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Bazalo B, Morales-Sánchez V, Pérez-Romero N, Contreras-Osorio F, Campos-Jara C, Hernández-Mendo A, Reigal RE. Associations between Fluid Intelligence and Physical Fitness in School Children. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:963. [PMID: 38786375 PMCID: PMC11120782 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has highlighted that active lifestyles that contribute to improved physical fitness are positively related to cognitive functioning in children and adolescents. Specifically, the increase in physical condition at school age is considered relevant because it is related to better cognitive ability and greater academic performance. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between explosive strength, speed-agility, and fluid reasoning in schoolchildren. To achieve this objective, an associative, comparative, and predictive design was used in this research. A total of 129 children participated in this study (age: M = 9.48; SD = 0.99). To assess fluid reasoning, the Raven test's Standard Progressive Matrices Subtest and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) were used. To assess physical fitness, the speed-agility test and the horizontal jump test (ALPHA-fitness battery tests), as well as the ball throw test (2 kg), were used. The results showed that the speed-agility test significantly predicted WISC-V Fluid Reasoning Index scores, and the medicine ball toss test significantly predicted Raven test scores. The results obtained highlight the associations between physical condition at these ages and fluid intelligence. This suggests that promoting active lifestyles that improve physical fitness could have a positive impact on children's cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Bazalo
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Malaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Verónica Morales-Sánchez
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, Faculty of Psychology, University of Malaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain; (V.M.-S.); (A.H.-M.)
| | - Nuria Pérez-Romero
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Postgraduate, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile 7591538, Chile;
| | - Falonn Contreras-Osorio
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile 7591538, Chile; (F.C.-O.); (C.C.-J.)
| | - Christian Campos-Jara
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile 7591538, Chile; (F.C.-O.); (C.C.-J.)
| | - Antonio Hernández-Mendo
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, Faculty of Psychology, University of Malaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain; (V.M.-S.); (A.H.-M.)
| | - Rafael E. Reigal
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, Faculty of Psychology, University of Malaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain; (V.M.-S.); (A.H.-M.)
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Campanella M, Cardinali L, Ferrari D, Migliaccio S, Silvestri F, Falcioni L, Bimonte V, Curzi D, Bertollo M, Bovolon L, Gallotta M, Guidetti L, Baldari C, Bonavolontà V. Effects of Fitlight training on cognitive-motor performance in élite judo athletes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28712. [PMID: 38689957 PMCID: PMC11059503 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims The aims of this study were to verify if a 5-week cognitive-motor training (CMT) using FitlightsTM induced changes in young adult judo athletes compared to a non-intervention group. Specifically, it was verified if CMT influenced executive functions (EFs), physical fitness and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Additionally, athletes' competitive results were compared between groups. Method Twenty-seven athletes (14 males and 13 females; age = 19.5 ± 2.0 years) were assigned to the Fitlight (FG) and control (CG) groups which performed 5 weeks of CMT, respectively, including 25 min per day of Fitlight training or traditional judo practice. All participants performed cognitive (flanker task and forward/backward digit span) and fitness tests (counter movement jump, handgrip test, dynamic and isometric chin up). In addition, BDNF was collected by saliva sampling and competitive results after the intervention period were considered. Results RM-ANOVA showed significant differences in FG for the accuracy of flanker (p = 0.028) and backward digit span (p < 0.001). Moreover, significant differences in FG were found for relative dynamic chin up (p = 0.027) and counter movement jump (p = 0.05). In addition, a significant difference in FG was found for competitive results after the intervention period (p < 0.01).No significant differences were found for BDNF and other cognitive and fitness measures (p > 0.05). Conclusion A 5-week judo-specific CMT improved EFs and motor performance in élite judo athletes. It seems that CMT with Fitlight™ could be considered an additional support to coaches during the training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Campanella
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
| | - L. Cardinali
- Bone Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Ferrari
- Department of Human Sciences, LinkCampus University, Rome, Italy
| | - S. Migliaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University Foro Italico, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | | | - L. Falcioni
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
| | - V.M. Bimonte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Curzi
- Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Bertollo
- BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - L. Bovolon
- Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - M.C. Gallotta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - C. Baldari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
| | - V. Bonavolontà
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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Ashton JS, Roberts JW, Wakefield CJ, MacLaren DPM, Marwood S, Malone JJ. Medium chain triglycerides with a C8:C10 ratio of 30:70 enhances cognitive performance and mitigates the cognitive decline associated with prolonged exercise in young and healthy adults. Physiol Behav 2023; 269:114284. [PMID: 37394051 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolonged exercise has been linked to a decline in cognitive function due to a variety of factors, such as a drop in oxygen in the prefrontal cortex and an increase in stress hormones and neurotransmitters. Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) may possibly offset this decline as they provide energy for the brain via both direct and indirect pathways, alongside promoting chronic physiological adaptations within the brain. METHODS Participants were divided into two groups; MCT (n = 9) and Placebo (n = 10). The MCT gels contained 6 g of MCT with a C8:C10 ratio of 30:70, whereas the placebo gels contained carbohydrates of similar calorific value to the MCT gels. Participants visited the laboratory on three occasions (familiarisation/fitness test, pre-supplementation, post-supplementation), during which they performed a battery of cognitive tasks assessing domains such as processing speed, working memory, selective attention, decision making and coordination, before and after a prolonged bout of exercise (60 mins at 90% gas exchange threshold (GET). A 2-week supplementation period between visits 2 and 3 involved the ingestion of 2 gels per day. RESULTS Exercise resulted in detriments in most cognitive tasks pre-supplementation for both groups, and post-supplementation for the Placebo group (main effect ps< 0.05). Post-supplementation, the effect of exercise was mediated in the MCT group for all cognitive tasks (main effect ps< 0.05), except for the Digit and Spatial Span Backwards test phases (main effect ps> 0.05). Furthermore, MCT supplementation enhanced before-exercise cognitive performance and in some measures, such as working memory, this was maintained after-exercise (interaction effect ps> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Chronic MCT supplementation enhanced before-exercise cognitive performance and offset the cognitive decline caused by a prolonged bout of exercise. In some cases, improvements in before-exercise cognitive performance were maintained after-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S Ashton
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - James W Roberts
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Don P M MacLaren
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon Marwood
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James J Malone
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
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Silvestri F, Campanella M, Bertollo M, Albuquerque MR, Bonavolontà V, Perroni F, Baldari C, Guidetti L, Curzi D. Acute Effects of Fitlight Training on Cognitive-Motor Processes in Young Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:817. [PMID: 36613139 PMCID: PMC9820121 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive-motor training could be used to improve open-skill sport performances, increasing cognitive demands to stimulate executive function (EF) development. Nevertheless, a distributed training proposal for the improvement of EFs is increasingly difficult to combine with seasonal sport commitments. This study aimed to investigate whether a massed basketball training program enriched with Fitlight training can improve EFs and motor performance. Forty-nine players (age = 15.0 ± 1.5 yrs) were assigned to the control and Fitlight-trained (FITL) groups, which performed 3 weeks of massed basketball practice, including 25 min per day of shooting sessions or Fitlight training, respectively. All athletes were tested in cognitive tasks (Flanker/Reverse Flanker; Digit Span) and fitness tests (Agility T-test; Yo-Yo IR1). During the intervention, exercise/session perceived effort (eRPE/sRPE) and enjoyment were collected. RM-ANOVA showed significant EFs scores increased in both groups over time, without differences between the groups. Moreover, an increased sRPE and eRPE appeared in the FITL group (p = 0.0001; p = 0.01), with no group differences in activity enjoyment and fitness tests. Three weeks of massed basketball training improved EFs and motor performance in young players. The additional Fitlight training increased the perceived cognitive effort without decreasing enjoyment, even if it seems unable to induce additional improvements in EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Campanella
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bertollo
- BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque
- Neurosciences of Physical Activity and Sports Research Group, Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31120-901, Brazil
| | - Valerio Bonavolontà
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Perroni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department Unicusano, University “Niccolò Cusano”, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Curzi
- Department Unicusano, University “Niccolò Cusano”, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Martin ȘA, Martin-Hadmaș RM. Differences in Adolescent's Cardiometabolic Health: A Comparison Regarding Guided Team and Endurance Sports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:17070. [PMID: 36554948 PMCID: PMC9779139 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192417070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise can induce changes in gas exchange and ventilation kinetics. Of these, some will lead to various adaptations which can influence performance and health. We conducted a single-center observational study on 40 participants. Of them, 20 participants came from volleyball (Sample 1) and the other 20 participants came from triathlon (Sample 2). All participants underwent anthropometric and basal metabolic rate measurements, along with a laboratory aerobic capacity test (VO2peak). In Sample 1, the VO2peak was 2.38 L/min and 37.5 mL/min/kg, unlike in Sample 2, which had 2.31 L/min (p = 0.402, Mann-Whitney U = 204) and 43 mL/min/kg oxygen uptake (p = 0.0001). VE/VO2 was significantly different (p = 0.0002, Mann-Whitney U = 80), reaching 31.3 and 36.1 L/min in Sample 1 and Sample 2. Similar results were obtained regarding VE/VCO2 (p = 0.0074, Mann-Whitney U = 126), i.e., 31.3 and 33.9 L/min in Sample 1 and Sample 2. The contribution of physical activity was observed in both groups by taking into account the peak oxygen uptake. In comparison, the team sports sample showed an increased metabolic cost at the VO2peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ștefan Adrian Martin
- Department of Physiology, Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu 38, 540139 Mureș, Romania
| | - Roxana Maria Martin-Hadmaș
- Department of Community Nutrition and Food Safety, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu 38, 540139 Mureș, Romania
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Boat R, Cooper SB, Carlevaro F, Magno F, Bardaglio G, Musella G, Magistro D. 16 Weeks of Physically Active Mathematics and English Language Lessons Improves Cognitive Function and Gross Motor Skills in Children Aged 8-9 Years. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16751. [PMID: 36554632 PMCID: PMC9779825 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of physically active lessons, implemented through the Mathematics and English Language curriculum, on cognitive function and gross motor skill development. Following ethical approval, 192 children aged 8-9 years were randomly allocated to an intervention group (n = 98) or a control group (n = 94). The intervention consisted of 8 h.wk-1 of physically active lessons, equally split between Mathematics and English Language, for 16 weeks. Cognitive function (digit span, coding and arithmetic reasoning) and gross motor skill development (TGMD-3) were assessed at baseline and follow-up. The improvement in every domain of cognitive function was greater in the intervention group compared to the control group (group * time, p = 0.008-0.023, d = 0.34-0.42). Furthermore, total TGMD-3 score (group * time, p < 0.001, d = 1.16) and both sub-scales (locomotor, p < 0.001, d = 0.63; object control, p < 0.001, d = 1.29) also improved by a greater extent in the intervention group than in the control group. These findings suggest that 16 weeks of physically active lessons, taught in both Mathematics and English Language curriculum, synergistically improved cognitive function and gross motor skill development in primary school children aged 8-9 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Boat
- Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Simon B. Cooper
- Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Fabio Carlevaro
- Polo Universitario Asti Studi Superiori (Uni-Astiss), 14100 Asti, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Musella
- Polo Universitario Asti Studi Superiori (Uni-Astiss), 14100 Asti, Italy
- University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniele Magistro
- Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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Moon K, Lee M, Han K. Effects of
3D
virtual reality motionless imagery training program with an avatar. Psych J 2022; 12:169-177. [PMID: 36336337 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of motionless imagery training with an avatar in virtual reality (VR) on emotion, cognition, and physiological response changes in healthy adults. Participants were 30 healthy adults aged between 19 and 35 years. All participants were randomly divided into the experimental group (n = 18), which executed the imagery training with an avatar in VR, or the control group (n = 12), which merely experienced the VR without an avatar. Both groups underwent the intervention, a 20-min session, 3 times a week for 6 weeks. VR experience questionnaires and physiological response changes were measured at pre- and post-test and emotional states and cognition tests were measured at pre-, post-, and follow-up test. The experimental group showed no significant changes in the Presence Questionnaire (PQ) and the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) after the intervention while the control group showed a significant decrease in the PQ after the intervention. In all emotional states, there were no significant differences in the interaction between times and groups. A significant main effect of time was revealed in all cognition tests except the delayed recall and the delayed recognition in K-Auditory Verbal Learning Test (K-AVLT). In physiological response changes, the experimental group showed significant improvements in the electromyogram (EMG) at rectus femoris on the left side after the intervention. Thus, imagery training with an avatar in VR can be considered to be effective for enhancements of cognitions and physiological response changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung‐Ji Moon
- Division of Sport Science Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Myung‐Chul Lee
- Division of Sport Science Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Hun Han
- Division of Sport Science Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
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Slimani M, Paravlic A, Abazovic E, Znazen H, Bragazzi NL. Effect of facemask use on cognitive function during a maximal running aerobic fitness test. Front Physiol 2022; 13:912740. [PMID: 36246122 PMCID: PMC9557100 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.912740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present randomized, crossover study was to determine the physiological and cognitive function responses while wearing a facemask during a maximal running aerobic fitness test. Methods: Fourteen healthy, nonsmoking physical education students (age = 17.5 years, height = 1.72 m, body mass = 70.4 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. They carried out a 20 m multistage fitness test (MSFT) while wearing or not a cloth facemask on two separate occasions performed in random order. The “Rating of Perceived Exertion” (RPE) and the d2 test for visual attention were administered and assessed before and immediately after the MSFT for both conditions (with or without a facemask). Results: When wearing the facemask, the participants exhibited lower maximal aerobic speed (p = 0.039), VO2max (p = 0.039), distance covered during the MSFT (p = 0.057), and concentration performance (p < 0.001), when compared with the control situation (without facemask). Moreover, they made more errors compared with the control condition (p = 0.021). The use of a cloth facemask during maximal endurance running tests (such as the MSFT) reduced VO2max, and measures of cognitive performance as assessed by the test of focused visual attention (the d2 test). This data suggests avoiding using a cloth facemask during maximal aerobic fitness tests, and before any tasks that require a high level of visual attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maamer Slimani
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunisia, North Africa
- *Correspondence: Maamer Slimani,
| | - Armin Paravlic
- Faculty of Sport, Institute of Kinesiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ensar Abazovic
- Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Hela Znazen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bracero-Malagón J, Juárez-Ruiz de Mier R, Reigal RE, Caballero-Cerbán M, Hernández-Mendo A, Morales-Sánchez V. Logical Intelligence and Mathematical Competence Are Determined by Physical Fitness in a Sample of School Children. Front Psychol 2022; 13:833844. [PMID: 35645885 PMCID: PMC9135127 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.833844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown positive relationships between fitness level and different cognitive abilities and academic performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence with physical fitness in a group of pre-adolescents. Sixty-three children (50.79% girls; 49.21% boys) from Castro del Río (Córdoba, Spain), aged between 11 and 12 years (M = 11.44, SD = 0.64), participated in this research. The Superior Logical Intelligence Test (SLIT) and the EVAMAT 1.0–5 battery were used. Physical fitness was evaluated by the horizontal jump test, the 4×10 meter speed–agility test, and the Course Navette test. The analyses showed positive relationships between physical fitness with logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence. Specifically, linear regression analyzes indicated that the 4×10 speed–agility test significantly predicted mathematical competence (R2 = 0.16; β = −0.41) and the horizontal jump test significantly predicted logical–mathematical intelligence (R2 = 0.24; β = 0.50). These results are in agreement with previous research, highlighting the importance of improving physical fitness from an early age due to its benefits for intellectual and academic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael E. Reigal
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Anthropology and East Asian Studies, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Hernández-Mendo
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Anthropology and East Asian Studies, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Verónica Morales-Sánchez
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Anthropology and East Asian Studies, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Verónica Morales-Sánchez,
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10
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Assessment of Suvorexant and Eszopiclone as Alternatives to Benzodiazepines for Treating Insomnia in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. Clin Neuropharmacol 2022; 45:52-60. [DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Babaei P, Azari HB. Exercise Training Improves Memory Performance in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of Evidence and Possible Mechanisms. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:771553. [PMID: 35153701 PMCID: PMC8829997 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.771553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As human life expectancy increases, cognitive decline and memory impairment threaten independence and quality of life. Therefore, finding prevention and treatment strategies for memory impairment is an important health concern. Moreover, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved underlying memory preservation will enable the development of appropriate pharmaceuticals drugs for those who are activity limited. Exercise training as a non-pharmacological tool, has been known to increase the mean lifespan by maintaining general body health and improving the cardiovascular and nervous systems function. Among different exercise training protocols, aerobic exercise has been reported to prevent the progression of memory decline, provided adequate exertion level, duration, and frequency. Mechanisms underlying exercise training effects on memory performance have not been understood yet. Convergent evidence suggest several direct and indirect mechanisms at molecular and supramolecular levels. The supramolecular level includes improvement in blood circulation, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis which are under controls of complex molecular signaling of neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, exerkines, and epigenetics factors. Among these various factors, irisin/BDNF signaling seems to be one of the important mediators of crosstalk between contracted skeletal muscles and the brain during exercise training. This review provides an affordable and effective method to improve cognitive function in old ages, particularly those who are most vulnerable to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Helya Bolouki Azari
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Ghorbani M, Clark CCT. Brain function during central fatigue induced by intermittent high-intensity cycling. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3655-3661. [PMID: 33439390 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The central governor model putatively explains the mechanism of endurance exercise-induced central fatigue, however high-intensity exercise-induced central fatigue strategies have not been investigated yet. This study aimed to examine how central fatigue affects neural response alterations, as measured by electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, in intermittent high-intensity cycling. METHODS Neural responses were assessed by measuring the alteration of brainwaves based on spectral energy band estimates during an intermittent, high-intensity, 60-min exercise bout on a cycle ergometer. The cycle ergometer incline was changed every 10 min in an intermittent pattern (10-20-5-20-5-10°). EEG was used to analyze altering brain function. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BL), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured after the participants completed each change in incline. RESULTS The results showed that HR, BL, and RPE increased at an incline of 20° in comparison to a 5° incline. The spectral power of EEG was significantly increased (P ˂ 0.01) in the alpha and beta frequency ranges with a change in inclines between 5 and 20°. The spectral power of the EEG was significantly increased (P ˂ 0.01) over the whole frequency range from rest (theta + 251%, alpha + 165%, beta + 145%). CONCLUSION Higher, relative intensities (10 and 20°) increased brain function, regardless of fatigue occurrence. HIIT (high-intensity interval training) led to an alteration in the neural response. Further work investigating the usefulness of HIIT to improve brain function is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrangiz Ghorbani
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University Bijar Branch, Bijar, Iran.
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
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Wessinger CM, Inman CL, Weinstock J, Weiss EP. Effect of Huperzine A on Cognitive Function and Perception of Effort during Exercise: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2021; 14:727-741. [PMID: 34567353 PMCID: PMC8439683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Huperzine A has shown the ability to acutely improve cognitive function in certain populations, and therefore is commonly added to pre-workout supplements. However, its effects have not been studied in exercise-trained individuals. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that acute consumption of huperzine A would improve cognitive function during exercise, which may be beneficial for exercise performance. METHODS From January to April, 2018, 15 exercise-trained individuals (11 women [height 166 ± 2 cm, weight 60.5 ± 3.0 kg] and 4 men [height 173 ± 4 cm, weight 82.0 ± 11.0 kg], BMI 23.5 ± 1.4 kg/m2, age 30.4 ± 3.6 years) were studied in a double blind randomized-sequence cross-over study, in which they underwent tests for cognitive function (digit span, verbal/word fluency, and Stroop), neuromuscular performance (sharpened Romberg and dart throwing), and exercise performance (estimated aerobic capacity, hand-grip strength, vertical jump, and push-up) after acute ingestion of huperzine A (200 mcg) or placebo. One week separated the two trials. RESULTS No measures of cognitive function differed between placebo and huperzine A trials (all p ≥ 0.296). Heart rates (157 ± 4 vs. 158 ± 4 bpm; p = 0.518) and ratings of perceived exertion (13.7 ± 0.56 vs. 13.9 ± 0.61; p = 0.582) did not differ between placebo and huperzine A trials, respectively. Ratings of subjective difficulty post-exercise (0-10 scale) were significantly higher (5.7 ± 0.38 vs. 6.8 ± 0.38; p = 0.002) in the huperzine A trial than the placebo trial. No differences were observed for neuromuscular or exercise performance measures between groups (all p ≥ 0.497). CONCLUSIONS Huperzine A does not enhance cognitive function during exercise despite it being marketed as a cognitive enhancer. Because of its inability to enhance cognitive function, its inclusion in pre-workout supplements warrants reconsideration. Other more practical and effective strategies should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadsley M Wessinger
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cynthia L Inman
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | | | - Edward P Weiss
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Does Exercise Increase Vestibular and Ocular Motor Symptom Detection After Sport-Related Concussion? J Neurol Phys Ther 2021; 45:214-220. [PMID: 33782346 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Postconcussive vestibular and ocular motor symptoms are common and contribute to longer recovery. The Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) is used to detect such symptoms, but a VOMS performed at rest may miss symptoms that are only provoked by exertion. Supervised exercise challenges (SECs) have been shown to detect concussion-related symptoms provoked by physical exertion. The purpose of this study was to determine whether athletes undergoing an SEC will exhibit greater symptom provocation with the VOMS compared to a VOMS performed at rest prior to an SEC. METHODS Thirty-six athletes (58.3% male) between ages 10 and 18 years and within 30 days of concussion were included. All participants completed VOMS assessments at rest and immediately after an SEC. VOMS total symptom score increases were calculated for both pre- and post-SEC assessments compared using Wilcoxon ranked sum tests. The frequencies of positive assessments for each VOMS item were compared using McNemar's test. RESULTS There were significant increases in post-SEC symptom provocation scores compared with pre-SEC scores for all VOMS items. The post-SEC VOMS identified 29 participants (80.6%) as positive in at least 1 VOMS item compared with 21 participants (58.3%) identified as positive pre-SEC (P = 0.008). For all VOMS items, the post-SEC VOMS identified participants who were previously negative on a pre-SEC VOMS but became positive after the SEC. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS An SEC performed prior to a VOMS assessment may increase the detection of vestibular and ocular motor symptoms that may be missed if the VOMS was performed only at rest.Video Abstract available for more insight from the authors (see the Video Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A342).
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Ghorbani M, Ghazalian F, Ebrahim K, Abednatanzi H. Altered Neural Response Induced by Central-Fatigue in the Cortical Area During High-Intensity Interval Pedaling. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 10:631-639. [PMID: 32477480 PMCID: PMC7253810 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The central-governor model explains the mechanism of endurance exercise-induced central fatigue, but high-intensity exercise-induced central fatigue has not been investigated yet. This study aimed to research how central fatigue during high-intensity intermittent pedaling alters the neural response, which results in Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Methods We assessed neural response by measuring the alternation of brainwave spectral power during an intermittent high-intensity 60-minute exercise on an ergometer cycle. The cadences were changed every 10 minutes according to intermittent pattern altering (90-120-60-120-60-90 rpm). EEG was used to analyze altering brain function. Heart Rate (HR), Blood Lactate (BL), and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were measured after the change in cadences. Results HR, BL, and RPE increased at a cadence of 120 rpm compared with 60 rpm on the ergometer cycle. The spectral power of EEG, according to cadence × brainwaves, significantly increased (P<0.01) in the alpha and beta frequency ranges with a change in cadences between 60 rpm and 120 rpm. The spectral power of the EEG significantly increased (P<0.01) over the whole frequency range from rest to warming (theta: 251%, alpha: 165%, beta: 145%) and significantly reduced in theta, alpha, and beta (theta: 176%, alpha: 142%, beta: 77%) (P≤0.01). Conclusion High-intensity exercises (90 and 120 cadences) increased brain function, regardless of fatigue occurrence. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) led to altering the neural response. It would be required to investigate the usefulness of HIIT to treat some of the psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrangiz Ghorbani
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Bijar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bijar, Iran
| | - Farshad Ghazalian
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Ebrahim
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Abednatanzi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Wu Y, Deng F, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhou W, Qu L, Cheng M. Intensity-dependent effects of consecutive treadmill exercise on spatial learning and memory through the p-CREB/BDNF/NMDAR signaling in hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2020; 386:112599. [PMID: 32184158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is the most recommended non-pharmacological intervention to improve neurocognitive functions under physiological and pathological conditions. However, it remains to be elucidated concerning the influence and the underlying neurological molecular mechanism of different exercise intensity on cognitive function. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of exercise intensity on spatial learning and memory, as well as the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/p-CREB/NMDAR signal. In the research, low-intensity consecutive treadmill (LICT) and high-intensity consecutive treadmill (HICT) were implied to rats for 8 weeks. We found that the performances in the Morris water maze were improved in the LICT group, while reduced in the HICT group as compared with the sedentary rats. Moreover, the expression of BDNF mRNA, phosphorylation cAMP-response-element binding protein (p-CREB), mature BDNF (mBDNF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and NR2B proteins was increased, whereas the expression of precursor BDNF (proBDNF) and pan-neurotrophin receptor 75 (p75NTR) proteins was decreased in the hippocampus of LICT group compared with the sedentary rats. On the contrary, the expression of proteins and mRNA aforementioned in the LICT group showed a reversed tendency in the hippocampus of HICT rats. These findings suggest that the consecutive low-intensity exercise and high-intensity exercise exert different effects on spatial learning and memory by oppositely regulating the mutual stimulation of p-CREB and BDNF mRNA feedback loop, as well as the t-PA/BDNF/NMDAR which is the post-translation cascades of BDNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, 264003 Yantai, China
| | - Fangfang Deng
- Institute of Health and Disease Management, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, 264003 Yantai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Huanghe Road 661, 256603 Binzhou, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Institute of Health and Disease Management, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, 264003 Yantai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Health and Disease Management, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, 264003 Yantai, China
| | - Lei Qu
- College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, 264003 Yantai, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- Institute of Health and Disease Management, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, 264003 Yantai, China.
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Association among Executive Function, Physical Activity, and Weight Status in Youth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55100677. [PMID: 31597316 PMCID: PMC6843179 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Executive function (EF) is an umbrella term that encompasses the set of higher-order processes. Core EFs are inhibition, interference control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. The aim of the study was to compare the EF between normal weight (NW) and inactive overweight (OW), NW and sport trained (ST), ST and OW 16-19-year-old youths. In addition, the relationship between EF and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was evaluated. Materials and Methods: 10 NW, 14 ST, and 10 OW youths participated in this study. EF was evaluated using the ANAM4 battery. VO2peak was measured during an increasing walking exercise (modified Balke test). Results: The NW youths demonstrated better visual tracking and attention (94.28% ± 3.11%/90.23% ± 2.01%), response inhibition (95.65% ± 1.83%/92.48% ± 1.05%), speed of processing, and alternating attention with a motor speed component (95.5% ± 3.51%/89.01% ± 4.09%) than the OW youths (p < 0.05). The ST youths demonstrated better visual tracking and attention (96.76% ± 1.85%/90.23% ± 2.01%), response inhibition (97.58% ± 0.94%/92.48% ± 1.05%), speed of processing, and alternating attention with a motor speed component (98.35% ± 1.35%/89.01% ± 4.09%) than the OW youths (p < 0.05). The ST youths demonstrated better EF results than NW youths (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The ST 16-19-year-old youths demonstrated better EF than their OW and NW peers. The NW youths demonstrated better EF than their OW peers. There was a significant correlation between VO2peak and EF indicators in all groups of participants.
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Moreau D, Chou E. The Acute Effect of High-Intensity Exercise on Executive Function: A Meta-Analysis. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 14:734-764. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691619850568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity exercise has recently emerged as a potent alternative to aerobic regimens, with ramifications for health and brain function. As part of this trend, single sessions of intense exercise have been proposed as powerful, noninvasive means for transiently enhancing cognition. However, findings in this field remain mixed, and a thorough synthesis of the evidence is lacking. Here, we synthesized the literature in a meta-analysis of the acute effect of high-intensity exercise on executive function. We included a total of 1,177 participants and 147 effect sizes across 28 studies and found a small facilitating effect ( d = 0.24) of high-intensity exercise on executive function. However, this effect was significant only compared with rest ( d = 0.34); it was not significant when high-intensity exercise was compared with low-to-moderate intensity exercise ( d = 0.07). This suggests that intense and moderate exercise affect executive function in a comparable manner. We tested a number of moderators that together explained a significant proportion of the between-studies variance. Overall, our findings indicate that high-intensity cardiovascular exercise might be a viable alternative for eliciting acute cognitive gains. We discuss the potential of this line of research, identify a number of challenges and limitations it faces, and propose applications to individuals, society, and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moreau
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland
| | - Edward Chou
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland
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Watson A, Timperio A, Brown H, Hesketh KD. Process evaluation of a classroom active break (ACTI-BREAK) program for improving academic-related and physical activity outcomes for students in years 3 and 4. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:633. [PMID: 31126278 PMCID: PMC6533703 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Active breaks in the classroom have been shown to be effective for increasing children’s physical activity, while simultaneously improving classroom behaviour outcomes. However, there is limited evidence on the feasibility and fidelity of these programs outside of the research context. The purpose of this study was to conduct a process evaluation to explore factors associated with feasibility and fidelity of a classroom active break (ACTI-BREAK) program designed to improve classroom behaviour and physical activity outcomes for children in primary (elementary) school Years 3 and 4. Methods Six schools (3 intervention; 3 control) and 374 children (74% response) were included in the ACTI-BREAK pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. The intervention involved teachers implementing 3 × 5-minute moderate-intensity ACTI-BREAKS into their classroom routines, daily. This study focuses on the responses of students (n = 138) and their teachers (n = 7) who participated in the ACTI-BREAK intervention group. Intervention fidelity was assessed by number of ACTI-BREAKS completed per class per day; minutes spent in moderate-intensity physical activity (accelerometry) per ACTI-BREAK; change in physical activity from baseline to mid- and end- intervention. Intervention feasibility was explored through telephone interviews (teachers), questionnaires and focus groups (students), and teacher observations of acute effects on classroom behaviour. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analyses; acute effects on classroom behaviour and change in physical activity were explored using paired t-tests; questionnaire data were described as frequencies. Results Teachers implemented two ACTI-BREAKS/day on average, mostly of light-intensity physical activity. Physical activity increased from baseline to mid-, but not baseline to end-intervention; classroom behaviour improved immediately following ACTI-BREAKS. Barriers to implementation included ability for students to return to task and scheduling. Facilitators included ease of implementation, flexible delivery options and student enjoyment. Students were largely satisfied with the program and enjoyed ACTI-BREAKS that incorporated choice, imagination and challenge but did not enjoy ACTI-BREAKS that evoked silliness or were perceived as too difficult and some did not like doing ACTI-BREAKS in the confined space of their classroom. Conclusions Results indicated the ACTI-BREAK program was acceptable for students and feasible for teachers, however, some minor modifications in terms of required frequency and intensity could improve fidelity. Trial registration Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617000602325). Retrospectively registered on 27 April 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Watson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Helen Brown
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kylie D Hesketh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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Severe Hypoxia Does Not Offset the Benefits of Exercise on Cognitive Function in Sedentary Young Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16061003. [PMID: 30897697 PMCID: PMC6466299 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effect of acute moderate-intensity continuous exercise performed under normobaric severe hypoxia on cognition, compared to sea-level normoxia. Methods: Thirty healthy inactive women randomly performed two experimental trials separated by at least three days but at approximately the same time of day. Executive functions were measured during the follicular stage via an interference control task before (rest) and during exercise with 45% peak power output under normobaric normoxia (PIO₂ = 150 mmHg, FIO₂ = 0.21), and (2) hypoxia (PIO₂ = 87 mmHg, FIO₂ = 0.12, simulated at an altitude of 4000 m). Reaction time (RT), accuracy rate (AC), heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) were collected before and during exercise. Results: RT (p < 0.05, η²p = 0.203) decreased during moderate exercise when compared at rest, while a short bout of severe hypoxia improved RT (p < 0.05, η²p = 0.134). Exercise and hypoxia had no effects on AC (p > 0.05). No significant associations were found between the changes of RT and SpO₂ under the conditions of normoxia and hypoxia (p > 0.05). Conclusions: At the same phase of the menstrual cycle, a short bout of severe hypoxia simulated at 4000 m altitude caused no impairment at rest. RT during moderate exercise ameliorated in normoxia and severe hypoxia, suggesting that both exercise and short-term severe hypoxia have benefits on cognitive function in sedentary young women.
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Motor ability and working memory in Omani and German primary school-aged children. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209848. [PMID: 30640912 PMCID: PMC6331089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the motor ability and working memory performance of Omani and German primary school-aged children. One hundred eighty-five children from public schools participated in a gross motor test that integrated whole body coordination, three different ball tasks, and a 20-meter run. Furthermore, they completed four working memory tests (the Digit-Span Test forward and backwards and the Corsi Block-Tapping Test forward and backwards). Two MANOVAS with the different motor and working memory tests and one univariate analysis of the general motor ability with the between-subject factors group and gender were conducted. Additionally, correlations between motor ability and working memory scores were executed. German children outperformed Omani children in the overall measurement of motor ability, (p = .01) and all aspects of working memory, (all p< .015). There were no correlations between motor and cognitive variables, when analyzing the results for the Omani and German children separately. These findings may be a result of different educational styles or socioeconomic status and must be investigated in more detail.
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Abstract
The brain undergoes several changes at structural, molecular, and cellular levels leading to alteration in its functions and these processes are primarily maintained by proteostasis in cells. However, an imbalance in proteostasis due to the abnormal accumulation of protein aggregates induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This event, in turn, activate the unfolded protein response; however, in most neurodegenerative conditions and brain injury, an uncontrolled unfolded protein response elicits memory dysfunction. Although the underlying signaling mechanism for impairment of memory function following induction of ER stress remains elusive, recent studies have highlighted that inactivation of a transcription factor, CREB, which is essential for synaptic function and memory formation, plays an essential role for ER stress-induced synaptic and memory dysfunction. In this review, current studies and most updated view on how ER stress affects memory function in both physiological and pathological conditions will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilkantha Sen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Miller MG, Hanson N, Tennyck J, Plantz K. A Comparison of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Volumes on Cognitive Performance. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-018-0107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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