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Soriano MA, Paredes V, Comfort P, Jiménez-Ormeño E, Areces-Corcuera F, Giráldez-Costas V, Gallo-Salazar C, Alonso-Aubín DA, Menchén-Rubio M, McMahon JJ. "You Are Not Wrong About Getting Strong:" An Insight Into the Impact of Age Group and Level of Competition on Strength in Spanish Football Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38648884 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the maximum and rapid force production of Spanish football players and explore the differences between age group and level of competition. METHODS A cross-sectional study was developed to evaluate the peak force (PF), relative PF, and rate of force development over 250 ms (RFD0-250) during the isometric midthigh pull between groups of football players based on age group (senior vs junior) and level of competition (national vs regional). Using a portable isometric rig, 111 football players performed 2 isometric midthigh-pull trials on a force plate. Two-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc correction was applied, and statistical significance was set at P ≤ .05. The PF, relative PF, and RFD0-250 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 percentiles were also calculated and descriptively reported, separated by age group and level of competition. RESULTS The analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of the level of competition for the PF (P < .001), relative PF (P = .003), and RFD0-250 (P < .001). There was a significant main effect of age group for the PF (P < .001). There was a significant interaction effect of the age group × level of competition for relative PF (P = .014). National players were stronger than regional players on the PF and RFD0-250 (P < .001). Senior players were stronger than junior players for the PF (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Maximum and rapid force production are crucial for Spanish football players as they progress in both level of competition and age group. Practitioners should encourage young football players to prioritize strength development to improve their athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Soriano
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
- Center for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University,Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Paredes
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - Paul Comfort
- Center for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ester Jiménez-Ormeño
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - Francisco Areces-Corcuera
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - Verónica Giráldez-Costas
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - César Gallo-Salazar
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - Diego A Alonso-Aubín
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - María Menchén-Rubio
- Grupo de Investigación en Entrenamiento de Fuerza y Rendimiento Neuromuscular (STreNgthP_RG), Facultad HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela,Madrid, España
| | - John J McMahon
- Center for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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Oliver JL, Ramachandran AK, Singh U, Ramirez-Campillo R, Lloyd RS. The Effects of Strength, Plyometric and Combined Training on Strength, Power and Speed Characteristics in High-Level, Highly Trained Male Youth Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:623-643. [PMID: 37897637 PMCID: PMC10978689 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male youth soccer players competing at a high level will typically engage in large volumes of soccer training from a young age. However, it is not known whether the high levels of habitual training that these high-performing players are exposed to limit their ability to respond to strength, plyometric or combined training interventions. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the specific effects of strength, plyometric and combined training with active controls (standard soccer training) on the strength, power and speed characteristics of high-level, highly trained young male soccer players. METHODS We performed a literature search across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus to identify controlled studies that implemented strength, plyometric or combined training in high-level male youth soccer players. Participants were defined as high level or highly trained based on established guidelines related to either competition level or age-related weekly hours spent in soccer training. Studies needed to report at least one outcome of lower body strength, squat jump, countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration (0-10 m), speed (15-40 m) or change of direction speed. A meta-analysis was then performed using a random-effects model to determine the magnitude (Hedge's g) of training responses and whether effects differed across modes of training. RESULTS From an initial return of 5464 papers, n = 34 studies met the inclusion criteria and provided a total sample of n = 1396 high-level male youth soccer players. Strength, plyometric and combined training resulted in improvements in strength, squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration, change of direction speed (all p < 0.05; g = 0.73-1.08, moderate) and speed (p < 0.05; g = 0.40-0.59, small). Lower body strength was the only outcome where training mode had a significant effect (p < 0.05), with plyometric training producing small effects (g = 0.27, p < 0.05) compared with moderate effects for strength (g = 1.07, p < 0.05) and combined (g = 0.75, p < 0.05) training. Prediction intervals for overall effects (all training modes combined) showed that the greatest confidence that future training will lead to positive effects was in the squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power and acceleration (prediction intervals = 0.03-1.81). CONCLUSIONS High-level, highly trained male youth soccer players can experience positive gains in indices of strength, power and speed from strength, plyometric and combined training, and the magnitude of gains are mostly similar across modes of training. Based on prediction intervals, there is a good level of certainty that future strength, plyometric and combined training in this population would lead to positive improvements in vertical and horizontal power and sprint acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK.
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Ramachandran
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- Sports and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Teixeira JE, Forte P, Ferraz R, Branquinho L, Morgans R, Silva AJ, Monteiro AM, Barbosa TM. Resultant equations for training load monitoring during a standard microcycle in sub-elite youth football: a principal components approach. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15806. [PMID: 37554335 PMCID: PMC10405799 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Applying data-reduction techniques to extract meaningful information from electronic performance and tracking systems (EPTS) has become a hot topic in football training load (TL) monitoring. The aim of this study was to reduce the dimensionality of the internal and external load measures, by a principal component approach, to describe and explain the resultant equations for TL monitoring during a standard in-season microcycle in sub-elite youth football. Additionally, it is intended to identify the most representative measure for each principal component. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted with a Monte Carlo parallel analysis and VariMax rotation to extract baseline characteristics, external TL, heart rate (HR)-based measures and perceived exertion. Training data were collected from sixty sub-elite young football players during a 6-week training period using 18 Hz global positioning system (GPS) with inertial sensors, 1 Hz short-range telemetry system, total quality recovery (TQR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Five principal components accounted for 68.7% of the total variance explained in the training data. Resultant equations from PCA was subdivided into: (1) explosiveness, accelerations and impacts (27.4%); (2) high-speed running (16.2%); (3) HR-based measures (10.0%); (4) baseline characteristics (8.3%); and (5) average running velocity (6.7%). Considering the highest factor in each principal component, decelerations (PCA 1), sprint distance (PCA 2), average HR (PCA 3), chronological age (PCA 4) and maximal speed (PCA 5) are the conditional dimension to be considered in TL monitoring during a standard microcycle in sub-elite youth football players. Current research provides the first composite equations to extract the most representative components during a standard in-season microcycle in sub-elite youth football players. Futures research should expand the resultant equations within training days, by considering other well-being measures, technical-tactical skills and match-related contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Teixeira
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE Douro, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís Branquinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- CI-ISCE Douro, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Institute for Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - António José Silva
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Sport Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António Miguel Monteiro
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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Sampaio T, Marinho D, Teixeira JE, Oliveira J, Morais J. Clustering U-14 Portuguese regional team football players by lower limb strength, power, dynamic balance, speed and change of direction: understanding the field position factor. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15609. [PMID: 37483964 PMCID: PMC10362840 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to cluster U-14 Portuguese regional team football players based on variables related to lower limb strength and power, dynamic balance, linear sprint, and change of direction. Method The sample consisted of 22 young male soccer players (13.83 ± 0.44 years). A set of variables related to lower limb strength and power, dynamic balance, linear sprint, and change of direction was measured. Results Overall, a non-significant field position was observed. The countermovement jump (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.73), squat jump (p < 0.001), and 30 m linear sprint (p = 0.001) were the main variables responsible for establishing the clusters. Cluster 1 was characterized by a high slalom, i.e., it took longer to complete the test (speed and change of direction) and a low composite score in the dynamic balance. Cluster 2 was characterized by high squat jump, countermovement jump, and reactive strength ratio (lower limb strength and power). Cluster 3 was characterized by low squat jump and countermovement jump (lower limb strength and power), and a high 30 m sprint, i.e., it took longer to complete the test (speed and change of direction). Based on the results of the territorial map, the clusters consisted of: (i) cluster 1: two forwards, one midfielder, and five defenders; (ii) cluster 2: three forwards, two midfielders, and two defenders, and; (iii) cluster 3: four midfielders and three defenders. Conclusions Players from different field positions composed the three clusters. There was no cluster composed exclusively of players of the same field position. The development of individualized and specific enrichment training programs should consider a cluster analysis, as the positional effect can be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Sampaio
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel Marinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Teixeira
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - João Oliveira
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jorge Morais
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
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The Relationship Among Acceleration, Deceleration and Changes of Direction in Repeated Small Sided Games. J Hum Kinet 2023; 85:96-103. [PMID: 36643839 PMCID: PMC9808809 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The change of direction (COD) ability is perhaps the most significant fitness component in team sport games. One of the best ways to develop COD as well as other components of the game in soccer is the regular inclusion of small sided games (SSGs) in the training process. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine changes in physiological and kinematic variables in repeated SSGs in youth soccer players. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between selected IMA variables such as acceleration, deceleration and changes of direction. Participants included sixteen U17 soccer players from a 2nd league professional team with a high aerobic capacity. The study design involved six 3-min 4 × 4 SSGs with goalkeepers and with a 3-min rest interval between games, during two training sessions played on a field of 25 x 35 m. The results showed that the intervention protocol consisting of repeated SSGs generated an intensity below the anaerobic threshold. This allowed for the maintenance of all variables (Heart Rate, Total Distance Covered, Velocity, Acceleration, Deceleration, Change of Direction) at a similar level throughout the subsequent six SSGs. The analysis revealed that in the six SSGs, players performed the most Acc and Dec, then COD Right and the least COD Left. From the third game on, a decrease in the number of COD Right was noticed. We hypothesized that progressive neuromuscular fatigue on the dominant side caused a more symmetrical trend in COD.
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Teixeira JE, Branquinho L, Ferraz R, Leal M, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM, Forte P. Weekly Training Load across a Standard Microcycle in a Sub-Elite Youth Football Academy: A Comparison between Starters and Non-Starters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191811611. [PMID: 36141883 PMCID: PMC9517031 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Compensatory training sessions have been highlighted as useful strategies to solve the differential weekly training load between the players' starting status. However, the influence of the players' starting status is still understudied in sub-elite youth football. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the weekly training load on a standard microcycle in starters and non-starters of a sub-elite youth football academy. The weekly training load of 60 young sub-elite football players was monitored during a 6-week period using an 18 Hz global positioning system (GPS), 1 Hz telemetry heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and total quality recovery (TQR). The total distance (TD) covered presented a significant difference between starters and non-starters with a moderate effect (t = -2.38, Δ = -428.03 m, p = 0.018, d = 0.26). Training volume was higher in non-starters than in starter players (TDStarters = 5105.53 ± 1684.22 vs. TDNon-starters = 5533.56 ± 1549.26 m). Significant interactive effects were found between a player's starting status, playing time, and session duration in overall training load variables for within (F = 140.46; η2 = 0.85; p < 0.001) and between-subjects (F = 11.63 to 160.70; η2 = 0.05 to 0.76; p < 0.001). The player's starting status seems to only influence the training volume in sub-elite youth football, unless one considers the covariance of the playing time and session duration. Consequently, coaches should prioritize complementary training to equalize training volume and emphasize similar practice opportunities for non-starters. Future studies should evaluate the gap between training and match load, measuring the impact of recovery and compensatory sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Departamento de Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Luís Branquinho
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leal
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
| | - António J. Silva
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Departamento de Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Departamento de Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Departamento de Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
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Soós I, Borysławski K, Boraczyński M, Ihasz F, Podstawski R. Anthropometric and Physiological Profiles of Hungarian Youth Male Soccer Players of Varying Ages and Playing Positions: A Multidimensional Assessment with a Critical Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11041. [PMID: 36078756 PMCID: PMC9518191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to create preliminary anthropometric and physiological profiles of Hungarian male soccer players belonging to different age categories (14, 15, 16, and 17-18-years) and assigned to different playing positions (forward, defender, midfielder, goalkeeper). METHODS Anthropometric and physiological profiles were created for four age groups: 14- (n = 20), 15- (n = 16), 16- (n = 22) and 17-18-year-olds (n = 23) representing the Hungarian soccer academy. Additionally, the variables were analyzed across the four player positions mentioned above. RESULTS The mean values of body mass, fat mass and BMI were within normal limits, although in some cases the anthropometric and body composition values were too high, particularly among the 17-18-year-olds. The mean values of HRrest were lowest among the 15-year-olds. The highest mean and maximal values of rVO2max and rVO2/AT [57.6 ± 8.12 (43.8-68.3) and 51.2 ± 7.24 (38.9-60.8) mL/kg/min, respectively] were noted in 14-year-olds. Goalkeepers performed significantly better than the remaining soccer players in terms of the most anthropometric and physiological characteristics, except for the Yo-Yo test (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The values of anthropometric parameters increased with age. As expected, the oldest group achieved the best results in the performance tests. Goalkeepers outperformed the players representing other playing positions in the tests when assessing lower limb strength, sprint performance (5- and 10-m distance), and agility tests. From a practical point of view, the presented anthropometric and physiological profiles of players representing different age groups and playing positions can be useful for soccer coaches, strength and conditioning specialists, and athletic trainers of other soccer clubs in terms of the individualization and optimalization of soccer training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Soós
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7622 Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Michał Boraczyński
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ferenc Ihasz
- Faculty of Psychology and Pedagogy, Institute of Sports Sciences, Eötvös Lóránd University, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Robert Podstawski
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
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McCalman W, Crowley-McHattan ZJ, Fransen J, Bennett KJM. Skill assessments in youth soccer: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:667-695. [PMID: 34967269 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2013617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Talent identification in youth soccer is a complex decision-making process that requires selectors to judge an individual's future potential. While there has been considerable research into the performance characteristics of talented players, investigators have limited consensus on the best approach to assess soccer skills. Most of the research explains why we should measure skill instead of how we go about assessing skill. Therefore, the current scoping review aimed to synthesize and analyse skill assessments in youth soccer. Four electronic databases (EBSCO, ProQuest, PubMed, and Scopus) were searched for relevant studies. Information regarding the sample characteristics and methodological design of the skill assessments were extracted, synthesised, and presented in a qualitative analysis. Overall, 226 skill assessments were used across the 93 included studies. Male players from different ages (U/7-U/23) and playing levels comprised most (89%) of the collective sample. The majority of assessments were performed in settings not representative of football match-play (68%), focused on offensive skills (99%), and included skill outcome measures (95%). The variability of assessments highlights some confusion about the best way to assess soccer skill, potentially limiting selectors ability to identify skilful players. Ultimately, this will impact the number of quality players within the talent pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- William McCalman
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia
| | - Zachary J Crowley-McHattan
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia
| | - Job Fransen
- Human Performance Research Centre, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - K J M Bennett
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia
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Lovecchio N, Manes G, Filipas L, Giuriato M, Torre AL, Iaia FM, Codella R. Screening Youth Soccer Players by Means of Cognitive Function and Agility Testing. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:2710-2724. [PMID: 34404294 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211040283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Talent identification in sports is a heavily debated topic. Previous studies have separately explored either executive functions or gross motor skills to predict the success of top-level soccer players or, more generally, to characterize elite performance in soccer. However, at mid-childhood, the possibility to scope sport-specific requirements remains elusive. We aimed in this study to investigate a valid and simple method of testing for a unique combination of cognitive and speed abilities for identifying promising soccer players at mid-childhood. We measured cognitive functions by means of a Stroop smartphone application and agility with a T-Drill Ball-success test, in two groups of (a) elite- (n = 31) and (b) low-division (n = 37) Italian 7-year-old male soccer players. We administered the tests in a randomized order to both groups. We found better inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility and soccer-specific agility in high-division versus low-division players (p < .001). Inhibitory response and agility were positively associated with the augmented quality of the performance from low-division players to high-division players (r = .55; p = .0001). These results suggest that, even at an early age, cognitive control together with soccer-specific skills is associated with better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lovecchio
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, 19001University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Human and Social Science, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Manes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, 9304Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Filipas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, 9304Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Giuriato
- Department of Physical Education, Gdańsk Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, 9304Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, 9304Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, 9304Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
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10
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Bongiovanni T, Rossi A, Iaia FM, DI Baldassarre A, Pasta G, Manetti P, Alberti G, Trecroci A. Relationship of regional and whole body morphology to vertical jump in elite soccer players: a data-driven approach. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:1162-1169. [PMID: 34080815 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyse the relationship of regional and whole body morphology to vertical jump performance and to compare the morphological features outlining high and low performers in professional soccer players. METHODS Twenty-one male soccer players were recruited. Whole and regional (upper and lower limbs) features were obtained in the form of body dimensional measurements. Then, all players were tested for vertical jump performance. A data-driven approach was used to group players according to their jump performance parameters (high vs low). RESULTS The regional morphological features presented higher correlations with vertical jump than whole body features. High and low performers were significantly different among upperand lower-limb morphology. No differences were observed among whole body features. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that, rather than the whole body, the use of morphological features linked to specific body regions may ensure a better interpretation of the soccer players' physical potential in jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Department of Health, Performance and Recovery, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy -
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Angela DI Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulio Pasta
- Medical Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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11
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Fernández-Echeverría C, Mesquita I, González-Silva J, Moreno MP. Towards a More Efficient Training Process in High-Level Female Volleyball From a Match Analysis Intervention Program Based on the Constraint-Led Approach: The Voice of the Players. Front Psychol 2021; 12:645536. [PMID: 33763004 PMCID: PMC7982868 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the research was to know the perception of high-level volleyball players of the changes produced (in relation to the previous season) in the efficiency of the training process, after a match analysis intervention program based on the Constraint-led Approach (CLA). The sample consisted of 11 players from a women's volleyball team. The protocol of the intervention program consisted of providing objective, contextualised and systematic information to the coach (adapted to his needs) that would allow understanding the different real game contexts. We used semi-structured interviews to assess players' perceptions. The athletes perceived changes in training, both in their preparation and development, specifically in greater involvement and organisation in preparing the training; in an increase in the specificity and suitability of training tasks according to individual needs; in the representativeness of the restrictions of the game; in a more tactical approach; in the variability of task and in the accountability to achieve the objective proposed. In addition, in the preparation and development for competition, the players detected more game planning; a deeper analysis of the opponents; an objective selection of the most relevant data, an increase in the depth of match analysis and the inclusion of the weekly meeting with the use of video compared to the previous season. These results expose the benefits of coaches incorporate programmes to obtain objective information about the game in their training process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fernández-Echeverría
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Jara González-Silva
- Faculty of Education Sciences, Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - M. Perla Moreno
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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12
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Differences in inhibitory control and motor fitness in children practicing open and closed skill sports. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4033. [PMID: 33597630 PMCID: PMC7889632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences between types of sport (i.e., closed vs. open skills sport) on inhibitory control and motor fitness in children. Forty-nine children were allocated into three groups based on their sports participation, which comprised an open skill sport group, a closed skill sport group, and a sedentary group. Participants were tested on cognitive performance (inhibitory control by the Flanker task) and motor fitness (reaction time, speed, agility, power, balance). Open skill sport group appeared to display higher inhibitory control (response time and accuracy of incongruent condition of the Flanker task) and motor fitness performance (reaction time, speed, agility, power) than sedentary group, whereas its superiority over closed skill sport group was found only in speed and agility. Moreover, closed skill sport group had only a better reaction time than sedentary group. Our data supports the framework according to which cognitive demands in complex motor actions may contribute to explain the beneficial effects of exercise on inhibitory control. This might suggest that the complexity of the environment (typical in open skill sports) in which sport training is performed plays a key role for both cognitive and motor development in children.
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13
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Yurdakul E, Kizilci HM. A comparison of physical performance analyses of amputee professional and elite footballers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:916-922. [PMID: 33586929 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical fitness and performance parameters of elite and professional footballers, and for these results to form a guide for training programs for amputee footballers at the amateur or professional level to be able to reach elite level. METHODS A total of 24 footballers with extremity amputation were separated into 2 groups as elite (N.=12) and professional (N.=12). Using field tests, the footballers were evaluated in respect of body composition, anaerobic and aerobic strength, speed, muscular endurance and balance. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was determined between the footballers included in the study in respect of the number of days engaged in sport and the number of training sesions per week (P>0.05). Of the parameters used to evaluate aerobic and anaerobic strength, the vertical jump distance and relative strength measurement values were determined to be statistically significantly higher in the elite players than in the professional players (P<0.001 for all). In the evaluation of the muscle strength, endurance and balance parameters, the push-up test, trunk flex muscle strength and quadriceps endurance values were determined to be statistically significantly higher in the elite footballers (P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS One of the ultimate aims of footballers to be an elite football player requires the highest level of physical performance and technical capabilities. The results of this study have clearly shown the differences between elite and professional players with amputations. These findings can be of guidance for professional footballers and trainers to be able to reach maximal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Yurdakul
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kayseri Private System Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Harun M Kizilci
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kayseri Private System Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey -
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14
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Peña-González I, Javaloyes A, Sarabia JM, Moya-Ramón M. Relative age-related differences between different competitive levels and field positions in young soccer players. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:254-264. [PMID: 33241948 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1853540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to report the relative age effect in different competitive levels and field positions and to analyse the differences within and between different competitive levels and field positions. Data for 203 young soccer players (14.2 ± 1.1 years) included anthropometrics and physical performance (Countermovement jump [CMJ], 30-m sprint, T-test and Yo-Yo IR1). Their competitive level and their field position were registered. The percentage of relative older players (1stHY) was higher in the better competitive levels (L1: 80.6%, p <.001; L2: 68.2%, p <.001 and L3: 58.5%, p <.01), but it was similar between field positions (DF: 68.1%, p <.001; MF: 69.6%, p <.001 and FW: 67.2%, p <.001). Anthropometrical and physical performance differences were found between players of different competitive levels but not between relative older and younger players in each competitive level and field position. The relative age effect is higher in the better competitive levels. Anthropometrical and physical performance differences between players are not due to the relative age but to the level of competition. Relatively older players do not seem to be more likely to be selected for specific field positions. The causes of relative age effect need more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Peña-González
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - A Javaloyes
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - J M Sarabia
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - M Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
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15
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Trecroci A, Rossi A, Dos'Santos T, Formenti D, Cavaggioni L, Longo S, Iaia FM, Alberti G. Change of direction asymmetry across different age categories in youth soccer. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9486. [PMID: 33194322 PMCID: PMC7391970 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In youth, the development of change of direction (COD) and sprint performance is a key component for successfully competing in soccer across age. During a COD, the presence of directional asymmetries may be detrimental due to the unpredictable nature of the sport. Therefore, the aims of the study were to investigate asymmetries in COD ability and to examine the differences in COD and sprint performance across age in young soccer players. Methods Sixty-eight sub-elite soccer players of different age categories (U18, U17, U16, U15) were tested on a 10-m linear sprint test and 90°COD (5-m entry and exit) test in both directions. Asymmetric index (AI) of COD deficit was obtained for dominant (fastest) and non-dominant directions (slowest). Results The results showed that U16 were more asymmetrical than U18, U17, and U15 from large to moderate effects. The sprint time improved linearly across age with U18 and U15 displaying the fastest and slowest 10-m sprint performance (p < 0.01), respectively. Moreover, COD ability measured by COD deficit did not change across age (p > 0.05). Conclusion Given the results of this study, practitioners are encouraged to assess asymmetries between dominant and non-dominant directions rather than solely players’ COD ability in young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Thomas Dos'Santos
- Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Damiano Formenti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Luca Cavaggioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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16
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Effects of Strength vs. Plyometric Training on Change of Direction Performance in Experienced Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8110144. [PMID: 33143353 PMCID: PMC7693778 DOI: 10.3390/sports8110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare how 6 weeks of strength- vs. plyometric training, which were matched upon direction of motion and workload, influences change of direction (COD) performance. Twenty-one experienced male soccer players (age: 22.2 ± 2.7) were pair-matched into a strength- (n = 10) and a plyometric (n = 11) training group. CODs of 45°, 90°, 135° and 180° performed from either a 4 m or 20 m approach distance were compared before and after intervention. Results showed no significant difference between groups. Significant effects were only found within the plyometric training group (−3.2% to −4.6%) in 90°, 135° and 180° CODs from 4 m and a 180° COD from a 20 m approach distance. Individual changes in COD performances showed that with the 4 m approach at least 55% and 81% of the strength and plyometric training group, respectively, improved COD performance, while with the 20 m approach at least 66% of both groups improved performance. This study showed that the plyometric training program can improve most CODs, with angles over 90°, although this is dependent on the distance approaching the COD. Considering the limited time of implementing physical conditioning, in addition to regular soccer practice in most soccer environments, the current plyometric training program can be advantageous in improving CODs at maximal intensity.
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17
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Bongiovanni T, Trecroci A, Cavaggioni L, Rossi A, Perri E, Pasta G, Iaia FM, Alberti G. Importance of anthropometric features to predict physical performance in elite youth soccer: a machine learning approach. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:213-224. [PMID: 32835528 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1809410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the contribution of soccer players' anthropometric features to predict their physical performance. Sixteen players, from a professional youth soccer academy, were recruited. Several anthropometric features such as corrected arm muscle area (AMAcorr), arm muscle circumference (AMC) and right and left suprapatellar girths (RSPG and LSPG) were employed in this study. Players' physical performance was assessed by the change of direction (COD), sprint (10-m and 20-m), and vertical jump (CMJ) tests, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IRT1). Using an extra tree regression (ETR) model, the anthropometric features permitted to accurately predict 10-m sprint, 20-m sprint and Yo-Yo IRTL 1 performance (p < 0.05). ETR showed that upper-body features as AMAcorr, and AMC affected 10-m and 20-m sprint performances, while lower-body features as RSPG and LSPG influenced the Yo-Yo IRTL 1 (Overall Gini importance ≥ 0.22). The model predicting COD and CMJ presented a poor level of prediction, suggesting that other factors, rather than anthropometric features, may concur to predict their changes in performance. These findings demonstrated that the upper- and lower-body anthropometric features are strictly related to sprint and aerobic fitness performance in elite youth soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Nutrition, Hydration & Body Composition Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Cavaggioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Obesity Unit and Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Perri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Pasta
- Medical Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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18
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Moran J, Paxton K, Jones B, Granacher U, Sandercock GR, Hope E, Ramirez-Campillo R. Variable long-term developmental trajectories of short sprint speed and jumping height in English Premier League academy soccer players: An applied case study. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2525-2531. [PMID: 32723029 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1792689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth and maturation affect long term physical performance, making the appraisal of athletic ability difficult. We sought to longitudinally track youth soccer players to assess the developmental trajectory of athletic performance over a 6-year period in an English Premier League academy. Age-specific z-scores were calculated for sprint and jump performance from a sample of male youth soccer players (n = 140). A case study approach was used to analyse the longitudinal curves of the six players with the longest tenure. The trajectories of the sprint times of players 1 and 3 were characterised by a marked difference in respective performance levels up until peak height velocity (PHV) when player 1 achieved a substantial increase in sprint speed and player 3 experienced a large decrease. Player 5 was consistently a better performer than player 2 until PHV when the sprint and jump performance of the former markedly decreased and he was overtaken by the latter. Fluctuations in players' physical performance can occur quickly and in drastic fashion. Coaches must be aware that suppressed, or inflated, performance could be temporary and selection and deselection decisions should not be made based on information gathered over a short time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex , Colchester, UK
| | | | - Ben Jones
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex , Colchester, UK
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam , Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gavin Rh Sandercock
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex , Colchester, UK
| | - Edward Hope
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex , Colchester, UK
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19
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Phase Angle from Bioelectric Impedance and Maturity-Related Factors in Adolescent Athletes: A Systematic Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12124806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phase angle (PhA) is a body composition (BC) parameter from bioelectrical impedance analysis that is suggested as a marker of cell integrity and general health. In adolescent athletes, PhA values are used to monitor the effects of training and competitions and seem to vary according to age, having an upward trajectory during puberty. Since adolescence is a period composed of maturation stages, the aim of this systematic review was to investigate the relationship between PhA and maturation stage in adolescent athletes. A search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, BVS, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Science Direct, and Academic Search Complete (EBSCO) databases up to May 2020. Eligibility criteria followed the PICOS strategy and studies with healthy athletes aged 10–19 years of any level of competition were included. Six cross-sectional studies and two longitudinal studies met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that early and mature athletes have higher PhA than those who are non-matured or maturated late. Thus, PhA is influenced by the pubertal status. Considering BC is one of the factors influencing sports performance together with its growth-related changes, practitioners may use PhA values in BC analysis of adolescent athletes.
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20
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Agreement Between Dribble and Change of Direction Deficits to Assess Directional Asymmetry in Young Elite Football Players. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12050787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the agreement between asymmetries of dribble and change of direction (COD) deficits and to determine their potential difference to each other. Sixteen young elite football players were recruited and tested for sprint (over 10 m), dribbling (90°CODdribbling) and COD (90°CODrunning) performance in dominant (fastest) and non-dominant (slowest) directions. Dribble and COD deficits were computed to express dribbling and COD ability without the influence of acceleration. The asymmetric index (AI%) of both dribble and COD deficits were obtained for both directions. The level of agreement between dribble and COD deficits was assessed by Cohen’s kappa statistic (κ). Results showed that AI% measured by dribble and COD deficits presented a poor level of agreement (κ = −0.159), indicating their imbalance did not favor the same direction. Moreover, AI% of the dribble deficit was significantly higher than those of the COD deficit. This study demonstrated that asymmetries in dribbling and change of direction performance (measured by dribble and COD deficit) were not in agreement to favor the same direction, also displaying a significant difference to each other. Practitioners should consider the task-specificity of asymmetry to reduce the imbalance in dribbling and COD performance.
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Abstract
The aims of the study were: a) to analyze the reproducibility of the Modified Agility Test (MAT) according to two types of displacement (i.e. constrained [MATtop] vs. free [MATfree]), b) to examine the explanatory capacity of anthropometric characteristics and neuromuscular performance on the ability to change the direction (CODA), c) to look into the practical consequences of the types of displacement from the perspective of an elite soccer academy. 118 male soccer players (age: 16 (13-25) years old) from the same elite Spanish soccer academy (U13 to senior) were tested twice on two versions of the MAT (MATtop and MATfree), with 48 hours between testing sessions. Moreover, they were tested on linear-sprint performance, over 5 m (S5m) and 15 m (S15m), and the vertical jump (VJ) (countermovement jump with [ACMJ] and without an arm swing [CMJ]). The main findings were: a) the type of displacement did not affect the reliability of the CODA test; b) weight, S15m, ACMJ and CMJ variables explained close to 60% of CODA performance; c) MATtop (i.e. constrained displacement) and MATfree (i.e. free-displacement) CODA tests could show different profiles of development along the age groups; and d) the impact of the task’s constraints was relatively higher in U16 and U17 groups. CODA seems to have a variable meaning depending on the characteristics of the test and the age of the participants.
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22
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Does Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Improve Neuromuscular Performance and Match Activity in Young Basketball Players? A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010188. [PMID: 31936621 PMCID: PMC7019528 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas beetroot juice (BJ) supplementation is shown to increase physical performance in endurance activities, its benefits in team sports has been barely studied. In this randomized placebo-controlled study, we investigated the effects of BJ acute supplementation in improving neuromuscular performance and physical match activity in basketball. Ten young male competitive basketball players aged 15–16 years received 140 mL of BJ or placebo (PLA) on two separated days in a balanced cross-over design. Testing sessions comprised a neuromuscular test battery consisting of a countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric handgrip strength, 10-m/20-m sprint and agility T-test, followed by a 40-minute simulated basketball match. Physical match activity (distances, speeds, accelerations, and decelerations) was monitored using an inertial tracking system (Wimu ProTM) Results revealed no significant effects of BJ on CMJ (p = 0.304, ES = 0.13), isometric handgrip strength (p = 0.777, ES = 0.06), 10-m (p = 0.820, ES = 0.10), and 20-m sprint (p = 0.540, ES = 0.13), agility T-test (p = 0.979, ES ≤ 0.01) and any physical match demands (p > 0.151, ES = 0.13–0.48). Acute moderate doses of BJ (12.8 mmol of NO3−) was not effective in improving neuromuscular performance (jump height, isometric handgrip strength, sprint, and agility) or physical match requirements in young trained basketball players the day of the competition.
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23
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Trecroci A, Longo S, Perri E, Iaia FM, Alberti G. Field-based physical performance of elite and sub-elite middle-adolescent soccer players. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:60-71. [PMID: 30073860 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1504217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate field-based physical performance of under 16 years (U16) elite and sub-elite soccer players. Forty elite (n = 20) and sub-elite (n = 20) soccer players were enrolled and tested for countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-m sprint and agility, in terms of sprint with 90° turns (S90), S90 with ball, Slalom, Slalom with ball, and reactive agility (RAT). Statistical and practical significant differences were observed in CMJ, S90 and RAT between elite and sub-elite. Elite players exhibited a likely better performance in Slalom, Slalom with ball and S90 with ball despite a non-significant difference by level of play. Concerning sprint ability, both groups showed similar performance in the 10-m sprint. Countermovement jump and agility tests are field-based physical assessments recommended to better distinguish between U16 elite and sub-elite soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athos Trecroci
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Enrico Perri
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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