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Yousef AI, Shawki HH, El-Shahawy AA, El-Twab SMA, Abdel-Moneim A, Oishi H. Polydatin mitigates pancreatic β-cell damage through its antioxidant activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111027. [PMID: 33249283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several reports have been shown the pivotal role of oxidative stress in the progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Polydatin (PD), a natural phytochemical, has wide range of pharmacological actions, however, the underlying beneficial effects in pancreas was not clarified. In the current study, using in vivo and in vitro models, we investigated the possible protective effects of PD against oxidative damage in pancreatic β-cells. Diabetic rats were examined after oral administration with PD (50 mg/kg b.wt.) for 28 days. Results revealed that PD significantly enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in the bloodstream of diabetic rats as well as lipid metabolism. Interestingly, in vivo results indicated that PD decreased the lipid peroxidation, improved the antioxidant status, and inhibited the inflammation in pancreas. Alongside, we artificially induced oxidative stress by exposing the insulin-producing RINm5F cells to hydrogen peroxide in the presence or absence of PD. The co-treatment with PD preserved cell viability, reduced ROS accumulation, as well as enhanced the anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and cell function markers. To conclude, PD exhibited potential action in preserving β-cell function and inhibiting oxidative damage probably through its antioxidant properties. Thus, PD could be a possible therapeutic agent for diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Yousef
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt; Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hossam H Shawki
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan; Department of Animal Genetic Resources, National Gene Bank, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Shahawy
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Sanaa M Abd El-Twab
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan.
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Radbakhsh S, Ganjali S, Moallem SA, Guest PC, Sahebkar A. Antioxidant Effects of Trehalose in an Experimental Model of Type 2 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1328:473-480. [PMID: 34981498 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress that occurs as a consequence of the imbalance between antioxidant activity and free radicals can contribute in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Antioxidant therapies have been proposed as possible approaches to treat and attenuate diabetic complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential antioxidant effects of trehalose on oxidative indices in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. METHODS Diabetic rats were divided randomly into five treatment groups (six rats per group). One test group received 45 mg/kg/day trehalose via intraperitoneal injection, and another received 1.5 mg/kg/day trehalose via oral gavage for 4 weeks. Three control groups were also tested including nondiabetic rats as a normal control (NC), a nontreated diabetic control (DC), and a positive control given 200 mg/kg/day metformin. Levels of thiol groups (-SH), and serum total antioxidant capacity were measured between control and test groups. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities were assessed. RESULTS In both oral and injection trehalose-treated groups, a marked increase was observed in serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p > 0.05) and thiol groups (-SH) (p < 0.05). Also, SOD and GPx activities were increased after 4 weeks of treatment with trehalose. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the present results indicate ameliorative effects of trehalose on oxidative stress, with increase antioxidant enzyme activities in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Radbakhsh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shiva Ganjali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zahra University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Paul C Guest
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Atefi N, Behrangi E, Mozafarpoor S, Seirafianpour F, Peighambari S, Goodarzi A. N-acetylcysteine and coronavirus disease 2019: May it work as a beneficial preventive and adjuvant therapy? A comprehensive review study. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 25:109. [PMID: 33824674 PMCID: PMC8019127 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_777_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronaviruses are major pathogens of respiratory system causing different disorders, including the common cold, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Today's global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has high mortality rate, with an approximate of 20% in some studies, and is 30-60 times more fatal than the common annual influenza, However, there is still no gold standard treatment for it. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a well-known multi-potential drug with hypothetically probable acceptable effect on COVID-related consequences, which we completely focused in this comprehensive review. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar have been searched. Study eligibility criteria: efficacy of NAC in various subclasses of pathogenic events which may occur during COVID-19 infection. Efficacy of NAC for managing inflammatory or any symptoms similar to symptoms of COVID-19 was reviewed and symptom improvements were assessed. RESULTS Randomized clinical trials introduced NAC as an antioxidant glutathione analog and detoxifying agent promoted for different medical conditions and pulmonary disorders to alleviate influenza and reduce mortality by 50% in influenza-infected animals. The beneficial effects of NAC on viral disorders, including Epstein-Barr virus, HIV and hepatitis, and well-known vital organ damages were also exist and reported. CONCLUSION We classified the probable effects of NAC as oxidative-regulatory and apoptotic-regulatory roles, antiviral activities, anti-inflammatory roles, preventive and therapeutic roles in lung disorders and better oxygenation functions, supportive roles in intensive care unit admitted patients and in sepsis, positive role in other comorbidities and nonpulmonary end-organ damages or failures and even in primary COVID-associated cutaneous manifestations. Based on different beneficial effects of NAC, it could be administered as a potential adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 considering patient status, contraindications, and possible drug-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmolsadat Atefi
- Department of Dermatology, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behrangi
- Department of Dermatology, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mozafarpoor
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Disease and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Seirafianpour
- Department of General Medicine, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Shadi Peighambari
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Joaquin General Hospital, CA, USA
| | - Azadeh Goodarzi
- Department of Dermatology, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kanikarla-Marie P, Micinski D, Jain SK. Hyperglycemia (high-glucose) decreases L-cysteine and glutathione levels in cultured monocytes and blood of Zucker diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 459:151-156. [PMID: 31172369 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
L-Cysteine (LC) is an essential precursor of GSH biosynthesis. GSH is a major physiological antioxidant, and its depletion increases oxidative stress. Diabetes is associated with lower blood levels of LC and GSH. The mechanisms leading to a decrease in LC in diabetes are not entirely known. This study reports a significant decrease in LC in human monocytes exposed to high glucose (HG) concentrations as well as in the blood of type 2 diabetic rats. Thus, a significant decrease in the level of LC in response to exposure to HG supports the assertion that uncontrolled hyperglycemia contributes to a reduction of blood levels of LC and GSH seen in diabetic patients. Increased requirement of LC to replace GSH needed to scavenge excess ROS generated by hyperglycemia can result in lower levels of LC and GSH. Animal and human studies report that LC supplementation improves GSH biosynthesis and is beneficial in lowering oxidative stress and insulin resistance. This suggests that hyperglycemia has a direct role in the impairment of LC and GSH homeostasis in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Departments of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - David Micinski
- Departments of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Sushil K Jain
- Departments of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
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Parsanathan R, Jain SK. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency increases cell adhesion molecules and activates human monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion: Protective role of l-cysteine. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 663:11-21. [PMID: 30582899 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is a major enzyme that supplies the reducing agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH), which is required to recycle oxidized/glutathione disulfide (GSSH) to reduced glutathione (GSH). G6PD-deficient cells are susceptible to oxidative stress and a deficiency of GSH. Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by the loss of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, which regulates leukocyte adhesion to endothelium. G6PD-deficient endothelial cells (EC) demonstrate reduced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and NO levels along with reduced GSH. Whether G6PD deficiency plays any role in EC dysfunction is unknown. The chronic inflammation commonly seen in those with metabolic syndrome, characterized by elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), provided an incentive for investigation of these cytokines as well. A GSH/G6PD-deficient model was created using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) treated with either buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a pharmacological inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH biosynthesis (γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase), or with 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), an inhibitor of G6PD or G6PD siRNA. Normal and G6PD-deficient cells were also treated with pro-atherosclerotic stimuli such as high glucose, TNF, and MCP-1. After inhibiting or knocking down G6PD/GSH, the capacity of endothelial cells for monocyte recruitment was assessed by determining the expression of the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), which was upregulated by G6PD deficiency and accompanied by the presence of the oxidative stress markers NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Treatment with the inhibitors BSO and 6-AN caused increased levels of adhesion molecule mRNA and monocyte-EC adhesion. Following treatment with high glucose, G6PD-deficient cells showed an increase in levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA, as well as monocyte-EC adherence, compared with results seen in control cells. Treatment with l-cysteine (a precursor of GSH) protected endothelial cells by increasing GSH and attenuating ROS, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and monocyte-EC adhesion. These results suggest that G6PD/GSH deficiency plays a role in endothelial dysfunction and that supplementation with l-cysteine can restore GSH levels and reduce the EC activation markers in G6PD-deficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Parsanathan
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
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Gangopadhyay D, Das M, Singh KK, Sharma P, Singh RK, Tandon P. Monitoring the in Vitro Thiazolidine Ring Formation of Antioxidant Drug N-Acetyl-l-cysteine at Basic pH and Detection of Reaction Intermediates: A Raman Spectroscopic and Ab Initio Study. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10306-10314. [PMID: 30351107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The important cyclization reaction of antioxidant drug N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) has been monitored in vitro at basic pH with the help of time series Raman spectroscopy. The thiazoline ring formation of NAC at acidic pH is a well-known reaction and has been studied extensively. However, the formation of a thiazolidine ring from NAC at basic pH has not been investigated precisely till date. The effect of basicity of the medium on the rate of cyclization has been investigated by studying the reaction at five different basic pH values. Raman signatures of cyclization have been observed with the passage of time and are found to appear faster as the basicity of the medium increases. Ab initio calculations have been done to understand the plausible mechanism of the reaction at basic pH. It is observed that formation of a thiazolidine ring from NAC occurs primarily in four steps, which involve proton abstraction from the thiol (SH) group of NAC and subsequent formation of an S-C bond by a nucleophilic attack of the C-S group on the protonated C-O-H group in NAC. Correlation of the theoretically calculated results with experimental Raman spectral analysis has led to a detailed and proper understanding of this important biochemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moumita Das
- Department of Physics , University of Lucknow , Lucknow 226007 , India
| | | | - Poornima Sharma
- Department of Physics , University of Lucknow , Lucknow 226007 , India
| | - Ranjan K Singh
- Department of Physics , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Poonam Tandon
- Department of Physics , University of Lucknow , Lucknow 226007 , India
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van de Vyver M. Intrinsic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Autologous Cell Therapy. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1042-1053. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mari van de Vyver
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Vaishnav SK, Patel K, Chandraker K, Korram J, Nagwanshi R, Ghosh KK, Satnami ML. Surface plasmon resonance based spectrophotometric determination of medicinally important thiol compounds using unmodified silver nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 179:155-162. [PMID: 28242444 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The determination of thiol based biological molecules and drugs, such as cysteine (Cys) (I), α-lipoic acid (II), and sodium 2-sulfanylethane sulphonate (Mesna (III)) in human plasma are becoming progressively more important due to the growing body of knowledge about their essential role in numerous biological pathways. Herein we demonstrate a sensitive colorimetric sensor for the determination of medicinally important thiol drugs based on aggregation of the citrate capped silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). This approach exploited the high affinity of thiols towards the Ag NPs surface which could tempt replacement of the citrate shell by the thiolate shell of target molecules, resulting in aggregation of the NPs through intermolecular electrostatic interaction or hydrogen-bonding. Because of aggregation, the plasmon band at around 400nm decreases gradually, along with the appearance of a new band connoting a red shift. The calibration curves are derived from the intensity ratios of A530/A400, which display a linear relation in the range of 1μM-150μM, 5μM-200μM and 10μM-130μM, respectively. The obtained detection limits (3σ) were found to be 1.5μM, 5.6μM and 10.2μM for compound I-III, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the detection of thiol compounds in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Vaishnav
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, C.G. 492010, India; State Forensic Science Laboratory, Tikra Para, Raipur, C.G. 492013, India
| | - Kuleshwar Patel
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, C.G. 492010, India
| | - Kumudini Chandraker
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, C.G. 492010, India
| | - Jyoti Korram
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, C.G. 492010, India
| | - Rekha Nagwanshi
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Madhav Science P. G. College, Ujjain, M.P. 456010, India
| | - Kallol K Ghosh
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, C.G. 492010, India
| | - Manmohan L Satnami
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, C.G. 492010, India.
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Vitamin D and L-cysteine levels correlate positively with GSH and negatively with insulin resistance levels in the blood of type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:1148-53. [PMID: 24961547 PMCID: PMC4192028 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Vitamin D, L-cysteine (LC) and glutathione (GSH) levels are lower in the blood of diabetic patients. This study examined the hypothesis that the levels of vitamin D and LC correlate with those of GSH in the blood of type 2 diabetic patients (T2D), and that vitamin D and LC upregulate glutamate–cysteine ligase (GCLC), which catalyzes GSH biosynthesis, in cultured monocytes. Subjects/Methods: Fasting blood was obtained after written informed consent from T2D (n=79) and healthy controls (n=22). U937 monocytes were pretreated with 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D (0–25 nM) or LC (0–500 μM) for 24 h and then exposed to control or high glucose (25 mM) for 4 h. Results: Plasma levels of vitamin D, LC, GSH and GCLC protein were significantly lower in T2D versus those in age-matched healthy controls. Multiple linear regression analyses and adjustment for body weight showed a significant positive correlation between plasma levels of vitamin D (r=0.26, P=0.05) and LC (r=0.81, P=0.001) and that of GSH, and between LC and vitamin D (r=0.27, P=0.045) levels. Plasma levels of GSH (r=−0.34, P=0.01) and LC (r=−0.33, r=0.01) showed a negative correlation with triglyceride levels. Vitamin D correlated inversely with HbA1C (−0.30, P=0.01) and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (r=−0.31, P=0.03), which showed a significant positive correlation with triglycerides (r=0.44, P=0.001) in T2D. Cell culture studies demonstrate that supplementation with vitamin D and LC significantly increased GCLC expression and GSH formation in control and high-glucose-treated monocytes. Conclusions: This study suggests a positive relationship between the concentrations of the micronutrients vitamin D and LC and that of GSH. Some of the beneficial effects of vitamin D and LC supplementation may be mediated by an increase in the levels of GSH and a decrease in triglyceride levels in T2D patients.
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AVIZEH R, NAJAFZADEH H, JALALI MRAZI, SHIRALI S. Evaluation of prophylactic and therapeutic effects of silymarin andN-acetylcysteine in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:95-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Darmaun D, Smith SD, Sweeten S, Hartman BK, Welch S, Mauras N. Poorly controlled type 1 diabetes is associated with altered glutathione homeostasis in adolescents: apparent resistance to N-acetylcysteine supplementation. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9:577-82. [PMID: 19067892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood glutathione concentrations represent a measure of protection against oxidative damage. In earlier studies, we observed that, in adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), blood glutathione is significantly depleted because of increased rates of glutathione utilization. To determine whether increased availability of cysteine - one of the three constitutive amino acids of glutathione - would attenuate the alterations in glutathione metabolism, ten 16 +/- 1 yr-old adolescents with poorly controlled T1DM [hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): 9.9 +/- 1.3%] received 5-h infusions of l-[3,3-(2)H(2)] cysteine and d-[6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose on two occasions, 3 wk apart, after a 10-d oral supplementation with (i) N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 30-45 mg/kg/d) or (ii) L-alanine, in randomized order, and with a 3-wk 'washout' interim period. Blood glucose was maintained in the same hyperglycemic range on both infusion study days, using intravenous insulin. Glutathione fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was determined from (2)H(2)-cysteine incorporation into blood glutathione. NAC supplementation failed to raise erythrocyte cysteine concentrations (23 +/- 6 vs. 17 +/- 1 micromol/L, p = 0.853) and did not alter erythrocyte glutathione concentrations (838 +/- 106 vs. 793 +/- 111 micromol/L, p = 0.220) or glutathione FSR (96 +/- 20 vs. 89 +/- 19%/d, p = 0.974). We conclude that in adolescents with poorly controlled T1DM, dietary cysteine supplementation alone cannot correct glutathione status. In the presence of relative insulinopenia, either higher amino acid doses or aggressive insulin therapy may be needed to achieve this goal. This would require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Darmaun
- Endocrine Research, Nemours Children's Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA.
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