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Azadi E, Dinari M, Derakhshani M, Reid KR, Karimi B. Sources and Extraction of Biopolymers and Manufacturing of Bio-Based Nanocomposites for Different Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:4406. [PMID: 39339400 PMCID: PMC11433844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29184406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In the recent era, bio-nanocomposites represent an emerging group of nanostructured hybrid materials and have been included in a new field at the frontier of materials science, life sciences, and nanotechnology. These biohybrid materials reveal developed structural and functional features of great attention for diverse uses. These materials take advantage of the synergistic assembling of biopolymers with nanometer-sized reinforcements. Conversely, polysaccharides have received great attention due to their several biological properties like antimicrobial and antioxidant performance. They mainly originated in different parts of plants, animals, seaweed, and microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and yeasts). Polysaccharide-based nanocomposites have great features, like developed physical, structural, and functional features; affordability; biodegradability; and biocompatibility. These bio-based nanocomposites have been applied in biomedical, water treatment, food industries, etc. This paper will focus on the very recent trends in bio-nanocomposite based on polysaccharides for diverse applications. Sources and extraction methods of polysaccharides and preparation methods of their nanocomposites will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Azadi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; (E.A.)
| | - Mohammad Dinari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; (E.A.)
| | - Maryam Derakhshani
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; (E.A.)
| | - Katelyn R. Reid
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Benson Karimi
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
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2
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Flores-Hernández CG, López-Barroso J, Salazar-Cruz BA, Saucedo-Rivalcoba V, Almendarez-Camarillo A, Rivera-Armenta JL. Evaluation of Starch-Garlic Husk Polymeric Composites through Mechanical, Thermal, and Thermo-Mechanical Tests. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:289. [PMID: 38276697 PMCID: PMC10818331 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work evaluates the influence of different properties of composite materials from natural sources. Films were prepared using the evaporative casting technique from corn starch reinforced with a waste material such as garlic husk (GH), using glycerin as a plasticizer. The results of the syntheses carried out demonstrated the synergy between these materials. In the morphological analysis, the compatibility and adequate dispersion of the reinforcer in the matrix were confirmed. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the interaction and formation of bonds between the matrix and the reinforcer were confirmed by the presence of some signals such as S-S and C-S. Similarly, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that even at low concentrations, GH can slightly increase the decomposition temperature. Finally, from the results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), it was possible to identify that the storage modulus increases significantly, up to 115%, compared to pure starch, especially at low concentrations of the reinforcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández
- Departamento de Metal Mecánica—División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro/Tecnológico Nacional de México, Av. Tecnológico S/n Esq. Gral. Mariano Escobedo, Santiago de Querétaro 76000, Querétaro, Mexico; (C.G.F.-H.); (J.L.-B.)
| | - Juventino López-Barroso
- Departamento de Metal Mecánica—División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro/Tecnológico Nacional de México, Av. Tecnológico S/n Esq. Gral. Mariano Escobedo, Santiago de Querétaro 76000, Querétaro, Mexico; (C.G.F.-H.); (J.L.-B.)
| | - Beatriz Adriana Salazar-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación en Petroquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero/Tecnológico Nacional de México, Pról. Bahía de Aldair y Ave. de las Bahías, Parque de la Pequeña y Mediana Industria, Altamira 89603, Tamaulipas, Mexico;
| | - Verónica Saucedo-Rivalcoba
- Ingeniería en Procesos Biotecnológicos y Alimentarios, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tierra Blanca/Tecnológico Nacional de México, Av. Veracruz s/n Esquina Héroes de Puebla, Col. Pemex, Tierra Blanca 95180, Veracruz, Mexico;
| | - Armando Almendarez-Camarillo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 Esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - José Luis Rivera-Armenta
- Centro de Investigación en Petroquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero/Tecnológico Nacional de México, Pról. Bahía de Aldair y Ave. de las Bahías, Parque de la Pequeña y Mediana Industria, Altamira 89603, Tamaulipas, Mexico;
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Novoskoltseva OA, Litmanovich EA, Loiko NG, Nikolaev YA, Yaroslavov AA. Biodegradable Water-Soluble Matrix for Immobilization of Biocidal 4-Hexylresorcinol. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14717. [PMID: 37834163 PMCID: PMC10572309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocidal coatings have been used in biomedicine, cosmetology and the food industry. In this article, the coatings are described as being composed of non-stoichiometric polycomplexes, products of electrostatic coupling of two commercial biodegradable ionic polymers, anionic sodium alginate and cationic quaternized hydroxyethyl cellulose ethoxylate. Non-stoichiometric polycomplexes with a 5-fold excess of the cationic polymer were used for immobilizing hydrophobic biocidal 4-hexylresorcinol (HR). Being dispersed in water, the polycomplex particles were capable of absorbing a tenfold excess of HR in relation to the polycation. After deposition onto the plastic surface and drying, the aqueous polycomplex-HR composite formulation forms a transparent homogeneous coating, which swells slightly in water. The interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) is substantially non-toxic. The incorporation of HR in the IPEC imparts antimicrobial activity to the resulting composite, in both aqueous solutions and coatings, against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. The polysaccharide-based polycomplexes with embedded HR are promising for the fabrication of biocidal films and coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Novoskoltseva
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.N.); (E.A.L.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Litmanovich
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.N.); (E.A.L.)
| | - Nataliya G. Loiko
- Department of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.L.); (Y.A.N.)
| | - Yury A. Nikolaev
- Department of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.L.); (Y.A.N.)
| | - Alexander A. Yaroslavov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.N.); (E.A.L.)
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Eslami Z, Elkoun S, Robert M, Adjallé K. A Review of the Effect of Plasticizers on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Alginate-Based Films. Molecules 2023; 28:6637. [PMID: 37764413 PMCID: PMC10534897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing attempt to manipulate various properties of biodegradable materials to use them as alternatives to their synthetic plastic counterparts. Alginate is a polysaccharide extracted from seaweed or soil bacteria that is considered one of the most promising materials for numerous applications. However, alginate potential for various applications is relatively limited due to brittleness, poor mechanical properties, scaling-up difficulties, and high water vapor permeability (WVP). Choosing an appropriate plasticizer can alleviate the situation by providing higher flexibility, workability, processability, and in some cases, higher hydrophobicity. This review paper discusses the main results and developments regarding the effects of various plasticizers on the properties of alginate-based films during the last decades. The plasticizers used for plasticizing alginate were classified into different categories, and their behavior under different concentrations and conditions was studied. Moreover, the drawback effects of plasticizers on the mechanical properties and WVP of the films are discussed. Finally, the role of plasticizers in the improved processing of alginate and the lack of knowledge on some aspects of plasticized alginate films is clarified, and accordingly, some recommendations for more classical studies of the plasticized alginate films in the future are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Eslami
- Center for Innovation in Technological Ecodesign (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (Z.E.); (M.R.)
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Saïd Elkoun
- Center for Innovation in Technological Ecodesign (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (Z.E.); (M.R.)
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Robert
- Center for Innovation in Technological Ecodesign (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (Z.E.); (M.R.)
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Kokou Adjallé
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Eau Terre Environnement Research Centre, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Quebec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada;
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Silveira L, Naves FL, Santos IJB, Sarrouh B, Lofrano RCZ. Green chemistry production of biopolymeric film-derived biomaterial prepared using natural alginate and vanillin compounds for application as a biocurative. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:96965-96976. [PMID: 37584797 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The present work presents the results obtained in the production of vanillin-doped alginate biopolymeric film using green chemistry methodology. Alginate dressings are already a therapeutic reality, but they act only by maintaining the appropriate environment for healing. In order to improve their properties, the incorporation of vanillin was proposed due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Different biopolymeric films were produced employing the experiment planning through response surface analysis, which allowed determining the best region for a medium value of solubility and high degree of swelling. This region refers to values above 0.07 g of CaCl2 and concentrations above 0.024 g of vanillin, triggering solubility between 25 and 30% and a degree of swelling above 100% and with fixed values of alginate (0.85 g). Such data are related to experiments (A), (B), and (C) listed in Table 1. Regarding the optimization of the process, the normal boundary intersection (NBI) method allowed the analysis of concave regions, predicting the optimal points and generating the Pareto chart with equidistant limits. The antimicrobial test allowed observing the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa microorganisms from the biopolymeric films, as well as a solution of vanillin with calcium chloride and glycerol obtaining a halo of inhibition only in the presence of vanillin, and there was no significant difference between the results obtained in the experiments (A) and (B). The thermal analyses showed that the material has thermal stability in the ideal temperature range (~ 25 °C) for application as a biocurative. We preliminarily concluded that the alginate biopolymeric film doped with vanillin prepared using green chemical methodology presents antimicrobial properties and thermal stability that indicate its potential use as biocurative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia Química/PPGEQ, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Campus Alto Paraopeba, Bairro Fazenda Do Cadete, Rodovia MG 443, Km 07, Ouro Branco, MG CEP, 364497-899, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Luiz Naves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia Química/PPGEQ, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Campus Alto Paraopeba, Bairro Fazenda Do Cadete, Rodovia MG 443, Km 07, Ouro Branco, MG CEP, 364497-899, Brazil
| | - Igor José Boggione Santos
- Departamento de Química, Biotecnologia E Engenharia de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Campus Alto Paraopeba, Rodovia MG 443, Km 07, Bairro Fazenda Do Cadete, Ouro Branco, MG CEP, 364497-899, Brazil
| | - Boutros Sarrouh
- Departamento de Química, Biotecnologia E Engenharia de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Campus Alto Paraopeba, Rodovia MG 443, Km 07, Bairro Fazenda Do Cadete, Ouro Branco, MG CEP, 364497-899, Brazil
| | - Renata Carolina Zanetti Lofrano
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Campus Alto Paraopeba, Rodovia MG 443, Km 07, Bairro Fazenda Do Cadete, Ouro Branco, MG CEP, 364497-899, Brazil.
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Janik W, Nowotarski M, Ledniowska K, Shyntum DY, Krukiewicz K, Turczyn R, Sabura E, Furgoł S, Kudła S, Dudek G. Modulation of physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of sodium alginate films through the use of chestnut extract and plasticizers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11530. [PMID: 37460643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the growing demand for robust and environmentally friendly antimicrobial packaging materials, biopolymers have recently become extensively investigated. Although biodegradable biopolymers usually lack mechanical properties, which makes it inevitable to blend them with plasticizers. The purpose of this study was to investigate plasticization efficiency of bio-based plasticizers introduced into sodium alginate compositions containing chestnut extract and their effect on selected film properties, including primarily mechanical and antibacterial properties. The films were prepared by the casting method and sodium alginate was cross-linked with calcium chloride. Six different plasticizers, including three commercially available ones (glycerol, epoxidized soybean oil and palm oil) and three synthesized plasticizers that are mixtures of bio-based plasticizers, were used to compare their influence on the film properties. Interactions between the polymer matrix and the plasticizers were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphological characteristics of the films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal properties, tensile strength, elongation at break, hydrophilic, and barrier properties of the obtained films were also determined. To confirm the obtaining of active films through the use of chestnut extract and to study the effect of the proposed plasticizers on the antibacterial activity of the extract, the obtained films were tested against bacteria cultures. The final results showed that all of the obtained films exhibit a hydrophilic character and high barrier effect to oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. In addition, sodium alginate films prepared with chestnut extract and the plasticizer proposed by us, showed better mechanical and antimicrobial properties than the films obtained with chestnut extract and the commercially available plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Janik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", 47-225, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland.
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Michał Nowotarski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Kerstin Ledniowska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", 47-225, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Roman Turczyn
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Sabura
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", 47-225, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Simona Furgoł
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", 47-225, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Stanisław Kudła
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", 47-225, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Gabriela Dudek
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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Gubitosa J, Rizzi V, Marasciulo C, Maggi F, Caprioli G, Mustafa AM, Fini P, De Vietro N, Aresta AM, Cosma P. Realizing Eco-Friendly Water-Resistant Sodium-Alginate-Based Films Blended with a Polyphenolic Aqueous Extract from Grape Pomace Waste for Potential Food Packaging Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11462. [PMID: 37511218 PMCID: PMC10380346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Water-resistant and environmentally friendly sodium-alginate-based films have been investigated to develop functional materials to extend the food's shelf-life. A water-stable alginate-based film was prepared, employing both the internal and external gelation approach in the presence of CaCl2. To apply this film to food packaging and thus preserve food quality, the aim of this work is to perform a chemical and physical characterization of the proposed materials, evidencing the main features and stability under different work conditions. Water contact angle measurements showed a value of 65°, suggesting an important reduced hydrophilic character of the obtained alginate films due to the novel CaCl2-induced compacted polymer network. The film's stability was thus checked through swelling measurements in water after varying pH, temperature, and ionic strength. The film was stable at high temperatures and not pH-responsive. Only highly concentrated salt-based solutions negatively affected the proposed packaging, causing a large swelling. Furthermore, a water-based polyphenolic extract from grape (Vitis vinifera L.) pomace waste was embedded inside the films in different amounts in order to confer additional properties. The extract's polyphenolic content (evaluated from HPLC/MS-MS measurements) endowed the films' UV-light screening and enhanced antioxidant properties. These important findings suggest the additional potential role of these films in protecting food from light deterioration. The stability of these hybrid films was also checked by observation, as the polyphenols' presence did not largely alter the alginate network that occurred yet was water-resistant under the described work conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gubitosa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Rizzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosma Marasciulo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Ma-donna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Caprioli
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Ma-donna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Ahmed M Mustafa
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Ma-donna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Paola Fini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta De Vietro
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Maria Aresta
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Pinalysa Cosma
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Stan D, Codrici E, Enciu AM, Olewnik-Kruszkowska E, Gavril G, Ruta LL, Moldovan C, Brincoveanu O, Bocancia-Mateescu LA, Mirica AC, Stan D, Tanase C. Exploring the Impact of Alginate-PVA Ratio and the Addition of Bioactive Substances on the Performance of Hybrid Hydrogel Membranes as Potential Wound Dressings. Gels 2023; 9:476. [PMID: 37367146 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare professionals face an ongoing challenge in managing both acute and chronic wounds, given the potential impact on patients' quality of life and the limited availability of expensive treatment options. Hydrogel wound dressings offer a promising solution for effective wound care due to their affordability, ease of use, and ability to incorporate bioactive substances that enhance the wound healing process. Our study aimed to develop and evaluate hybrid hydrogel membranes enriched with bioactive components such as collagen and hyaluronic acid. We utilized both natural and synthetic polymers and employed a scalable, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly production process. We conducted extensive testing, including an in vitro assessment of moisture content, moisture uptake, swelling rate, gel fraction, biodegradation, water vapor transmission rate, protein denaturation, and protein adsorption. We evaluated the biocompatibility of the hydrogel membranes through cellular assays and performed instrumental tests using scanning electron microscopy and rheological analysis. Our findings demonstrate that the biohybrid hydrogel membranes exhibit cumulative properties with a favorable swelling ratio, optimal permeation properties, and good biocompatibility, all achieved with minimal concentrations of bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Stan
- DDS Diagnostic, 031427 Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 040441 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Codrici
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Enciu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ewa Olewnik-Kruszkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Georgiana Gavril
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Carmen Moldovan
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnology, 077190 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Brincoveanu
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnology, 077190 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 060102 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Dana Stan
- DDS Diagnostic, 031427 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cell Biology and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 040441 Bucharest, Romania
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Diep E, Schiffman JD. Ethanol-free Cross-Linking of Alginate Nanofibers Enables Controlled Release into a Simulated Gastrointestinal Tract Model. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37183416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of alginate nanofibers in certain biomedical applications, including targeted delivery to the gut, is limited because an ethanol-free, biocompatible cross-linking method has not been demonstrated. Here, we developed water-stable, alginate-based nanofibers by systematically exploring post-electrospinning cross-linking approaches that used calcium ions dissolved in (1) a glycerol/water cosolvent system and (2) acidic, neutral, or basic aqueous solutions. Scanning electron microscopy proved that the fibers cross-linked in a glycerol cosolvent or pH-optimized solutions had maintained the same morphology as the ethanol-based literature control. Notably, cross-linked fibers were generally smaller in diameter than the as-spun fibers due to both chemical interactions and mass loss during cross-linking, which was supported by mass measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. During stability tests wherein the cross-linked fibers were exposed to three aqueous solutions, the cross-linked fibers were stable in water and acid buffer yet swelled in phosphate buffer saline, making them useful scaffolds for pH-controlled release applications. Proof-of-concept release experiments were conducted using a simulated gastrointestinal tract model. As desired, the cargo remained encapsulated within the cross-linked nanofibers when exposed to an acidic solution that modeled the stomach. Upon exposure to a solution that mimicked the intestines, the cargo was released. We suggest that these cross-linked, alginate-based nanofiber mats hold the potential to be broadly used in biomedical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Diep
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
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10
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Abd El‐Ghany NA, Abu Elella MH. Overview of Different Materials Used in Food Production. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IN FOOD PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 2023:1-25. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119860594.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Novel Silicone-Grafted Alginate as a Drug Delivery Scaffold: Pharmaceutical Characterization of Gliclazide-Loaded Silicone-Based Composite Microcapsules. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020530. [PMID: 36839852 PMCID: PMC9960830 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel gliclazide-loaded elastomeric carbohydrate pharmaceutical vehicle was successfully developed. This new siliconized alginate platform showed pseudoplastic rheology with a zeta potential ranging from (-43.8 mV to -75.5 mV). A Buchi-B390 encapsulator was employed to formulate different types of silicone-grafted alginate microcapsules loaded with gliclazide relying on the vibrational ionic gelation technology. The use of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to crosslink the silicone elastomer (hydroxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane) of this new platform had improved the gliclazide encapsulation (>92.13% ± 0.76) of the free-flowing composite microcapsules, which showed good mechanical durability (up to 12 h in PBS pH 6.8) and promising results to sustain the drug release.
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12
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Deng Z, Wu Z, Tan X, Deng F, Chen Y, Chen Y, Zhang H. Preparation, Characterization and Antibacterial Property Analysis of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) and Chitosan Nanoparticles Fine-Tuned Starch Film. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238542. [PMID: 36500634 PMCID: PMC9739116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the mechanical and antibacterial properties of traditional starch-based film, herein, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) were introduced to potato starch (PS, film-forming matrix) for the preparation of nanocomposite film without incorporation of additional antibacterial agents. CNCs with varied concentrations were added to PS and CS NPs composite system to evaluate the optimal film performance. The results showed that tensile strength (TS) of nanocomposite film with 0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1% (w/w) CNCs incorporation were 41, 46, 47 and 41 MPa, respectively. The elongation at break (EAB) reached 12.5, 10.2, 7.1 and 13.3%, respectively. Due to the reinforcing effect of CNCs, surface morphology and structural properties of nanocomposite film were altered. TGA analysis confirmed the existence of hydrogen bondings and electrostatic attractions between components in the film-forming matrix. The prepared nanocomposite films showed good antibacterial properties against both E. coli and S. aureus. The nanocomposite film, consist of three most abundant biodegradable polymers, could potentially serve as antibacterial packaging films with strong mechanical properties for food and allied industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zixuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Fangkun Deng
- Jiangxi New Dragon Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yichun 336000, China
| | - Yaobang Chen
- Sibang Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Yichun 336000, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongcai Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-021-3420-6567
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13
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Ramos J, Villacrés NA, Cavalheiro ÉTG, Alarcón HA, Valderrama AC. Preparation of sodium alginate films incorporated with hydroalcoholic extract of Macrocystis pyrifera. FOODS AND RAW MATERIALS 2022. [DOI: 10.21603/2308-4057-2023-1-553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Agroindustry needs novel materials to replace synthetic plastics. This article introduces sodium alginate films with antioxidant properties. The films, which were incorporated with hydroalcoholic extract of Macrocystis pyrifera, were tested on sliced Hass avocados.
The research featured sodium alginate films incorporated with hydroalcoholic extracts of M. pyrifera. Uncoated avocado halves served as control, while the experimental samples were covered with polymer film with or without hydroalcoholic extract. A set of experiments made it possible to evaluate the effect of the extracts on polymeric matrices, release kinetics, and sensory profile of halved Hass avocados.
A greater concentration of hydroalcoholic extracts increased the content of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity. As a result, the bands in the carboxylate groups of sodium alginate became more intense. Crystallinity decreased, whereas opacity and mass loss percentage increased, and conglomerates appeared on the surface of the films. These processes fit the KorsmeyerPeppas kinetic model because they resulted from a combination of diffusion and swelling mechanisms in the films.
The films incorporated with hydroalcoholic extract of M. pyrifera proved to be an effective alternative to traditional fruit
wrapping materials.
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Janik W, Nowotarski M, Shyntum DY, Banaś A, Krukiewicz K, Kudła S, Dudek G. Antibacterial and Biodegradable Polysaccharide-Based Films for Food Packaging Applications: Comparative Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093236. [PMID: 35591570 PMCID: PMC9103775 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
One of the major objectives of food industry is to develop low-cost biodegradable food packaging films with optimal physicochemical properties, allowing for their large-scale production and providing a variety of applications. To meet the expectations of food industry, we have fabricated a series of solution-cast films based on common biodegradable polysaccharides (starch, chitosan and alginate) to be used in food packaging applications. Selected biopolymers were modified by the addition of glycerol and oxidized sucrose (starch), glycerol (chitosan), and glycerol and calcium chloride (alginate), as well as being used to form blends (starch/chitosan and starch/alginate, respectively). A chestnut extract was used to provide antibacterial properties to the preformed materials. The results of our studies showed that each modification reduced the hydrophilic nature of the polymers, making them more suitable for food packaging applications. In addition, all films exhibited much higher barrier properties to oxygen and carbon dioxide than commercially available films, such as polylactic acid, as well as exhibiting antimicrobial properties against model Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively), as well as yeast (Candida albicans).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Janik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—The Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland;
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, 2a Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-77-487-31-87
| | - Michał Nowotarski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.N.); (A.B.); (K.K.); (G.D.)
| | - Divine Yutefar Shyntum
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Angelika Banaś
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.N.); (A.B.); (K.K.); (G.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.N.); (A.B.); (K.K.); (G.D.)
| | - Stanisław Kudła
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—The Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland;
| | - Gabriela Dudek
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.N.); (A.B.); (K.K.); (G.D.)
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15
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Dang BT, Bui XT, Tran DPH, Hao Ngo H, Nghiem LD, Hoang TKD, Nguyen PT, Nguyen HH, Vo TKQ, Lin C, Yi Andrew Lin K, Varjani S. Current application of algae derivatives for bioplastic production: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126698. [PMID: 35026424 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Improper use of conventional plastics poses challenges for sustainable energy and environmental protection. Algal derivatives have been considered as a potential renewable biomass source for bioplastic production. Algae derivatives include a multitude of valuable substances, especially starch from microalgae, short-chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from cyanobacteria, polysaccharides from marine and freshwater macroalgae. The algae derivatives have the potential to be used as key ingredients for bioplastic production, such as starch and PHAs or only as an additive such as sulfated polysaccharides. The presence of distinctive functional groups in algae, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, and sulfate, can be manipulated or tailored to provide desirable bioplastic quality, especially for food, pharmaceutical, and medical packaging. Standardizing strains, growing conditions, harvesting and extracting algae in an environmentally friendly manner would be a promising strategy for pollution control and bioplastic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Trong Dang
- HUTECH University, 475A, Dien Bien Phu, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Xuan-Thanh Bui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNUHCM), Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet street, district 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam.
| | - Duyen P H Tran
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNUHCM), Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Long D Nghiem
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Thi-Khanh-Dieu Hoang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNUHCM), Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Phuong-Thao Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNUHCM), Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet street, district 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Hai H Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Kim-Quyen Vo
- Faculty of Environment - Natural Resources and Climate Change, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry (HUFI), 140 Le Trong Tan street, Tay Thanh ward, Tan Phu district, Ho Chi Minh city 700000, Vietnam
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kun Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382010, Gujarat, India
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Toader G, Pulpea D, Rotariu T, Diacon A, Rusen E, Moldovan A, Podaru A, Ginghină R, Alexe F, Iorga O, Bajenaru SA, Ungureanu M, Dîrloman F, Pulpea B, Leonat L. Strippable Polymeric Nanocomposites Comprising "Green" Chelates, for the Removal of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4194. [PMID: 34883697 PMCID: PMC8659526 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The issue of heavy metal and radionuclide contamination is still causing a great deal of concern worldwide for environmental protection and industrial sites remediation. Various techniques have been developed for surface decontamination aiming for high decontamination factors (DF) and minimal environmental impact, but strippable polymeric nanocomposite coatings are some of the best candidates in this area. In this study, novel strippable coatings for heavy metal and radionuclides decontamination were developed based on the film-forming ability of polyvinyl alcohol, with the remarkable metal retention capacity of bentonite nanoclay, together with the chelating ability of sodium alginate and with "new-generation" "green" complexing agents: iminodisuccinic acid (IDS) and 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC). These environmentally friendly water-based decontamination solutions are capable of generating strippable polymeric films with optimized mechanical and thermal properties while exhibiting high decontamination efficiency (DF ≈ 95-98% for heavy metals tested on glass surface and DF ≈ 91-97% for radionuclides 241Am, 90Sr-Y and 137Cs on metal, painted metal, plastic, and glass surfaces).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toader
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39–49 George Coșbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (D.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.U.); (F.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Daniela Pulpea
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39–49 George Coșbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (D.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.U.); (F.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Traian Rotariu
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39–49 George Coșbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (D.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.U.); (F.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Aurel Diacon
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University ‘Politehnica’ of Bucharest, 1–7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Edina Rusen
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University ‘Politehnica’ of Bucharest, 1–7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Andreea Moldovan
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39–49 George Coșbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (D.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.U.); (F.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Alice Podaru
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39–49 George Coșbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (D.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.U.); (F.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Raluca Ginghină
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Soseaua Oltenitei, 041327 Bucharest, Romania; (R.G.); (F.A.); (O.I.); (S.A.B.)
| | - Florentina Alexe
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Soseaua Oltenitei, 041327 Bucharest, Romania; (R.G.); (F.A.); (O.I.); (S.A.B.)
| | - Ovidiu Iorga
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Soseaua Oltenitei, 041327 Bucharest, Romania; (R.G.); (F.A.); (O.I.); (S.A.B.)
| | - Sorina Aurora Bajenaru
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Soseaua Oltenitei, 041327 Bucharest, Romania; (R.G.); (F.A.); (O.I.); (S.A.B.)
| | - Mihai Ungureanu
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39–49 George Coșbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (D.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.U.); (F.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Florin Dîrloman
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39–49 George Coșbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (D.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.U.); (F.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Bogdan Pulpea
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39–49 George Coșbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (D.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.U.); (F.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Lucia Leonat
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania;
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Eco-Friendly Peelable Active Nanocomposite Films Designed for Biological and Chemical Warfare Agents Decontamination. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223999. [PMID: 34833298 PMCID: PMC8620509 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of imminent threats concerning biological and chemical warfare agents, the aim of this study was the development of a new method for biological and chemical decontamination, employing non-toxic, film-forming, water-based biodegradable solutions, using a nano sized reagent together with bentonite as trapping agents for the biological and chemical contaminants. Bentonite-supported nanoparticles of Cu, TiO2, and Ag were successfully synthesized and dispersed in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/glycerol (GLY) aqueous solution. The decontamination effectiveness of the proposed solutions was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques on various micro-organisms, with sulfur mustard (HD) and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) as contaminants. The results indicate that the peelable active nanocomposite films can be successfully used on contaminated surfaces to neutralize and entrap the hazardous materials and their degradation products. Mechanical and thermal characterization of the polymeric films was also performed to validate the decontamination solution's potential as peelable-film generating materials. The removal efficacy from the contaminated surfaces for the tested micro-organisms varied between 93% and 97%, while for the chemical agent HD, the highest decontamination factor obtained was 90.89%. DMMP was almost completely removed from the contaminated surfaces, and a decontamination factor of 99.97% was obtained.
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