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Bangalore Krishna K, Klein KO, Eugster EA. Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty with a Focus on Girls. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2024; 53:229-238. [PMID: 38677866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The age of thelarche has declined in the past few decades but not the age of menarche. This is important when assessing girls who present with breast development between 6 and 8 years because not all of them will need treatment. The decision for treatment depends on age, bone age (BA), rate of pubertal progression, height velocity, psychosocial factors, and predicted adult height (PAH), with the caveat that height predictions are not precise and BA interpretation is variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanthi Bangalore Krishna
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, UPMC Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15090, USA.
| | - Karen O Klein
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of California, Rady Children's Hospital, 9500 Gilman Drive, #La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Erica A Eugster
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Klein KO, Vargas Trujillo M, Dragnic S, Van Komen S, Li M, Lee PA. Timing of onset of menses after GnRH agonist treatment for central precocious puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2024; 37:451-461. [PMID: 38618862 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2023-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand possible predictors of the onset of menses after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment cessation in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP). METHODS This exploratory post hoc analysis of a phase 3 and 4 trial of girls with CPP treated with once-monthly intramuscular leuprolide acetate examined onset of menses after treatment completion using a time-to-event analysis. Pretreatment and end-of-treatment chronologic age (CA), bone age (BA)/CA ratio, and Tanner breast stage; pretreatment menses status; and end-of-treatment BA and body mass index (BMI) were studied as potential factors influencing the onset of menses. RESULTS Median time to first menses after stopping treatment was 18.3 months among 35 girls (mean age at onset of treatment, 6.8 years) examined. Of 26 girls experiencing menses, 11 (42 %) menstruated at 16-21 months after stopping treatment. Most girls with pretreatment BA/CA≥1.4 started menstruating very close to 18 months after stopping treatment; those with less advanced BA/CA experienced menses at 9-18 months. End-of-treatment BA/CA≥1.2 was associated with a quicker onset of menses (14.5 vs. 18.5 months for BA/CA<1.2, p=0.006). End-of-treatment BA≥12 years predicted longer time to menses. No relationship with time to menses was observed for pretreatment menarche status, pretreatment or end-of-treatment Tanner breast stage (<3/≥3) or CA (<6/≥6 or ≤11/>11), or end-of-treatment BMI percentiles (<85.6/≥85.6 and <92.6/≥92.6). CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment menarche status or CA do not appear to predict onset of menses, but pre- and end-of-treatment BA/CA may be helpful in anticipating time to first menses after stopping treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen O Klein
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marcela Vargas Trujillo
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter A Lee
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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Dong Y, Dai L, Dong Y, Wang N, Zhang J, Liu C, Li Z, Chu L, Chen S. Analysis of risk factors of precocious puberty in children. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:456. [PMID: 37697362 PMCID: PMC10494349 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to explore the related factors of precocious puberty in children. METHODS 1239 children who underwent physical examination in our hospital from January 2020 to December 2022 were analyzed, including 198 precocious children and 1041 normal children. According to the age of 198 precocious children and 1041 normal children, 205 normal children were selected, and the remaining 836 normal children were excluded. They were divided into precocious group and normal group. The general data of the two groups were recorded. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of precocious puberty in children. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the two groups in sex, bone age, daily exercise time, E2, FSH, LH, leptin, mother's menarche time, living environment, consumption of nutritional supplements, consumption of foods containing pigments and preservatives, consumption of high-protein foods, and sleeping time. The multifactor logistic regression analysis shows that the risk factors of children's precocious puberty included gender (female), bone age (> 10 years old), and daily exercise time (< 0.9 h), E2 (≥ 66.00pmol/L), FSH (≥ 6.00U/L), LH (≥ 3.50U/L), leptin (≥ 8.00 µ G/L), mother's menarche time (< 12 years old), living environment (chemical industry zone), consumption of nutritional supplements (often), consumption of high-protein food (often), and sleep time (< 10 h). CONCLUSION In conclusion, children's gender, bone age, exercise habits, E2, FSH, LH, leptin, mother's menarche time, living environment, eating habits, sleep time and other factors are closely related to precocious puberty in children. Reminding parents to actively prevent related factors in clinical work is helpful to prevent the occurrence of precocious puberty in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 89 Donggang Road, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Lili Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 89 Donggang Road, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 89 Donggang Road, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 89 Donggang Road, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Limin Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 89 Donggang Road, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 89 Donggang Road, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
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Zhou L, Jia X, Yang X. Clinical significance of serum MBD3 detection in girls with central precocious puberty. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20220614. [PMID: 37426049 PMCID: PMC10329158 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls remains a huge challenge. The current study was to measure the serum expression of methyl-DNA bind protein 3 (MBD3) in CPP girls and assess its diagnostic efficacy. To begin with, we enrolled 109 CPP girls and 74 healthy pre-puberty girls. Then, MBD3 expression in their serum samples was measured via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and its diagnostic efficacy on CPP was assessed via the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, followed by correlation analysis between serum MBD3 and patient age, gender, bone age, weight, height, body mass index, basal luteinizing hormone (LH), peak LH, basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), peak FSH, and ovarian size using bivariate correlations method. Finally, independent predictors of MBD3 expression were confirmed using multivariate linear regression analysis. MBD3 was highly expressed in sera of CPP patients. The area under the ROC curve of MBD3 diagnosing CCP was 0.9309, with 1.475 cut-off value (92.66% sensitivity and 86.49% specificity). MBD3 expression positively correlated with basal LH, peak LH, basal FSH, and ovarian size, among which basal LH was considered the strongest independent predictor of MBD3, followed by basal FSH and peak LH. In summary, serum MBD3 could act as a biomarker in aiding CPP diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen Hospital (Longgang), No. 1 Dayun Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xiao Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Gansu Provincial Hospital of TCM, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Xiangzheng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen Hospital (Longgang), Shenzhen, 518000, China
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Trujillo MV, Lee PA, Reifschneider K, Backeljauw PF, Dragnic S, Van Komen S, Yu J, Klein KO. Using change in predicted adult height during GnRH agonist treatment for individualized treatment decisions in girls with central precocious puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:299-308. [PMID: 36473097 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is important to understand what variables influence change in predicted adult height (PAH) throughout GnRHa treatment for central precocious puberty (CPP) to individualize treatment decisions and optimize care. METHODS Changes in PAH, chronological age (CA), bone age (BA), BA/CA, and height velocity (HV) were evaluated in girls with CPP throughout treatment with leuprolide acetate (n=77). A second analysis focused on changes in the 3 years preceding the first observed BA of ≥12 years. Relationships were characterized using plot inspection and linear mixed-effects analyses. Association between treatment duration and last assessed PAH was examined using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS BA/CA and HV showed a nonlinear change during treatment, with the largest changes and improvement in PAH observed in the first 6-18 months. Rate of BA advancement tended to decrease more slowly in girls initiating treatment at a younger BA. On-treatment change in PAH was predicted by concurrent BA/CA change, HV, and BA, as well as CA at treatment initiation. Last assessed PAH was positively associated with longer treatment durations (primary/exploratory models cut-offs of ≥33/≥55 months). CONCLUSIONS These findings support individualized monitoring during GnRHa treatment. Initial response should be interpreted with caution until 6-18 months after treatment initiation and failure should not be assumed based on continued bone maturation in girls starting therapy at a younger age. Treatment cessation should not be automatically based on a diminishing change in PAH or HV, as ongoing treatment may result in continued increase or maintenance of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Vargas Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Peter A Lee
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Philippe F Backeljauw
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Jun Yu
- AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karen O Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
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Mason L, Daskas N. Central precocious puberty: assessment, diagnosis and decisions about treatment. Nurs Child Young People 2023:e1492. [PMID: 38186207 DOI: 10.7748/ncyp.2024.e1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Precocious puberty is defined as the onset of puberty before the age of eight years in girls and before the age of nine years in boys. It is associated with negative physical health consequences in the long term and can also have negative psychosocial effects, particularly in adolescence. Central precocious puberty (CPP), which is caused by the early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, is the more prevalent form of precocious puberty. This article explains CPP and its signs, assessment, diagnosis and treatment. It also discusses the factors to consider when deciding whether or not to treat it, stressing the importance of a shared decision-making process that children and parents should be involved in. Precocious puberty must be diagnosed and managed by specialists, but all children's nurses need a broad understanding of the condition so that they can refer children as early as possible and reassure and advise families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Mason
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, England
| | - Nikolaos Daskas
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, England
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Briscoe A, Chen K, Klein KO. No pubertal growth spurt, rapid bone maturation, and menarche post GnRHa treatment in girls with precocious puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 35:1401-1409. [PMID: 36114751 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study total growth, rate of bone maturation, and menarche after discontinuation of Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment for central precocious puberty (CPP). METHODS Twenty girls with CPP on treatment with GnRHa were followed from discontinuation of treatment to final height (FH). Height, height velocity (HV), and bone age were measured every 6 months. Age at menarche was collected. RESULTS Once treatment is discontinued, rate of bone maturation (bone age [BA]/chronological [CA]) accelerated from 0.7 ± 0.3 at end of treatment to 1.2 ± 0.8 post treatment, similar to BA/CA prior to treatment. BA at treatment discontinuation ranged from 11-14 years. On average, treatment was stopped when CA was within 9 months of BA. All girls continued to grow from end of treatment to menarche averaging an increase of 4.7 ± 3.7 cm, with HV 3.2 ± 2.0 cm/year. Post-menarche they grew an additional 4.6 ± 2.1 cm, with HV 2.4 ± 1.9 cm/year. Acceleration of HV was not seen post treatment. The younger the BA at initiation or completion of treatment, the longer time to menarche. No one had menarche prior to a BA of 12.5 year. CONCLUSIONS A pubertal growth spurt does not usually occur after treatment with GnRHa in girls with CPP. Rate of bone maturation accelerates post treatment. These factors are important in assessing optimal height outcome and decisions regarding cessation of treatment. This study will help clinicians give patients and families better estimates of growth and onset of menarche post treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Briscoe
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Katherine Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karen O Klein
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, USA
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Popovic J, Geffner ME, Rogol AD, Silverman LA, Kaplowitz PB, Mauras N, Zeitler P, Eugster EA, Klein KO. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapies for children with central precocious puberty in the United States. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:968485. [PMID: 36268040 PMCID: PMC9577333 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.968485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa's) are the standard treatment for children with central precocious puberty (CPP). We aim to present data on available GnRHa options with an easy-to-review table and discuss factors that influence treatment selection. Five GnRHa's are currently FDA-approved and prescribed in the US and published data suggest similar safety and efficacy profiles over the first year of treatment. One- and 3-month intramuscular (IM) leuprolide acetate (LA) have long-term safety and efficacy data and allow for flexible dosing. Six-month IM triptorelin pamoate offers a longer duration of treatment, but without long-term efficacy and outcome data. Six-month subcutaneous (SQ) LA combines a SQ route of injection and long duration of action but lacks long-term efficacy and outcome data. The 12-month SQ histrelin acetate implant avoids injections and offers the longest duration of action, but requires a minor surgical procedure with local or general anesthesia. Factors in treatment selection include route of administration, needle size, injection volume, duration of action, and cost. The current GnRHa landscape provides options with varying benefits and risks, allowing physicians and caregivers to select the most appropriate therapy based on the specific needs and concerns of the child and the caregiver. Agents have different advantages and disadvantages for use, with no one agent displaying superiority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadranka Popovic
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatric Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mitchell E Geffner
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alan D Rogol
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Lawrence A Silverman
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Goryeb Children's Hospital Atlantic Health, Morristown, NJ, United States
| | - Paul B Kaplowitz
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nelly Mauras
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemours Children's Health System, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Philip Zeitler
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Erica A Eugster
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Karen O Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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