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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Liu Y, Dong S, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Tian Y, Li J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Yan F. Overexpressing GmCGS2 Improves Total Amino Acid and Protein Content in Soybean Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14125. [PMID: 37762432 PMCID: PMC10532240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important source of plant protein, the nutritional quality of which is considerably affected by the content of the sulfur-containing amino acid, methionine (Met). To improve the quality of soybean protein and increase the Met content in seeds, soybean cystathionine γ-synthase 2 (GmCGS2), the first unique enzyme in Met biosynthesis, was overexpressed in the soybean cultivar "Jack", producing three transgenic lines (OE3, OE4, and OE10). We detected a considerable increase in the content of free Met and other free amino acids in the developing seeds of the three transgenic lines at the 15th and 75th days after flowering (15D and 75D). In addition, transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of genes related to Met biosynthesis from the aspartate-family pathway and S-methyl Met cycle was promoted in developing green seeds of OE10. Ultimately, the accumulation of total amino acids and soluble proteins in transgenic mature seeds was promoted. Altogether, these results indicated that GmCGS2 plays an important role in Met biosynthesis, by providing a basis for improving the nutritional quality of soybean seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fan Yan
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (F.Y.)
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2
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Wang X, Xie L, Fang J, Pang Y, Xu J, Li Z. Identification of Candidate Genes that Affect the Contents of 17 Amino Acids in the Rice Grain Using a Genome-Wide Haplotype Association Study. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 16:40. [PMID: 37713042 PMCID: PMC10504229 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amino acid content (AAC) of the rice grain is one of the most important determinants of nutritional quality in rice. Understanding the genetic basis of grain AAC and mining favorable alleles of target genes for AAC are important for developing new cultivars with improved nutritional quality. RESULTS Using a diverse panel of 164 accessions genotyped by 32 M SNPs derived from 3 K Rice Genome Project, we extracted 1,123,603 high quality SNPs in 44,248 genes and used them to construct haplotypes. We measured the contents of the 17 amino acids that included seven essential amino acids and 10 dispensable amino acids. Through a genome-wide haplotype association study, 261 gene-trait associations containing 174 genes for the 17 components of AAC were detected, and 34 of these genes were associated with at least two components. Furthermore, the associated SNPs in genes were also identified by a traditional genome-wide association study to identify the key natural variations in the specific genes. CONCLUSIONS The genome-wide haplotype association study allowed us to detected candidate genes directly and to identify key natural genetic variation as well. In the present study, twelve genes have been cloned, and 34 genes were associated with at least two components, suggesting that the genome-wide haplotype association study approach used in the current study is an efficient way to identify candidate genes for target traits. The identified candidate genes, favorable haplotypes, and key natural variations affecting AAC provide valuable resources for further functional characterization and genetic improvement of rice nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China
| | - Lihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, National Rice Research Institute, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiachuang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China
| | - Yunlong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China.
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhikang Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
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Ansaf H, Yobi A, Angelovici R. A High-Throughput Absolute Quantification of Protein-Bound Tryptophan from Model and Crop Seeds. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e862. [PMID: 37540782 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
This protocol describes a high-throughput absolute quantification protocol for the aromatic essential amino acid, tryptophan (Trp). This procedure consists of a milligram-scale alkaline hydrolysis followed by an absolute quantification step using a multiple reaction monitoring tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) detection method. The approach facilitates the analysis of a few hundred samples per week by using a 96-well plate extraction setup. Importantly, the method uses only ∼4 mg of tissue per sample and uses the common alkaline hydrolysis protocol, followed by water extraction that includes L-Trp-d5 as an internal standard to enable the quantification of the absolute level of the bound Trp with high precision, accuracy, and reproducibility. The protocol described herein has been optimized for seed samples for Arabidopsis thaliana, Glycine max, and Zea mays but could be applied to other plant tissues. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Analysis of protein-bound tryptophan from seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Ansaf
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Abou Yobi
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ruthie Angelovici
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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McLean S, Nichols DS, Davies NW. Volatile scent chemicals in the urine of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248961. [PMID: 33784329 PMCID: PMC8009367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The red fox is a highly adaptable mammal that has established itself world-wide in many different environments. Contributing to its success is a social structure based on chemical signalling between individuals. Urine scent marking behaviour has long been known in foxes, but there has not been a recent study of the chemical composition of fox urine. We have used solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze the urinary volatiles in 15 free-ranging wild foxes (2 female) living in farmlands and bush in Victoria, Australia. Foxes here are routinely culled as feral pests, and the urine was collected by bladder puncture soon after death. Compounds were identified from their mass spectra and Kovats retention indices. There were 53 possible endogenous scent compounds, 10 plant-derived compounds and 5 anthropogenic xenobiotics. Among the plant chemicals were several aromatic apocarotenoids previously found in greater abundance in the fox tail gland. They reflect the dietary consumption of carotenoids, essential for optimal health. One third of all the endogenous volatiles were sulfur compounds, a highly odiferous group which included thiols, methylsulfides and polysulfides. Five of the sulfur compounds (3-isopentenyl thiol, 1- and 2-phenylethyl methyl sulfide, octanethiol and benzyl methyl sulfide) have only been found in foxes, and four others (isopentyl methyl sulfide, 3-isopentenyl methyl sulfide, and 1- and 2-phenylethane thiol) only in some canid, mink and skunk species. This indicates that they are not normal mammalian metabolites and have evolved to serve a specific role. This role is for defence in musteloids and most likely for chemical communication in canids. The total production of sulfur compounds varied greatly between foxes (median 1.2, range 0.4–32.3 μg ‘acetophenone equivalents’/mg creatinine) as did the relative abundance of different chemical types. The urinary scent chemistry may represent a highly evolved system of semiochemicals for communication between foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart McLean
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - David S. Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Noel W. Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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5
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Yang Y, Li N, Hui W, Yuan B, Fan P, Liu J, Wang H, Feng D. Seed-specific expression of TaYUC10 significantly increases auxin and protein content in wheat seeds. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:301-314. [PMID: 33179162 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Present study revealed that specific expression of TaYUC10.3 in wheat young seeds could increase the content of auxin, and protein. Auxin is a vital endogenous hormone in plants, which is involved in the regulation of various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. The flavin-containing monooxygenase encoded by the YUCCA gene is a rate-limiting enzyme in the tryptophan-dependent pathway of auxin synthesis. TaYUC10.3 was identified, cloned and found that it was abundantly expressed in wheat young seeds. In this study, a seed-specific expression vector of TaYUC10.3 was constructed with the promoter of 1Bx17 glutenin subunit gene and transformed wheat using the particle bombardment method. The quantitative RT-PCR showed that TaYUC10.3 was expressed in a large amount in young seeds of the transgenic lines. Plant hormone-targeted metabolomics showed that the auxin content of the transgenic lines was significantly increased compared with controls. The GC / MS non-targeted metabolite multiple statistical analyses showed that the variable importance in projection (VIP) of tryptophan reduced in the transgenic lines. Simultaneously, the VIP of indole acetic acid increased. The precursor amino acids for synthesizing some proteins and carbohydrates were upregulated in the transgenic lines. Subsequently, it was found that the protein content of the seeds of the transgenic TaYUC10.3 wheat was significantly higher than that of the control. The wet gluten content and sedimentation value of the transgenic TaYUC10.3 wheat were also high. This result indicated that TaYUC10.3 might participate in auxin synthesis and affects the protein content of wheat seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Wenrong Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Binjie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Pan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jingxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Honggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Deshun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Abstract
Dietary proteins have been used for years to treat obesity. Body weight loss is beneficial when it concerns fat mass, but loss of fat free mass - especially muscle might be detrimental. This occurs because protein breakdown predominates over synthesis, thus administering anabolic dietary compounds like proteins might counter fat free mass loss while allowing for fat mass loss.Indeed, varying the quantity of proteins will decrease muscle anabolic response and increase hyperphagia in rodents fed a low protein diet; but it will favor lean mass maintenance and promote satiety, in certain age groups of humans fed a high protein diet. Beyond protein quantity, protein source is an important metabolic regulator: whey protein and plant based diets exercize favorable effects on the risk of developing obesity, body composition, metabolic parameters or fat free mass preservation of obese patients. Specific amino-acids like branched chain amino acids (BCAA), methionine, tryptophan and its metabolites, and glutamate can also positively influence parameters and complications of obesity especially in rodent models, with less studies translating this in humans.Tuning the quality and quantity of proteins or even specific amino-acids can thus be seen as a potential therapeutic intervention on the body composition, metabolic syndrome parameters and appetite regulation of obese patients. Since these effects vary across age groups and much of the data comes from murine models, long-term prospective studies modulating proteins and amino acids in the human diet are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Simonson
- UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, CRNH Auvergne, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, CRNH Auvergne, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Christelle Guillet
- UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, CRNH Auvergne, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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7
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Ahmad R, Ishaque W, Khan M, Ashraf U, Riaz MA, Ghulam S, Ahmad A, Rizwan M, Ali S, Alkahtani S, Abdel-Daim MM. Relief Role of Lysine Chelated Zinc (Zn) on 6-Week-Old Maize Plants under Tannery Wastewater Irrigation Stress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5161. [PMID: 32708934 PMCID: PMC7400338 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tannery wastewater mainly comes from leather industries. It has high organic load, high salinity, and many other pollutants, including chromium (Cr). Tannery wastewater is generally used for crop irrigation in some areas of Pakistan and worldwide, due to the low availability of good quality of irrigation water. As tannery wastewater has many nutrients in it, its lower concentration benefits the plant growth, but at a higher concentration, it damages the plants. Chromium in tannery wastewater accumulates in plants, and causes stress at physiological and biochemical levels. In recent times, the role of micronutrient-amino acid chelated compounds has been found to be helpful in reducing abiotic stress in plants. In our present study, we used lysine chelated zinc (Zn-lys) as foliar application on maize (Zea mays L.), growing in different concentrations of tannery wastewater. Zinc (Zn) is required by plants for growth, and lysine is an essential amino acid. Maize plants were grown in tannery wastewater in four concentrations (0, 25%, 50%, and 100%) and Zn-lys was applied as a foliar spray in three concentrations (0 mM, 12.5 mM, and 25 mM) during plant growth. Plants were cautiously harvested right after 6 weeks of treatment. Foliar spray of Zn-lys on maize increased the biomass and improved the plant growth. Photosynthetic pigments such as total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and contents of carotenoids also increased with Zn-lys application. In contrast to control plants, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents were increased up to 12%, 50%, and 68% in leaves, as well as 16%, 51% and 89% in roots at 25%, 50%, and 100% tannery water application, respectively, without Zn-lys treatments. Zn-lys significantly reduced the damages caused by oxidative stress in maize plant by decreasing the overproduction of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) in maize that were produced, due to the application of high amount of tannery wastewater alone. The total free amino acids and soluble protein decreased by 10%, 31% and 64% and 18%, 61% and 122% at 25%, 50% and 100% tannery water treatment. Zn-lys application increased the amino acids production and antioxidant activities in maize plants. Zn contents increased, and Cr contents decreased, in different parts of plants with Zn-lys application. Overall, a high concentration of tannery wastewater adversely affected the plant growth, but the supplementation of Zn-lys assertively affected the plant growth and enhanced the nutritional quality, by enhancing Zn and decreasing Cr levels in plants simultaneously irrigated with tannery wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (R.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Wajid Ishaque
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (W.I.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Mumtaz Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (R.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Atif Riaz
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (W.I.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Said Ghulam
- Department of Soil Science, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan;
| | - Awais Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.M.A.-D.)
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.M.A.-D.)
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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8
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Wang S, Nosworthy MG, House JD, Niefer SH, Nickerson MT. Effect of barrel temperature and feed moisture on protein quality in pre-cooked Kabuli chickpea, sorghum, and maize flours. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2019; 26:265-274. [PMID: 31726873 DOI: 10.1177/1082013219887635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of barrel temperature (120 and 150 ℃, held constant in zones 4-6) and feed moisture (20 and 24%) on the protein quality of Kabuli chickpea, sorghum, and maize flours were examined, which included amino acid profile, in vitro protein digestibility and in vitro protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (IV-PDCAAS). It was found that the limiting amino acid of chickpea changed from threonine to valine after extrusion, whereas both sorghum and maize were limiting in lysine before and after extrusion. The in vitro protein digestibility increased from 77 to 81% for chickpea and 73 to 76% for maize; values for sorghum remained at 74% after extrusion. However, the IV-PDCAAS for the extruded flours generally remained at the same level, 69% for chickpea, 22% for sorghum, and ∼35% for maize. The effect of extrusion temperature, moisture and their interaction was significant on protein quality of sorghum and maize, but in the case of chickpea, only the extrusion temperature was significant. Only chickpea extruded at 150 ℃ (regardless of the moisture) met the protein quality (PDCAAS > 70%) requirement to be used in food assistance products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Wang
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Matthew G Nosworthy
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - James D House
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Michael T Nickerson
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Katz DL, Doughty KN, Geagan K, Jenkins DA, Gardner CD. Perspective: The Public Health Case for Modernizing the Definition of Protein Quality. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:755-764. [PMID: 31066877 PMCID: PMC6743844 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevailing definitions of protein quality are predicated on considerations of biochemistry and metabolism rather than the net effects on human health or the environment of specific food sources of protein. In the vernacular, higher "quality" equates to desirability. This implication is compounded by sequential, societal trends in which first dietary fat and then dietary carbohydrate were vilified during recent decades, leaving dietary protein under an implied halo. The popular concept that protein is "good" and that the more the better, coupled with a protein quality definition that favors meat, fosters the impression that eating more meat, as well as eggs and dairy, is desirable and preferable. This message, however, is directly opposed to current Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which encourage consumption of more plant foods and less meat, and at odds with the literature on the environmental impacts of foods, from carbon emissions to water utilization, which decisively favor plant protein sources. Thus, the message conveyed by the current definitions of protein quality is at odds with imperatives of public and planetary health alike. We review the relevant literature in this context and make the case that the definition of protein quality is both misleading and antiquated. We propose a modernized definition that incorporates the quality of health and environmental outcomes associated with specific food sources of protein. We demonstrate how such an approach can be adapted into a metric and applied to the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Katz
- Yale–Griffin Prevention Research Center, Griffin Hospital and Yale School of Public Health, Derby, CT
| | - Kimberly N Doughty
- Yale–Griffin Prevention Research Center, Griffin Hospital and Yale School of Public Health, Derby, CT,Address correspondence to KND (e-mail: )
| | | | - David A Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Watanabe M, Hoefgen R. Sulphur systems biology-making sense of omics data. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4155-4170. [PMID: 31404467 PMCID: PMC6698701 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Systems biology approaches have been applied over the last two decades to study plant sulphur metabolism. These 'sulphur-omics' approaches have been developed in parallel with the advancing field of systems biology, which is characterized by permanent improvements of high-throughput methods to obtain system-wide data. The aim is to obtain a holistic view of sulphur metabolism and to generate models that allow predictions of metabolic and physiological responses. Besides known sulphur-responsive genes derived from previous studies, numerous genes have been identified in transcriptomics studies. This has not only increased our knowledge of sulphur metabolism but has also revealed links between metabolic processes, thus indicating a previously unexpected complex interconnectivity. The identification of response and control networks has been supported through metabolomics and proteomics studies. Due to the complex interlacing nature of biological processes, experimental validation using targeted or systems approaches is ongoing. There is still room for improvement in integrating the findings from studies of metabolomes, proteomes, and metabolic fluxes into a single unifying concept and to generate consistent models. We therefore suggest a joint effort of the sulphur research community to standardize data acquisition. Furthermore, focusing on a few different model plant systems would help overcome the problem of fragmented data, and would allow us to provide a standard data set against which future experiments can be designed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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11
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Amir R, Cohen H, Hacham Y. Revisiting the attempts to fortify methionine content in plant seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4105-4114. [PMID: 30911752 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur-containing amino acid methionine belongs to the group of essential amino acids, meaning that humans and animals must consume it in their diets. However, plant seeds have low levels of methionine, limiting their nutritional potential. For this reason, efforts have been made over the years to increase methionine levels in seeds. Here, we summarize these efforts and focus particularly on those utilizing diverse genetic and molecular tools. Four main approaches are described: (i) expression of methionine-rich storage proteins in a seed-specific manner to incorporate more soluble methionine into the protein fraction; (ii) reduction of methionine-poor storage proteins inside the seeds to reinforce the accumulation of methionine-rich proteins; (iii) silencing methionine catabolic enzymes; and (iv) up-regulation of key biosynthetic enzymes participating in methionine synthesis. We focus on the biosynthetic genes that operate de novo in seeds and that belong to the sulfur assimilation and aspartate family pathways, as well as genes from the methionine-specific pathway. We also include those enzymes that operate in non-seed tissues that contribute to the accumulation of methionine in seeds, such as S-methylmethionine enzymes. Finally, we discuss the biotechnological potential of these manipulations to increase methionine content in plant seeds and their effect on seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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12
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Matityahu I, Godo I, Hacham Y, Amir R. The level of threonine in tobacco seeds is limited by substrate availability, while the level of methionine is limited also by the activity of cystathionine γ-synthase. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:195-201. [PMID: 31128689 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methionine and threonine are two essential amino acids whose low levels limit the nutritional quality of seeds. The current objective was to define factors that regulate and might increase their levels in seeds. Feeding experiments carried out on receptacles of developing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) capsules showed that 1 mM of S-methylmethionine increased the level of methionine to contents similar to 2.5 mM of homoserine, an intermediate metabolite of the aspartate family of amino acids. The latter also increased the level of threonine. Based on these findings, we generated tobacco seeds that expressed a combination of bacterial feedback-insensitive aspartate kinase (bAK), which was previously reported to have a high level of threonine/methionine, and feedback-insensitive cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS), the regulatory enzyme of the methionine biosynthesis pathway. Plants expressing this latter gene previously showed having higher levels of methionine. The results of total amino acids analysis showed that the level of threonine was highest in the bAK line, which has moderate levels of methionine and lysine, while the highest level of methionine was found in seeds expressing both heterologous genes. The results suggest that the level of threonine in tobacco seeds is limited by the substrate, while that of methionine is limited also by the activity of CGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Matityahu
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel
| | - I Godo
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel
| | - Y Hacham
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 11016, Israel
| | - R Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 11016, Israel.
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Wang S, Nosworthy MG, House JD, Ai Y, Hood‐Niefer S, Nickerson MT. Effect of barrel temperature and feed moisture on the physical properties of chickpea–sorghum and chickpea–maize extrudates, and the functionality and nutritional value of their resultant flours—Part II. Cereal Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Wang
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Matthew G. Nosworthy
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - James D. House
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri‐Food Research in Health and Medicine Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Yongfeng Ai
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Shannon Hood‐Niefer
- Saskatchewan Food Industry Development Centre Inc Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Michael T. Nickerson
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
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Poisson E, Trouverie J, Brunel-Muguet S, Akmouche Y, Pontet C, Pinochet X, Avice JC. Seed Yield Components and Seed Quality of Oilseed Rape Are Impacted by Sulfur Fertilization and Its Interactions With Nitrogen Fertilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:458. [PMID: 31057573 PMCID: PMC6477675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the impact of sulfur (S) availability on the seed yield and nutritional quality of seeds has been demonstrated, its impact coupled with nitrogen (N) availability remains poorly studied in oilseed rape. A deeper knowledge of S and N interactions on seed yield components and seed quality could improve S and N fertilization management in a sustainable manner. To address this question, our goals were to determine the effects of nine different S fertilization management strategies (i) in interaction with different levels of N fertilization and (ii) according to the timing of application (by delaying and fractionating the S inputs) on agronomic performances and components of seed yield. The impact of these various managements of S and N fertilizations was also investigated on the seed quality with a focus on the composition of SSPs (mainly represented by napins and cruciferins). Our results highlighted synergetic effects on S and N use efficiencies at optimum rates of S and N inputs and antagonistic effects at excessive rates of one of the two elements. The data indicated that adjustment of S and N fertilization may lead to high seed yield and seed protein quality in a sustainable manner, especially in the context of reductions in N inputs. Delaying S inputs improved the seed protein quality by significantly increasing the relative abundance of napin (a SSP rich in S-containing amino acids) and decreasing the level of a cruciferin at 30 kDa (a SSP with low content of S-amino acids). These observations suggest that fractionated or delayed S fertilizer inputs could provide additional insights into the development of N and S management strategies to maintain or improve seed yield and protein quality. Our results also demonstrated that the S% in seeds and the napin:30 kDa-cruciferin ratio are highly dependent on S/N fertilization in relation to S supply. In addition, we observed a strong relationship between S% in seeds and the abundance of napin as well as the napin:30 kDa-cruciferin ratio, suggesting that S% may be used as a relevant index for the determination of protein quality in seeds in terms of S-containing amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Poisson
- UMR Ecophysiologie Végétale et Agronomie (EVA), Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, SFR Normandie Végétal (FED4277), Caen, France
| | - Jacques Trouverie
- UMR Ecophysiologie Végétale et Agronomie (EVA), Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, SFR Normandie Végétal (FED4277), Caen, France
| | - S. Brunel-Muguet
- UMR Ecophysiologie Végétale et Agronomie (EVA), Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, SFR Normandie Végétal (FED4277), Caen, France
| | - Yacine Akmouche
- UMR Ecophysiologie Végétale et Agronomie (EVA), Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, SFR Normandie Végétal (FED4277), Caen, France
| | - Célia Pontet
- Terres Inovia, Centre de Recherche INRA de Toulouse, Bâtiment AGIR, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Xavier Pinochet
- Terres Inovia, Direction Etudes et Recherches, Campus INRA Agro ParisTech, Thiverval Grignon, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Avice
- UMR Ecophysiologie Végétale et Agronomie (EVA), Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, SFR Normandie Végétal (FED4277), Caen, France
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15
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Zhao M, Wang W, Wei L, Chen P, Yuan F, Wang Z, Ying X. Molecular evolution and expression divergence of three key Met biosynthetic genes in plants: CGS, HMT and MMT. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6023. [PMID: 30533310 PMCID: PMC6284425 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine (Met) is an essential sulfur-containing amino acid in animals. Cereal and legume crops with limiting levels of Met represent the major food and feed sources for animals. In plants, cystathionine gamma-synthase (CGS), methionine methyltransferase (MMT) and homocysteine methyltransferase (HMT) are committing enzymes synergistically synthesizing Met through the aspartate (Asp) family pathway and the S-methylmethionine (SMM) cycle. The biological functions of CGS, MMT and HMT genes have been respectively studied, whereas their evolution patterns and their contribution to the evolution of Met biosynthetic pathway in plants are unknown. In the present study, to reveal their evolution patterns and contribution, the evolutionary relationship of CGS, MMT and HMT gene families were reconstructed. The results showed that MMTs began in the ancestor of the land plants and kept conserved during evolution, while the CGSs and HMTs had diverged. The CGS genes were divided into two branches in the angiosperms, Class 1 and Class 2, of which Class 2 only contained the grasses. However, the HMT genes diverged into Class 1 and Class 2 in all of the seed plants. Further, the gene structure analysis revealed that the CGSs, MMTs and HMTs were relatively conserved except for the CGSs in Class 2. According to the expression of CGS, HMT and MMT genes in soybeans, as well as in the database of soybean, rice and Arabidopsis, the expression patterns of the MMTs were shown to be consistently higher in leaves than in seeds. However, the expression of CGSs and HMTs had diverged, either expressed higher in leaves or seeds, or showing fluctuated expression. Additionally, the functions of HMT genes had diverged into the repair of S-adenosylmethionine and SMM catabolism during the evolution. The results indicated that the CGS and HMT genes have experienced partial subfunctionalization. Finally, given the evolution and expression of the CGS, HMT and MMT gene families, we built the evolutionary model of the Met biosynthetic pathways in plants. The model proposed that the Asp family pathway existed in all the plant lineages, while the SMM cycle began in the ancestor of land plants and then began to diverge in the ancestor of seed plants. The model suggested that the evolution of Met biosynthetic pathway is basically consistent with that of plants, which might be vital to the growth and development of different botanical lineages during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengjie Yuan
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxian Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Ethylene -dependent and -independent superficial scald resistance mechanisms in 'Granny Smith' apple fruit. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11436. [PMID: 30061655 PMCID: PMC6065312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Superficial scald is a major physiological disorder of apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) characterized by skin browning following cold storage; however, knowledge regarding the downstream processes that modulate scald phenomenon is unclear. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying scald resistance, ‘Granny Smith’ apples after harvest were treated with diphenylamine (DPA) or 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), then cold stored (0 °C for 3 months) and subsequently were ripened at room temperature (20 °C for 8 days). Phenotypic and physiological data indicated that both chemical treatments induced scald resistance while 1-MCP inhibited the ethylene-dependent ripening. A combination of multi-omic analysis in apple skin tissue enabled characterization of potential genes, proteins and metabolites that were regulated by DPA and 1-MCP at pro-symptomatic and scald-symptomatic period. Specifically, we characterized strata of scald resistance responses, among which we focus on selected pathways including dehydroabietic acid biosynthesis and UDP-D-glucose regulation. Through this approach, we revealed scald-associated transcriptional, proteomic and metabolic signatures and identified pathways modulated by the common or distinct functions of DPA and 1-MCP. Also, evidence is presented supporting that cytosine methylation-based epigenetic regulation is involved in scald resistance. Results allow a greater comprehension of the ethylene–dependent and –independent metabolic events controlling scald resistance.
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Bai T, Nosworthy MG, House JD, Nickerson MT. Effect of tempering moisture and infrared heating temperature on the nutritional properties of desi chickpea and hull-less barley flours, and their blends. Food Res Int 2018; 108:430-439. [PMID: 29735077 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The impact of infrared heating surface temperature and tempering moisture on the nutritional properties of desi chickpea, hull-less barley, and their blends were examined. Specifically, this included changes to the level of anti-nutritive factors (i.e., trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitors, total phenolics and condensed tannins), amino acid composition and in vitro protein digestibility. Results indicated that both temperature and the tempering/temperature treatment caused a reduction in levels of all anti-nutritional factors for both flours, and the effect was more prominent in the tempering-temperature combination. The amino acid composition of both flours was not substantially changed with tempering or infrared heating. The amino acid scores (AAS) of chickpea and barley flours, as determined by the first limiting amino acid using the FAO/WHO reference pattern found in the case of barley to be limiting in lysine with an AAS of ~0.9, whereas for chickpea flour, threonine was limiting and had an AAS of ~0.6. The in vitro protein digestibility of chickpea samples was found to increase from 76% to 79% with the tempering-heat (135 °C) combination, whereas barley flour increased from 72% to 79% when directly heated to 135 °C (without tempering). In vitro protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (IV-PDCAAS) was found to increase from 65% to 71% for chickpea flour and 44% to 52% for barley flour, respectively with tempering-temperature (135 °C) combination indicating that tempering with infrared heating can improve the nutritional value of both flours. The addition of chickpea flour to the barley flour acted to improve the nutritional properties (IV-PDCAAS), to an extent depending on the concentration of chickpea flour present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Bai
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Matthew G Nosworthy
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - James D House
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michael T Nickerson
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Smolinska B, Szczodrowska A, Leszczynska J. Protein changes in Lepidium sativum L. exposed to Hg during soil phytoremediation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:765-773. [PMID: 28448157 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1284754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some investigations have been carried out in this study to find the best technique of soil reclamation in mercurypolluted soil. In this study, we examined Lepidium sativum L. as a plant useful for Hg phytoextraction. The simultaneous application of compost and thiosulfate was explored as a possible method of enhancing the process of phytoextraction. The results of the investigations of plant protein changes during assisted Hg phytoextraction were also provided. The results of the study show that combined use of compost and thiosulfate significantly increased both the total Hg accumulation and its translocation to aerial plant tissues. Plant protein analysis showed that L. sativum L. has the ability to respond to environmental stress condition by the activation of additional proteins. The additional proteins, like homocysteine methyltransferase, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylases (long and short chains), 14-3-3-like protein, and biosynthesis-related 40S ribosomal protein S15, were activated in plant shoots only in experiments carried out in Hg-polluted soil. There were no protein changes observed in plants exposed to compost and thiosulfate. It suggests that the combined use of compost and thiosulfate decreased Hg toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Smolinska
- a Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Institute of General Food Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szczodrowska
- a Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Institute of General Food Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Joanna Leszczynska
- a Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Institute of General Food Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
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19
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Hacham Y, Matityahu I, Amir R. Transgenic tobacco plants having a higher level of methionine are more sensitive to oxidative stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:242-252. [PMID: 28233326 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Methionine is an essential amino acid the low level of which limits the nutritional quality of plants. We formerly produced transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants overexpressing CYSTATHIONE γ-SYNTHASE (CGS) (FA plants), methionine's main regulatory enzyme. These plants accumulate significantly higher levels of methionine compared with wild-type (WT) plants. The aim of this study was to gain more knowledge about the effect of higher methionine content on the metabolic profile of vegetative tissue and on the morphological and physiological phenotypes. FA plants exhibit slightly reduced growth, and metabolic profiling analysis shows that they have higher contents of stress-related metabolites. Despite this, FA plants were more sensitive to short- and long-term oxidative stresses. In addition, compared with WT plants and transgenic plants expressing an empty vector, the primary metabolic profile of FA was altered less during oxidative stress. Based on morphological and metabolic phenotypes, we strongly proposed that FA plants having higher levels of methionine suffer from stress under non-stress conditions. This might be one of the reasons for their lesser ability to cope with oxidative stress when it appeared. The observation that their metabolic profiling is much less responsive to stress compared with control plants indicates that the delta changes in metabolite contents between non-stress and stress conditions is important for enabling the plants to cope with stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Hacham
- Department of Plant Science, Migal Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 11016, Israel
| | - Ifat Matityahu
- Department of Plant Science, Migal Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- Department of Plant Science, Migal Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 11016, Israel
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Yang Q, Wu H, Li Q, Duan R, Zhang C, Sun SS, Liu Q. Characterization of Agronomy, Grain Physicochemical Quality, and Nutritional Property of High-Lysine 35R Transgenic Rice with Simultaneous Modification of Lysine Biosynthesis and Catabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4296-4304. [PMID: 28497959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysine is the first limiting essential amino acid in rice. We previously constructed a series of transgenic rice lines to enhance lysine biosynthesis (35S), down-regulate its catabolism (Ri), or simultaneously achieve both metabolic effects (35R). In this study, nine transgenic lines, three from each group, were selected for both field and animal feeding trials. The results showed that the transgene(s) caused no obvious effects on field performance and main agronomic traits. Mature seeds of transgenic line 35R-17 contained 48-60-fold more free lysine than in wild type and had slightly lower apparent amylose content and softer gel consistency. Moreover, a 35-day feeding experiment showed that the body weight gain, food efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio of rats fed the 35R-17 transgenic rice diet were improved when compared with those fed wild-type rice diet. These data will be useful for further evaluation and potential commercialization of 35R high-lysine transgenic rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ruxu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Samuel Saiming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009, China
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Cohen H, Salmon A, Tietel Z, Hacham Y, Amir R. The relative contribution of genes operating in the S-methylmethionine cycle to methionine metabolism in Arabidopsis seeds. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:731-743. [PMID: 28289884 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes operating in the S -methylmethionine cycle make a differential contribution to methionine synthesis in seeds. In addition, mutual effects exist between the S -methylmethionine cycle and the aspartate family pathway in seeds. Methionine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is a key metabolite in plant cells. The previous lines of evidence proposed that the S-methylmethionine (SMM) cycle contributes to methionine synthesis in seeds where methionine that is produced in non-seed tissues is converted to SMM and then transported via the phloem into the seeds. However, the relative regulatory roles of the S-methyltransferases operating within this cycle in seeds are yet to be fully understood. In the current study, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis seeds with altered expression of three HOMOCYSTEINE S-METHYLTRANSFERASEs (HMTs) and METHIONINE S-METHYLTRANSFERASE (MMT), and profiled them for transcript and metabolic changes. The results revealed that AtHMT1 and AtHMT3, but not AtHMT2 and AtMMT, are the predominant enzymes operating in seeds as altered expression of these two genes affected the levels of methionine and SMM in transgenic seeds. Their manipulations resulted in adapted expression level of genes participating in methionine synthesis through the SMM and aspartate family pathways. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the regulatory roles of the SMM cycle and the mutual effects existing between the two methionine biosynthesis pathways, highlighting the complexity of the metabolism of methionine and SMM in seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Cohen
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, 12100, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Asaf Salmon
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, 12100, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, 11016, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Zipora Tietel
- Gilat Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Negev, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, 12100, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, 12100, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.
- Tel-Hai College, 11016, Upper Galilee, Israel.
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Yang QQ, He XY, Wu HY, Zhang CQ, Zou SY, Lang TQ, Sun SSM, Liu QQ. Subchronic feeding study of high-free-lysine transgenic rice in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:214-222. [PMID: 28442410 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysine is considered to be the first essential amino acid in rice. An elite High-Free-Lysine transgenic line HFL1 was previously produced by metabolic engineering to regulate lysine metabolism. In this study, a 90-day toxicology experiment was undertaken to investigate the potential health effect of feeding different doses of HFL1 rice to Sprague-Dawley rats. During the trial, body weight gain, food consumption and food efficiency were recorded, and no adverse effect was observed in rats fed transgenic (T) rice diets compared with non-transgenic (N) or control diets. At both midterm and final assessments, hematological parameters and serum chemistry were measured, and organ weights and histopathology were examined at the end of the trial. There was no diet-related difference in most hematological or serum chemistry parameters or organ weights between rats fed the T diets and those fed the N or control diets. Some parameters were found to differ between T groups and their corresponding N and/or control groups, but no adverse histological effect was observed. Taken together, the data from the current trial demonstrates that high lysine transgenic rice led to no adverse effect in Sprague-Dawley rats given a diet containing up to 70% HFL1 rice in 90 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Yun He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong-Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shi-Ying Zou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tian-Qi Lang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Samuel Sai-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Yang QQ, Zhang CQ, Chan ML, Zhao DS, Chen JZ, Wang Q, Li QF, Yu HX, Gu MH, Sun SSM, Liu QQ. Biofortification of rice with the essential amino acid lysine: molecular characterization, nutritional evaluation, and field performance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4285-96. [PMID: 27252467 PMCID: PMC5301931 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.), a major staple crop worldwide, has limited levels of the essential amino acid lysine. We previously produced engineered rice with increased lysine content by expressing bacterial aspartate kinase and dihydrodipicolinate synthase and inhibiting rice lysine ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase activity. However, the grain quality, field performance, and integration patterns of the transgenes in these lysine-enriched lines remain unclear. In the present study, we selected several elite transgenic lines with endosperm-specific or constitutive regulation of the above key enzymes but lacking the selectable marker gene. All target transgenes were integrated into the intragenic region in the rice genome. Two pyramid transgenic lines (High Free Lysine; HFL1 and HFL2) with free lysine levels in seeds up to 25-fold that of wild type were obtained via a combination of the above two transgenic events. We observed a dramatic increase in total free amino acids and a slight increase in total protein content in both pyramid lines. Moreover, the general physicochemical properties were improved in pyramid transgenic rice, but the starch composition was not affected. Field trials indicated that the growth of HFL transgenic rice was normal, except for a slight difference in plant height and grain colour. Taken together, these findings will be useful for the potential commercialization of high-lysine transgenic rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Man-Ling Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Zhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Heng-Xiu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Hong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Samuel Sai-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Le DT, Chu HD, Le NQ. Improving Nutritional Quality of Plant Proteins Through Genetic Engineering. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:220-9. [PMID: 27252589 PMCID: PMC4869009 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160202215934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals are unable to synthesize essential amino acids such as branch chain amino acids methionine (Met), lysine (Lys) and tryptophan (Trp). Therefore, these amino acids need to be supplied through the diets. Several essential amino acids are deficient or completely lacking among crops used for human food and animal feed. For example, soybean is deficient in Met; Lys and Trp are lacking in maize. In this mini review, we will first summarize the roles of essential amino acids in animal nutrition. Next, we will address the question: “What are the amino acids deficient in various plants and their biosynthesis pathways?” And: “What approaches are being used to improve the availability of essential amino acids in plants?” The potential targets for metabolic engineering will also be discussed, including what has already been done and what remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Tien Le
- National Key Laboratory of Plant and Cell Technology, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Vietnam Academy of Agricul-tural Science, Pham Van Dong Str., Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Duc Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant and Cell Technology, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Vietnam Academy of Agricul-tural Science, Pham Van Dong Str., Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Quynh Le
- National Key Laboratory of Plant and Cell Technology, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Vietnam Academy of Agricul-tural Science, Pham Van Dong Str., Hanoi, Vietnam
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Galili G, Amir R, Fernie AR. The Regulation of Essential Amino Acid Synthesis and Accumulation in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:153-78. [PMID: 26735064 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although amino acids are critical for all forms of life, only proteogenic amino acids that humans and animals cannot synthesize de novo and therefore must acquire in their diets are classified as essential. Nine amino acids-lysine, methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and histidine-fit this definition. Despite their nutritional importance, several of these amino acids are present in limiting quantities in many of the world's major crops. In recent years, a combination of reverse genetic and biochemical approaches has been used to define the genes encoding the enzymes responsible for synthesizing, degrading, and regulating these amino acids. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the metabolism of the essential amino acids, discuss approaches for enhancing their levels in plants, and appraise efforts toward their biofortification in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Galili
- Department of Plant Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
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26
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Christensen CD, Hofmeyr JHS, Rohwer JM. Tracing regulatory routes in metabolism using generalised supply-demand analysis. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:89. [PMID: 26635009 PMCID: PMC4669674 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Generalised supply-demand analysis is a conceptual framework that views metabolism as a molecular economy. Metabolic pathways are partitioned into so-called supply and demand blocks that produce and consume a particular intermediate metabolite. By studying the response of these reaction blocks to perturbations in the concentration of the linking metabolite, different regulatory routes of interaction between the metabolite and its supply and demand blocks can be identified and their contribution quantified. These responses are mediated not only through direct substrate/product interactions, but also through allosteric effects. Here we subject previously published kinetic models of pyruvate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis and aspartate-derived amino acid synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana to generalised supply-demand analysis. Results Multiple routes of regulation are brought about by different mechanisms in each model, leading to behavioural and regulatory patterns that are generally difficult to predict from simple inspection of the reaction networks depicting the models. In the pyruvate model the moiety-conserved cycles of ATP/ADP and NADH/NAD + allow otherwise independent metabolic branches to communicate. This causes the flux of one ATP-producing reaction block to increase in response to an increasing ATP/ADP ratio, while an NADH-consuming block flux decreases in response to an increasing NADH/NAD + ratio for certain ratio value ranges. In the aspartate model, aspartate semialdehyde can inhibit its supply block directly or by increasing the concentration of two amino acids (Lys and Thr) that occur as intermediates in demand blocks and act as allosteric inhibitors of isoenzymes in the supply block. These different routes of interaction from aspartate semialdehyde are each seen to contribute differently to the regulation of the aspartate semialdehyde supply block. Conclusions Indirect routes of regulation between a metabolic intermediate and a reaction block that either produces or consumes this intermediate can play a much larger regulatory role than routes mediated through direct interactions. These indirect routes of regulation can also result in counter-intuitive metabolic behaviour. Performing generalised supply-demand analysis on two previously published models demonstrated the utility of this method as an entry point in the analysis of metabolic behaviour and the potential for obtaining novel results from previously analysed models by using new approaches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0236-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D Christensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Jan-Hendrik S Hofmeyr
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa. .,Centre for Studies in Complexity, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Johann M Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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Birla DS, Malik K, Sainger M, Chaudhary D, Jaiwal R, Jaiwal PK. Progress and challenges in improving the nutritional quality of rice (Oryza sativaL.). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:2455-2481. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1084992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deep Shikha Birla
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Kapil Malik
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Manish Sainger
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Darshna Chaudhary
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Ranjana Jaiwal
- Department of Zoology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Pawan K. Jaiwal
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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28
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Kumar A, Dwivedi S, Singh RP, Chakrabarty D, Mallick S, Trivedi PK, Adhikari B, Tripathi RD. Evaluation of amino acid profile in contrasting arsenic accumulating rice genotypes under arsenic stress. BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 58:733-742. [DOI: 10.1007/s10535-014-0435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
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Abstract
Sulfur is the seventh most abundant element measurable in the human body and is supplied mainly by the intake of methionine (Met), an indispensable amino acid found in plant and animal proteins. Met controls the initiation of protein synthesis, governs major metabolic and catalytic activities, and may undergo reversible redox processes safeguarding protein integrity. Withdrawal of Met from customary diets causes the greatest downsizing of lean body mass following either unachieved replenishment (malnutrition) or excessive losses (inflammation). These physiopathologically unrelated morbidities nevertheless stimulate comparable remethylation reactions from homocysteine, indicating that Met homeostasis benefits from high metabolic priority. Inhibition of cystathionine-β-synthase activity causes the upstream sequestration of homocysteine and the downstream drop in cysteine and glutathione. Consequently, the enzymatic production of hydrogen sulfide and the nonenzymatic reduction of elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide are impaired. Sulfur operates as cofactor of several enzymes critically involved in the regulation of oxidative processes. A combination of malnutrition and nutritional deprivation of sulfur maximizes the risk of cardiovascular disorders and stroke, constituting a novel clinical entity that threatens plant-eating population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Ingenbleek
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France.
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30
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Galili G, Amir R. Fortifying plants with the essential amino acids lysine and methionine to improve nutritional quality. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:211-22. [PMID: 23279001 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Humans, as well as farm animals, cannot synthesize a number of essential amino acids, which are critical for their survival. Hence, these organisms must obtain these essential amino acids from their diets. Cereal and legume crops, which represent the major food and feed sources for humans and livestock worldwide, possess limiting levels of some of these essential amino acids, particularly Lys and Met. Extensive efforts were made to fortify crop plants with these essential amino acids using traditional breeding and mutagenesis. However, aside from some results obtained with maize, none of these approaches was successful. Therefore, additional efforts using genetic engineering approaches concentrated on increasing the synthesis and reducing the catabolism of these essential amino acids and also on the expression of recombinant proteins enriched in them. In the present review, we discuss the basic biological aspects associated with the synthesis and accumulation of these amino acids in plants and also describe recent developments associated with the fortification of crop plants with essential amino acids by genetic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Galili
- Department of Plant Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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31
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Liu Z, Li Y, Zhao J, Chen X, Jian G, Peng Y, Qi F. Differentially expressed genes distributed over chromosomes and implicated in certain biological processes for site insertion genetically modified rice Kemingdao. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:953-63. [PMID: 22811617 PMCID: PMC3399318 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Release of genetically modified (GM) plants has sparked off intensive debates worldwide partly because of concerns about potential adverse unintended effects of GM plants to the agro system and the safety of foods. In this study, with the aim of revealing the molecular basis for unintended effects of a single site insertion GM Kemingdao (KMD) rice transformed with a synthetic cry1Ab gene, and bridging unintended effects of KMD rice through clues of differentially expressed genes, comparative transcriptome analyses were performed for GM KMD rice and its parent rice of Xiushui11 (XS11). The results showed that 680 differentially expressed transcripts were identified from 30-day old seedlings of GM KMD rice. The absolute majority of these changed expression transcripts dispersed and located over all rice chromosomes, and existed physical distance on chromosome from the insertion site, while only two transcripts were found to be differentially expressed within the 21 genes located within 100 kb up and down-stream of the insertion site. Pathway and biology function analyses further revealed that differentially expressed transcripts of KMD rice were involved in certain biological processes, and mainly implicated in two types of pathways. One type was pathways implicated in plant stress/defense responses, which were considerably in coordination with the reported unintended effects of KMD rice, which were more susceptible to rice diseases compared to its parent rice XS11; the other type was pathways associated with amino acids metabolism. With this clue, new unintended effects for changes in amino acids synthesis of KMD rice leaves were successfully revealed. Such that an actual case was firstly provided for identification of unintended effects in GM plants by comparative transciptome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 West Yuan Ming Yuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Fangjun Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 West Yuan Ming Yuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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32
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Alberstein M, Eisenstein M, Abeliovich H. Removing allosteric feedback inhibition of tomato 4-coumarate:CoA ligase by directed evolution. THE PLANT JOURNAL 2012; 69:57-69. [PMID: 21883557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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33
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Hell R, Wirtz M. Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Cellular Physiology of Cysteine Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0154. [PMID: 22303278 PMCID: PMC3268551 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine is one of the most versatile molecules in biology, taking over such different functions as catalysis, structure, regulation and electron transport during evolution. Research on Arabidopsis has contributed decisively to the understanding of cysteine synthesis and its role in the assimilatory pathways of S, N and C in plants. The multimeric cysteine synthase complex is present in the cytosol, plastids and mitochondria and forms the centre of a unique metabolic sensing and signaling system. Its association is reversible, rendering the first enzyme of cysteine synthesis active and the second one inactive, and vice-versa. Complex formation is triggered by the reaction intermediates of cysteine synthesis in response to supply and demand and gives rise to regulation of genes of sulfur metabolism to adjust cellular sulfur homeostasis. Combinations of biochemistry, forward and reverse genetics, structural- and cell-biology approaches using Arabidopsis have revealed new enzyme functions and the unique pattern of spatial distribution of cysteine metabolism in plant cells. These findings place the synthesis of cysteine in the centre of the network of primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Inbar E, Canepa GE, Carrillo C, Glaser F, Suter Grotemeyer M, Rentsch D, Zilberstein D, Pereira CA. Lysine transporters in human trypanosomatid pathogens. Amino Acids 2010; 42:347-60. [PMID: 21170560 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we characterized arginine transporter genes from Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani, the etiological agents of chagas disease and kala azar, respectively, both fatal diseases in humans. Unlike arginine transporters in higher eukaryotes that transport also lysine, these parasite transporters translocate only arginine. This phenomenon prompted us to identify and characterize parasite lysine transporters. Here we demonstrate that LdAAP7 and TcAAP7 encode lysine-specific permeases in L. donovani and T. cruzi, respectively. These two lysine permeases are both members of the large amino acid/auxin permease family and share certain biochemical properties, such as specificity and Km. However, we evidence that LdAAP7 and TcAAP7 differ in their regulation and localization, such differences are likely a reflection of the dissimilar L. donovani and T. cruzi life cycles. Failed attempts to delete both alleles of LdAAP7 support the premise that this is an essential gene that encodes the only lysine permeases expressed in L. donovani promastigotes and T. cruzi epimastigotes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Inbar
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
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35
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Li Z, Moon BP, Xing A, Liu ZB, McCardell RP, Damude HG, Falco SC. Stacking multiple transgenes at a selected genomic site via repeated recombinase-mediated DNA cassette exchanges. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:622-31. [PMID: 20720171 PMCID: PMC2949048 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.160093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recombinase-mediated DNA cassette exchange (RMCE) has been successfully used to insert transgenes at previously characterized genomic sites in plants. Following the same strategy, groups of transgenes can be stacked to the same site through multiple rounds of RMCE. A gene-silencing cassette, designed to simultaneously silence soybean (Glycine max) genes fatty acid ω-6 desaturase 2 (FAD2) and acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase 2 (FATB) to improve oleic acid content, was first inserted by RMCE at a precharacterized genomic site in soybean. Selected transgenic events were subsequently retransformed with the second DNA construct containing a Yarrowia lipolytica diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene (DGAT1) to increase oil content by the enhancement of triacylglycerol biosynthesis and three other genes, a Corynebacterium glutamicum dihydrodipicolinate synthetase gene (DHPS), a barley (Hordeum vulgare) high-lysine protein gene (BHL8), and a truncated soybean cysteine synthase gene (CGS), to improve the contents of the essential amino acids lysine and methionine. Molecular characterization confirmed that the second RMCE successfully stacked the four overexpression cassettes to the previously integrated FAD2-FATB gene-silencing cassette. Phenotypic analyses indicated that all the transgenes expressed expected phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsen Li
- DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, Experimental Station E353, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, USA.
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36
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High-lysine maize: the key discoveries that have made it possible. Amino Acids 2010; 39:979-89. [PMID: 20373119 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Forty-five years ago, a paper published by Mertz et al. (Science 145:279-280, 1964) initiated a revolution in the history of plant protein quality and affected dramatically the study of cereal crop storage proteins. The observation of the high lysine content of the endosperm of the opaque-2 (o2) maize mutant was a key factor in bringing about a new concept in the production of cereal seeds with a high nutritional value. It has been a long and very interesting road with astonishing results over these 45 years. We are now probably about to see the release of commercially engineered high-lysine maize lines. We have decided to pinpoint some key contributions to the science behind high-lysine plants and concentrated on the research done on maize, which is possibly the most complete and simple example to illustrate the advances achieved. However, studies on other plant species such as barley and model species such as tobacco are totally relevant and will be briefly addressed.
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37
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Current understanding of the factors regulating methionine content in vegetative tissues of higher plants. Amino Acids 2010; 39:917-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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38
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Understanding the regulation of aspartate metabolism using a model based on measured kinetic parameters. Mol Syst Biol 2009; 5:271. [PMID: 19455135 PMCID: PMC2694679 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2009.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aspartate-derived amino-acid pathway from plants is well suited for analysing the function of the allosteric network of interactions in branched pathways. For this purpose, a detailed kinetic model of the system in the plant model Arabidopsis was constructed on the basis of in vitro kinetic measurements. The data, assembled into a mathematical model, reproduce in vivo measurements and also provide non-intuitive predictions. A crucial result is the identification of allosteric interactions whose function is not to couple demand and supply but to maintain a high independence between fluxes in competing pathways. In addition, the model shows that enzyme isoforms are not functionally redundant, because they contribute unequally to the flux and its regulation. Another result is the identification of the threonine concentration as the most sensitive variable in the system, suggesting a regulatory role for threonine at a higher level of integration.
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39
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Less H, Galili G. Coordinations between gene modules control the operation of plant amino acid metabolic networks. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2009; 3:14. [PMID: 19171064 PMCID: PMC2646696 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-3-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Being sessile organisms, plants should adjust their metabolism to dynamic changes in their environment. Such adjustments need particular coordination in branched metabolic networks in which a given metabolite can be converted into multiple other metabolites via different enzymatic chains. In the present report, we developed a novel "Gene Coordination" bioinformatics approach and use it to elucidate adjustable transcriptional interactions of two branched amino acid metabolic networks in plants in response to environmental stresses, using publicly available microarray results. Results Using our "Gene Coordination" approach, we have identified in Arabidopsis plants two oppositely regulated groups of "highly coordinated" genes within the branched Asp-family network of Arabidopsis plants, which metabolizes the amino acids Lys, Met, Thr, Ile and Gly, as well as a single group of "highly coordinated" genes within the branched aromatic amino acid metabolic network, which metabolizes the amino acids Trp, Phe and Tyr. These genes possess highly coordinated adjustable negative and positive expression responses to various stress cues, which apparently regulate adjustable metabolic shifts between competing branches of these networks. We also provide evidence implying that these highly coordinated genes are central to impose intra- and inter-network interactions between the Asp-family and aromatic amino acid metabolic networks as well as differential system interactions with other growth promoting and stress-associated genome-wide genes. Conclusion Our novel Gene Coordination elucidates that branched amino acid metabolic networks in plants are regulated by specific groups of highly coordinated genes that possess adjustable intra-network, inter-network and genome-wide transcriptional interactions. We also hypothesize that such transcriptional interactions enable regulatory metabolic adjustments needed for adaptation to the stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Less
- Department of Plant Sciences, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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40
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Taylor M, Chapman R, Beyaert R, Hernández-Sebastià C, Marsolais F. Seed storage protein deficiency improves sulfur amino acid content in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): redirection of sulfur from gamma-glutamyl-S-methyl-cysteine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:5647-54. [PMID: 18588315 DOI: 10.1021/jf800787y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The contents of sulfur amino acids in seeds of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are suboptimal for nutrition. They accumulate large amounts of a gamma-glutamyl dipeptide of S-methyl-cysteine, a nonprotein amino acid that cannot substitute for methionine or cysteine in the diet. Protein accumulation and amino acid composition were characterized in three genetically related lines integrating a progressive deficiency in major seed storage proteins, phaseolin, phytohemagglutinin, and arcelin. Nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur contents were comparable among the three lines. The contents of S-methyl-cysteine and gamma-glutamyl-S-methyl-cysteine were progressively reduced in the mutants. Sulfur was shifted predominantly to the protein cysteine pool, while total methionine was only slightly elevated. Methionine and cystine contents (mg per g protein) were increased by up to ca. 40%, to levels slightly above FAO guidelines on amino acid requirements for human nutrition. These findings may be useful to improve the nutritional quality of common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Taylor
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
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van Beilen JB, Poirier Y. Production of renewable polymers from crop plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:684-701. [PMID: 18476872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a range of biopolymers for purposes such as maintenance of structural integrity, carbon storage, and defense against pathogens and desiccation. Several of these natural polymers are used by humans as food and materials, and increasingly as an energy carrier. In this review, we focus on plant biopolymers that are used as materials in bulk applications, such as plastics and elastomers, in the context of depleting resources and climate change, and consider technical and scientific bottlenecks in the production of novel or improved materials in transgenic or alternative crop plants. The biopolymers discussed are natural rubber and several polymers that are not naturally produced in plants, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates, fibrous proteins and poly-amino acids. In addition, monomers or precursors for the chemical synthesis of biopolymers, such as 4-hydroxybenzoate, itaconic acid, fructose and sorbitol, are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B van Beilen
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Hacham Y, Matityahu I, Schuster G, Amir R. Overexpression of mutated forms of aspartate kinase and cystathionine gamma-synthase in tobacco leaves resulted in the high accumulation of methionine and threonine. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:260-71. [PMID: 18208521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Methionine and threonine are two essential amino acids, the levels of which limit the nutritional quality of plants. Both amino acids diverge from the same branch of the aspartate family biosynthesis pathway; therefore, their biosynthesis pathways compete for the same carbon/amino substrate. To further elucidate the regulation of methionine biosynthesis and seek ways of increasing the levels of these two amino acids, we crossed transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing the bacterial feedback-insensitive aspartate kinase (bAK), containing a significantly higher threonine level, with plants overexpressing Arabidopsis cystathionine gamma-synthase (AtCGS), the first unique enzyme of methionine biosynthesis. Plants co-expressing bAK and the full-length AtCGS (F-AtCGS) have significantly higher methionine and threonine levels compared with the levels found in wild-type plants, but the methionine level does not increase beyond that found in plants expressing F-AtCGS alone. This finding can be explained through the feedback inhibition regulation mediated by the methionine metabolite on the transcript level of AtCGS. To test this assumption, plants expressing bAK were crossed with plants expressing two mutated forms of AtCGS in which the domains responsible for the feedback regulation have been deleted. Indeed, significantly higher methionine contents and its metabolites levels accumulated in the newly produced plants, and the levels of threonine were also significantly higher than in the wild-type plants. The transcript level of the two mutated forms of AtCGS significantly increased when there was a high content of threonine in the plants, suggesting that threonine modulates, probably indirectly, the transcript level of AtCGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Hacham
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 12 100, Israel
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Lee M, Huang T, Toro-Ramos T, Fraga M, Last RL, Jander G. Reduced activity of Arabidopsis thaliana HMT2, a methionine biosynthetic enzyme, increases seed methionine content. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:310-20. [PMID: 18208517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the S-methylmethionine cycle of plants, homocysteine methyltransferase (HMT) catalyzes the formation of two molecules of methionine from homocysteine and S-methylmethionine, and methionine methyltransferase (MMT) catalyzes the formation of methionine from S-methylmethionine using S-adenosylmethionine as a methyl group donor. Somewhat surprisingly, two independently isolated knockdown mutations of HMT2 (At3g63250), one of three Arabidopsis thaliana genes encoding homocysteine methyltransferase, increased free methionine abundance in seeds. Crosses and flower stalk grafting experiments demonstrate that the maternal genotype at the top of the flower stalk determines the seed S-methylmethionine and methionine phenotype of hmt2 mutants. Uptake, transport and inter-conversion of [(13)C]S-methylmethionine and [(13)C]methionine in hmt2, mmt and wild-type plants show that S-methylmethionine is a non-essential intermediate in the movement of methionine from vegetative tissue to the seeds. Together, these results support a model whereby elevated S-methylmethionine in hmt2 vegetative tissue is transported to seeds and either directly or indirectly results in the biosynthesis of additional methionine. Manipulation of the S-methylmethionine cycle may provide a new approach for improving the nutritional value of major grain crops such as rice, as methionine is a limiting essential amino acid for mammalian diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsang Lee
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Metabolism of Methionine in Plants and Phototrophic Bacteria. SULFUR METABOLISM IN PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hacham Y, Song L, Schuster G, Amir R. Lysine enhances methionine content by modulating the expression of S-adenosylmethionine synthase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 51:850-61. [PMID: 17617175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysine and methionine are two essential amino acids whose levels affect the nutritional quality of cereals and legume plants. Both amino acids are synthesized through the aspartate family biosynthesis pathway. Within this family, lysine and methionine are produced by two different branches, the lysine branch and the threonine-methionine branch, which compete for the same carbon/amino substrate. To elucidate the relationship between these biosynthetic branches, we crossed two lines of transgenic tobacco plants: one that overexpresses the feedback-insensitive bacterial enzyme dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHPS) and contains a significantly higher level of lysine, and a second that overexpresses Arabidopsis cystathionine gamma-synthase (AtCGS), the first unique enzyme of methionine biosynthesis. Significantly higher levels of methionine and its metabolite, S-methylmethionine (SMM), accumulated in the newly produced plants compared with plants overexpressing AtCGS alone, while the level of lysine remained the same as in those overexpressing DHPS alone. The increased levels of methionine and SMM were correlated with increases in the mRNA and protein levels of AtCGS and a reduced mRNA level for the genes encoding S-adnosylmethionine (SAM) synthase, which converts methionine to SAM. Reduction in SAMS expression level leads most probably to the reduction of SAM found in plants that feed with lysine. As SAM is a negative regulator of CGS, this reduction leads to higher expression of CGS and consequently to an increased level of methionine. Elucidating the relationship between lysine and methionine synthesis may lead to new ways of producing transgenic crop plants containing increased methionine and lysine levels, thus improving their nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Hacham
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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Lange M, Vincze E, Wieser H, Schjoerring JK, Holm PB. Suppression of C-hordein synthesis in barley by antisense constructs results in a more balanced amino acid composition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:6074-81. [PMID: 17580876 DOI: 10.1021/jf0709505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Barley has for feeding purposes a shortage of essential amino acids, especially lysine, threonine, and methionine, and an excess of proline and glutamine. In the present study, we have introduced into barley an antisense construct against C-hordeins, the storage protein with the lowest nutritional quality. SDS-PAGE and reverse phase HPLC revealed a relative reduction in the amounts of C-hordeins and relative increases in the content of the other storage proteins. The five different lines analyzed had lower amounts of proline, glutamic acid/glutamine, and phenylalanine (up to 12%, 6%, and 9% reductions), while the lysine, threonine, and methionine content was increased with up to 16%, 13% and 11%. It is concluded that antisense mediated suppression of C-hordein synthesis may be a promising approach for improving the nutritional value of barley as a feed crop while at the same time reducing the environmental nitrogen load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Lange
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, University of Aarhus, Forsoegsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
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Rinder J, Casazza AP, Hoefgen R, Hesse H. Regulation of aspartate-derived amino acid homeostasis in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) by expression of E. coli homoserine kinase. Amino Acids 2007; 34:213-22. [PMID: 17624493 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The availability of the carbon backbone O-phosphohomoserine (OPHS) is critical to methionine (met) and threonine (thr) synthesis. OPHS derives from homoserine and is formed by homoserine kinase (HSK). To clarify the function of HSK in cellular metabolism, the E. coli HSK ortholog thrB was expressed in potato plants targeting the EcHSK protein to chloroplasts and to the cytosol. Both approaches resulted in up to 11 times increased total HSK enzyme activity. Transgenic plants exhibited reduced homoserine levels while met and thr did not accumulate significantly. However, the precursor cysteine and upstream intermediates of met such as cystathionine and homocysteine did indicating an accelerated carbon flow towards the end products. Coincidently, plants with elevated cytosolic levels of EcHSK exhibited a reduction in transcript levels of the endogenous HSK, as well as of threonine synthase (TS), cystathionine beta-lyase (CbL), and met synthase (MS). In all plants, cystathionine gamma-synthase (CgS) expression remained relatively unchanged from wild type levels, while S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAMS) expression increased. Feeding studies with externally supplied homoserine fostered the synthesis of met and thr but the regulation of synthesis of both amino acids retained the wild type regulation pattern. The results indicate that excess of plastidial localised HSK activity does not influence the de novo synthesis of met and thr. However, expression of HSK in the cytosol resulted in the down-regulation of gene expression of pathway genes probably mediated via OPHS. We integrated these data in a novel working model describing the regulatory mechanism of met and thr homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rinder
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Golm, Germany
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Stupak M, Vanderschuren H, Gruissem W, Zhang P. Biotechnological approaches to cassava protein improvement. Trends Food Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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