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Ni T, Zhao RH, Wu JF, Li CY, Xue G, Lin X. KLK7, KLK10, and KLK11 in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Bioinformatic Analysis and Experimental Validation. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10679-8. [PMID: 38316654 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite many studies on papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in the past few decades, some critical and significant genes remain undiscovered. To explore genes that may play crucial roles in PTC, a detailed analysis of the expression levels, mutations, and clinical significance of Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) family genes in PTC was undertaken to provide new targets for the precise treatment of the disease. A comprehensive analysis of KLK family genes was performed using various online tools, such as GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, LinkedOmics, GSCA, TIMER, and Cluego. KLK7, KLK10, and KLK11 were critical factors of KLK family genes. Then, functional assays were carried out on KLK7/10/11 to determine their proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities in PTC. The mRNA expression levels of KLK7, KLK10, KLK11, and KLK13 were significantly elevated in thyroid carcinoma, while KLK1, KLK2, KLK3 and KLK4 mRNA levels were decreased compared to normal tissues. Correlations between KLK2/7-12/15 expression levels and tumor stage were also observed in thyroid carcinoma. Survival analysis demonstrated that KLK4/5/7/9-12/14 was associated with overall survival in patients with thyroid cancer. Not only were KLK genes strongly associated with cancer-related pathways, but also KLK7/10/11 was associated with immune-cell infiltration. Finally, silencing KLK7/10/11 impaired human papillary thyroid carcinoma cells' growth, migration ability, and invasiveness. The increased expression of KLK7, KLK10, and KLK11 may serve as molecular markers to identify PTC patients. KLK7, KLK10, and KLK11 could be potential prognostic indicators and targets for precision therapy against PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Ru-Hua Zhao
- Department of Morphology Laboratory, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Jing-Fang Wu
- Department of Morphology Laboratory, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Chao-You Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Gang Xue
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China.
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Morphology Laboratory, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China.
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Srinivasan S, Kryza T, Batra J, Clements J. Remodelling of the tumour microenvironment by the kallikrein-related peptidases. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:223-238. [PMID: 35102281 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are critical regulators of the tumour microenvironment. KLKs are proteolytic enzymes regulating multiple functions of bioactive molecules including hormones and growth factors, membrane receptors and the extracellular matrix architecture involved in cancer progression and metastasis. Perturbations of the proteolytic cascade generated by these peptidases, and their downstream signalling actions, underlie tumour emergence or blockade of tumour growth. Recent studies have also revealed their role in tumour immune suppression and resistance to cancer therapy. Here, we present an overview of the complex biology of the KLK family and its context-dependent nature in cancer, and discuss the different therapeutic strategies available to potentially target these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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Hossen MN, Elechalawar CK, Sjoelund V, Moore K, Mannel R, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Experimental conditions influence the formation and composition of the corona around gold nanoparticles. Cancer Nanotechnol 2021; 12:1. [PMID: 33456622 PMCID: PMC7788026 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-020-00071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is one of the deadliest gynecological malignancies. While the overall survival of ovarian cancer patients has slightly improved in recent years in the developed world, it remains clinically challenging due to its frequent late diagnosis and the lack of reliable diagnostic and/or prognostic markers. The aim of this study was to identify potential new molecular target proteins (NMTPs) responsible for the poor outcomes. When nanoparticles (NP) are exposed to biological fluids, a protein coat, termed the protein corona (PC), forms around the NP, and the PC represents a tool to identify NMTPs. This study investigates the influence of pre-processing conditions, such as lysis conditions and serum/plasma treatment, on the PC composition and the resulting identification of NMTPs. RESULTS Using gel electrophoresis, pre-processing conditions, including cell-lysis techniques and enrichment of low-abundance proteins (LAPs) by immunocentrifugation of serum/plasma, were shown to alter the relative amounts and compositions of proteins. PCs formed when 20 nm gold-NPs (GNPs) were incubated with lysate proteins from either RIPA- or urea lysis. Proteomic analysis of these PCs showed 2-22-fold enrichment of NMTPs in PCs from urea lysates as compared to RIPA lysates. Enriched NMTPs were then classified as cellular components, biological and molecular functions-associated proteins. The impact of enriched LAPs (eLAPs) on both PC composition and NMTP identification was shown by comparative proteomic analysis of original plasma, eLAPs, and PCs derived from eLAPs; eLAPs-PCs enhanced the abundance of NMTPs approximately 13%. Several NMTPs, including gasdermin-B, dermcidin, and kallistatin, were identified by this method demonstrating the potential use of this PC approach for molecular target discovery. CONCLUSION The current study showed that the pre-processing conditions modulate PC composition and can be used to enhance identification of NMTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Nazir Hossen
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Laboratory Research, Oklahoma Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., Suite # 1409 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Chandra Kumar Elechalawar
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Laboratory Research, Oklahoma Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., Suite # 1409 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Virginie Sjoelund
- Department of Cell Biology, Mass Spectroscopy/Proteomic Core, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Kathleen Moore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Robert Mannel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Laboratory Research, Oklahoma Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., Suite # 1409 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
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Liu X, Yu J, Song S, Yue X, Li Q. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1): a promising molecular target for cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107334-107345. [PMID: 29291033 PMCID: PMC5739818 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR-1 is expressed not only in epithelium, neurons, astrocytes, immune cells, but also in cancer-associated fibroblasts, ECs (epithelial cells), myocytes of blood vessels, mast cells, and macrophages in tumor microenvironment, whereas PAR-1 stimulates macrophages to synthesize and secrete thrombin as well as other growth factors, resulting in enhanced cell proliferation, tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of inhibitors targeting PAR-1. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of PAR-1’s role in cancer invasiveness and dissemination, as well as potential therapeutic strategies targeting PAR-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shangjin Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yue
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Chao J, Li P, Chao L. Kallistatin suppresses cancer development by multi-factorial actions. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 113:71-78. [PMID: 28427524 PMCID: PMC5441310 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallistatin was first identified in human plasma as a tissue kallikrein-binding protein and a serine proteinase inhibitor. Kallistatin via its two structural elements regulates differential signaling cascades, and thus a wide spectrum of biological functions. Kallistatin's active site is essential for: inhibiting tissue kallikrein's activity; stimulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase and sirtuin 1 expression and activation; and modulating the synthesis of the microRNAs, miR-34a, miR-21 and miR-203. Kallistatin's heparin-binding site is crucial for antagonizing the signaling pathways of vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, Wnt, transforming growth factor-β and epidermal growth factor. Circulating kallistatin levels are markedly reduced in patients with prostate and colon cancer. Kallistatin administration attenuates angiogenesis, inflammation, tumor growth and invasion in animal models and cultured cells. Therefore, tumor progression may be substantially suppressed by kallistatin's pleiotropic activities. In this review, we will discuss the role and mechanisms of kallistatin in the regulation of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lee Chao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Kallikrein in the Interstitial Space. Protein Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315374307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Santos JA, Kondo MY, Freitas RF, dos Santos MH, Ramalho TC, Assis DM, Juliano L, Juliano MA, Puzer L. The natural flavone fukugetin as a mixed-type inhibitor for human tissue kallikreins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1485-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Qian DC, Byun J, Han Y, Greene CS, Field JK, Hung RJ, Brhane Y, Mclaughlin JR, Fehringer G, Landi MT, Rosenberger A, Bickeböller H, Malhotra J, Risch A, Heinrich J, Hunter DJ, Henderson BE, Haiman CA, Schumacher FR, Eeles RA, Easton DF, Seminara D, Amos CI. Identification of shared and unique susceptibility pathways among cancers of the lung, breast, and prostate from genome-wide association studies and tissue-specific protein interactions. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:7406-20. [PMID: 26483192 PMCID: PMC4664175 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have indicated that strong single-gene effects are the exception, not the rule, for most diseases. We assessed the joint effects of germline genetic variations through a pathway-based approach that considers the tissue-specific contexts of GWAS findings. From GWAS meta-analyses of lung cancer (12 160 cases/16 838 controls), breast cancer (15 748 cases/18 084 controls) and prostate cancer (14 160 cases/12 724 controls) in individuals of European ancestry, we determined the tissue-specific interaction networks of proteins expressed from genes that are likely to be affected by disease-associated variants. Reactome pathways exhibiting enrichment of proteins from each network were compared across the cancers. Our results show that pathways associated with all three cancers tend to be broad cellular processes required for growth and survival. Significant examples include the nerve growth factor (P = 7.86 × 10(-33)), epidermal growth factor (P = 1.18 × 10(-31)) and fibroblast growth factor (P = 2.47 × 10(-31)) signaling pathways. However, within these shared pathways, the genes that influence risk largely differ by cancer. Pathways found to be unique for a single cancer focus on more specific cellular functions, such as interleukin signaling in lung cancer (P = 1.69 × 10(-15)), apoptosis initiation by Bad in breast cancer (P = 3.14 × 10(-9)) and cellular responses to hypoxia in prostate cancer (P = 2.14 × 10(-9)). We present the largest comparative cross-cancer pathway analysis of GWAS to date. Our approach can also be applied to the study of inherited mechanisms underlying risk across multiple diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Qian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jinyoung Byun
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Younghun Han
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John K Field
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Yonathan Brhane
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - John R Mclaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Gordon Fehringer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Albert Rosenberger
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heike Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jyoti Malhotra
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Angela Risch
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David J Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK and
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Daniela Seminara
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA,
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Srinivasan S, Clements JA, Batra J. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in clinics: Fantasy or reality for cancer? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 53:29-39. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1075469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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The kallikrein-related peptidase family: Dysregulation and functions during cancer progression. Biochimie 2015; 122:283-99. [PMID: 26343558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death with 14 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2012. Despite the progress made in cancer therapies, neoplastic diseases are still a major therapeutic challenge notably because of intra- and inter-malignant tumour heterogeneity and adaptation/escape of malignant cells to/from treatment. New targeted therapies need to be developed to improve our medical arsenal and counter-act cancer progression. Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are secreted serine peptidases which are aberrantly expressed in many cancers and have great potential in developing targeted therapies. The potential of KLKs as cancer biomarkers is well established since the demonstration of the association between KLK3/PSA (prostate specific antigen) levels and prostate cancer progression. In addition, a constantly increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the functional involvement of KLKs in cancer-related processes. These peptidases are now considered key players in the regulation of cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, chemo-resistance, and importantly, in mediating interactions between cancer cells and other cell populations found in the tumour microenvironment to facilitate cancer progression. These functional roles of KLKs in a cancer context further highlight their potential in designing new anti-cancer approaches. In this review, we comprehensively review the biochemical features of KLKs, their functional roles in carcinogenesis, followed by the latest developments and the successful utility of KLK-based therapeutics in counteracting cancer progression.
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Cereda V, Formica V, Menghi A, Pellicori S, Roselli M. Kallikrein-related peptidases targeted therapies in prostate cancer: perspectives and challenges. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:929-47. [PMID: 25858813 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1035708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the emergence of several new effective treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients, disease progression inevitably occurs, leading scientific community to carefully look for novel therapeutic targets of prostate cancer. Kallikrein (KLK)-related peptidases have been demonstrated to facilitate prostate tumorigenesis and disease progression through the development of an oncogenic microenvironment for prostate cells. AREAS COVERED This review first summarizes the large amount of preclinical data showing the involvement of KLKs in prostate cancer pathobiology. In the second part, the authors assess the current status and future directions for KLK-targeted therapy and briefly describe the advances and challenges implicated in the design of effective manufactured drugs. The authors then focus on the preclinical data and on Phase I/II studies of the most promising KLK-targeted agents in prostate cancer. The drugs discussed here are divided on the basis of their mechanism of action: KLK-engineered inhibitors; KLK-activated pro-drugs; KLK-targeted microRNAs and small interfering RNAs(-/)small hairpin RNAs; KLK vaccines and antibodies. EXPERT OPINION Targeting KLK expression and/or activity could be a promising direction in prostate cancer treatment. Future human clinical trials will help us to evaluate the real benefits, toxicities and the consequent optimal use of KLK-targeted drugs, as mono-therapy or in combination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittore Cereda
- 1 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Tor Vergata University Clinical Center, Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology , Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome , Italy +39 0620908190 ; +39 0620903504 ;
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Charest-Morin X, Raghavan A, Charles ML, Kolodka T, Bouthillier J, Jean M, Robbins MS, Marceau F. Pharmacological effects of recombinant human tissue kallikrein on bradykinin B2 receptors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00119. [PMID: 26038695 PMCID: PMC4448978 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (KLK-1), a serine protease, initiates the release of bradykinin (BK)-related peptides from low-molecular weight kininogen. KLK-1 and the BK B2 receptor (B2R) mediate beneficial effects on the progression of type 2 diabetes and renal disease, but the precise role of KLK-1 independent of its kinin-forming activity remains unclear. We used DM199, a recombinant form of human KLK-1, along with the isolated human umbilical vein, a robust bioassay of the B2R, to address the previous claims that KLK-1 directly binds to and activates the human B2R, with possible receptor cleavage. DM199 (1–10 nmol/L) contracted the isolated vein via the B2R, but in a tachyphylactic, kinin-dependent manner, without desensitization of the tissue to exogenously added BK. In binding experiments with recombinant N-terminally tagged myc-B2Rs expressed in HEK 293a cells, DM199 displaced [3H]BK binding from the rabbit myc-B2R, but not from the human or rat myc-B2Rs. No evidence of myc-B2R degradation by immunoblot analysis was apparent following treatment of these 3 myc-B2R constructs with DM199 (30 min, ≤10 nmol/L). In HEK 293 cells stably expressing rabbit B2R-GFP, DM199 (11–108 pmol/L) elicited signaling-dependent endocytosis and reexpression, while a higher concentration (1.1 nmol/L) induced a partially irreversible endocytosis of the construct (microscopy), paralleled by the appearance of free GFP in cells (immunoblotting, indicative of incomplete receptor down-regulation). The pharmacology of DM199 at relevant concentrations (<10 nmol/L) is essentially based on the activity of locally generated kinins. Binding to and mild down-regulation of the B2R is possibly a species-dependent idiosyncratic response to DM199.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Charest-Morin
- Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, CHU de Québec Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Arvind Raghavan
- DiaMedica Inc. One Carlson Parkway, Suite 124, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55447
| | - Matthew L Charles
- DiaMedica Inc. One Carlson Parkway, Suite 124, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55447
| | - Tadeusz Kolodka
- DiaMedica Inc. One Carlson Parkway, Suite 124, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55447
| | - Johanne Bouthillier
- Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, CHU de Québec Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Mélissa Jean
- Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, CHU de Québec Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Mark S Robbins
- DiaMedica Inc. One Carlson Parkway, Suite 124, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55447
| | - François Marceau
- Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, CHU de Québec Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
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Sidhu TS, French SL, Hamilton JR. Differential signaling by protease-activated receptors: implications for therapeutic targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6169-83. [PMID: 24733067 PMCID: PMC4013622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of four G protein-coupled receptors that exhibit increasingly appreciated differences in signaling and regulation both within and between the receptor class. By nature of their proteolytic self-activation mechanism, PARs have unique processes of receptor activation, "ligand" binding, and desensitization/resensitization. These distinctive aspects have presented both challenges and opportunities in the targeting of PARs for therapeutic benefit-the most notable example of which is inhibition of PAR1 on platelets for the prevention of arterial thrombosis. However, more recent studies have uncovered further distinguishing features of PAR-mediated signaling, revealing mechanisms by which identical proteases elicit distinct effects in the same cell, as well as how distinct proteases produce different cellular consequences via the same receptor. Here we review this differential signaling by PARs, highlight how important distinctions between PAR1 and PAR4 are impacting on the progress of a new class of anti-thrombotic drugs, and discuss how these more recent insights into PAR signaling may present further opportunities for manipulating PAR activation and signaling in the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejminder S Sidhu
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases & Department of Clinical Haematology, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
| | - Shauna L French
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases & Department of Clinical Haematology, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases & Department of Clinical Haematology, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
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Lu Z, Yang Q, Cui M, Liu Y, Wang T, Zhao H, Dong Q. Tissue kallikrein induces SH-SY5Y cell proliferation via epidermal growth factor receptor and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:25-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yiu WH, Wong DWL, Chan LYY, Leung JCK, Chan KW, Lan HY, Lai KN, Tang SCW. Tissue kallikrein mediates pro-inflammatory pathways and activation of protease-activated receptor-4 in proximal tubular epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88894. [PMID: 24586431 PMCID: PMC3931644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (KLK1) expression is up-regulated in human diabetic kidney tissue and induced by high glucose (HG) in human proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC). Since the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) has been linked to cellular inflammatory process in many diseases, it is likely that KLK1 expression may mediate the inflammatory process during the development of diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we explored the role of KLK1 in tubular pro-inflammatory responses under the diabetic milieu. Recombinant KLK1 stimulated the production of inflammatory cytokines in PTEC via the activation of p42/44 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Molecular knockdown of endogenous KLK1 expression by siRNA transfection in PTEC attenuated advanced glycation end-products (AGE)-induced IL-8 and ICAM-1 productions in vitro. Interestingly, exposure of PTEC to KLK1 induced the expression of protease-activated receptors (PARs). There was a 2.9-fold increase in PAR-4, 1.4-fold increase in PAR-1 and 1.2-fold increase in PAR-2 mRNA levels. Activation of PAR-4 by a selective agonist was found to elicit the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic phenotypes in PTEC while blockade of the receptor by specific antagonist attenuated high glucose-induced IL-6, CCL-2, CTGF and collagen IV expression. Calcium mobilization by the PAR-4 agonist in PTEC was desensitized by pretreatment with KLK1. Consistent with these in vitro findings, there was a markedly up-regulation of tubular PAR-4 expression in human diabetic renal cortical tissues. Together, these results suggest that up-regulation of KLK1 in tubular epithelial cells may mediate pro-inflammatory pathway and PAR activation during diabetic nephropathy and provide a new therapeutic target for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Han Yiu
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dickson W. L. Wong
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Loretta Y. Y. Chan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph C. K. Leung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Wah Chan
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hui Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kar Neng Lai
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sydney C. W. Tang
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
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Tissue kallikrein mediates neurite outgrowth through epidermal growth factor receptor and flotillin-2 pathway in vitro. Cell Signal 2013; 26:220-32. [PMID: 24211626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (TK) was previously shown to take most of its biological effects through bradykinin receptors. In this study, we assumed that TK mediated neurite outgrowth was independent of bradykinin receptors. To test the hypothesis, we investigated TK-induced neurite outgrowth and its signaling mechanisms in cultured primary neurons and human SH-SY5Y cells. We found that TK stimulation could increase the number of processes and mean process length of primary neurons, which were blocked by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or down-regulation, small interfering RNA for flotillin-2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor. Moreover, TK-induced neurite outgrowth was associated with EGFR and ERK1/2 activation, which were inhibited by EGFR antagonist or RNA interference and flotillin-2 knockdown. Interestingly, inhibition of bradykinin receptors had no significant effects on EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In the present research, our data also suggested that EGFR and flotillin-2 formed constitutive complex that translocated to around the nuclei in the TK stimulation. In sum, our findings provided evidence that TK could promote neurite outgrowth via EGFR, flotillin-2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathway in vitro.
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Mavridis K, Stravodimos K, Scorilas A. Quantified KLK15 gene expression levels discriminate prostate cancer from benign tumors and constitute a novel independent predictor of disease progression. Prostate 2013; 73:1191-201. [PMID: 23620432 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several transcript variants of the kallikrein-related peptidase 15 gene (KLK15) have been identified up to now. The classical KLK15 mRNA isoform encodes for a non-truncated, functional protein. Aberrant KLK15 expression is found in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers. Our aim in this present study was the specific quantitative expression analysis of the classical KLK15 mRNA transcript in prostate tumors and the examination of its clinical significance in prostate cancer. METHODS We isolated total RNA from 150 prostate tissue specimens and, following cDNA synthesis, the expression of KLK15 classical mRNA transcript was measured via quantitative Real-Time PCR using the TaqMan® chemistry. HPRT1 was used as a reference gene, and the absolute quantification approach, through the incorporation of standard curves, was applied for the calculation of normalized KLK15 expression. RESULTS KLK15 expression levels were significantly upregulated in malignant compared to benign samples (P < 0.001). The discriminatory value of KLK15 was confirmed by ROC curve and logistic regression analysis (both P < 0.001). KLK15 was also associated with advanced pathological stage (P = 0.023). KLK15-positive prostate cancer patients presented significantly shorter progression-free survival intervals, determined by biochemical relapse (P = 0.006), compared to KLK15-negative ones. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that KLK15 expression is an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence (HR = 3.36, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS The present study unravels the important role of quantified KLK15 classical mRNA expression levels as a novel biomarker helpful for the differential diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mavridis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Kashuba E, Bailey J, Allsup D, Cawkwell L. The kinin-kallikrein system: physiological roles, pathophysiology and its relationship to cancer biomarkers. Biomarkers 2013; 18:279-96. [PMID: 23672534 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.787544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinin-kallikrein system (KKS) is an endogenous multiprotein cascade, the activation of which leads to triggering of the intrinsic coagulation pathway and enzymatic hydrolysis of kininogens with the consequent release of bradykinin-related peptides. This system plays a crucial role in inflammation, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, cardioprotection, vascular permeability, blood pressure control, coagulation and pain. In this review, we will outline the physiology and pathophysiology of the KKS and also highlight the association of this system with carcinogenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kashuba
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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Zhang J, Yang Z, Li P, Bledsoe G, Chao L, Chao J. Kallistatin antagonizes Wnt/β-catenin signaling and cancer cell motility via binding to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 379:295-301. [PMID: 23666756 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Kallistatin, a plasma protein, exerts pleiotropic effects in inhibiting angiogenesis, inflammation and tumor growth. Canonical Wnt signaling is the primary pathway for oncogenesis in the mammary gland. In this study, we demonstrate that kallistatin bound to the Wnt coreceptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), thus, blocking Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Wnt-mediated growth and migration in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Kallistatin inhibited Wnt3a-induced proliferation, migration, and invasion of cultured breast cancer cells. Moreover, kallistatin was bound to LRP6 in breast cancer cells, as identified by immunoprecipitation followed by western blot. Kallistatin suppressed Wnt3a-mediated phosphorylation of LRP6 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and the elevation of cytosolic β-catenin levels. Furthermore, kallistatin antagonized Wnt3a-induced expression of c-Myc, cyclin D1, and vascular endothelial growth factor. These findings indicate a novel role of kallistatin in preventing breast tumor growth and mobility by direct interaction with LRP6, leading to blockade of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Liao M, Tong P, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wang J, Feng X, Hu M, Pan Y. Prognostic Value of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1/ Proteinase-Activated Receptor-1 Signaling Axis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 18:397-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-011-9458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Adams MN, Ramachandran R, Yau MK, Suen JY, Fairlie DP, Hollenberg MD, Hooper JD. Structure, function and pathophysiology of protease activated receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:248-82. [PMID: 21277892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Discovered in the 1990s, protease activated receptors(1) (PARs) are membrane-spanning cell surface proteins that belong to the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. A defining feature of these receptors is their irreversible activation by proteases; mainly serine. Proteolytic agonists remove the PAR extracellular amino terminal pro-domain to expose a new amino terminus, or tethered ligand, that binds intramolecularly to induce intracellular signal transduction via a number of molecular pathways that regulate a variety of cellular responses. By these mechanisms PARs function as cell surface sensors of extracellular and cell surface associated proteases, contributing extensively to regulation of homeostasis, as well as to dysfunctional responses required for progression of a number of diseases. This review examines common and distinguishing structural features of PARs, mechanisms of receptor activation, trafficking and signal termination, and discusses the physiological and pathological roles of these receptors and emerging approaches for modulating PAR-mediated signaling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Adams
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane Qld 4101, Australia
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