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Quaye JA, Wood KE, Snelgrove C, Ouedraogo D, Gadda G. An active site mutation induces oxygen reactivity in D-arginine dehydrogenase: A case of superoxide diverting protons. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107381. [PMID: 38762175 PMCID: PMC11193025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are potent catalysts that increase biochemical reaction rates by several orders of magnitude. Flavoproteins are a class of enzymes whose classification relies on their ability to react with molecular oxygen (O2) during catalysis using ionizable active site residues. Pseudomonas aeruginosa D-arginine dehydrogenase (PaDADH) is a flavoprotein that oxidizes D-arginine for P. aeruginosa survival and biofilm formation. The crystal structure of PaDADH reveals the interaction of the glutamate 246 (E246) side chain with the substrate and at least three other active site residues, establishing a hydrogen bond network in the active site. Additionally, E246 likely ionizes to facilitate substrate binding during PaDADH catalysis. This study aimed to investigate how replacing the E246 residue with leucine affects PaDADH catalysis and its ability to react with O2 using steady-state kinetics coupled with pH profile studies. The data reveal a gain of O2 reactivity in the E246L variant, resulting in a reduced flavin semiquinone species and superoxide (O2•-) during substrate oxidation. The O2•- reacts with active site protons, resulting in an observed nonstoichiometric slope of 1.5 in the enzyme's log (kcat/Km) pH profile with D-arginine. Adding superoxide dismutase results in an observed correction of the slope to 1.0. This study demonstrates how O2•- can alter the slopes of limbs in the pH profiles of flavin-dependent enzymes and serves as a model for correcting nonstoichiometric slopes in elucidating reaction mechanisms of flavoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Quaye
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kendall E Wood
- Biology Department, Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire Snelgrove
- The Gwinnett School of Mathematics, Science, and Technology, Lawrenceville, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel Ouedraogo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of the Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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2
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Qian Y, Cheng M, Lai L, Zhou J, Zylstra GJ, Huang X. ChlOR, a GMC family oxidoreductase that evolved independently from the actinomycete, confers resistance to amphenicol antibiotics. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:3019-3034. [PMID: 37648667 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Overuse of the amphenicol antibiotics chloramphenicol (CHL) and thiamphenicol (TAP) poses a great threat to ecosystem safety and human health. The strain, Nocardioides sp. LMS-CY, Nocardioides sp. QY071 and Nocardioides sp. L-11A, classified as a gram-positive actinomycete, harbours a complete CHL metabolic pathway. However, the metabolic genes (clusters) involved in the entire pathway in gram-positive actinomycetes are still limited. Here, chlORLMS , chlORQY071 and chlORL-11A completely from the actinomycete Nocardioides spp. were found to act on the C1 -OH of the CHL/TAP side chain, directly converting CHL/TAP to 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (PNBD)/4-methylsulfonyl benzaldehyde (PMBD) and transforming PNBD/PMBD into 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol (PNBM)/4-methylsulfonyl phenyl methanol (PMBM). Furthermore, oxidoreductases can transform PNBM into 4-nitrobenzoate (PNBA). The oxidoreductases ChlORLMS , ChlORQY071 and ChlORL-11A were all classified as cellobiose dehydrogenases from the glucose methanol choline (GMC) family. Based on the Swiss-Prot database, ChlORQY071 exhibited a lower identity (27.12%-35.10% similarity) with the reported oxidoreductases. Enzymatic and molecular docking analyses showed that ChlORQY071 and ChlORL-11A from the two similar genomes were remarkably more effective in metabolizing CHL than ChlORLMS . Overall, the detailed resistance mechanism of CHL/TAP by actinomycete strains isolated from soil and livestock manure will provide insights into the occurrence of CHL/TAP resistance genes in the environment, resistance risk and bioremediation of CHL/TAP-contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minggen Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Lai
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gerben J Zylstra
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xing Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Zhu FY, Yang Q, Cao M, Zheng K, Zhang XJ, Shen Q, Cai X, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Tuning an efficient Escherichia coli whole-cell catalyst expressing l-pantolactone dehydrogenase for the biosynthesis of d-(-)-pantolactone. J Biotechnol 2023; 367:1-10. [PMID: 36948403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
d-(-)-Pantolactone (DPL) is a key intermediate for the production of d-(+)-pantothenate (vitamin B5). Deracemization of d,l-pantolactone (D,L-PL) through oxidizing l-(+)-pantolactone (LPL) to ketopantoyl lactone (KPL) and subsequently reducing KPL to DPL is a promising route for synthesizing DPL. Herein, a newly mined l-pantolactone dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus hoagie (RhoLPLDH) was used for the oxidative dehydrogenation of LPL. To alleviate inclusion bodies formed by membrane-bound RhoLPLDH intracellular expression in E. coli, strategies involving chaperone assistance and decreasing induction temperature were used to achieve RhoLPLDH soluble expression. To enhance its activity, directed evolution and hydrophilicity-based engineering yielded increased catalytic activity and thermostability. 1M LPL was efficiently converted to KPL by engineering strain CM5 co-expressing RhoLPLDHL254I/V241I/I156L/F224Q/N164K and chaperone. A "two stages in one-pot" method was employed in deracemization of 1M D,L-PL with 91.2% yield. These results demonstrated that CM5 catalyst exhibits great potential in enzyme cascade deracemization for the production of DPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ying Zhu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Beijing Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Cao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ken Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jian Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Cai
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
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4
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Properties, Physiological Functions and Involvement of Basidiomycetous Alcohol Oxidase in Wood Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213808. [PMID: 36430286 PMCID: PMC9699415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research efforts have been devoted to describing yeast alcohol oxidase (AO) and its promoter region, which is vastly applied in studies of heterologous gene expression. However, little is known about basidiomycetous AO and its physiological role in wood degradation. This review describes several alcohol oxidases from both white and brown rot fungi, highlighting their physicochemical and kinetic properties. Moreover, the review presents a detailed analysis of available AO-encoding gene promoter regions in basidiomycetous fungi with a discussion of the manipulations of culture conditions in relation to the modification of alcohol oxidase gene expression and changes in enzyme production. The analysis of reactions catalyzed by lignin-modifying enzymes (LME) and certain lignin auxiliary enzymes (LDA) elucidated the possible involvement of alcohol oxidase in the degradation of derivatives of this polymer. Combined data on lignin degradation pathways suggest that basidiomycetous AO is important in secondary reactions during lignin decomposition by wood degrading fungi. With numerous alcoholic substrates, the enzyme is probably engaged in a variety of catalytic reactions leading to the detoxification of compounds produced in lignin degradation processes and their utilization as a carbon source by fungal mycelium.
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Zhang J, Yang C, Hu J, Zhang Y, Lai Y, Gong H, Guo F, Li X, Ye L, Li B. Deciphering a novel chloramphenicols resistance mechanism: Oxidative inactivation of the propanediol pharmacophore. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119127. [PMID: 36155007 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Expanding knowledge about new types of antibiotic resistance genes is of great significance in dealing with the global antibiotic resistance crisis. Herein, a novel oxidoreductase capO was discovered to be responsible for oxidative inactivation of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. The antibiotic resistance mechanism was comprehensively deciphered using multi-omics and multiscale computational approaches. A 66,383 bp DNA fragment carrying capO was shared among four chloramphenicol-resistant strains, and the co-occurrence of capO with a mobile genetic element cluster revealed its potential mobility among different taxa. Metagenomic analysis of 772 datasets indicated that chloramphenicol was the crucial driving factor for the development and accumulation of capO in activated sludge bioreactors treating antibiotic production wastewater. Therefore, we should pay sufficient attention to its possible prevalence and transfer to pathogens, especially in some hotspot environments contaminated with high concentrations of chloramphenicols. This finding significantly expands our knowledge boundary about chloramphenicols resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China
| | - Yuezheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China
| | - Hongri Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China
| | - Fangliang Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, China
| | - Bing Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China.
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6
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Zhang J, Li X, Lei H, Zhao R, Gan W, Zhou K, Li B. New insights into thiamphenicol biodegradation mechanism by Sphingomonas sp. CL5.1 deciphered through metabolic and proteomic analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128101. [PMID: 34952497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological treatment is an efficient and economical process to remove thiamphenicol (TAP) residues from the environment. The discovery of TAP-degrading bacteria and the decryption of its biodegradation mechanism will be beneficial to enhance the biological removal of TAP. In this study, Sphingomonas sp. CL5.1 was found to be capable of catabolizing TAP as the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. This strain could degrade 93.9% of 25 mg/L TAP in 36 h, and remove about 11.9% of the total organic carbon of TAP. A novel metabolism pathway of TAP was constructed, and the enzymes involved in TAP metabolism in strain CL5.1 were predicted via proteomic and metabolic analysis. TAP was proposed to be transformed to O-TAP via oxidation of C3-OH and DD-TAP via dehydration of C3-OH and dehydrogenation of C1-OH. A novel glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) family oxidoreductase CapO was predicted to be involved in the oxidation of C3-OH. O-TAP was supposed to be further cleaved into DCA, glycine, and PMB. Glycine might be a pivotal direct nitrogen source for strain CL5.1, and it could be involved in nitrogen metabolism through the glycine cleavage system or directly participate in the biosynthetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huaxin Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Renxin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenhui Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kaiyan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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7
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Qin Z, Yu S, Chen J, Zhou J. Dehydrogenases of acetic acid bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107863. [PMID: 34793881 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of bacteria that can oxidize many substrates such as alcohols and sugar alcohols and play important roles in industrial biotechnology. A majority of industrial processes that involve AAB are related to their dehydrogenases, including PQQ/FAD-dependent membrane-bound dehydrogenases and NAD(P)+-dependent cytoplasmic dehydrogenases. These cofactor-dependent dehydrogenases must effectively regenerate their cofactors in order to function continuously. For PQQ, FAD and NAD(P)+ alike, regeneration is directly or indirectly related to the electron transport chain (ETC) of AAB, which plays an important role in energy generation for aerobic cell growth. Furthermore, in changeable natural habitats, ETC components of AAB can be regulated so that the bacteria survive in different environments. Herein, the progressive cascade in an application of AAB, including key dehydrogenases involved in the application, regeneration of dehydrogenase cofactors, ETC coupling with cofactor regeneration and ETC regulation, is systematically reviewed and discussed. As they have great application value, a deep understanding of the mechanisms through which AAB function will not only promote their utilization and development but also provide a reference for engineering of other industrial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Qin
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Ribeaucourt D, Bissaro B, Lambert F, Lafond M, Berrin JG. Biocatalytic oxidation of fatty alcohols into aldehydes for the flavors and fragrances industry. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 56:107787. [PMID: 34147589 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
From Egyptian mummies to the Chanel n°5 perfume, fatty aldehydes have long been used and keep impacting our senses in a wide range of foods, beverages and perfumes. Natural sources of fatty aldehydes are threatened by qualitative and quantitative variability while traditional chemical routes are insufficient to answer the society shift toward more sustainable and natural products. The production of fatty aldehydes using biotechnologies is therefore the most promising alternative for the flavors and fragrances industry. In this review, after drawing the portrait of the origin and characteristics of fragrant fatty aldehydes, we present the three main classes of enzymes that catalyze the reaction of fatty alcohols oxidation into aldehydes, namely alcohol dehydrogenases, flavin-dependent alcohol oxidases and copper radical alcohol oxidases. The constraints, challenges and opportunities to implement these oxidative enzymes in the flavors and fragrances industry are then discussed. By setting the scene on the biocatalytic production of fatty aldehydes, and providing a critical assessment of its potential, we expect this review to contribute to the development of biotechnology-based solutions in the flavors and fragrances industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ribeaucourt
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France; V. Mane Fils, 620 route de Grasse, 06620 Le Bar sur Loup, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Lambert
- V. Mane Fils, 620 route de Grasse, 06620 Le Bar sur Loup, France
| | - Mickael Lafond
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Švecová L, Østergaard LH, Skálová T, Schnorr KM, Koval’ T, Kolenko P, Stránský J, Sedlák D, Dušková J, Trundová M, Hašek J, Dohnálek J. Crystallographic fragment screening-based study of a novel FAD-dependent oxidoreductase from Chaetomium thermophilum. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:755-775. [PMID: 34076590 PMCID: PMC8171062 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321003533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The FAD-dependent oxidoreductase from Chaetomium thermophilum (CtFDO) is a novel thermostable glycoprotein from the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductase superfamily. However, CtFDO shows no activity toward the typical substrates of the family and high-throughput screening with around 1000 compounds did not yield any strongly reacting substrate. Therefore, protein crystallography, including crystallographic fragment screening, with 42 fragments and 37 other compounds was used to describe the ligand-binding sites of CtFDO and to characterize the nature of its substrate. The structure of CtFDO reveals an unusually wide-open solvent-accessible active-site pocket with a unique His-Ser amino-acid pair putatively involved in enzyme catalysis. A series of six crystal structures of CtFDO complexes revealed five different subsites for the binding of aryl moieties inside the active-site pocket and conformational flexibility of the interacting amino acids when adapting to a particular ligand. The protein is capable of binding complex polyaromatic substrates of molecular weight greater than 500 Da.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Švecová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tereza Skálová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomáš Koval’
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kolenko
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stránský
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedlák
- CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Dušková
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Trundová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Hašek
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dohnálek
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
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10
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Lahham M, Jha S, Goj D, Macheroux P, Wallner S. The family of sarcosine oxidases: Same reaction, different products. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108868. [PMID: 33812916 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The subfamily of sarcosine oxidase is a set of enzymes within the larger family of amine oxidases. It is ubiquitously distributed among different kingdoms of life. The member enzymes catalyze the oxidization of an N-methyl amine bond of amino acids to yield unstable imine species that undergo subsequent spontaneous non-enzymatic reactions, forming an array of different products. These products range from demethylated simple species to complex alkaloids. The enzymes belonging to the sarcosine oxidase family, namely, monomeric and heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase, l-pipecolate oxidase, N-methyltryptophan oxidase, NikD, l-proline dehydrogenase, FsqB, fructosamine oxidase and saccharopine oxidase have unique features differentiating them from other amine oxidases. This review highlights the key attributes of the sarcosine oxidase family enzymes, in terms of their substrate binding motif, type of oxidation reaction mediated and FAD regeneration, to define the boundaries of this group and demarcate these enzymes from other amine oxidase families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd Lahham
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Aljazeera Private University, Ghabagheb, Syria
| | - Shalinee Jha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominic Goj
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria.
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11
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Messenlehner J, Hetman M, Tripp A, Wallner S, Macheroux P, Gruber K, Daniel B. The catalytic machinery of the FAD-dependent AtBBE-like protein 15 for alcohol oxidation: Y193 and Y479 form a catalytic base, Q438 and R292 an alkoxide binding site. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 700:108766. [PMID: 33485849 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Monolignol oxidoreductases are members of the berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-like) protein family (pfam 08031) that oxidize monolignols to the corresponding aldehydes. They are FAD-dependent enzymes that exhibit the para-cresolmethylhydroxylase-topology, also known as vanillyl oxidase-topology. Recently, we have reported the structural and biochemical characterization of two monolignol oxidoreductases from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtBBE13 and AtBBE15. Now, we have conducted a comprehensive site directed mutagenesis study for AtBBE15, to expand our understanding of the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme class. Based on the kinetic properties of active site variants and molecular dynamics simulations, we propose a refined, structure-guided reaction mechanism for the family of monolignol oxidoreductases. Here, we propose that this reaction is facilitated stepwise by the deprotonation of the allylic alcohol and a subsequent hydride transfer from the Cα-atom of the alkoxide to the flavin. We describe an excessive hydrogen bond network that enables the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. Within this network Tyr479 and Tyr193 act concertedly as active catalytic bases to facilitate the proton abstraction. Lys436 is indirectly involved in the deprotonation as this residue determines the position of Tyr193 via a cation-π interaction. The enzyme forms a hydrophilic cavity to accommodate the alkoxide intermediate and to stabilize the transition state from the alkoxide to the aldehyde. By means of molecular dynamics simulations, we have identified two different and distinct binding modes for the substrate in the alcohol and alkoxide state. The alcohol interacts with Tyr193 and Tyr479 while Arg292, Gln438 and Tyr193 form an alkoxide binding site to accommodate this intermediate. The pH-dependency of the activity of the active site variants revealed that the integrity of the alkoxide binding site is also crucial for the fine tuning of the pKa of Tyr193 and Tyr479. Sequence alignments showed that key residues for the mechanism are highly conserved, indicating that our proposed mechanism is not only relevant for AtBBE15 but for the majority of BBE-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Messenlehner
- Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Institute of Biochemistry, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Hetman
- University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Graz, Austria; Acib-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, Graz, Austria
| | - Adrian Tripp
- Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Institute of Biochemistry, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Institute of Biochemistry, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Institute of Biochemistry, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bastian Daniel
- Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Institute of Biochemistry, Graz, Austria; University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Graz, Austria; Acib-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, Graz, Austria.
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12
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Reis RAG, Li H, Johnson M, Sobrado P. New frontiers in flavin-dependent monooxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 699:108765. [PMID: 33460580 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent monooxygenases catalyze a wide variety of redox reactions in important biological processes and are responsible for the synthesis of highly complex natural products. Although much has been learned about FMO chemistry in the last ~80 years of research, several aspects of the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes remain unknown. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in the flavin-dependent monooxygenase field including aspects of flavin dynamics, formation and stabilization of reactive species, and the hydroxylation mechanism. Novel catalysis of flavin-dependent N-oxidases involving consecutive oxidations of amines to generate oximes or nitrones is presented and the biological relevance of the products is discussed. In addition, the activity of some FMOs have been shown to be essential for the virulence of several human pathogens. We also discuss the biomedical relevance of FMOs in antibiotic resistance and the efforts to identify inhibitors against some members of this important and growing family enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Maxim Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Pablo Sobrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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13
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Alcohol Oxidase from the Methylotrophic Yeast Ogataea polymorpha: Isolation, Purification, and Bioanalytical Application. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2280:231-248. [PMID: 33751439 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1286-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.13; AOX) is a flavoprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of primary short-chain alcohols to corresponding carbonyl compounds with a concomitant release of hydrogen peroxide. It is a key enzyme of methanol metabolism in methylotrophic yeasts, catalyzing the first step of methanol oxidation to formaldehyde.Here we describe the isolation and purification of AOX from the thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha, and using this enzyme in enzymatic assay of ethanol, simultaneous analysis of methanol and formaldehyde, and in construction of amperometric biosensors selective to primary alcohols and formaldehyde.
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14
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Phylogeny and Structure of Fatty Acid Photodecarboxylases and Glucose-Methanol-Choline Oxidoreductases. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases are a large and diverse family of flavin-binding enzymes found in all kingdoms of life. Recently, a new related family of proteins has been discovered in algae named fatty acid photodecarboxylases (FAPs). These enzymes use the energy of light to convert fatty acids to the corresponding Cn-1 alkanes or alkenes, and hold great potential for biotechnological application. In this work, we aimed at uncovering the natural diversity of FAPs and their relations with other GMC oxidoreductases. We reviewed the available GMC structures, assembled a large dataset of GMC sequences, and found that one active site amino acid, a histidine, is extremely well conserved among the GMC proteins but not among FAPs, where it is replaced with alanine. Using this criterion, we found several new potential FAP genes, both in genomic and metagenomic databases, and showed that related bacterial, archaeal and fungal genes are unlikely to be FAPs. We also identified several uncharacterized clusters of GMC-like proteins as well as subfamilies of proteins that lack the conserved histidine but are not FAPs. Finally, the analysis of the collected dataset of potential photodecarboxylase sequences revealed the key active site residues that are strictly conserved, whereas other residues in the vicinity of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor and in the fatty acid-binding pocket are more variable. The identified variants may have different FAP activity and selectivity and consequently may prove useful for new biotechnological applications, thereby fostering the transition from a fossil carbon-based economy to a bio-economy by enabling the sustainable production of hydrocarbon fuels.
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15
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Abstract
Flavin-dependent enzymes catalyze a wide variety of biological reactions that are important for all types of living organisms. Knowledge gained from studying the chemistry and biological functions of flavins and flavin-dependent enzymes has continuously made significant contributions to the development of the fields of enzymology and metabolism from the 1970s until now. The enzymes have been applied in various applications such as use as biocatalysts in synthetic processes for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries or in the biodetoxification and bioremediation of toxic or unwanted compounds, and as biosensors or biodetection tools for quantifying various agents of interest. Many flavin-dependent enzymes are also prime targets for drug development. Based on their reaction mechanisms, they can be classified into five categories: oxidase, dehydrogenase, monooxygenase, reductase, and redox neutral flavin-dependent enzymes. In this chapter, the general properties of flavin-dependent enzymes and the nature of their chemical reactions are discussed, along with their practical applications.
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16
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Abstract
Choline oxidase catalyzes the four-electron, two-step, flavin-mediated oxidation of choline to glycine betaine. The enzyme is important both for medical and biotechnological reasons, because glycine betaine is one among a limited number of compatible solutes used by cells to counteract osmotic pressure. From a fundamental standpoint, choline oxidase has emerged as one of the paradigm enzymes for the oxidation of alcohols catalyzed by flavoproteins. Mechanistic, structural, and computational studies have elucidated the mechanism of action of the enzyme from Arthrobacter globiformis at the molecular level. Both choline and oxygen access to the active site cavity are gated and tightly controlled. Amino acid residues involved in substrate binding, and their contribution, have been identified. The mechanism of choline oxidation, with a hydride transfer reaction, an asynchronous transition state, the formation and stabilization of an alkoxide transient species, and a quantum mechanical mode of reaction, has been elucidated. The importance of nonpolar side chains for oxygen localization and of the positive charge harbored on the substrate for activation of oxygen for reaction with the reduced flavin have been recognized. Interesting phenomena, like the formation of a metastable photoinduced flavin-protein adduct, the reversible formation of a bicovalent flavoprotein, and the trapping of the enzyme in inactive conformations, have been described. This review summarizes the current status of our understanding on the structure-function-dynamics of choline oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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17
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Abstract
This chapter represents a journey through flavoprotein oxidases. The purpose is to excite the reader curiosity regarding this class of enzymes by showing their diverse applications. We start with a brief overview on oxidases to then introduce flavoprotein oxidases and elaborate on the flavin cofactors, their redox and spectroscopic characteristics, and their role in the catalytic mechanism. The six major flavoprotein oxidase families will be described, giving examples of their importance in biology and their biotechnological uses. Specific attention will be given to a few selected flavoprotein oxidases that are not extensively discussed in other chapters of this book. Glucose oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) oxidase and methanol oxidase are four examples of oxidases belonging to the GMC-like flavoprotein oxidase family and that have been shown to be valuable biocatalysts. Their structural and mechanistic features and recent enzyme engineering will be discussed in details. Finally we give a look at the current trend in research and conclude with a future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Martin
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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18
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Su D, Smitherman C, Gadda G. A Metastable Photoinduced Protein–Flavin Adduct in Choline Oxidase, an Enzyme Not Involved in Light-Dependent Processes. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3936-3943. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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19
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Wongnate T, Surawatanawong P, Chuaboon L, Lawan N, Chaiyen P. The Mechanism of Sugar C−H Bond Oxidation by a Flavoprotein Oxidase Occurs by a Hydride Transfer Before Proton Abstraction. Chemistry 2019; 25:4460-4471. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Panida Surawatanawong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence, for Innovation in ChemistryMahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Litavadee Chuaboon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence, in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of ScienceMahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Narin Lawan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
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20
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Yildiz I, Yildiz BS, Kirmizialtin S. Comparative Computational Approach To Study Enzyme Reactions Using QM and QM-MM Methods. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:14689-14703. [PMID: 31458147 PMCID: PMC6643517 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Choline oxidase catalyzes oxidation of choline into glycine betaine through a two-step reaction pathway employing flavin as the cofactor. On the light of kinetic studies, it is proposed that a hydride ion is transferred from α-carbon of choline/hydrated-betaine aldehyde to the N5 position of flavin in the rate-determining step, which is preceded by deprotonation of hydroxyl group of choline/hydrated-betaine aldehyde to one of the possible basic side chains. Using the crystal structure of glycine betaine-choline oxidase complex, we formulated two computational systems to study the hydride-transfer mechanism including main active-site amino acid side chains, flavin cofactor, and choline as a model system. The first system used pure density functional theory calculations, whereas the second approach used a hybrid ONIOM approach consisting of density functional and molecular mechanics calculations. We were able to formulate in silico model active sites to study the hydride-transfer steps by utilizing noncovalent chemical interactions between choline/betaine aldehyde and active-site amino acid chains using an atomistic approach. We evaluated and compared the geometries and energetics of hydride-transfer process using two different systems. We highlighted chemical interactions and studied the effect of protonation state of an active-site histidine base on the energetics of transfer. Furthermore, we evaluated energetics of the second hydride-transfer process as well as hydration of betaine aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yildiz
- Chemistry
Department and CIVE Department, Khalifa
University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu
Dhabi, UAE
| | - Banu Sizirici Yildiz
- Chemistry
Department and CIVE Department, Khalifa
University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu
Dhabi, UAE
| | - Serdal Kirmizialtin
- Chemistry
Program, New York University at Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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21
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Nguyen QT, Romero E, Dijkman WP, de Vasconcellos SP, Binda C, Mattevi A, Fraaije MW. Structure-Based Engineering of Phanerochaete chrysosporium Alcohol Oxidase for Enhanced Oxidative Power toward Glycerol. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6209-6218. [PMID: 30272958 PMCID: PMC6210165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Glycerol
is a major byproduct of biodiesel production, and enzymes
that oxidize this compound have been long sought after. The recently
described alcohol oxidase from the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PcAOX) was reported to feature
very mild activity on glycerol. Here, we describe the comprehensive
structural and biochemical characterization of this enzyme. PcAOX
was expressed in Escherichia coli in high yields
and displayed high thermostability. Steady-state kinetics revealed
that PcAOX is highly active toward methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol
(kcat = 18, 19, and 11 s–1, respectively), but showed very limited activity toward glycerol
(kobs = 0.2 s–1 at 2
M substrate). The crystal structure of the homo-octameric PcAOX was
determined at a resolution of 2.6 Å. The catalytic center is
a remarkable solvent-inaccessible cavity located at the re side of the flavin cofactor. Its small size explains the observed
preference for methanol and ethanol as best substrates. These findings
led us to design several cavity-enlarging mutants with significantly
improved activity toward glycerol. Among them, the F101S variant had
a high kcat value of 3 s–1, retaining a high degree of thermostability. The crystal structure
of F101S PcAOX was solved, confirming the site of mutation and the
larger substrate-binding pocket. Our data demonstrate that PcAOX is
a very promising enzyme for glycerol biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc-Thai Nguyen
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia , Piazza della Vittoria 15 , 27100 Pavia , Italy.,Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City , 41 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, Ben Nghe Ward, District 1 , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam
| | - Elvira Romero
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Willem P Dijkman
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Pantaroto de Vasconcellos
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Science , Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Diadema , SP 09913-030 , Brazil
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Via Ferrata 1 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Via Ferrata 1 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
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22
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Robbins JM, Geng J, Barry BA, Gadda G, Bommarius AS. Photoirradiation Generates an Ultrastable 8-Formyl FAD Semiquinone Radical with Unusual Properties in Formate Oxidase. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5818-5826. [PMID: 30226367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Formate oxidase (FOX) was previously shown to contain a noncovalently bound 8-formyl FAD (8-fFAD) cofactor. However, both the absorption spectra and the kinetic parameters previously reported for FOX are inconsistent with more recent reports. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectrum reported in early studies closely resembles the spectra observed for protein-bound 8-formyl flavin semiquinone species, thus suggesting FOX may be photosensitive. Therefore, the properties of dark and light-exposed FOX were investigated using steady-state kinetics and site-directed mutagenesis analysis along with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Surprisingly, these experimental results demonstrate that FOX is deactivated in the presence of light through generation of an oxygen stable, anionic (red) 8-fFAD semiquinone radical capable of persisting either in an aerobic environment for multiple weeks or in the presence of a strong reducing agent like sodium dithionite. Herein, we study the photoinduced formation of the 8-fFAD semiquinone radical in FOX and report the first EPR spectrum of this radical species. The stability of the 8-fFAD semiquinone radical suggests FOX to be a model enzyme for probing the structural and mechanistic features involved in stabilizing flavin semiquinone radicals. It is likely that the photoinduced formation of a stable 8-fFAD semiquinone radical is a defining characteristic of 8-formyl flavin-dependent enzymes. Additionally, a better understanding of the radical stabilization process may yield a FOX enzyme with more robust activity and broader industrial usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Robbins
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0100 , United States.,Engineered Biosystems Building (EBB) , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-2000 , United States
| | - Jiafeng Geng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0363 , United States
| | - Bridgette A Barry
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0363 , United States
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia State University , Atlanta , Georgia 30302-3965 , United States.,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics , Georgia State University , Atlanta , Georgia 30302-3965 , United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design , Georgia State University , Atlanta , Georgia 30302-3965 , United States.,Department of Biology , Georgia State University , Atlanta , Georgia 30302-3965 , United States
| | - Andreas S Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0100 , United States.,Engineered Biosystems Building (EBB) , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-2000 , United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0363 , United States
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23
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Robbins JM, Bommarius AS, Gadda G. Mechanistic studies of formate oxidase from Aspergillus oryzae : A novel member of the glucose-Methanol-choline oxidoreductase enzyme superfamily that oxidizes carbon acids. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 643:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Bacterial Catabolism of β-Hydroxypropiovanillone and β-Hydroxypropiosyringone Produced in the Reductive Cleavage of Arylglycerol-β-Aryl Ether in Lignin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02670-17. [PMID: 29374031 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02670-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingobium sp. strain SYK-6 converts four stereoisomers of arylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether into achiral β-hydroxypropiovanillone (HPV) via three stereospecific reaction steps. Here, we determined the HPV catabolic pathway and characterized the HPV catabolic genes involved in the first two steps of the pathway. In SYK-6 cells, HPV was oxidized to vanilloyl acetic acid (VAA) via vanilloyl acetaldehyde (VAL). The resulting VAA was further converted into vanillate through the activation of VAA by coenzyme A. A syringyl-type HPV analog, β-hydroxypropiosyringone (HPS), was also catabolized via the same pathway. SLG_12830 (hpvZ), which belongs to the glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family, was isolated as the HPV-converting enzyme gene. An hpvZ mutant completely lost the ability to convert HPV and HPS, indicating that hpvZ is essential for the conversion of both the substrates. HpvZ produced in Escherichia coli oxidized both HPV and HPS and other 3-phenyl-1-propanol derivatives. HpvZ localized to both the cytoplasm and membrane of SYK-6 and used ubiquinone derivatives as electron acceptors. Thirteen gene products of the 23 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes in SYK-6 were able to oxidize VAL into VAA. Mutant analyses suggested that multiple ALDH genes, including SLG_20400, contribute to the conversion of VAL. We examined whether the genes encoding feruloyl-CoA synthetase (ferA) and feruloyl-CoA hydratase/lyase (ferB and ferB2) are involved in the conversion of VAA. Only FerA exhibited activity toward VAA; however, disruption of ferA did not affect VAA conversion. These results indicate that another enzyme system is involved in VAA conversion.IMPORTANCE Cleavage of the β-aryl ether linkage is the most essential process in lignin biodegradation. Although the bacterial β-aryl ether cleavage pathway and catabolic genes have been well documented, there have been no reports regarding the catabolism of HPV or HPS, the products of cleavage of β-aryl ether compounds. HPV and HPS have also been found to be obtained from lignin by chemoselective catalytic oxidation by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone/tert-butyl nitrite/O2, followed by cleavage of the β-aryl ether with zinc. Therefore, value-added chemicals are expected to be produced from these compounds. In this study, we determined the SYK-6 catabolic pathways for HPV and HPS and identified the catabolic genes involved in the first two steps of the pathways. Since SYK-6 catabolizes HPV through 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate, which is a building block for functional polymers, characterization of HPV catabolism is important not only for understanding the bacterial lignin catabolic system but also for lignin utilization.
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25
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Su D, Yuan H, Gadda G. A Reversible, Charge-Induced Intramolecular C4a-S-Cysteinyl-Flavin in Choline Oxidase Variant S101C. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6677-6690. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Su
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biology, §Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and ∥Center for Biotechnology
and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Hongling Yuan
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biology, §Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and ∥Center for Biotechnology
and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biology, §Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and ∥Center for Biotechnology
and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
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26
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Gadda G, Yuan H. Substitutions of S101 decrease proton and hydride transfers in the oxidation of betaine aldehyde by choline oxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 634:76-82. [PMID: 29029877 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Choline oxidase oxidizes choline to glycine betaine, with two flavin-mediated reactions to convert the alcohol substrate to the carbon acid product. Proton abstraction from choline or hydrated betaine aldehyde in the wild-type enzyme occurs in the mixing time of the stopped-flow spectrophotometer, thereby precluding a mechanistic investigation. Mutagenesis of S101 rendered the proton transfer reaction amenable to study. Here, we have investigated the aldehyde oxidation reaction catalyzed by the mutant enzymes using steady-state and rapid kinetics with betaine aldehyde. Stopped-flow traces for the reductive half-reaction of the S101T/V/C variants were biphasic, corresponding to the reactions of proton abstraction and hydride transfer. In contrast, the S101A enzyme yielded monophasic traces like wild-type choline oxidase. The rate constants for proton transfer in the S101T/C/V variants decreased logarithmically with increasing hydrophobicity of residue 101, indicating a behavior different from that seen previously with choline for which no correlation was determined. The rate constants for hydride transfer also showed a logarithmic decrease with increasing hydrophobicity at position 101, which was similar to previous results with choline as a substrate for the enzyme. Thus, the hydrophilic character of S101 is necessary not only for efficient hydride transfer but also for the proton abstraction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, United States; Department of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, United States; Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, United States.
| | - Hongling Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, United States
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Evidence for proton tunneling and a transient covalent flavin-substrate adduct in choline oxidase S101A. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1470-1478. [PMID: 28843728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on the reaction of alcohol oxidation catalyzed by choline oxidase was investigated with the S101A variant of choline oxidase. Anaerobic enzyme reduction in a stopped-flow spectrophotometer was biphasic using either choline or 1,2-[2H4]-choline as a substrate. The limiting rate constants klim1 and klim2 at saturating substrate were well separated (klim1/klim2>9), and were >15-fold slower than for wild-type choline oxidase. Solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) ~4 established that klim1 probes the proton transfer from the substrate hydroxyl to a catalytic base. Primary substrate deuterium KIEs ≥7 demonstrated that klim2 reports on hydride transfer from the choline alkoxide to the flavin. Between 15°C and 39°C the klim1 and klim2 values increased with increasing temperature, allowing for the analyses of H+ and H- transfers using Eyring and Arrhenius formalisms. Temperature-independent KIE on the klim1 value (H2Oklim1/D2Oklim1) suggests that proton transfer occurs within a highly reorganized tunneling-ready-state with a narrow distribution of donor-acceptor distances. Eyring analysis of the klim2 value gave lines with the slope(choline)>slope(D-choline), suggesting kinetic complexity. Spectral evidence for the transient occurrence of a covalent flavin-substrate adduct during the first phase of the anaerobic reaction of S101A CHO with choline is presented, supporting the notion that an important role of amino acid residues in the active site of flavin-dependent enzymes is to eliminate alternative reactions of the versatile enzyme-bound flavin for the reaction that needs to be catalyzed.
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28
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Moran GR, Hoag MR. The enzyme: Renalase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 632:66-76. [PMID: 28558965 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the last two years catalytic substrates for renalase have been identified, some 10 years after its initial discovery. 2- and 6-dihydronicotinamide (2- and 6-DHNAD) isomers of β-NAD(P)H (4-dihydroNAD(P)) are rapidly oxidized by renalase to form β-NAD(P)+. The two electrons liberated are then passed to molecular oxygen by the renalase FAD cofactor forming hydrogen peroxide. This activity would appear to serve an intracellular detoxification/metabolite repair function that alleviates inhibition of primary metabolism dehydrogenases by 2- and 6-DHNAD molecules. This activity is supported by the complete structural assignment of the substrates, comprehensive kinetic analyses, defined species specific substrate specificity profiles and X-ray crystal structures that reveal ligand complexation consistent with this activity. This apparently intracellular function for the renalase enzyme is not allied with the majority of the renalase research that holds renalase to be a secreted mammalian protein that functions in blood to elicit a broad array of profound physiological changes. In this review a description of renalase as an enzyme is presented and an argument is offered that its enzymatic function can now reasonably be assumed to be uncoupled from whole organism physiological influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211-3209, United States.
| | - Matthew R Hoag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211-3209, United States
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29
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Leys D, Scrutton NS. Sweating the assets of flavin cofactors: new insight of chemical versatility from knowledge of structure and mechanism. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 41:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Romero E, Ladani ST, Hamelberg D, Gadda G. Solvent-Slaved Motions in the Hydride Tunneling Reaction Catalyzed by Human Glycolate Oxidase. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Department of Chemistry, ¶Department of Biology, ∥Center for Biotechnology
and Drug
Design, and #Center
for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
| | - Safieh Tork Ladani
- Department of Chemistry, ¶Department of Biology, ∥Center for Biotechnology
and Drug
Design, and #Center
for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
| | - Donald Hamelberg
- Department of Chemistry, ¶Department of Biology, ∥Center for Biotechnology
and Drug
Design, and #Center
for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry, ¶Department of Biology, ∥Center for Biotechnology
and Drug
Design, and #Center
for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
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31
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Membrane-associated glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family enzymes PhcC and PhcD are essential for enantioselective catabolism of dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:8022-36. [PMID: 26362985 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02391-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingobium sp. strain SYK-6 is able to degrade various lignin-derived biaryls, including a phenylcoumaran-type compound, dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (DCA). In SYK-6 cells, the alcohol group of the B-ring side chain of DCA is initially oxidized to the carboxyl group to generate 3-(2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl) acrylic acid (DCA-C). Next, the alcohol group of the A-ring side chain of DCA-C is oxidized to the carboxyl group, and then the resulting metabolite is catabolized through vanillin and 5-formylferulate. In this study, the genes involved in the conversion of DCA-C were identified and characterized. The DCA-C oxidation activities in SYK-6 were enhanced in the presence of flavin adenine dinucleotide and an artificial electron acceptor and were induced ca. 1.6-fold when the cells were grown with DCA. Based on these observations, SLG_09480 (phcC) and SLG_09500 (phcD), encoding glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family proteins, were presumed to encode DCA-C oxidases. Analyses of phcC and phcD mutants indicated that PhcC and PhcD are essential for the conversion of (+)-DCA-C and (-)-DCA-C, respectively. When phcC and phcD were expressed in SYK-6 and Escherichia coli, the gene products were mainly observed in their membrane fractions. The membrane fractions of E. coli that expressed phcC and phcD catalyzed the specific conversion of DCA-C into the corresponding carboxyl derivatives. In the oxidation of DCA-C, PhcC and PhcD effectively utilized ubiquinone derivatives as electron acceptors. Furthermore, the transcription of a putative cytochrome c gene was significantly induced in SYK-6 grown with DCA. The DCA-C oxidation catalyzed by membrane-associated PhcC and PhcD appears to be coupled to the respiratory chain.
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32
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Dijkman WP, Binda C, Fraaije MW, Mattevi A. Structure-Based Enzyme Tailoring of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Oxidase. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem P. Dijkman
- Molecular
Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology
Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata
1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular
Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology
Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata
1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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33
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Smitherman C, Rungsrisuriyachai K, Germann MW, Gadda G. Identification of the Catalytic Base for Alcohol Activation in Choline Oxidase. Biochemistry 2014; 54:413-21. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500982y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Smitherman
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biology, §Center for Biotechnology and Drug
Design, ∥Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and ⊥Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
| | - Kunchala Rungsrisuriyachai
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biology, §Center for Biotechnology and Drug
Design, ∥Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and ⊥Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
| | - Markus W. Germann
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biology, §Center for Biotechnology and Drug
Design, ∥Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and ⊥Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biology, §Center for Biotechnology and Drug
Design, ∥Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and ⊥Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
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