline the likely importance of NRAS gene rs2273267 A>T in the risk of neuroblastoma. Further independent case-control studies with functional analysis are needed to verify the role of NRAS gene rs2273267 A>T polymorphism in the risk of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Li
- Department of Pathology, Children Hospital and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030013 Shannxi, China.
| | - Zhenjian Zhuo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinghong Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children Hospital and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan 030013, Shannxi, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Pathology, Children Hospital and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030013 Shannxi, China
| | - Haixia Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jiwen Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510623, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yangyang Li
- Department of Pathology, Children Hospital and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030013 Shannxi, China
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30
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Zheng Z, Xu D, Shi K, Chen M, Lu F. Prognostic value of genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in noncoding miRNAs and lncRNAs in uveal melanomas. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6153-6174. [PMID: 31433788 PMCID: PMC6738428 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Uveal melanomas are the most common primary intraocular malignant tumors in adults, associated with a high metastasis rate and a low 5-year survival rate. It is a clinic urgency and importance to identify prognostic factors for UVMs. Results: 55 aberrantly methylated sites of miRNAs and 47 aberrantly methylated sites of lncRNAs were observed between Alive < 2 years group and Alive > 2 years group of UVMs. Two prognostic classifiers were generated. For 13- miRNAs-CpG-classifier, the AUC were 0.958, 0.848 and 0.824 at 1 year, 2 years and 3 years, respectively. For 9- lncRNAs-CpG-classifier, the AUC were 0.943, 0.869 and 0.866 at 1 year, 2 years and 3 years, respectively. Conclusion: The correlation between genome-wide DNA methylation patterns of miRNAs and lncRNAs and the overall survival in UVMs were identified in this study. This novel finding shed new light on developing biomarkers of prognosis for UVMs. Methods: DNA methylation profiles of noncoding miRNAs and lncRNAs for UVMs were accessed from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Then the prognostic value was analyzed by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method Cox regression and tested by Time-dependent Receiver Operating Characteristic curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zheng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Dan Xu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Keqing Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Minfeng Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
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31
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Strand MS, Krasnick BA, Pan H, Zhang X, Bi Y, Brooks C, Wetzel C, Sankpal N, Fleming T, Goedegebuure SP, DeNardo DG, Gillanders WE, Hawkins WG, Wickline SA, Fields RC. Precision delivery of RAS-inhibiting siRNA to KRAS driven cancer via peptide-based nanoparticles. Oncotarget 2019; 10:4761-4775. [PMID: 31413817 PMCID: PMC6677667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 95% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PDACs), as well as a large fraction of other tumor types, such as colorectal adenocarcinoma, are driven by KRAS activation. However, no direct RAS inhibitors exist for cancer therapy. Furthermore, the delivery of therapeutic agents of any kind to PDAC in particular has been hindered by the extensive desmoplasia and resultant drug delivery challenges that accompanies these tumors. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a promising modality for anti-neoplastic therapy due to its precision and wide range of potential therapeutic targets. Unfortunately, siRNA therapy is limited by low serum half-life, vulnerability to intracellular digestion, and transient therapeutic effect. We assessed the ability of a peptide based, oligonucleotide condensing, endosomolytic nanoparticle (NP) system to deliver siRNA to KRAS-driven cancers. We show that this peptide-based NP is avidly taken up by cancer cells in vitro, can deliver KRAS-specific siRNA, inhibit KRAS expression, and reduce cell viability. We further demonstrate that this system can deliver siRNA to the tumor microenvironment, reduce KRAS expression, and inhibit pancreatic cancer growth in vivo. In a spontaneous KPPC model of PDAC, this system effectively delivers siRNA to stroma-rich tumors. This model has the potential for translational relevance for patients with KRAS driven solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Strand
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley A Krasnick
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hua Pan
- University of South Florida Health, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ye Bi
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Candace Brooks
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher Wetzel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Narendra Sankpal
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy Fleming
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - S Peter Goedegebuure
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - David G DeNardo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - William E Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - William G Hawkins
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- University of South Florida Health, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ryan C Fields
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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32
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Takahara S, Inoue SI, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Matsuura K, Nakashima Y, Niihori T, Matsubara Y, Saiki Y, Aoki Y. New Noonan syndrome model mice with RIT1 mutation exhibit cardiac hypertrophy and susceptibility to β-adrenergic stimulation-induced cardiac fibrosis. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:43-53. [PMID: 30898653 PMCID: PMC6491386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noonan syndrome (NS) is a genetic disorder characterized by short stature, a distinctive facial appearance, and heart defects. We recently discovered a novel NS gene, RIT1, which is a member of the RAS subfamily of small GTPases. NS patients with RIT1 mutations have a high incidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and edematous phenotype, but the specific role of RIT1 remains unclear. METHODS To investigate how germline RIT1 mutations cause NS, we generated knock-in mice that carried a NS-associated Rit1 A57G mutation (Rit1A57G/+). We investigated the phenotypes of Rit1A57G/+ mice in fetal and adult stages as well as the effects of isoproterenol on cardiac function in Rit1A57G/+ mice. FINDINGS Rit1A57G/+ embryos exhibited decreased viability, edema, subcutaneous hemorrhage and AKT activation. Surviving Rit1A57G/+ mice had a short stature, craniofacial abnormalities and splenomegaly. Cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis with increased expression of S100A4, vimentin and periostin were observed in Rit1A57G/+ mice compared to Rit1+/+ mice. Upon isoproterenol stimulation, cardiac fibrosis was drastically increased in Rit1A57G/+ mice. Phosphorylated (at Thr308) AKT levels were also elevated in isoproterenol-treated Rit1A57G/+ hearts. INTERPRETATION The A57G mutation in Rit1 causes cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and other NS-associated features. Biochemical analysis indicates that the AKT signaling pathway might be related to downstream signaling in the RIT1 A57G mutant at a developmental stage and under β-adrenergic stimulation in the heart. FUND: The Grants-in-Aid were provided by the Practical Research Project for Rare/Intractable Diseases from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Takahara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Animal Nursing Science, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Matsuura
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumi Nakashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Saiki
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Tian YS, Chen KC, Zulkefli ND, Maner RS, Hsieh CL. Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of Genipin on the Fluoxetine-Induced Invasive and Metastatic Model in Human HepG2 Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123327. [PMID: 30558243 PMCID: PMC6321194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually unrecognized before any pathological examination, resulting in time-taking treatment and poor prognosis. As a consequence, HCC patients usually show symptoms of depression. In order to suppress such psychiatric disorders and to facilitate better treatment outcome, antidepressants are prescribed. Up to present, information about the effect of antidepressants on HCC is still lacking. Therefore, we chose fluoxetine (FXT), one of the top five psychiatric prescriptions in the United States, together with the HepG2 cell model to explore its effect on HCC. Our study found that FXT (5 µM) increased the migratory distance of HepG2 cells by a factor of nearly 1.7 compared to control. In addition, our study also investigated the effect of genipin (GNP), which is an active compound from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit (family Rubiaceae), on the FXT-induced HepG2 cells. Our study found that 30 and 60 µM GNP reduced the migratory distance by 42% and 74% respectively, compared to FXT treatment alone. Furthermore, we also found that FXT upregulated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) genes, increased the protein expression of MMPs, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), activator protein 1 (AP-1), phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (P-p38), phosphorylated protein kinase B (P-Akt), downregulated tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases (TIMPs) genes and decreased the TIMPs proteins expression whereas, GNP fully counteracted the action of FXT. Conclusively, this study has provided valuable information regarding the possible molecular mechanisms through which FXT affects the metastatic invasiveness of HepG2 cells and evidences to support that GNP counteracts such effect via the same molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Syuan Tian
- Department of Biology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Road, Changhua, Taiwan 50007.
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Department of Uroloy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, Taiwan 11031.
- Graduate Institute of Medicinal Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, Taiwan 11031.
| | - Nor Diana Zulkefli
- Department of Biology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Road, Changhua, Taiwan 50007.
| | - Rida S Maner
- Department of Biology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Road, Changhua, Taiwan 50007.
| | - Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Road, Changhua, Taiwan 50007.
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Seo GH, Yoo HW. Growth hormone therapy in patients with Noonan syndrome. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 23:176-181. [PMID: 30599478 PMCID: PMC6312920 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2018.23.4.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder that involves multiple organ systems, with short stature as the most common presentation (>70%). Possible mechanisms of short stature in NS include growth hormone (GH) deficiency, neurosecretory dysfunction, and GH resistance. Accordingly, GH therapy has been carried out for NS patients over the last three decades, and multiple studies have reported acceleration of growth velocity (GV) and increase of height standard deviation score (SDS) in both prepubertal and pubertal NS patients upon GH therapy. One year of GH therapy resulted in almost doubling of GV compared with baseline; afterwards, the increase in GV gradually decreased in the following years, showing that the effect of GH therapy wanes over time. After four years of GH therapy, ~70% of NS patients reached normal height considering their age and sex. Early initiation, long duration of GH therapy, and higher height SDS at the onset of puberty were associated with improved final height, whereas gender, dosage of GH, and the clinical severity did not show significant association with final height. Studies have reported no significant adverse events of GH therapy regarding progression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, alteration of metabolism, and tumor development. Therefore, GH therapy is effective for improving height and GV of NS patients; nevertheless, concerns on possible malignancy remains, which necessitates continuous monitoring of NS patients receiving GH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Address for correspondence: Han-Wook Yoo, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505 Korea Tel: +82-2-3010-3374 Fax: +82-2-473-3725 E-mail:
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Casticin inhibits breast cancer cell migration and invasion by down-regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180738. [PMID: 30401729 PMCID: PMC6265615 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Casticin is one of the major active components isolated from Fructus viticis Increasing studies have revealed that casticin has potential anticancer activity in various cancer cells, but its effects on breast cancer cell migration and invasion are still not well known. Therefore, the ability of cell migration and invasion in the breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells treated by casticin was investigated. The results indicated that casticin significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion in the cells exposed to 0.25 and 0.50 µM of casticin for 24 h. Casticin treatment reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 (MMP-9) activity and down-regulated MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression, but not MMP-2. Casticin treatment suppressed the nuclear translocation of transcription factors c-Jun and c-Fos, but not nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and decreased the phosphorylated level of Akt (p-Akt). Additionally, the transfection of Akt overexpression vector to MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells could up-regulate MMP-9 expression concomitantly with a marked increase in cell invasion, but casticin treatment reduced Akt, p-Akt, and MMP-9 protein levels and inhibited the ability of cell invasion in breast cancer cells. Additionally, casticin attenuated lung metastasis of mouse 4T1 breast cancer cells in the mice and down-regulated MMP-9 expression in the lung tissues of mice treated by casticin. These findings suggest that MMP-9 expression suppression by casticin may act through inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, which in turn results in the inhibitory effects of casticin on cell migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. Therefore, casticin may have potential for use in the treatment of breast cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Kumar S, Singh J, Narasimhan B, Shah SAA, Lim SM, Ramasamy K, Mani V. Reverse pharmacophore mapping and molecular docking studies for discovery of GTPase HRas as promising drug target for bis-pyrimidine derivatives. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:106. [PMID: 30345469 PMCID: PMC6768019 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrimidine is an important pharmacophore in the field of medicinal chemistry and exhibit a broad spectrum of biological potentials. A study was carried out to identify the target protein of potent bis-pyrimidine derivatives using reverse docking program. PharmMapper, a robust online tool was used for identifying the target proteins based on reverse pharmacophore mapping. The murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) and human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cancer cell line used for selectivity and safety study. METHODS An open web server PharmMapper was used to identify the possible target of the developed compounds through reverse pharmacophore mapping. The results were analyzed and validated through docking with Schrodinger v9.6 using 10 protein GTPase HRas selected as possible target. The docking studies with Schrödinger validated the binding behavior of bis-pyrimidine compounds within GTP binding pocket. MTT and sulforhodamine assay were used as antiproliferative activity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The protein was found one of the top scored targets of the compound 18, hence, the GTPase HRas protein was found crucial to be targeted for competing cancer. Toxicity study demonstrated the significant selectivity of most active compounds, 12, 16 and 18 showed negligible cell toxicity at their IC50 concentration. CONCLUSION From the results, we may conclude that GTPase HRas as a possible target of studied bis-pyrimidine derivatives where the retrieved information may be quite useful for rational drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Jagbir Singh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | | | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siong Meng Lim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang T, Wang Q, Fredimoses M, Gao G, Wang K, Chen H, Wang T, Oi N, Zykova TA, Reddy K, Yao K, Ma W, Chang X, Lee MH, Rathore MG, Bode AM, Ashida H, Lippman SM, Dong Z. The Ashitaba ( Angelica keiskei) Chalcones 4-hydroxyderricin and Xanthoangelol Suppress Melanomagenesis By Targeting BRAF and PI3K. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:607-620. [PMID: 29980517 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is an aggressive tumor of the skin and still lacks effective preventive and therapeutic treatments. In melanoma, both the BRAF/MEK/ERK and PI3-K/AKT signaling pathways are constitutively activated through multiple mechanisms, which result in cell-cycle progression and prevention of apoptosis. Therefore, the development of novel strategies for targeting BRAF and PI3K are of utmost importance. In this study, we found that Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei) chalcones, 4-hydroxyderricin (4HD) and xanthoangelol (XAG), suppressed melanoma development by directly targeting both BRAFV600E and PI3K, which blocked the activation of downstream signaling. This led to the induction of G1 phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in melanoma cells. Importantly, 4HD or XAG dramatically attenuated tumor incidence and volume in the BRAF-activated Pten-deficient melanoma mouse model. Our findings suggest that 4HD and XAG are promising chemopreventive or potential therapeutic agents against melanomagenesis that act by targeting both BRAF and PI3K, providing hope for rapid clinical translation. Cancer Prev Res; 11(10); 607-20. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshun Zhang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Qiushi Wang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | | | - Ge Gao
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Keke Wang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hanyong Chen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Ting Wang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Naomi Oi
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Tatyana A Zykova
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Kanamata Reddy
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Ke Yao
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Weiya Ma
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Xiaoyu Chang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | | | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Hitoshi Ashida
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota. .,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Ibrahim T, Saer-Ghorra C, Trak-Smayra V, Nadiri S, Yazbeck C, Baz M, Kattan JG. Molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer in a Middle Eastern population in a single institution. Ann Saudi Med 2018; 38:251-259. [PMID: 30078023 PMCID: PMC6086673 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2018.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The few studies of the molecular biology of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Middle Eastern populations have included only small samples of patients. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the frequency and prognostic effect of RAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, PTEN, and EGFR somatic mutations as well as mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency in Lebanese Middle Eastern patients. DESIGN Retrospective single-center descriptive study. SETTING Lebanese Middle Eastern patients in a tertiary medical cen.ter. METHODS We included all patients diagnosed with CRC between January 2010 and December 2015, in whom RAS mutational status and the expression of MLH1 and MSH2 proteins were available. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Genetic mutations detected by direct sequencing while MMR protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. SAMPLE SIZE 645 patients. RESULTS RAS, BRAF, EGFR, PI3KCA, and PTEN mutation rates were 38.5%,12.9%, 0%, 11.1% and 0% respectively. The MMR deficiency rate was 20.6%. No factor was associated with RAS mutation whereas MMR-deficient tumors were less likely to be metastatic at diagnosis. Among patients with wild-type RAS females fared better than males (median overall survival [OS]=1734 vs 1079 days respectively, P=.015) even after adjustment for confounding factors by Cox regression analy.sis. This finding was not reproduced in the RAS-mutated group. The median OS of patients with MMR-deficient tumors was not reached, while the median OS was 2475 days in patients who had maintained expression of both MLH1 and MSH2. CONCLUSION The RAS mutation rate was similar to Western and East Asian countries, but not for the BRAF mutation and MMR deficiency. We also found a prognostic effect for sex in the RAS wild-type group, a finding worthy of further exploration. LIMITATIONS Retrospective, single center and small sample size. Expression of MSH6 and PMS2 not analyzed. CONFLICT OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Ibrahim
- Tony Ibrahim, Deparment of Medical Oncology,, Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Valliant,, Villejulf 94800, France, T: 075 504 4905, , ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9728-8554
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Krygowska AA, Castellano E. PI3K: A Crucial Piece in the RAS Signaling Puzzle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031450. [PMID: 28847905 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS proteins are key signaling switches essential for control of proliferation, differentiation, and survival of eukaryotic cells. RAS proteins are mutated in 30% of human cancers. In addition, mutations in upstream or downstream signaling components also contribute to oncogenic activation of the pathway. RAS proteins exert their functions through activation of several signaling pathways and dissecting the contributions of these effectors in normal cells and in cancer is an ongoing challenge. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about how RAS regulates type I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), one of the main RAS effectors. RAS signaling through PI3K is necessary for normal lymphatic vasculature development and for RAS-induced transformation in vitro and in vivo, especially in lung cancer, where it is essential for tumor initiation and necessary for tumor maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Adelajda Krygowska
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Castellano
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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A New Strategy to Control and Eradicate "Undruggable" Oncogenic K-RAS-Driven Pancreatic Cancer: Molecular Insights and Core Principles Learned from Developmental and Evolutionary Biology. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10050142. [PMID: 29757973 PMCID: PMC5977115 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic K-RAS mutations are found in virtually all pancreatic cancers, making K-RAS one of the most targeted oncoproteins for drug development in cancer therapies. Despite intense research efforts over the past three decades, oncogenic K-RAS has remained largely “undruggable”. Rather than targeting an upstream component of the RAS signaling pathway (i.e., EGFR/HER2) and/or the midstream effector kinases (i.e., RAF/MEK/ERK/PI3K/mTOR), we propose an alternative strategy to control oncogenic K-RAS signal by targeting its most downstream signaling module, Seven-In-Absentia Homolog (SIAH). SIAH E3 ligase controls the signal output of oncogenic K-RAS hyperactivation that drives unchecked cell proliferation, uncontrolled tumor growth, and rapid cancer cell dissemination in human pancreatic cancer. Therefore, SIAH is an ideal therapeutic target as it is an extraordinarily conserved downstream signaling gatekeeper indispensable for proper RAS signaling. Guided by molecular insights and core principles obtained from developmental and evolutionary biology, we propose an anti-SIAH-centered anti-K-RAS strategy as a logical and alternative anticancer strategy to dampen uncontrolled K-RAS hyperactivation and halt tumor growth and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. The clinical utility of developing SIAH as both a tumor-specific and therapy-responsive biomarker, as well as a viable anti-K-RAS drug target, is logically simple and conceptually innovative. SIAH clearly constitutes a major tumor vulnerability and K-RAS signaling bottleneck in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Given the high degree of evolutionary conservation in the K-RAS/SIAH signaling pathway, an anti-SIAH-based anti-PDAC therapy will synergize with covalent K-RAS inhibitors and direct K-RAS targeted initiatives to control and eradicate pancreatic cancer in the future.
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Leonardi GC, Falzone L, Salemi R, Zanghì A, Spandidos DA, McCubrey JA, Candido S, Libra M. Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1071-1080. [PMID: 29532857 PMCID: PMC5843392 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In less than 10 years, melanoma treatment has been revolutionized with the approval of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have been shown to have a significant impact on the prognosis of patients with melanoma. The early steps of this transformation have taken place in research laboratories. The mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, phosphoinositol‑3‑kinase (PI3K) pathway promote the development of melanoma through numerous genomic alterations on different components of these pathways. Moreover, melanoma cells deeply interact with the tumor microenvironment and the immune system. This knowledge has led to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and treatment strategies. In this review, the epidemiological features of cutaneous melanoma along with the biological mechanisms involved in its development and progression are summarized. The current state‑of‑the‑art of advanced stage melanoma treatment strategies and the currently available evidence of the use of predictive and prognostic biomarkers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia C. Leonardi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania
| | - Luca Falzone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania
| | - Rossella Salemi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania
| | - Antonino Zanghì
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology 'G.F. Ingrassia', University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - James A. McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania
- Research Center of Tumor Prevention, Diagnosis and Cure (CRS PreDiCT), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Abstract
Abnormally activated RAS proteins are the main oncogenic driver that governs the functioning of major signaling pathways involved in the initiation and development of human malignancies. Mutations in RAS genes and or its regulators, most frequent in human cancers, are the main force for incessant RAS activation and associated pathological conditions including cancer. In general, RAS is the main upstream regulator of the highly conserved signaling mechanisms associated with a plethora of important cellular activities vital for normal homeostasis. Mutated or the oncogenic RAS aberrantly activates a web of interconnected signaling pathways including RAF-MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT (protein kinase B), protein kinase C (PKC) and ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (RALGDS), etc., leading to uncontrolled transcriptional expression and reprogramming in the functioning of a range of nuclear and cytosolic effectors critically associated with the hallmarks of carcinogenesis. This review highlights the recent literature on how oncogenic RAS negatively use its signaling web in deregulating the expression and functioning of various effector molecules in the pathogenesis of human malignancies.
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Sini MC, Doneddu V, Paliogiannis P, Casula M, Colombino M, Manca A, Botti G, Ascierto PA, Lissia A, Cossu A, Palmieri G. Genetic alterations in main candidate genes during melanoma progression. Oncotarget 2018; 9:8531-8541. [PMID: 29492214 PMCID: PMC5823576 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a common and aggressive human skin cancers. Much is actually known about the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma pathogenesis. The aim of the study was to evaluate any possible correlation between mutations in main growth-controlling genes (BRAF, NRAS, CDKN2A) and copy number variations in frequently amplified candidate genes (MITF, EGFR, CCND1, cMET, and cKIT) during melanoma initiation and progression. A large series of primary and secondary melanoma tissue samples (N = 274) from 232 consecutively-collected patients of Italian origin as well as 32 tumor cell lines derived from primary and metastatic melanomas underwent mutation screening and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Overall, BRAF, NRAS, and CDKN2A were found mutated in 62.5%, 12.5% and 59% cell lines and in 47%, 16%, 12% tumor tissues, respectively. Quite identical mutation patterns between primary tumors and metastatic lesions were found for BRAF and NRAS genes; mutations of CDKN2A gene appeared to be instead selected during tumor progression. In cell lines, high rates of gene amplifications were observed (varying from 12.5% for cKIT to 50% for MITF); vast majority of cell lines (75%) presented at least one amplified gene. Conversely, prevalence of gene amplification was significantly and progressively decreasing in melanoma metastases (12%) and primary melanomas (4%). Our findings suggest that gene amplifications may be acquired during the late phases of melanoma evolution and mostly act as "passenger" or "non-causative" alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Sini
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Doneddu
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Milena Casula
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Colombino
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Manca
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Amelia Lissia
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
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44
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Reilly JE, Neighbors JD, Hohl RJ. Targeting protein geranylgeranylation slows tumor development in a murine model of prostate cancer metastasis. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:872-882. [PMID: 27624889 PMCID: PMC5710670 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1219817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (IBP) plays a critical role in providing substrates and enzymes necessary for the post-translational modification and thus activation of a number of proteins involved in prostate cancer metastasis. Previous work by our lab found novel compound disodium [(6Z,11E,15E)-9-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-17-hydroxy-2,6,12,16-tetramethyheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraen-9-yl]phosphonate (GGOHBP), which inhibits the IBP enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS), reduced protein geranylgeranylation without altering protein farnesylation. This activity significantly reduced adrenal gland tumor burden in a murine model of human prostate cancer metastasis which relied on treatment of established disease. The present study determined the ability of GGDPS inhibition to slow the development of prostate cancer metastasis in a preventative murine model. Using tail vein injection of human derived PC-3 prostate cancer cells 4 d after initiating daily GGOHBP or vehicle treatments, we found GGOHBP significantly reduced whole body tumor burden, significantly slowed the development of tumors, and prolonged overall survival as compared to vehicle treated animals. The observed reduction in soft tissue tumor burden corresponded to a biochemical reduction in Rap1A geranylgeranylation, which for prostate cancer is important in its own merit and which serves as a surrogate marker for Rho family, i.e. Rac, protein modification. This effect was present in all treated mice pointing to strong target engagement, which was not observed in non-tumor burdened tissues or control mice. Our findings reiterate a role for protein geranylgeranylation in the development of prostate cancer metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raymond J. Hohl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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45
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Wu PH, Onodera Y, Ichikawa Y, Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ, Watanabe Y, Qian W, Hashimoto T, Shirato H, Nam JM. Targeting integrins with RGD-conjugated gold nanoparticles in radiotherapy decreases the invasive activity of breast cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5069-5085. [PMID: 28860745 PMCID: PMC5560413 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s137833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have recently attracted attention as clinical agents for enhancing the effect of radiotherapy in various cancers. Although radiotherapy is a standard treatment for cancers, invasive recurrence and metastasis are significant clinical problems. Several studies have suggested that radiation promotes the invasion of cancer cells by activating molecular mechanisms involving integrin and fibronectin (FN). In this study, polyethylene-glycolylated AuNPs (P-AuNPs) were conjugated with Arg–Gly–Asp (RGD) peptides (RGD/P-AuNPs) to target cancer cells expressing RGD-binding integrins such as α5- and αv-integrins. RGD/P-AuNPs were internalized more efficiently and colocalized with integrins in the late endosomes and lysosomes of MDA-MB-231 cells. A combination of RGD/P-AuNPs and radiation reduced cancer cell viability and increased DNA damage compared to radiation alone in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, the invasive activity of breast cancer cell lines after radiation treatment was significantly inhibited in the presence of RGD/P-AuNPs. Microarray analyses revealed that the expression of FN in irradiated cells was suppressed by combined use of RGD/P-AuNPs. Reduction of FN and downstream signaling may be involved in suppressing radiation-induced invasive activity by RGD/P-AuNPs. Our study suggests that RGD/P-AuNPs can target integrin-overexpressing cancer cells to improve radiation therapy by suppressing invasive activity in addition to sensitization. Thus, these findings provide a possible clinical strategy for using AuNPs to treat invasive breast cancer following radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhito Onodera
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido
| | - Yuki Ichikawa
- Innovation Center, Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan.,IMRA America, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuko Watanabe
- Innovation Center, Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan
| | - Wei Qian
- IMRA America, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Hiroki Shirato
- Department of Radiation Medicine.,Research Center for Cooperative Projects, Graduate School of Medicine.,Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jin-Min Nam
- Department of Radiation Medicine.,Research Center for Cooperative Projects, Graduate School of Medicine.,Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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46
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Abstract
Short stature is a common and heterogeneous condition that is often genetic in etiology. For most children with genetic short stature, the specific molecular causes remain unknown; but with advances in exome/genome sequencing and bioinformatics approaches, new genetic causes of growth disorders have been identified, contributing to the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of longitudinal bone growth and growth failure. Identifying new genetic causes of growth disorders has the potential to improve diagnosis, prognostic accuracy, and individualized management, and help avoid unnecessary testing for endocrine and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Hee Jee
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA.
| | - Anenisia C Andrade
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solnavägen 1, Solna 171 77, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solnavägen 1, Solna 171 77, Sweden; University Hospital, Örebro University, Södra Grev Rosengatan, Örebro 701 85, Sweden
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47
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Oncogenic BRAF fusions in mucosal melanomas activate the MAPK pathway and are sensitive to MEK/PI3K inhibition or MEK/CDK4/6 inhibition. Oncogene 2017; 36:3334-3345. [PMID: 28092667 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in cutaneous melanoma genomic profiling, the mutational landscape of primary mucosal melanomas (PMM) remains unclear. Forty-six PMMs underwent targeted exome sequencing of 111 cancer-associated genes. Seventy-six somatic nonsynonymous mutations in 42 genes were observed, and recurrent mutations were noted on eight genes, including TP53 (13%), NRAS (13%), SNX31 (9%), NF1 (9%), KIT (7%) and APC (7%). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; 37%), cell cycle (20%) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-mTOR (15%) pathways were frequently mutated. We biologically characterized a novel ZNF767-BRAF fusion found in a vemurafenib-refractory respiratory tract PMM, from which cell line harboring ZNF767-BRAF fusion were established for further molecular analyses. In an independent data set, NFIC-BRAF fusion was identified in an oral PMM case and TMEM178B-BRAF fusion and DGKI-BRAF fusion were identified in two malignant melanomas with a low mutational burden (number of mutation per megabase, 0.8 and 4, respectively). Subsequent analyses revealed that the ZNF767-BRAF fusion protein promotes RAF dimerization and activation of the MAPK pathway. We next tested the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of vemurafenib, trametinib, BKM120 or LEE011 alone and in combination. Trametinib effectively inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro, but the combination of trametinib and BKM120 or LEE011 yielded more than additive anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo in a melanoma cells harboring the BRAF fusion. In conclusion, BRAF fusions define a new molecular subset of PMM that can be targeted therapeutically by the combination of a MEK inhibitor with PI3K or cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors.
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48
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Patathananone S, Thammasirirak S, Daduang J, Gung Chung J, Temsiripong Y, Daduang S. Inhibition of HeLa cells metastasis by bioactive compounds in crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) white blood cells extract. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1329-1336. [PMID: 25855086 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in cancer progression, including cell invasion, metastasis, cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cell adhesion. Thus, suppression of the MMPs activities is crucial for inhibiting cancer cells metastasis. Herein, bioactive agents from crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) leukocyte extracts (WBCex) showed the anticancer activity with HeLa cells and inhibited the migration and invasion process by reducing gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) activity and their protein levels. This mechanism is regulated via interfering Ras and p38 signal transduction. Moreover, disrupting VEGF and integrin-signaling cascade by bioactive agents are the predictable mechanisms that cause the decreasing of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. Hence, bioactive substances in WBCex may play the mode of action similar with MMPs inhibitor due to HeLa cell metastasis being suppressed in vitro. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1329-1336, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supawadee Patathananone
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sompong Thammasirirak
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Jureerut Daduang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Jing Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | | | - Sakda Daduang
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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49
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Zhong J. RAS and downstream RAF-MEK and PI3K-AKT signaling in neuronal development, function and dysfunction. Biol Chem 2016; 397:215-22. [PMID: 26760308 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In postmitotic neurons, the activation of RAS family small GTPases regulates survival, growth and differentiation. Dysregulation of RAS or its major effector pathway, the cascade of RAF-, mitogen-activated and extracellular-signal regulated kinase kinases (MEK), and extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERK) causes the RASopathies, a group of neurodevelopmental disorders whose pathogenic mechanisms are the subject of intense research. I here summarize the functions of RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling in neurons in vivo, and discuss perspectives for harnessing this pathway to enable novel treatments for nervous system injury, the RASopathies, and possibly other neurological conditions.
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50
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Kaduwal S, Jeong WJ, Park JC, Lee KH, Lee YM, Jeon SH, Lim YB, Min DS, Choi KY. Sur8/Shoc2 promotes cell motility and metastasis through activation of Ras-PI3K signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33091-105. [PMID: 26384305 PMCID: PMC4741751 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sur8 (also known as Shoc2) is a Ras-Raf scaffold protein that modulates signaling through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Although Sur8 has been shown to be a scaffold protein of the Ras-ERK pathway, its interaction with other signaling pathways and its involvement in tumor malignancy has not been reported. We identified that Sur8 interacts with the p110α subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), as well as with Ras and Raf, and these interactions are increased in an epidermal growth factor (EGF)- and oncogenic Ras-dependent manner. Sur8 regulates cell migration and invasion via activation of Rac and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Interestingly, using inhibitors of MEK and PI3K we found Sur8 mediates these cellular behaviors predominantly through PI3K pathway. We further found that human metastatic melanoma tissues had higher Sur8 content followed by activations of Akt, ERK, and Rac. Lentivirus-mediated Sur8-knockdown attenuated metastatic potential of highly invasive B16-F10 melanoma cells indicating the role of Sur8 in melanoma metastasis. This is the first report to identify the role of scaffold protein Sur8 in regulating cell motility, invasion, and metastasis through activation of both ERK and PI3K pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saluja Kaduwal
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Woo-Jeong Jeong
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Park
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Kug Hwa Lee
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Young-Mi Lee
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.,Current address: Division of Pharmacology and Translational Research, Hanmi Research Center, Hwaseong-si Gyeonggi-do, 445-813, Korea
| | - Soung-Hoo Jeon
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.,Current address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Medical Research Center, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Lim
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.,Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Kang-Yell Choi
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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