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Teodorescu GM, Vuluga Z, Ioniță A, Nicolae CA, Ghiurea M, Gabor AR, Rădițoiu V, Raduly M, Brezeştean IA, Marconi D, Turcu I. Morphological, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites Based on Bio-Polyamide and Feather Keratin-Halloysite Nanohybrid. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2003. [PMID: 39065320 PMCID: PMC11280597 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
One solution to comply with the strict regulations of the European Commission and reduce the environmental footprint of composites is the use of composite materials based on bio-polymers and fillers from natural resources. The aim of our work was to obtain and analyze the properties of bio-polymer nanocomposites based on bio-PA (PA) and feather keratin-halloysite nanohybrid. Keratin (KC) was mixed with halloysite (H) as such or with the treated surface under dynamic conditions, resulting in two nanohybrids: KCHM and KCHE. The homogenization of PA with the two nanohybrids was conducted using the extrusion processing process. Two types of nanocomposites, PA-KCHM and PA-KCHE, with 5 wt.% KC and 1 wt.% H were obtained. The properties were analyzed using SEM, XRD, FTIR, RAMAN, TGA, DSC, tensile/impact tests, DMA, and nanomechanical tests. The best results were obtained for PA-KCHE due to the stronger interaction between the components and the uniform dispersion of the nanohybrid in the PA matrix. Improvements in the modulus of elasticity and of the surface hardness by approx. 75% and 30%, respectively, and the resistance to scratch were obtained. These results are promising and constitute a possible alternative to synthetic polymer composites for the automotive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mihail Teodorescu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Zina Vuluga
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Andreea Ioniță
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Cristian Andi Nicolae
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Marius Ghiurea
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Augusta Raluca Gabor
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Valentin Rădițoiu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Monica Raduly
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Ioana Andreea Brezeştean
- Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath, 400296 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.A.B.); (D.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Daniel Marconi
- Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath, 400296 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.A.B.); (D.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Ioan Turcu
- Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath, 400296 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.A.B.); (D.M.); (I.T.)
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Petousis M, Michailidis N, Saltas V, Papadakis V, Spiridaki M, Mountakis N, Argyros A, Valsamos J, Nasikas NK, Vidakis N. Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol/Antimony Tin Oxide Nanocomposites in Material Extrusion 3D Printing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:761. [PMID: 38727355 PMCID: PMC11085549 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) was combined with Antimony-doped Tin Oxide (ATO) to create five different composites (2.0-10.0 wt.% ATO). The PETG/ATO filaments were extruded and supplied to a material extrusion (MEX) 3D printer to fabricate the specimens following international standards. Various tests were conducted on thermal, rheological, mechanical, and morphological properties. The mechanical performance of the prepared nanocomposites was evaluated using flexural, tensile, microhardness, and Charpy impact tests. The dielectric and electrical properties of the prepared composites were evaluated over a broad frequency range. The dimensional accuracy and porosity of the 3D printed structure were assessed using micro-computed tomography. Other investigations include scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which were performed to investigate the structures and morphologies of the samples. The PETG/6.0 wt.% ATO composite presented the highest mechanical performance (21% increase over the pure polymer in tensile strength). The results show the potential of such nanocomposites when enhanced mechanical performance is required in MEX 3D printing applications, in which PETG is the most commonly used polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Nikolaos Michailidis
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Centre, Building B’, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Saltas
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 73133 Chania, Greece;
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser of the Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH)–Hellas, N. Plastira 100m, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Mariza Spiridaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Apostolos Argyros
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Centre, Building B’, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John Valsamos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Nektarios K. Nasikas
- Division of Mathematics and Engineering Sciences, Department of Military Sciences, Hellenic Army Academy, Vari, 16673 Attica, Greece;
| | - Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (J.V.)
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Gadelmoula A, Aldahash SA. Dry Friction and Wear Behavior of Laser-Sintered Graphite/Carbon Fiber/Polyamide 12 Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3916. [PMID: 37835965 PMCID: PMC10575170 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are being used extensively in modern industries that require a high strength-to-weight ratio, such as aerospace, automotive, motorsport, and sports equipment. However, although reinforcement with carbon fibers improves the mechanical properties of polymers, this comes at the expense of abrasive wear resistance. Therefore, to efficiently utilize CFRPs in dry sliding contacts, solid lubricant is used as a filler. Further, to facilitate the fabrication of objects with complex geometries, selective laser sintering (SLS) can be employed. Accordingly, in the present work, graphite-filled carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 12 (CFR-PA12) specimens were prepared using the SLS process to explore the dry sliding friction and wear characteristics of the composite. The test specimens were aligned along four different orientations in the build chamber of the SLS machine to determine the orientation-dependent tribological properties. The experiments were conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer to measure the coefficient of friction (COF), interface temperature, friction-induced noise, and specific wear rate. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tribo-surfaces was conducted to specify the dominant wear pattern. The results indicated that the steady-state COF, contact temperature, and wear pattern of graphite-filled CFR-PA12 are orientation-independent and that the contact temperature is likely to approach an asymptote far below the glass transition temperature of amorphous PA12 zones, thus eliminating the possibility of matrix softening. Additionally, the results showed that the Z-oriented specimen exhibits the lowest level of friction-induced noise along with the highest wear resistance. Moreover, SEM of tribo-surfaces determined that abrasive wear is the dominant wear pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrasoul Gadelmoula
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Saleh Ahmed Aldahash
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
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Latko-Durałek P, Rzempołuch J, Staniszewska M, Rosłoniec K, Bil M, Kozera R, Boczkowska A. The Antifungal Fibers of Polyamide 12 Containing Silver and Metal Oxides. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5837. [PMID: 37687530 PMCID: PMC10488922 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The textile market is a vast industry that utilizes antimicrobial polymeric materials, including various types of fabrics, for medical and personal protection applications. Therefore, this study focused on examining four types of antimicrobial fillers, namely, metal oxides (zinc, titanium, copper) and nanosilver, as fillers in Polyamide 12 fibers. These fillers can be applied in the knitting or weaving processes to obtain woven polymeric fabrics for medical applications. The production of the fibers in this study involved a two-step approach: twin-screw extrusion and melt spinning. The resulting fibers were then characterized for their thermal properties (TGA, DSC), mechanical performance (tensile test, DMA), and antifungal activity. The findings of the study indicated that all of the fibers modified with fillers kill Candida albicans. However, the fibers containing a combination of metal oxides and silver showed significantly higher antifungal activity (reduction rate % R = 86) compared to the fibers with only a mixture of metal oxides (% R = 21). Furthermore, the inclusion of metal oxides and nanosilver in the Polyamide 12 matrix hindered the formation of the crystal phase and decreased slightly the thermal stability and mechanical properties, especially for the composites with nanosilver. It was attributed to their worse dispersion and the presence of agglomerates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Latko-Durałek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141 Street, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Józef Rzempołuch
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141 Street, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Monika Staniszewska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19 Street, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (K.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Karina Rosłoniec
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19 Street, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (K.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Monika Bil
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19 Street, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (K.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Rafał Kozera
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141 Street, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Boczkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141 Street, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (R.K.); (A.B.)
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Tummino ML, Chrimatopoulos C, Bertolla M, Tonetti C, Sakkas V. Configuration of a Simple Method for Different Polyamides 6.9 Recognition by ATR-FTIR Analysis Coupled with Chemometrics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3166. [PMID: 37571060 PMCID: PMC10420875 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a simple approach for the recognition of polyamide 6.9 samples differing in impurity amounts and viscosities (modulated during the synthesis), which are parameters plausibly variable in polymers' manufacturing processes. Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was combined with chemometrics, applying statistical methods to experimental data. Both non-supervised and supervised methods have been used (PCA and PLS-DA), and a predictive model that could assess the polyamide type of unknown samples was created. Chemometric tools led to a satisfying degree of discrimination among samples, and the predictive model resulted in a great classification of unknown samples with an accuracy of 88.89%. Traditional physical-chemical characterizations (such as thermal and mechanical tests) showed their limits in the univocal identification of sample types, and additionally, they resulted in time-consuming procedures and specimen destruction. The spectral modifications have been investigated to understand the main signals that are more likely to affect the discrimination process. The proposed hybrid methodology represents a potential support for quality control activities within the production sector, especially when the spectra of compounds with the same nominal composition show almost identical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Tummino
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-STIIMA), Corso G. Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | | | | | - Cinzia Tonetti
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-STIIMA), Corso G. Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Vasilios Sakkas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Alkaron WA, Hamad SF, Sabri MM. Studying the Fabrication and Characterization of Polymer Composites Reinforced with Waste Eggshell Powder. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/7640478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric and plastic materials currently have numerous positive impacts due to their unique properties that make them important for various engineering applications. However, sustainability is a vital factor that should be considered, because of environmental issues. Eggshells (ES) are an important way to reduce the impact of nondegradable materials when applied to reinforce different types of polymer matrices, whether natural or synthetic polymers. Therefore, this study is an attempt to explore the potential application of waste eggshell fillers for the first time as a natural reinforcement in polyamide 12 (PA) composites. PA was loaded with three different ratios (3, 5, and 10 wt. %) of eggshell powder. Morphological studies of the PA powder, ES powder, and their composites were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were performed to study the thermal and chemical properties of the raw materials and the produced composites. The results indicate ES fillers’ potential usage as a reinforcement material to develop the thermal and chemical properties of the PA polymer matrix composites, thereby reducing costs and minimizing the environmental pollution caused by waste eggshells and petroleum-based polymers.
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Nguyen TD, Farshchi N, Ulbricht TJT, Leopold A, Schmidt T, Uhlig K, Stommel M, Voit B, Gedan‐Smolka M. The crystallinity of chemically PA‐PTFE‐oil compounds by X‐ray diffraction and DSC. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20230035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Pastushok O, Kivijärvi L, Laakso E, Haukka M, Piili H, Repo E. Electrochemical properties of graphite/nylon electrodes additively manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Seo HJ, Rhim WK, Baek SW, Kim JY, Kim DS, Han DK. Endogenous stimulus-responsive nitric oxide releasing bioactive liposome for a multilayered drug-eluting balloon. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:916-930. [PMID: 36533852 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01673g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-eluting balloon (DEB) system has been widely utilized for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), treating atherosclerosis to overcome the limitations of cardiovascular stents. With the anti-proliferative drug, everolimus (EVL), nitric oxide (NO) plays a key bioregulator role to facilitate the angiogenesis of endothelial cells (ECs) and inhibit the cell proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the lesions of cardiovascular diseases. Due to the very short lifetime and limited exposure area of NO in the body, the continuous release and efficient delivery of NO must be carefully considered. In this respect, a liposome-containing disulfide bonding group was introduced as a delivery vehicle of EVL and NO with the continuous release of NO via successive reaction cycles with GSH and SNAP in the blood vessel without the need for exogenous stimulations. With a multilayer coating platform consisting of a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/EVL-laden liposome with NO (EVL-NO-Lipo)/PVP, we precluded the loss of the EVL-encapsulated liposome with NO release during the transition time and maximized the transfer rate from the surface of DEB to the tissues. The sustained release of NO was monitored using a nitric oxide analyzer (NOA), and the synergistic bioactivities of EVL and NO were proved in EC and SMC with angiogenesis and cell proliferation-related assays. From the results of hemocompatibility and ex vivo studies, the feasibility was provided for future in vivo applications of the multilayer-coated DEB system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeong Seo
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Kyu Rhim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Woon Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.,Intelligent Precision of Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.,Intelligent Precision of Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Seul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea. .,School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea.
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Márquez RA, Kawashima K, Son YJ, Rose R, Smith LA, Miller N, Carrasco Jaim OA, Celio H, Mullins CB. Tailoring 3D-Printed Electrodes for Enhanced Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42153-42170. [PMID: 36084243 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline water electrolysis, a promising technology for clean energy storage, is constrained by extrinsic factors in addition to intrinsic electrocatalytic activity. To begin to compare between catalytic materials for electrolysis applications, these extrinsic factors must first be understood and controlled. Here, we modify extrinsic electrode properties and study the effects of bubble release to examine how the electrode and surface design impact the performance of water electrolysis. We fabricate robust and cost-effective electrodes through a sequential three-dimensional (3D) printing and metal deposition procedure. Through a systematic assessment of the deposition procedure, we confirm the close relationship between extrinsic electrode properties (i.e., wettability, surface roughness, and electrochemically active surface area) and electrochemical performance. Modifying the electrode geometry, size, and electrolyte flow rate results in an overpotential decrease and different bubble diameters and lifetimes for the hydrogen (HER) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER). Hence, we demonstrate the essential role of the electrode architecture and forced electrolyte convection on bubble release. Additionally, we confirm the suitability of ordered, Ni-coated 3D porous structures by evaluating the HER/OER performance, bubble dissipation, and long-term stability. Finally, we utilize the 3D porous electrode as a support for studying a benchmark NiFe electrocatalyst, confirming the robustness and effectiveness of 3D-printed electrodes for testing electrocatalytic materials while extrinsic properties are precisely controlled. Overall, we demonstrate that tailoring electrode architectures and surface properties result in precise tuning of extrinsic electrode properties, providing more reproducible and comparable conditions for testing the efficiency of electrode materials for water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl A Márquez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kenta Kawashima
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yoon Jun Son
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Roger Rose
- Texas Inventionworks, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lettie A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nathaniel Miller
- Department of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Omar Ali Carrasco Jaim
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hugo Celio
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - C Buddie Mullins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- H2@UT, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Li X, Li X, Wang Y, Zhu P, Wang D, Müller AJ, Dong X. Effect of Initial Molecular Weight on the Structural Evolution of Polyamide 1012 during High-Temperature Thermal Treatments as Revealed by Successive Self-Nucleation and Annealing. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xueting Li
- Shandong Guangyin New Material Co., Ltd., Zibo, Shandong Province 255022, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Xia Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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The Composites of Polyamide 12 and Metal Oxides with High Antimicrobial Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153025. [PMID: 35893987 PMCID: PMC9330415 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of resistance of plastic objects to various pathogens and their increasing activity in our daily life have made researchers develop polymeric materials with biocidal properties. Hence, this paper describes the thermoplastic composites of Polyamide 12 mixed with 1-5 wt % of the nanoparticles of zinc, copper, and titanium oxides prepared by a twin-screw extrusion process and injection moulding. A satisfactory biocidal activity of polyamide 12 nanocomposites was obtained thanks to homogenously dispersed metal oxides in the polymer matrix and the wettability of the metal oxides by PA12. At 4 wt % of the metal oxides, the contact angles were the lowest and it resulted in obtaining the highest reduction rate of the Escherichia coli (87%), Candida albicans (53%), and Herpes simplex 1 (90%). The interactions of the nanocomposites with the fibroblasts show early apoptosis (11.85-27.79%), late apoptosis (0.81-5.04%), and necrosis (0.18-0.31%), which confirms the lack of toxicity of used metal oxides. Moreover, the used oxides affect slightly the thermal and rheological properties of PA12, which was determined by oscillatory rheology, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry.
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13
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Preparation of polyamide 12 powder for additive manufacturing applications via thermally induced phase separation. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Spherical polyamide 12 (PA12) powder for selective laser sintering (SLS) was prepared by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method. It was authenticated that the mixed solvent can regulate the liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) process by changing the ratio of diluent to non-diluent. The polymer droplets mainly coalesced in the solution, and then the crystal nucleus of PA12 was formed in the droplets. Finally, high crystallinity PA12 powder was precipitated. The morphology, particle size distribution, thermal properties, the change of crystal structure, and powder spreading performances of the obtained powder were characterized. The powder had a narrow particle size distribution, an average particle size of 55.2 μm, and a broad sintering window of 29°C. The results exhibited that the powders prepared by TIPS had excellent sintering properties, and TIPS method provided more choices for SLS technology.
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14
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Kulinowski P, Malczewski P, Łaszcz M, Baran E, Milanowski B, Kuprianowicz M, Dorożyński P. Development of Composite, Reinforced, Highly Drug-Loaded Pharmaceutical Printlets Manufactured by Selective Laser Sintering-In Search of Relevant Excipients for Pharmaceutical 3D Printing. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062142. [PMID: 35329594 PMCID: PMC8950795 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
3D printing by selective laser sintering (SLS) of high-dose drug delivery systems using pure brittle crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is possible but impractical. Currently used pharmaceutical grade excipients, including polymers, are primarily designed for powder compression, ensuring good mechanical properties. Using these excipients for SLS usually leads to poor mechanical properties of printed tablets (printlets). Composite printlets consisting of sintered carbon-stained polyamide (PA12) and metronidazole (Met) were manufactured by SLS to overcome the issue. The printlets were characterized using DSC and IR spectroscopy together with an assessment of mechanical properties. Functional properties of the printlets, i.e., drug release in USP3 and USP4 apparatus together with flotation assessment, were evaluated. The printlets contained 80 to 90% of Met (therapeutic dose ca. 600 mg), had hardness above 40 N (comparable with compressed tablets) and were of good quality with internal porous structure, which assured flotation. The thermal stability of the composite material and the identity of its constituents were confirmed. Elastic PA12 mesh maintained the shape and structure of the printlets during drug dissolution and flotation. Laser speed and the addition of an osmotic agent in low content influenced drug release virtually not changing composition of the printlet; time to release 80% of Met varied from 0.5 to 5 h. Composite printlets consisting of elastic insoluble PA12 mesh filled with high content of crystalline Met were manufactured by 3D SLS printing. Dissolution modification by the addition of an osmotic agent was demonstrated. The study shows the need to define the requirements for excipients dedicated to 3D printing and to search for appropriate materials for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kulinowski
- Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Cracow, Poland; (P.K.); (P.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Piotr Malczewski
- Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Cracow, Poland; (P.K.); (P.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Marta Łaszcz
- Department of Falsified Medicines and Medical Devices, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Baran
- Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Cracow, Poland; (P.K.); (P.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Bartłomiej Milanowski
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
- GENERICA Pharmaceutical Lab, Regionalne Centrum Zdrowia Sp. z o.o., Na Kępie 3, 64-360 Zbąszyń, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Kuprianowicz
- GENERICA Pharmaceutical Lab, Regionalne Centrum Zdrowia Sp. z o.o., Na Kępie 3, 64-360 Zbąszyń, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Dorożyński
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Spectroscopic Methods, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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15
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Kondo MY, Montagna LS, Morgado GFDM, Castilho ALGD, Batista LAPDS, Botelho EC, Costa ML, Passador FR, Rezende MC, Ribeiro MV. Recent advances in the use of Polyamide-based materials for the automotive industry. POLIMEROS 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.20220042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michelle Leali Costa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil; Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Brasil
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16
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Sommereyns A, Gann S, Schmidt J, Chehreh AB, Lüddecke A, Walther F, Gökce B, Barcikowski S, Schmidt M. Quality over Quantity: How Different Dispersion Qualities of Minute Amounts of Nano-Additives Affect Material Properties in Powder Bed Fusion of Polyamide 12. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5322. [PMID: 34576548 PMCID: PMC8465424 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The great interest, within the fields of research and industry, in enhancing the range and functionality of polymer powders for laser powder bed fusion (LB-PBF-P) increases the need for material modifications. To exploit the full potential of the additivation method of feedstock powders with nanoparticles, the influence of nanoparticles on the LB-PBF process and the material behavior must be understood. In this study, the impact of the quantity and dispersion quality of carbon nanoparticles deposited on polyamide 12 particles is investigated using tensile and cubic specimens manufactured under the same process conditions. The nano-additives are added through dry coating and colloidal deposition. The specimens are analyzed by tensile testing, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light and electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and micro-computed tomography. The results show that minute amounts (0.005 vol%) of highly dispersed carbon nanoparticles shift the mechanical properties to higher ductility at the expense of tensile strength. Despite changes in crystallinity due to nano-additives, the crystalline phases of polyamide 12 are retained. Layer bonding and part densities strongly depend on the quantity and dispersion quality of the nanoparticles. Nanoparticle loadings for CO2 laser-operated PBF show only minor changes in material properties, while the potential is greater at lower laser wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sommereyns
- Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stan Gann
- Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Schmidt
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Haberstr. 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Abootorab Baqerzadeh Chehreh
- Department of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Baroper Str. 303, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arne Lüddecke
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Volkmaroder Str. 5, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Walther
- Department of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Baroper Str. 303, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bilal Gökce
- Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Materials Science and Additive Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Safety Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stephan Barcikowski
- Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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