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Cellini A, Scarmozzino F, Angotzi F, Ruggeri E, Dei Tos AP, Trentin L, Pizzi M, Visentin A. Tackling the dysregulated immune-checkpoints in classical Hodgkin lymphoma: bidirectional regulations between the microenvironment and Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1203470. [PMID: 37293587 PMCID: PMC10244642 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1203470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune evasion is considered one of the modern hallmarks of cancer and is a key element in the pathogenesis of classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL). This haematological cancer achieves effective avoidance of the host's immune system by overexpressing the PD-L1 and PD-L2 proteins on the surface of the neoplastic cells. Subversion of the PD-1/PD-L axis, however, is not the sole contributor to immune evasion in cHL, as the microenvironment nurtured by the Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells is a major player in the creation of a biological niche that sustains their survival and hinders immune recognition. In this review, we will discuss the physiology of the PD-1/PD-L axis and how cHL is able to exploit a plethora of different molecular mechanisms to build an immunosuppressive microenvironment and achieve optimal immune evasion. We will then discuss the success obtained by checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) in treating cHL, both as single agents and as part of combination strategies, analysing the rationale for their combination with traditional chemotherapeutic compounds and the proposed mechanisms of resistance to CPI immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cellini
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Scarmozzino
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Angotzi
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Edoardo Ruggeri
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzi
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Visentin
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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2
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Ng ML, Kuan WS, Pakkiri LS, Goh ECH, Wu LH, Drum CL. Deep phenotyping of oxidative stress in emergency room patients reveals homoarginine as a novel predictor of sepsis severity, length of hospital stay, and length of intensive care unit stay. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1033083. [PMID: 36507541 PMCID: PMC9733670 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1033083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to determine primary markers of oxidative stress (OS) in ED patients which predict hospital length of stay (LoS), intensive care unit (ICU) LoS, and sepsis severity. Materials and methods This prospective, single center observational study was conducted in adult patients recruited from the ED who were diagnosed with either sepsis, infection without sepsis, or non-infectious, age-matched controls. 290 patients were admitted to the hospital and 24 patients had direct admission to the ICU. A panel of 269 OS and related metabolic markers were profiled for each cohort. Clinical outcomes were direct ICU admission, hospital LoS, ICU LoS, and post-hoc, adjudicated sepsis severity scoring. Bonferroni correction was used for pairwise comparisons. Principal component regression was used for dimensionality reduction and selection of plasma metabolites associated with sepsis. Multivariable negative binomial regression was applied to predict admission, hospital, and ICU LoS. Results Homoarginine (hArg) was the top discriminator of sepsis severity [sepsis vs. control: ROC-AUC = 0.86 (95% CI 0.81-0.91)], [sepsis vs. infection: ROC-AUC = 0.73 (95% CI 0.68-0.78)]. The 25th percentile of hArg [odds ratio (OR) = 8.57 (95% CI 1.05-70.06)] was associated with hospital LoS [IRR = 2.54 (95% CI 1.83-3.52)] and ICU LOS [IRR = 18.73 (95% CI 4.32-81.27)]. In prediction of outcomes, hArg had superior performance compared to arginine (Arg) [hArg ROC-AUC = 0.77 (95% CI 0.67-0.88) vs. Arg ROC-AUC = 0.66 (95% CI 0.55-0.78)], and dimethylarginines [SDMA ROC-AUC 0.68 (95% CI 0.55-0.79) and ADMA ROC-AUC = 0.68 (95% CI 0.56-0.79)]. Ratio of hArg and Arg/NO metabolic markers and creatinine clearance provided modest improvements in clinical prediction. Conclusion Homoarginine is associated with sepsis severity and predicts hospital and ICU LoS, making it a useful biomarker in guiding treatment decisions for ED patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li Ng
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Win Sen Kuan
- Emergency Medicine Department, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Eugene Chen Howe Goh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lik Hang Wu
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chester Lee Drum
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,*Correspondence: Chester Lee Drum,
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3
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Zhang N, Aiyasiding X, Li WJ, Liao HH, Tang QZ. Neutrophil degranulation and myocardial infarction. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:50. [PMID: 35410418 PMCID: PMC8996539 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most common cardiac emergencies with high morbidity and is a leading cause of death worldwide. Since MI could develop into a life-threatening emergency and could also seriously affect the life quality of patients, continuous efforts have been made to create an effective strategy to prevent the occurrence of MI and reduce MI-related mortality. Numerous studies have confirmed that neutrophils play important roles in inflammation and innate immunity, which provide the first line of defense against microorganisms by producing inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, releasing reactive oxygen species, and degranulating components of neutrophil cytoplasmic granules to kill pathogens. Recently, researchers reported that neutrophils are closely related to the severity and prognosis of patients with MI, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in post-MI patients had predictive value for major adverse cardiac events. Neutrophils have been increasingly recognized to exert important functions in MI. Especially, granule proteins released by neutrophil degranulation after neutrophil activation have been suggested to involve in the process of MI. This article reviewed the current research progress of neutrophil granules in MI and discusses neutrophil degranulation associated diagnosis and treatment strategies. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiahenazi Aiyasiding
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Han Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Dai XK, Ding ZX, Tan YY, Bao HR, Wang DY, Zhang H. Neutrophils inhibit CD8 + T cells immune response by arginase-1 signaling in patients with sepsis. World J Emerg Med 2022; 13:266-273. [PMID: 35837557 PMCID: PMC9233973 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2022.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with sepsis often exhibit an acute inflammatory response, followed by an immunosuppressive phase with a poor immune response. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. METHODS We sought to comprehensively characterize the transcriptional changes in neutrophils of patients with sepsis by transcriptome sequencing. Additionally, we conducted a series of experiments, including real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and flow cytometry to investigate the role of arginase-1 signaling in sepsis. RESULTS Through the analysis of gene expression profiles, we identified that the negative regulation of T cell activation signaling was enriched, and the expression of arginase-1 was high in neutrophils from patients with sepsis. Furthermore, we conducted flow cytometry and found that the function of CD8+ T cells in septic patients was impaired. Moreover, neutrophils from septic patients inhibited the percentage of polyfunctional effector CD8+ T cells through arginase-1. Additionally, the proportions of granzyme B+IFN-γ+CD8+ T and TNF-α+IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells increased after inhibition of arginase-1 signaling. CONCLUSION The impaired effector function of CD8+ T cells could be restored by blocking arginase-1 signaling in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-kang Dai
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhen-xing Ding
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yuan-yuan Tan
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hua-rui Bao
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Dong-yao Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei 230001, China
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, China
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5
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Immune Microenvironment Features and Dynamics in Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143634. [PMID: 34298847 PMCID: PMC8304929 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As happens in all neoplasms, the many reciprocal interactions taking place between neoplastic cells and the other reactive cells impact the course of the disease. Hodgkin Lymphoma is an haematologic malignancy where most of the pathological tissue is indeed composed by reactive cells and few neoplastic cells. Consequently, it represents an interesting subject for the description of the neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells interaction. In this review we report and discuss the more recent findings of microenvironmental studies about this disease. Abstract Classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cHL) accounts for 10% of all lymphoma diagnosis. The peculiar feature of the disease is the presence of large multinucleated Reed–Sternberg and mononuclear Hodgkin cells interspersed with a reactive microenvironment (ME). Due to the production of a large number of cytokines, Hodgkin cells (HCs) and Hodgkin Reed–Sternberg cells (HRSCs) attract and favour the expansion of different immune cell populations, modifying their functional status in order to receive prosurvival stimuli and to turn off the antitumour immune response. To this purpose HRSCs shape a biological niche by organizing the spatial distribution of cells in the ME. This review will highlight the contribution of the ME in the pathogenesis and prognosis of cHL and its role as a possible therapeutic target.
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Boehm T, Ristl R, Joseph S, Petroczi K, Klavins K, Valent P, Jilma B. Metabolome and lipidome derangements during a severe mast cell activation event in a patient with indolent systemic mastocytosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1533-1544. [PMID: 33864889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of mast cells in various organs is elevated manifold in individuals with systemic mastocytosis. Degranulation can lead to life-threatening symptomatology. No data about the alterations of the metabolome and lipidome during an attack have been published. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to analyze changes in metabolomics and lipidomics during the acute phase of a severe mast cell activation event. METHODS A total of 43 metabolites and 11 lipid classes comprising 200 subvariants from multiple plasma samples in duplicate, covering 72 hours of a severe mast cell activation attack with nausea and vomiting, were compared with 2 baseline samples by using quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS A strong enterocyte dysfunction reflected in an almost 20-fold reduction in the functional small bowel length was extrapolated from strongly reduced ornithine and citrulline concentrations and was very likely secondary to severe endothelial cell dysfunction with hypoperfusion and extensive vascular leakage. Highly increased histamine and lactate concentrations accompanied the peak in clinical symptoms. Elevated asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine levels combined with reduced arginine levels compromised endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and nitric oxide signaling. Specific and extensive depletion of many lysophosphatidylcholine variants indicates localized autotaxin activation and lysophosphatidic acid release. A strong correlation of clinical parameters with histamine concentrations and symptom reduction after 100-fold elevated plasma diamine oxidase concentrations implies that histamine is the key driver of the acute phase. CONCLUSIONS Rapid elimination of elevated histamine concentrations through use of recombinant human diamine oxidase, supplementation of lysophosphatidylcholine for immunomodulation, inhibition of autotaxin activity, and/or blockade of lysophosphatidic acid receptors might represent new treatment options for life-threatening mast cell activation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Robin Ristl
- Section for Medical Statistics, Center of Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saijo Joseph
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology and Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Crowther RR, Qualls JE. Metabolic Regulation of Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Spotlight on L-Arginine and L-Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 11:628432. [PMID: 33633745 PMCID: PMC7900187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.628432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite decades of research, there is still much to be uncovered regarding the immune response to Mtb infection. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on anti-Mtb immunity, with a spotlight on immune cell amino acid metabolism. Specifically, we discuss L-arginine and L-tryptophan, focusing on their requirements, regulatory roles, and potential use as adjunctive therapy in TB patients. By continuing to uncover the immune cell contribution during Mtb infection and how amino acid utilization regulates their functions, it is anticipated that novel host-directed therapies may be developed and/or refined, helping to eradicate TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Crowther
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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8
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Arginine and Arginine/ADMA Ratio Predict 90-Day Mortality in Patients with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest-Results from the Prospective, Observational COMMUNICATE Trial. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123815. [PMID: 33255752 PMCID: PMC7760544 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In patients with shock, the L-arginine nitric oxide pathway is activated, causing an elevation of nitric oxide, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) levels. Whether these metabolites provide prognostic information in patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains unclear. (2) Methods: We prospectively included OHCA patients, recorded clinical parameters and measured plasma ADMA, SDMA and Arginine levels by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The primary endpoint was 90-day mortality. (3) Results: Of 263 patients, 130 (49.4%) died within 90 days after OHCA. Compared to survivors, non-survivors had significantly higher levels of ADMA and lower Arginine and Arginine/ADMA ratios in univariable regression analyses. Arginine levels and Arginine/ADMA ratio were significantly associated with 90-day mortality (OR 0.51 (95%CI 0.34 to 0.76), p < 0.01 and OR 0.40 (95%CI 0.26 to 0.61), p < 0.001, respectively). These associations remained significant in several multivariable models. Arginine/ADMA ratio had the highest predictive value with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.67 for 90-day mortality. Results for secondary outcomes were similar with significant associations with in-hospital mortality and neurological outcome. (4) Conclusion: Arginine and Arginine/ADMA ratio were independently associated with 90-day mortality and other adverse outcomes in patients after OHCA. Whether therapeutic modification of the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway has the potential to improve outcome should be evaluated.
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Derangement of Arginine and Related Amino Acids in Children Undergoing Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease With Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2:e0150. [PMID: 32766551 PMCID: PMC7368881 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid, the precursor for nitric oxide and a key factor in cell proliferation, protein synthesis, and energy metabolism. When there is increased demand in the setting of inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and organ dysfunction, endogenous arginine production falls short, and external supplementation may be necessary. The goal of this study was to assess changes in concentrations of plasma arginine, citrulline, ornithine, glutamine, and plasma arginase in infants and children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease with cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Wernly B, Pernow J, Kelm M, Jung C. The role of arginase in the microcirculation in cardiovascular disease. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 74:79-92. [PMID: 31743994 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the microcirculation, the exchange of nutrients, water, gas, hormones, and waste takes place, and it is divided into the three main sections arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Disturbances in the microcirculation can be measured using surrogate parameters or be visualized either indirectly or directly.Arginase is a manganese metalloenzyme hydrolyzing L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine. It is located in different cell types, including vascular cells, but also in circulating cells such as red blood cells. A variety of pro-inflammatory factors, as well as interleukins, stimulate increased arginase expression. An increase in arginase activity consequently leads to a consumption of L-arginine needed for nitric oxide (NO) production by endothelial NO synthase. A vast body of evidence convincingly showed that increased arginase activity is associated with endothelial dysfunction in larger vessels of the vascular tree. Of note, arginase also influences the microcirculation. Arginase inhibition leads to an increase in the bioavailability of NO and reduces superoxide levels, resulting in improved endothelial function. Arginase inhibition might, therefore, be a potent treatment strategy in cardiovascular medicine. Recently, red blood cells emerged as an influential player in the development from increased arginase activity to endothelial dysfunction. As red blood cells directly interact with the microcirculation in gas exchange, this could constitute a potential link between arginase activity, endothelial dysfunction and microcirculatory disturbances.The aim of this review is to summarize recent findings revealing the role of arginase in regulating vascular function with particular emphasis on the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Wernly
- Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - John Pernow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malte Kelm
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Ahmad S, Singh P, Sharma A, Arora S, Shriwash N, Rahmani AH, Almatroodi SA, Manda K, Dohare R, Syed MA. Transcriptome Meta-Analysis Deciphers a Dysregulation in Immune Response-Associated Gene Signatures during Sepsis. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121005. [PMID: 31817302 PMCID: PMC6947644 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening disease induced by a systemic inflammatory response, which leads to organ dysfunction and mortality. In sepsis, the host immune response is depressed and unable to cope with infection; no drug is currently available to treat this. The lungs are frequently the starting point for sepsis. This study aimed to identify potential genes for diagnostics and therapeutic purposes in sepsis by a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Our criteria are to unravel sepsis-associated signature genes from gene expression datasets. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from samples of sepsis patients using a meta-analysis and then further subjected to functional enrichment and protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network analysis for examining their potential functions. Finally, the expression of the topmost upregulated genes (ARG1, IL1R2, ELANE, MMP9) was quantified by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in the lungs of a well-established sepsis mouse model. We found that all the four genes were upregulated in semiquantitative RT-PCR studies; however, MMP9 showed a nonsignificant increase in expression. MPO staining showed strong immunoreactivity in sepsis as compared to the control. This study demonstrates the role of significant and widespread immune activation (IL1R2, MMP9), along with oxidative stress (ARG1) and the recruitment of neutrophils, in sepsis (ELANE, MPO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniya Ahmad
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India; (S.A.); (A.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Prithvi Singh
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Archana Sharma
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India; (S.A.); (A.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Shweta Arora
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India; (S.A.); (A.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Nitesh Shriwash
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.R.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Saleh A. Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.R.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Kailash Manda
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Applied Sciences, Defence Research Development Organization, New Delhi 110054, India;
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India;
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (M.A.S.); Tel.: +91-817-887-5779 (R.D.); +91-995-378-6440 (M.A.S.)
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India; (S.A.); (A.S.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (M.A.S.); Tel.: +91-817-887-5779 (R.D.); +91-995-378-6440 (M.A.S.)
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12
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Lambden S. Bench to bedside review: therapeutic modulation of nitric oxide in sepsis-an update. Intensive Care Med Exp 2019; 7:64. [PMID: 31792745 PMCID: PMC6888802 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-019-0274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a signalling molecule with an extensive range of functions in both health and disease. Discovered in the 1980s through work that earned the Nobel prize, nitric oxide is an essential factor in regulating cardiovascular, immune, neurological and haematological function in normal homeostasis and in response to infection. Early work implicated exaggerated nitric oxide synthesis as a potentially important driver of septic shock; however, attempts to modulate production through global inhibition of nitric oxide synthase were associated with increased mortality. Subsequent work has shown that regulation of nitric oxide production is determined by numerous factors including substrate and co-factor availability and expression of endogenous regulators. In sepsis, nitric oxide synthesis is dysregulated with exaggerated production leading to cardiovascular dysfunction, bioenergetic failure and cellular toxicity whilst at the same time impaired microvascular function may be driven in part by reduced nitric oxide synthesis by the endothelium. This bench to bedside review summarises our current understanding of the ways in which nitric oxide production is regulated on a tissue and cellular level before discussing progress in translating these observations into novel therapeutic strategies for patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lambden
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University, 5th Floor, Cambridge, CB20QQ, UK.
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Moretto J, Girard C, Demougeot C. The role of arginase in aging: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2019; 116:54-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kyselova A, Hinrichsmeyer H, Zukunft S, Mann AW, Dornauf I, Fleming I, Randriamboavonjy V. Association between arginase-containing platelet-derived microparticles and altered plasma arginine metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 2019; 90:16-19. [PMID: 30367832 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic disease associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, a biomarker for potential cardiovascular disease in PCOS patients is not available. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two patients with PCOS and 22 healthy controls were included in the present study and amino acid profiling was performed on fasting plasma samples. Circulating microparticles were characterized by FACS analysis and complemented with enzyme activity assays. RESULTS The ratio of ornithine to arginine was significantly increased in plasma form PCOS patients and was associated with a significant increase in plasma arginase levels and activity. Platelet-derived microparticles were identified to be the main sources of the increased plasma arginase activity. CONCLUSIONS Increased levels of arginase-bearing platelet-derived microparticles contribute to the alteration of the arginine metabolism in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Moreover, ornithine and arginine levels represent early biomarkers of potential cardiovascular disease in PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kyselova
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hanna Hinrichsmeyer
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany
| | - Sven Zukunft
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Imke Dornauf
- Endokrinologikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Voahanginirina Randriamboavonjy
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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The prognostic value of the myeloid-mediated immunosuppression marker Arginase-1 in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67333-67346. [PMID: 27637084 PMCID: PMC5341879 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neutrophilia is hallmark of classic Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL), but its precise characterization remains elusive. We aimed at investigating the immunosuppressive role of high-density neutrophils in HL. Experimental design First, N-HL function was evaluated in vitro, showing increased arginase (Arg-1) expression and activity compared to healthy subjects. Second, we measured serum level of Arg-1 (s-Arg-1) by ELISA in two independent, training (N = 40) and validation (N = 78) sets. Results s-Arg-1 was higher in patients with advanced stage (p = 0.045), B-symptoms (p = 0.0048) and a positive FDG-PET scan after two cycles of chemotherapy (PET-2, p = 0.012). Baseline levels of s-Arg-1 > 200 ng/mL resulted in 92% sensitivity and 56% specificity to predict a positive PET-2. Patients showing s-Arg-1 levels > 200 ng/mL had a shorter progression free survival (PFS). In multivariate analysis, PET-2 and s-Arg-1 at diagnosis were the only statistically significant prognostic variables related to PFS (respectively p = 0.0004 and p = 0.012). Moving from PET-2 status and s-Arg-1 level we constructed a prognostic score to predict long-term treatment outcome: low s-Arg-1 and negative PET-2 scan (score 0, N = 63), with a 3-Y PFS of 89.5%; either positive PET-2 or high s-Arg-1 (score 1, N = 46) with 3-Y PFS of 67.6%, and both positive markers (score 2, N = 9) with a 3-Y PFS of 37% (p = 0.0004). Conclusions We conclude that N-HL are immunosuppressive through increased Arg-1 expression, a novel potential biomarker for HL prognosis.
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Yacoub S, Lam PK, Huynh TT, Nguyen Ho HH, Dong Thi HT, Van NT, Lien LT, Ha QNT, Le DHT, Mongkolspaya J, Culshaw A, Yeo TW, Wertheim H, Simmons C, Screaton G, Wills B. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Pathways in the Pathophysiology of Dengue: A Prospective Observational Study. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:1453-1461. [PMID: 28673038 PMCID: PMC5850435 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue can cause increased vascular permeability that may lead to hypovolemic shock. Endothelial dysfunction may underlie this; however, the association of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) pathways with disease severity is unknown. METHODS We performed a prospective observational study in 2 Vietnamese hospitals, assessing patients presenting early (<72 hours of fever) and patients hospitalized with warning signs or severe dengue. The reactive hyperemic index (RHI), which measures endothelium-dependent vasodilation and is a surrogate marker of endothelial function and NO bioavailability, was evaluated using peripheral artery tonometry (EndoPAT), and plasma levels of l-arginine, arginase-1, and asymmetric dimethylarginine were measured at serial time-points. The main outcome of interest was plasma leakage severity. RESULTS Three hundred fourteen patients were enrolled; median age of the participants was 21(interquartile range, 13-30) years. No difference was found in the endothelial parameters between dengue and other febrile illness. Considering dengue patients, the RHI was significantly lower for patients with severe plasma leakage compared to those with no leakage (1.46 vs 2.00; P < .001), over acute time-points, apparent already in the early febrile phase (1.29 vs 1.75; P = .012). RHI correlated negatively with arginase-1 and positively with l-arginine (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Endothelial dysfunction/NO bioavailability is associated with worse plasma leakage, occurs early in dengue illness and correlates with hypoargininemia and high arginase-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Yacoub
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Phung Khanh Lam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Hoai Tam Dong Thi
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, and
| | - Nguyen Thu Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Lien
- National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quyen Nguyen Than Ha
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duyen Huynh Thi Le
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Abigail Culshaw
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tsin Wen Yeo
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Heiman Wertheim
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Cameron Simmons
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gavin Screaton
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget Wills
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; and
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Morris CR, Hamilton-Reeves J, Martindale RG, Sarav M, Ochoa Gautier JB. Acquired Amino Acid Deficiencies: A Focus on Arginine and Glutamine. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32:30S-47S. [PMID: 28388380 DOI: 10.1177/0884533617691250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonessential amino acids are synthesized de novo and therefore not diet dependent. In contrast, essential amino acids must be obtained through nutrition since they cannot be synthesized internally. Several nonessential amino acids may become essential under conditions of stress and catabolic states when the capacity of endogenous amino acid synthesis is exceeded. Arginine and glutamine are 2 such conditionally essential amino acids and are the focus of this review. Low arginine bioavailability plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of a growing number of varied diseases, including sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria, acute asthma, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and trauma, among others. Catabolism of arginine by arginase enzymes is the most common cause of an acquired arginine deficiency syndrome, frequently contributing to endothelial dysfunction and/or T-cell dysfunction, depending on the clinical scenario and disease state. Glutamine, an arginine precursor, is one of the most abundant amino acids in the body and, like arginine, becomes deficient in several conditions of stress, including critical illness, trauma, infection, cancer, and gastrointestinal disorders. At-risk populations are discussed together with therapeutic options that target these specific acquired amino acid deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R Morris
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jill Hamilton-Reeves
- 2 Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Robert G Martindale
- 3 Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Menaka Sarav
- 4 Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Northshore University Health System, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Candida albicans Chitin Increases Arginase-1 Activity in Human Macrophages, with an Impact on Macrophage Antimicrobial Functions. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01820-16. [PMID: 28119468 PMCID: PMC5263244 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01820-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans can cause a variety of diseases, ranging from superficial mucosal infections to life-threatening systemic infections. Phagocytic cells of the innate immune response, such as neutrophils and macrophages, are important first-line responders to an infection and generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as part of their protective antimicrobial response. During an infection, host cells generate nitric oxide through the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to kill the invading pathogen. Inside the phagocyte, iNOS competes with the enzyme arginase-1 for a common substrate, the amino acid l-arginine. Several pathogenic species, including bacteria and parasitic protozoans, actively modulate the production of nitric oxide by inducing their own arginases or the host’s arginase activity to prevent the conversion of l-arginine to nitric oxide. We report here that C. albicans blocks nitric oxide production in human-monocyte-derived macrophages by induction of host arginase activity. We further determined that purified chitin (a fungal cell wall polysaccharide) and increased chitin exposure at the fungal cell wall surface induces this host arginase activity. Blocking the C. albicans-induced arginase activity with the arginase-specific substrate inhibitor Nω-hydroxy-nor-arginine (nor-NOHA) or the chitinase inhibitor bisdionin F restored nitric oxide production and increased the efficiency of fungal killing. Moreover, we determined that C. albicans influences macrophage polarization from a classically activated phenotype toward an alternatively activated phenotype, thereby reducing antimicrobial functions and mediating fungal survival. Therefore, C. albicans modulates l-arginine metabolism in macrophages during an infection, potentiating its own survival. The availability and metabolism of amino acids are increasingly recognized as crucial regulators of immune functions. In acute infections, the conversion of the “conditionally essential” amino acid l-arginine by the inducible nitric oxide synthase to nitric oxide is a resistance factor that is produced by the host to fight pathogens. Manipulation of these host defense mechanisms by the pathogen can be key to successful host invasion. We show here that the human opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans influences l-arginine availability for nitric oxide production by induction of the substrate-competing host enzyme arginase-1. This led to a reduced production of nitric oxide and, moreover, reduced eradication of the fungus by human macrophages. We demonstrate that blocking of host arginase-1 activity restored nitric oxide production and increased the killing potential of macrophages. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of l-arginine metabolism in fungal diseases.
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Kulohoma BW, Marriage F, Vasieva O, Mankhambo L, Nguyen K, Molyneux ME, Molyneux EM, Day PJR, Carrol ED. Peripheral blood RNA gene expression in children with pneumococcal meningitis: a prospective case-control study. BMJ Paediatr Open 2017; 1:e000092. [PMID: 29637127 PMCID: PMC5862186 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2017-000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a leading cause of pneumonia, meningitis and septicaemia worldwide, with increased morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected children. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare peripheral blood expression profiles between HIV-infected and uninfected children with pneumococcal meningitis and controls, and between survivors and non-survivors, in order to provide insight into the host inflammatory response leading to poorer outcomes. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective case-control observational study in a tertiary hospital in Malawi. PARTICIPANTS Children aged 2 months to 16 years with pneumococcal meningitis or pneumonia. METHODS We used the human genome HGU133A Affymetrix array to explore differences in gene expression between cases with pneumococcal meningitis (n=12) and controls, and between HIV-infected and uninfected cases, and validated gene expression profiles for 34 genes using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in an independent set of cases with IPD (n=229) and controls (n=13). Pathway analysis was used to explore genes differentially expressed. RESULTS Irrespective of underlying HIV infection, cases showed significant upregulation compared with controls of the following: S100 calcium-binding protein A12 (S100A12); vanin-1 (VNN1); arginase, liver (ARG1); matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9); annexin A3 (ANXA3); interleukin 1 receptor, type II (IL1R2); CD177 molecule (CD177); endocytic adaptor protein (NUMB) and S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9), cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4); and glycogenin 1 (GYG1). RT-qPCR confirmed differential expression in keeping with microarray results. There was no differential gene expression in HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected cases, but there was significant upregulation of folate receptor 3 (FOLR3), S100A12 in survivors compared with non-survivors. CONCLUSION Children with IPD demonstrated increased expression in genes regulating immune activation, oxidative stress, leucocyte adhesion and migration, arginine metabolism, and glucocorticoid receptor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benard W Kulohoma
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fiona Marriage
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Olga Vasieva
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Limangeni Mankhambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kha Nguyen
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Malcolm E Molyneux
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Elizabeth M Molyneux
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Philip J R Day
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Enitan D Carrol
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
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Karpiński P, Frydecka D, Sąsiadek MM, Misiak B. Reduced number of peripheral natural killer cells in schizophrenia but not in bipolar disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:194-200. [PMID: 26872421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence indicates that subthreshold inflammatory state might be implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD). It has been reported that both groups of patients might be characterized by abnormal lymphocyte counts. However, little is known about alterations in lymphocyte proportions that may differentiate SCZ and BPD patients. Therefore, in this study we investigated blood cell proportions quantified by means of microarray expression deconvolution using publicly available data from SCZ and BPD patients. We found significantly lower counts of natural killer (NK) cells in drug-naïve and medicated SCZ patients compared to healthy controls across all datasets. In one dataset from SCZ patients, there were no significant differences in the number of NK cells between acutely relapsed and remitted SCZ patients. No significant difference in the number of NK cells between BPD patients and healthy controls was observed in all datasets. Our results indicate that SCZ patients, but not BPD patients, might be characterized by reduced counts of NK cells. Future studies looking at lymphocyte counts in SCZ should combine the analysis of data obtained using computational deconvolution and flow cytometry techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Karpiński
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria M Sąsiadek
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Wijnands KAP, Castermans TMR, Hommen MPJ, Meesters DM, Poeze M. Arginine and citrulline and the immune response in sepsis. Nutrients 2015; 7:1426-63. [PMID: 25699985 PMCID: PMC4377861 DOI: 10.3390/nu7031426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine, a semi-essential amino acid is an important initiator of the immune response. Arginine serves as a precursor in several metabolic pathways in different organs. In the immune response, arginine metabolism and availability is determined by the nitric oxide synthases and the arginase enzymes, which convert arginine into nitric oxide (NO) and ornithine, respectively. Limitations in arginine availability during inflammatory conditions regulate macrophages and T-lymfocyte activation. Furthermore, over the past years more evidence has been gathered which showed that arginine and citrulline deficiencies may underlie the detrimental outcome of inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis and endotoxemia. Not only does the immune response contribute to the arginine deficiency, also the impaired arginine de novo synthesis in the kidney has a key role in the eventual observed arginine deficiency. The complex interplay between the immune response and the arginine-NO metabolism is further underscored by recent data of our group. In this review we give an overview of physiological arginine and citrulline metabolism and we address the experimental and clinical studies in which the arginine-citrulline NO pathway plays an essential role in the immune response, as initiator and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina A P Wijnands
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Tessy M R Castermans
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Merel P J Hommen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Dennis M Meesters
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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